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Бундахишн ( авестийский : 𐬠𐬎𐬥 𐬛𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬥𐬍𐬵 Bun-dahišnīh , «Изначальное творение») - это название, традиционно данное энциклопедическому собранию зороастрийской космогонии и космологии, написанному с использованием скриптовой Книги Пехлеви . [1] Оригинальное название произведения неизвестно.

Although the Bundahishn draws on the Avesta and develops ideas alluded to in those texts, it is not itself scripture. The content reflects Zoroastrian scripture, which, in turn, reflects both ancient Zoroastrian and pre-Zoroastrian beliefs. In some cases, the text alludes to contingencies of post-7th century Islam in Iran, and in yet other cases, such as the idea that the Moon is farther than the stars, it reiterates scripture even though science had, by then, determined otherwise.

Structure[edit]

The traditionally given name seems to be an adoption of the sixth word from the first sentence of the younger of the two recensions.[2] The older of the two recensions has a different first line, and the first translation of that version adopted the name Zand-Ākāsīh, meaning "Zand-knowing", from the first two words of its first sentence.

Большинство глав компендиума относятся к VIII и IX векам, что примерно совпадает с древнейшими частями Денкарда , еще одного значимого текста из собрания «Пехлеви» (т. Е. Зороастрийского среднеперсидского ). Более поздние главы на несколько веков моложе самых старых. Самая старая из существующих копий датируется серединой 16 века.

The Bundahishn survives in two recensions. The shorter version was found in India, and is thus known as the Lesser Bundahishn, or Indian Bundahishn. A copy of this version was brought to Europe by Abraham Anquetil-Duperron in 1762. A longer version was brought to India from Iran by T.D. Anklesaria around 1870, and is thus known as the Greater Bundahishn or Iranian Bundahishn or just Bundahishn. The greater recension (the name of which is abbreviated GBd or just Bd) is about twice as long as the lesser (abbreviated IBd).

Эти две редакции основаны на разных рукописных традициях, и части, доступные в обоих источниках, различаются (незначительно) по содержанию. Большая редакция также является более старой из двух и датируется Уэстом примерно 1540 годом. Меньшая редакция датируется примерно 1734 годом.

Традиционно указатели на главы и стихи делаются арабскими цифрами для меньшего пересмотра и римскими цифрами для большего пересмотра. Эти две серии не синхронны, поскольку меньшая редакция была проанализирована (Дюперрон в 1771 году) до того, как стала известна степень большей редакции. Порядок глав также отличается.

Содержание [ править ]

The Bundahishn is the concise view of the Zoroastrianism's creation myth, and of the first battles of the forces of Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu for the hegemony of the world. According to the text, in the first 3,000 years of the cosmic year, Ahura Mazda created the Fravashis and conceived the idea of his would-be creation. He used the insensible and motionless Void as a weapon against Angra Mainyu, and at the end of that period, Angra Mainyu was forced to submission and fell into a stupor for the next 3,000 years. Taking advantage of Angra Mainyu's absence, Ahura Mazda created the Amesha Spentas (Bounteous Immortals), representing the primordial elements of the material world, and permeated his kingdom with Ard (Asha), "Truth" in order to prevent Angra Mainyu from destroying it. The Bundahishn finally recounts the creation of the primordial bovine, Ewagdad (Avestan Gavaevodata), and Gayomard (Avestan Gayomaretan), the primordial human.

Вслед за Маккензи [2] следующие названия глав в кавычках отражают исходные названия. Без кавычек - резюме глав без заголовка. Схема нумерации глав / разделов основана на схеме BT Anklesaria [3] для большей редакции и на схеме West [4] для меньшей редакции. Номера глав для большей редакции находятся в первом столбце и римскими цифрами, а номера глав для меньшей редакции находятся во втором столбце и указаны арабскими цифрами и в скобках.

Zoroastrian astronomy[edit]

Excerpt from Chapter 2:- On the formation of the luminaries.

1. Ohrmazd produced illumination between the sky and the earth, the constellation stars and those also not of the constellations, then the moon, and afterwards the sun, as I shall relate.

2. First he produced the celestial sphere, and the constellation stars are assigned to it by him; especially these twelve whose names are Varak (the Lamb), Tora (the Bull), Do-patkar (the Two-figures or Gemini), Kalachang (the Crab), Sher (the Lion), Khushak (Virgo), Tarazhuk (the Balance), Gazdum (the Scorpion), Nimasp (the Centaur or Sagittarius), Vahik (Capricorn), Dul (the Water-pot), and Mahik (the Fish);

3. which, from their original creation, were divided into the twenty-eight subdivisions of the astronomers, of which the names are Padevar, Pesh-Parviz, Parviz, Paha, Avesar, Beshn, Rakhvad, Taraha, Avra, Nahn, Miyan, Avdem, Mashaha, Spur, Husru, Srob, Nur, Gel, Garafsha Varant, Gau, Goi, Muru, Bunda, Kahtsar, Vaht, Miyan, Kaht.

4. And all his original creations, residing in the world, are committed to them; so that when the destroyer arrives they overcome the adversary and their own persecution, and the creatures are saved from those adversities.

5. As a specimen of a warlike army, which is destined for battle, they have ordained every single constellation of those 6480 thousand small stars as assistance; and among those constellations four chieftains, appointed on the four sides, are leaders.

6. On the recommendation of those chieftains the many unnumbered stars are specially assigned to the various quarters and various places, as the united strength and appointed power of those constellations.

7. As it is said that Tishtar is the chieftain of the east, Sataves the chieftain of the west, Vanand the chieftain of the south, and Haptoring the chieftain of the north.

See also[edit]

  • Book of the Dove, a medieval Russian poem sharing striking similarities with the Bundahishn

References[edit]

  1. ^ M. Hale, Pahlavi, in "The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas", Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-521-68494-3, p. 123.
  2. ^ a b MacKenzie, David Neil (1990), "Bundahišn", Encyclopedia Iranica, 4, Costa Mesa: Mazda, pp. 547–551.
  3. ^ Anklesaria, Behramgore Tehmuras, trans., ed. (1956), Zand-Ākāsīh, Iranian or Greater Bundahišn. Transliteration and Translation in English, BombayCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link).
  4. ^ West, Edward William, trans. ed. (1897), Max Müller (ed.), The Bundahishn, Sacred Books of the East, 5, Oxford: OUPCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link).

Further reading[edit]

  • Boyce, Mary (1968), Middle Persian Literature, Handbuch der Orientalistik 1., Abt., IV. Band, 2. Abschn. 1, Leiden: Brill, pp. 40–41.
  • Kassock, Zeke J.V., (2013), The Greater Iranian Bundahishn: A Pahlavi Student's 2013 Guide, ISBN 978-1481013994
  • A translation of the Iranian or Greater Bundahišn by Anklesaria, Behramgore Tehmuras (1956) at Avesta.org
  • A modern transcription of the Indian Bundahishn in the original Pahlavi at TITUS
  • An edition of the Indian Bundahishn in the original Pahlavi, with German translation, by Ferdinand Justi (1868) at the Internet Archive
  • An edition of the Pahlavi text from 1908, edited by Ervad Tahmuras Dinshaji Anklesaria

External links[edit]

  • Agostini, Domenico; Thrope, Samuel (2020). "What is the Bundahišn?: Genre and Zoroastrian Literature". Iran and the Caucasus. 24 (4): 378–393. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20200404.
  • The Bundahishn (HTML format)