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Бундахишн ( авестийский : 𐬠𐬎𐬥 𐬛𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬥𐬍𐬵 Bun-dahišnīh , «Изначальное творение») - это название, традиционно данное энциклопедическому собранию зороастрийской космогонии и космологии, написанному с использованием скриптовой Книги Пехлеви . [1] Оригинальное название произведения неизвестно.
Although the Bundahishn draws on the Avesta and develops ideas alluded to in those texts, it is not itself scripture. The content reflects Zoroastrian scripture, which, in turn, reflects both ancient Zoroastrian and pre-Zoroastrian beliefs. In some cases, the text alludes to contingencies of post-7th century Islam in Iran, and in yet other cases, such as the idea that the Moon is farther than the stars, it reiterates scripture even though science had, by then, determined otherwise.
Structure[edit]
The traditionally given name seems to be an adoption of the sixth word from the first sentence of the younger of the two recensions.[2] The older of the two recensions has a different first line, and the first translation of that version adopted the name Zand-Ākāsīh, meaning "Zand-knowing", from the first two words of its first sentence.
Большинство глав компендиума относятся к VIII и IX векам, что примерно совпадает с древнейшими частями Денкарда , еще одного значимого текста из собрания «Пехлеви» (т. Е. Зороастрийского среднеперсидского ). Более поздние главы на несколько веков моложе самых старых. Самая старая из существующих копий датируется серединой 16 века.
The Bundahishn survives in two recensions. The shorter version was found in India, and is thus known as the Lesser Bundahishn, or Indian Bundahishn. A copy of this version was brought to Europe by Abraham Anquetil-Duperron in 1762. A longer version was brought to India from Iran by T.D. Anklesaria around 1870, and is thus known as the Greater Bundahishn or Iranian Bundahishn or just Bundahishn. The greater recension (the name of which is abbreviated GBd or just Bd) is about twice as long as the lesser (abbreviated IBd).
Эти две редакции основаны на разных рукописных традициях, и части, доступные в обоих источниках, различаются (незначительно) по содержанию. Большая редакция также является более старой из двух и датируется Уэстом примерно 1540 годом. Меньшая редакция датируется примерно 1734 годом.
Традиционно указатели на главы и стихи делаются арабскими цифрами для меньшего пересмотра и римскими цифрами для большего пересмотра. Эти две серии не синхронны, поскольку меньшая редакция была проанализирована (Дюперрон в 1771 году) до того, как стала известна степень большей редакции. Порядок глав также отличается.
Содержание [ править ]
The Bundahishn is the concise view of the Zoroastrianism's creation myth, and of the first battles of the forces of Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu for the hegemony of the world. According to the text, in the first 3,000 years of the cosmic year, Ahura Mazda created the Fravashis and conceived the idea of his would-be creation. He used the insensible and motionless Void as a weapon against Angra Mainyu, and at the end of that period, Angra Mainyu was forced to submission and fell into a stupor for the next 3,000 years. Taking advantage of Angra Mainyu's absence, Ahura Mazda created the Amesha Spentas (Bounteous Immortals), representing the primordial elements of the material world, and permeated his kingdom with Ard (Asha), "Truth" in order to prevent Angra Mainyu from destroying it. The Bundahishn finally recounts the creation of the primordial bovine, Ewagdad (Avestan Gavaevodata), and Gayomard (Avestan Gayomaretan), the primordial human.
Вслед за Маккензи [2] следующие названия глав в кавычках отражают исходные названия. Без кавычек - резюме глав без заголовка. Схема нумерации глав / разделов основана на схеме BT Anklesaria [3] для большей редакции и на схеме West [4] для меньшей редакции. Номера глав для большей редакции находятся в первом столбце и римскими цифрами, а номера глав для меньшей редакции находятся во втором столбце и указаны арабскими цифрами и в скобках.
Я. | (1) | Первоначальное творение Ормазда и натиск Злого Духа. |
Я. | н / д | «О материальном творении существ». |
II. | (2) | «О создании огней». |
III. | н / д | «О причине создания существ для ведения битвы». |
IV. | (3) | «О бегстве Противника против тварей». |
IV А. | (4) | Смерть Единственного крупного рогатого скота . |
В. | (5) | «О противостоянии двух духов». |
В. А. | н / д | «О гороскопе мира, как это случилось». |
В. Б. | н / д | Планеты. |
VI. | н / д | «О действующей битве творений мира против злого духа». |
ЧЕРЕЗ. | (6) | «Первая битва, которую Дух Неба провел со Злым Духом». |
VI B | (7) | «Вторая битва, которую провела Вода». |
VI С. | (8) | «Третья битва, которую провела Земля». |
В.И. | (9) | «Четвертый бой, устроенный Заводом». |
ВИ Э. | (10) | «Пятую битву устроил Единородный Бык». |
VI Ф. | н / д | «Шестую битву провел Гайемард ». |
VI Г. | н / д | «Седьмую битву устроил Огонь». |
VI Х. | н / д | «Восьмое сражение совершили неподвижные звезды». |
VI I. | н / д | «Девятую битву духовные боги устроили с Злым Духом». |
В.И. | н / д | «Десятую битву сделали звезды, не затронутые Смешиванием». |
VII. | н / д | «О форме тех творений». |
VIII. | (11) | «О природе земель». |
IX. | (12) | «О природе гор». |
ИКС. | (13) | «О природе морей». |
XI. | (20) | «О природе рек». |
XI А. | (20) | «На конкретных реках». |
XI Б. | (21) | Семнадцать видов «воды» (жидкости). |
XI C. | (21) | Недовольство реками Аранг, Марв и Гильменд. |
XII. | (22) | «О природе озер». |
XIII. | (14) | «О природе 5 видов животных». |
XIV. | (15) | «О природе мужчины». |
XIV А. | н / д | «О природе женщины». |
XIV Б. | (23) | On negroes. |
XV. | (16) | "On the nature of births of all kinds." |
XV A. | (16) | Other kinds of reproduction. |
XVI. | (27) | "On the nature of plants." |
XVI A. | (27) | On flowers. |
XVII. | (24) | "On the chieftains of men and animals and every single thing." |
XVII A. | n/a | On the inequality of beings. |
XVIII. | (17) | "On the nature of fire." |
XIX. | n/a | "On the nature of sleep." |
XIX A. | n/a | The independence of earth, water, and plants from effort and rest. |
XX. | n/a | On sounds. |
XXI. | n/a | "On the nature of wind, cloud, and rain." |
XXII. | n/a | "On the nature of the noxious creatures." |
XXIII. | n/a | "On the nature of the species of wolf." |
XXIV. | (18-19) | "On various things, in what manner they were created and the opposition which befell them." XXIV. A-C. (18) The Gōkarn tree, the Wās ī Paṇčāsadwarān (fish), the Tree of many seeds. XXIV. D-U. (19) The three-legged ass, the ox Haδayãš, the bird Čamroš, the bird Karšift, the bird Ašōzušt, the utility of other beasts and birds, the white falcon, the Kāskēn bird, the vulture, dogs, the fox, the weasel, the rat, the hedgehog, the beaver, the eagle, the Arab horse, the cock. |
XXV. | (25) | "On the religious year." |
XXVI. | n/a | "On the great activity of the spiritual gods." |
XXVII. | (28) | "On the evil-doing of Ahreman and the demons." |
XXVIII. | n/a | "On the body of men as the measure of the world (microcosm)." |
XXIX. | (29) | "On the chieftainship of the continents." |
XXX. | n/a | "On the Činwad bridge and the souls of the departed." |
XXXI. | n/a | "On particular lands of Ērānšahr, the abode of the Kays." |
XXXII. | n/a | "On the abodes which the Kays made with splendor, which are called wonders and marvels." |
XXXIII. | n/a | "On the afflictions which befell Ērānšahr in each millennium." |
XXXIV. | (30) | "On the resurrection of the dead and the Final Body." |
XXXV. | (31-32) | "On the stock and the offspring of the Kays." |
XXXV A. | (33) | "The family of the Mobads." |
XXXVI. | (34) | "On the years of the heroes in the time of 12,000 years." |
Zoroastrian astronomy[edit]
Excerpt from Chapter 2:- On the formation of the luminaries.
1. Ohrmazd produced illumination between the sky and the earth, the constellation stars and those also not of the constellations, then the moon, and afterwards the sun, as I shall relate.
2. First he produced the celestial sphere, and the constellation stars are assigned to it by him; especially these twelve whose names are Varak (the Lamb), Tora (the Bull), Do-patkar (the Two-figures or Gemini), Kalachang (the Crab), Sher (the Lion), Khushak (Virgo), Tarazhuk (the Balance), Gazdum (the Scorpion), Nimasp (the Centaur or Sagittarius), Vahik (Capricorn), Dul (the Water-pot), and Mahik (the Fish);
3. which, from their original creation, were divided into the twenty-eight subdivisions of the astronomers, of which the names are Padevar, Pesh-Parviz, Parviz, Paha, Avesar, Beshn, Rakhvad, Taraha, Avra, Nahn, Miyan, Avdem, Mashaha, Spur, Husru, Srob, Nur, Gel, Garafsha Varant, Gau, Goi, Muru, Bunda, Kahtsar, Vaht, Miyan, Kaht.
4. And all his original creations, residing in the world, are committed to them; so that when the destroyer arrives they overcome the adversary and their own persecution, and the creatures are saved from those adversities.
5. As a specimen of a warlike army, which is destined for battle, they have ordained every single constellation of those 6480 thousand small stars as assistance; and among those constellations four chieftains, appointed on the four sides, are leaders.
6. On the recommendation of those chieftains the many unnumbered stars are specially assigned to the various quarters and various places, as the united strength and appointed power of those constellations.
7. As it is said that Tishtar is the chieftain of the east, Sataves the chieftain of the west, Vanand the chieftain of the south, and Haptoring the chieftain of the north.
See also[edit]
- Book of the Dove, a medieval Russian poem sharing striking similarities with the Bundahishn
References[edit]
- ^ M. Hale, Pahlavi, in "The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas", Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-521-68494-3, p. 123.
- ^ a b MacKenzie, David Neil (1990), "Bundahišn", Encyclopedia Iranica, 4, Costa Mesa: Mazda, pp. 547–551.
- ^ Anklesaria, Behramgore Tehmuras, trans., ed. (1956), Zand-Ākāsīh, Iranian or Greater Bundahišn. Transliteration and Translation in English, BombayCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link).
- ^ West, Edward William, trans. ed. (1897), Max Müller (ed.), The Bundahishn, Sacred Books of the East, 5, Oxford: OUPCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link).
Further reading[edit]
- Boyce, Mary (1968), Middle Persian Literature, Handbuch der Orientalistik 1., Abt., IV. Band, 2. Abschn. 1, Leiden: Brill, pp. 40–41.
- Kassock, Zeke J.V., (2013), The Greater Iranian Bundahishn: A Pahlavi Student's 2013 Guide, ISBN 978-1481013994
- A translation of the Iranian or Greater Bundahišn by Anklesaria, Behramgore Tehmuras (1956) at Avesta.org
- A modern transcription of the Indian Bundahishn in the original Pahlavi at TITUS
- An edition of the Indian Bundahishn in the original Pahlavi, with German translation, by Ferdinand Justi (1868) at the Internet Archive
- An edition of the Pahlavi text from 1908, edited by Ervad Tahmuras Dinshaji Anklesaria
External links[edit]
- Agostini, Domenico; Thrope, Samuel (2020). "What is the Bundahišn?: Genre and Zoroastrian Literature". Iran and the Caucasus. 24 (4): 378–393. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20200404.
- The Bundahishn (HTML format)