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Логотип Creative Commons
В этом видео объясняется, как лицензии Creative Commons могут использоваться в сочетании с соглашениями о коммерческом лицензировании.

Фонда ( CC ) лицензия является одной из нескольких лицензий общественных авторских прав , которые позволяют свободное распространение иначе защищенной авторским правом «работы». [примечание 1] Лицензия CC используется, когда автор хочет дать другим людям право делиться, использовать и развивать работу, созданную автором. CC предоставляет автору гибкость (например, они могут разрешить только некоммерческое использование данной работы) и защищает людей, которые используют или распространяют работу автора, от опасений по поводу нарушения авторских прав, пока они соблюдают условия, которые указано в лицензии, по которой автор распространяет произведение. [1] [2] [3][4] [5]

Есть несколько типов лицензии Creative Commons. Каждая лицензия отличается несколькими комбинациями, определяющими условия распространения. Первоначально они были выпущены 16 декабря 2002 года американской некоммерческой корпорацией Creative Commons , основанной в 2001 году. Также было пять версий набора лицензий, пронумерованных от 1.0 до 4.0. [6] Последний пакет лицензий 4.0, выпущенный в ноябре 2013 года, является самым последним. Хотя лицензия Creative Commons изначально была основана на американской правовой системе, сейчас существует несколько юрисдикционных портов Creative Commons, которые соответствуют международным законам.

В октябре 2014 года Open Knowledge Foundation утвердила лицензии Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA и CC0 как соответствующие « Открытому определению » для контента и данных. [7] [8] [9]

История и международное использование [ править ]

Лоуренс Лессиг и Эрик Элдред разработали лицензию Creative Commons License (CCL) в 2001 году, потому что они увидели необходимость в лицензии между существующими режимами авторского права и статусом общественного достояния. CCL позволяет изобретателям сохранять права на свои инновации, а также разрешает некоторое внешнее использование изобретения. [10] CCL возник на основании дела Элдреда против Эшкрофта в Верховном суде, которое сделало конституционным Закон о продлении срока действия авторских прав Сонни Боно, т. Е. Продление срока действия авторских прав на произведения до последней продолжительности жизни автора плюс дополнительные 70 лет. [10]Исходные нелокализованные лицензии Creative Commons были написаны с учетом правовой системы США; поэтому формулировка может быть несовместима с местным законодательством в других юрисдикциях , что делает лицензии не имеющими исковой силы. Чтобы решить эту проблему, Creative Commons обратилась к своим аффилированным лицам с просьбой перевести различные лицензии с учетом местного законодательства в процессе, называемом « переносом ». [11] По состоянию на июль 2011 года лицензии Creative Commons были перенесены в более чем 50 юрисдикций по всему миру. [12]

Использование лицензии Creative Commons в Китае [ править ]

В сотрудничестве с Creative Commons китайское правительство адаптировало лицензию Creative Commons License к китайскому контексту, заменив индивидуальную денежную компенсацию в соответствии с законом США об авторском праве стимулами для китайских новаторов к инновациям в качестве социального вклада. [13] В Китае считается, что ресурсы общества делают возможными инновации человека; постоянное улучшение общества служит само по себе наградой. [14] Китайское законодательство уделяет большое внимание возможному вкладу изобретения в развитие общества, в результате чего первоначальные законы устанавливают ограничения на срок действия патентов и очень жесткие условия в отношении использования и квалификации изобретений. [14]

Инфокоммунизм на Западе [ править ]

Инфокоммунизм нашел распространение в западном мире после того, как исследователи из Массачусетского технологического института разочаровались в том, что некоторые аспекты их кода скрыты от общественности. [15] Современное законодательство об авторском праве основывается на стимулировании инноваций путем поощрения новаторов за социально значимые изобретения. Западный патентный закон предполагает, что (1) существует право использовать изобретение в коммерческих целях и (2) право патентообладателя ограничивать. [16] Исследователи Массачусетского технологического института во главе с Ричардом Столлманом выступили за более открытое распространение использования их программного обеспечения по двум основным причинам: моральное обязательство по отношению к альтруизму и сотрудничеству с другими, а также несправедливость ограничения свобод других пользователей путем лишения их не дефицитных ресурсов. [15]В результате они разработали Стандартную общественную лицензию (GPL), предшественницу лицензии Creative Commons, основанную на существующем американском законодательстве об авторском праве и патентах. [15] GPL позволяла экономике, связанной с программным обеспечением, оставаться капиталистической, позволяя программистам коммерциализировать продукты, использующие это программное обеспечение, но также гарантировала, что ни один человек не имеет полных и исключительных прав на использование инноваций. [15] С тех пор инфокоммунизм набирает обороты; современные ученые утверждают, что Википедия сама по себе является проявлением инфокоммунистического движения. [17]

Применимые работы [ править ]

Воспроизвести медиа
Хотите работать вместе? анимация Creative Commons
Воспроизвести медиа
Вторая версия от Майера и Bettle рекламной анимации объясняет , что Creative Commons является

Работа, предоставленная по лицензии Creative Commons, регулируется применимым законодательством об авторских правах. [18] Это позволяет применять лицензии Creative Commons ко всем произведениям, подпадающим под действие авторского права, включая книги, пьесы, фильмы, музыку, статьи, фотографии, блоги и веб-сайты.

Программное обеспечение [ править ]

Хотя Программное обеспечение также регулируется законом об авторском праве и применимы лицензии CC, CC рекомендует не использовать его в программном обеспечении именно из-за ограничений обратной совместимости с существующими часто используемыми лицензиями на программное обеспечение. [19] [20] Вместо этого разработчики могут прибегать к использованию более удобных для программного обеспечения бесплатных лицензий на программное обеспечение с открытым исходным кодом . Помимо сценария использования лицензирования FOSS для программного обеспечения, существует несколько примеров использования лицензий CC для определения модели лицензий « Freeware »; примерами являются Белая палата , Mari0 или штурмовой куб . [21] ТакжеFree Software Foundation рекомендует CC0 [22] как предпочтительный метод выпуска программного обеспечения в общественное достояние . [23]

Однако применение лицензии Creative Commons не может изменять права, разрешенные добросовестным использованием или честными сделками, или устанавливать ограничения, которые нарушают исключения из авторского права. [24] Кроме того, лицензии Creative Commons неисключительны и не подлежат отзыву. [25] Любая работа или копии работы, полученные по лицензии Creative Commons, могут и дальше использоваться в соответствии с этой лицензией. [26]

В случае работ, защищенных несколькими лицензиями Creative Commons, пользователь может выбрать любой из них. [27]

Предварительные условия [ править ]

Автор или лицензиар в случае, если автор передал права по договору, должны обладать исключительными правами на произведение. Если произведение уже было опубликовано под общедоступной лицензией, оно может быть загружено любой третьей стороной еще раз на другой платформе, используя совместимую лицензию и делая ссылку и указание на оригинальную лицензию (например, путем ссылки на URL-адрес оригинальная лицензия). [16]

Последствия [ править ]

Лицензия является неисключительной, бесплатной, неограниченной по территории и сроку действия, поэтому она является безотзывной, если автор не предоставил новую лицензию после того, как работа была существенно изменена. Любое использование произведения, которое не покрывается другими правилами авторского права, инициирует публичную лицензию. После активации лицензии лицензиат должен соблюдать все условия лицензии, в противном случае лицензионное соглашение будет незаконным, и лицензиат нарушит авторские права. Автор или лицензиар в качестве доверенного лица имеет законное право действовать в случае нарушения авторских прав. У лицензиата есть ограниченный период времени для исправления любого несоответствия. [16]

Типы лицензий [ править ]

Четыре человека [ править ]

Все лицензии CC предоставляют «базовые права», такие как право на распространение защищенной авторским правом работы по всему миру в некоммерческих целях и без изменений. [28] Кроме того, разные версии лицензии предписывают разные права, как показано в этой таблице: [29]

Последние два пункта не являются лицензиями на бесплатное содержимое в соответствии с такими определениями, как DFSG или стандарты Free Software Foundation , и не могут использоваться в контекстах, требующих этих свобод, таких как Википедия . Что касается программного обеспечения , Creative Commons включает три бесплатные лицензии, созданные другими учреждениями: лицензию BSD , GNU LGPL и GNU GPL . [30]

Смешивание и сопоставление этих условий дает шестнадцать возможных комбинаций, из которых одиннадцать являются действующими лицензиями Creative Commons, а пять - нет. Из пяти недопустимых комбинаций четыре включают предложения «nd» и «sa», которые являются взаимоисключающими; и один не включает ни одного пункта. Из одиннадцати допустимых комбинаций пять, в которых отсутствует пункт «кем», были исключены, поскольку 98% лицензиаров запросили указание ссылки, хотя они остаются доступными для справки на веб-сайте. [31] [32] [33] Остается шесть регулярно используемых лицензий плюс декларация общественного достояния CC0 :

Семь регулярно используемых лицензий [ править ]

В следующей таблице показаны семь наиболее часто используемых лицензий. Среди них те, которые приняты Фондом Викимедиа - выделение права на общественное достояние и две лицензии с указанием авторства (BY и BY-SA) - разрешают совместное использование и ремикс (создание производных работ), в том числе для коммерческого использования, при условии указания авторства. [33] [34] [35]

Version 4.0[edit]

The latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25, 2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports.[36][37][38][39] No new ports have been implemented in version 4.0 of the license.[40] Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license.[41]

Rights and obligations[edit]

Attribution[edit]

Since 2004, all current licenses other than the CC0 variant require attribution of the original author, as signified by the BY component (as in the preposition "by").[32] The attribution must be given to "the best of [one's] ability using the information available".[42] Creative Commons suggests the mnemonic "TASL": title -- author -- source [web link] -- [CC] licence.
Generally this implies the following:

  • Include any copyright notices (if applicable). If the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder, those notices must be left intact, or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re-published.
  • Cite the author's name, screen name, or user ID, etc. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the person's profile page, if such a page exists.
  • Cite the work's title or name (if applicable), if such a thing exists. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work.
  • Cite the specific CC license the work is under. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the CC website.
  • Mention if the work is a derivative work or adaptation. In addition to the above, one needs to identify that their work is a derivative work, e.g., "This is a Finnish translation of [original work] by [author]." or "Screenplay based on [original work] by [author]."

Non-commercial licenses[edit]

The "non-commercial" option included in some Creative Commons licenses is controversial in definition,[43] as it is sometimes unclear what can be considered a non-commercial setting, and application, since its restrictions differ from the principles of open content promoted by other permissive licenses.[44] In 2014 Wikimedia Deutschland published a guide to using Creative Commons licenses as wiki pages for translations and as PDF.[16]

Zero / public domain[edit]

CC zero waiver/license logo.[45]
Creative Commons Public Domain Mark. Indicates works which have already fallen into (or were given to) the public domain.

Besides copyright licenses, Creative Commons also offers CC0, a tool for relinquishing copyright and releasing material into the public domain.[35] CC0 is a legal tool for waiving as many rights as legally possible.[46] Or, when not legally possible, CC0 acts as fallback as public domain equivalent license.[46] Development of CC0 began in 2007[47] and was released in 2009.[48][49] A major target of the license was the scientific data community.[50]

In 2010, Creative Commons announced its Public Domain Mark,[51] a tool for labeling works already in the public domain. Together, CC0 and the Public Domain Mark replace the Public Domain Dedication and Certification,[52] which took a U.S.-centric approach and co-mingled distinct operations.

In 2011, the Free Software Foundation added CC0 to its free software licenses,[22] and currently recommends CC0 as the preferred method of releasing software into the public domain.[23]

In February 2012 CC0 was submitted to Open Source Initiative (OSI) for their approval.[53] However, controversy arose over its clause which excluded from the scope of the license any relevant patents held by the copyright holder. This clause was added with scientific data in mind rather than software, but some members of the OSI believed it could weaken users' defenses against software patents. As a result, Creative Commons withdrew their submission, and the license is not currently approved by the OSI.[50][54]

From 2013 to 2017, the stock photography website Unsplash used the CC0 license,[55][56] distributing several million free photos a month.[57] Lawrence Lessig, the founder of Creative Commons, has contributed to the site.[58] Unsplash moved from using the CC0 license to their own similar license in June 2017, but with a restriction added on using the photos to make a competing service which made it incompatible with the CC0 license.[59]

In October 2014 the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC0 as conformant with the Open Definition and recommend the license to dedicate content to the public domain.[8][9]

Adaptability[edit]

An example of a permitted combination of two works, one being CC BY-SA and the other being Public Domain.

Rights in an adaptation can be expressed by a CC license that is compatible with the status or licensing of the original work or works on which the adaptation is based.[60]

Legal aspects[edit]

The legal implications of large numbers of works having Creative Commons licensing are difficult to predict, and there is speculation that media creators often lack insight to be able to choose the license which best meets their intent in applying it.[63]

Some works licensed using Creative Commons licenses have been involved in several court cases.[64] Creative Commons itself was not a party to any of these cases; they only involved licensors or licensees of Creative Commons licenses. When the cases went as far as decisions by judges (that is, they were not dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or were not settled privately out of court), they have all validated the legal robustness of Creative Commons public licenses. Here are some notable cases:

Dutch tabloid[edit]

In early 2006, podcaster Adam Curry sued a Dutch tabloid who published photos from Curry's Flickr page without Curry's permission. The photos were licensed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license. While the verdict was in favor of Curry, the tabloid avoided having to pay restitution to him as long as they did not repeat the offense. Professor Bernt Hugenholtz, main creator of the Dutch CC license and director of the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam, commented, "The Dutch Court's decision is especially noteworthy because it confirms that the conditions of a Creative Commons license automatically apply to the content licensed under it, and binds users of such content even without expressly agreeing to, or having knowledge of, the conditions of the license."[65][66][67][68]

Virgin Mobile[edit]

In 2007, Virgin Mobile Australia launched an advertising campaign promoting their cellphone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to Flickr using a Creative Commons-BY (Attribution) license. Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation required. Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL leading to the photographer's Flickr page on each of their ads. However, one picture, depicting 15-year-old Alison Chang at a fund-raising carwash for her church,[69] caused some controversy when she sued Virgin Mobile. The photo was taken by Alison's church youth counselor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons license.[69] In 2008, the case (concerning personality rights rather than copyright as such) was thrown out of a Texas court for lack of jurisdiction.[70][71]

SGAE vs Fernández[edit]

In the fall of 2006, the collecting society Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE) in Spain sued Ricardo Andrés Utrera Fernández, owner of a disco bar located in Badajoz who played CC-licensed music. SGAE argued that Fernández should pay royalties for public performance of the music between November 2002 and August 2005. The Lower Court rejected the collecting society's claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society.[72]

In February 2006, the Cultural Association Ladinamo (based in Madrid, and represented by Javier de la Cueva) was granted the use of copyleft music in their public activities. The sentence said:

"Admitting the existence of music equipment, a joint evaluation of the evidence practiced, this court is convinced that the defendant prevents communication of works whose management is entrusted to the plaintiff [SGAE], using a repertoire of authors who have not assigned the exploitation of their rights to the SGAE, having at its disposal a database for that purpose and so it is manifested both by the legal representative of the Association and by Manuela Villa Acosta, in charge of the cultural programming of the association, which is compatible with the alternative character of the Association and its integration in the movement called 'copy left'".[73]

GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC[edit]

On June 30, 2010 GateHouse Media filed a lawsuit against That's Great News. GateHouse Media owns a number of local newspapers, including Rockford Register Star, which is based in Rockford, Illinois. That's Great News makes plaques out of newspaper articles and sells them to the people featured in the articles.[74] GateHouse sued That's Great News for copyright infringement and breach of contract. GateHouse claimed that TGN violated the non-commercial and no-derivative works restrictions on GateHouse Creative Commons licensed work when TGN published the material on its website. The case was settled on August 17, 2010, though the settlement was not made public.[74][75]

Drauglis v. Kappa Map Group, LLC[edit]

The plaintiff was photographer Art Drauglis, who uploaded several pictures to the photo-sharing website Flickr using Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License (CC BY-SA), including one entitled "Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD.". The defendant was Kappa Map Group, a map-making company, which downloaded the image and used it in a compilation entitled "Montgomery Co. Maryland Street Atlas". Though there was nothing on the cover that indicated the origin of the picture, the text "Photo: Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD Photographer: Carly Lesser & Art Drauglis, Creative Commoms [sic], CC-BY-SA-2.0" appeared at the bottom of the back cover.

The validity of the CC BY-SA 2.0 as a license was not in dispute. The CC BY-SA 2.0 requires that the licensee to use nothing less restrictive than the CC BY-SA 2.0 terms. The atlas was sold commercially and not for free reuse by others. The dispute was whether Drauglis' license terms that would apply to "derivative works" applied to the entire atlas. Drauglis sued the defendants in June 2014 for copyright infringement and license breach, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, fees, and costs. Drauglis asserted, among other things, that Kappa Map Group "exceeded the scope of the License because defendant did not publish the Atlas under a license with the same or similar terms as those under which the Photograph was originally licensed."[76] The judge dismissed the case on that count, ruling that the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph in the sense of the license, but rather a collective work. Since the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph, Kappa Map Group did not need to license the entire atlas under the CC BY-SA 2.0 license. The judge also determined that the work had been properly attributed.[77]

In particular, the judge determined that it was sufficient to credit the author of the photo as prominently as authors of similar authorship (such as the authors of individual maps contained in the book) and that the name "CC-BY-SA-2.0" is sufficiently precise to locate the correct license on the internet and can be considered a valid URI of the license.[78]

Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE)[edit]

In July 2016, German computer magazine LinuxUser reported that a German blogger Christoph Langner used two CC-BY licensed photographs from Berlin photographer Dennis Skley on his private blog Linuxundich.de. Langner duly mentioned the author and the license and added a link to the original. Langner was later contacted by the Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE) (Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Internet) with a demand for €2300 for failing to provide the full name of the work, the full name of the author, the license text, and a source link, as is required by the fine print in the license. Of this sum, €40 goes to the photographer, and the remainder is retained by VGSE.[79][80] The Higher Regional Court of Köln dismissed the claim in May 2019.[81]

Works with a Creative Commons license[edit]

Number of Creative Commons licensed works as of 2017, per State of the Commons report

Creative Commons maintains a content directory wiki of organizations and projects using Creative Commons licenses.[82] On its website CC also provides case studies of projects using CC licenses across the world.[83] CC licensed content can also be accessed through a number of content directories and search engines (see CC licensed content directories).

Retired licenses[edit]

Due to either disuse or criticism, a number of previously offered Creative Commons licenses have since been retired,[31][84] and are no longer recommended for new works. The retired licenses include all licenses lacking the Attribution element other than CC0, as well as the following four licenses:

  • Developing Nations License: a license which only applies to developing countries deemed to be "non-high-income economies" by the World Bank. Full copyright restrictions apply to people in other countries.[85]
  • Sampling: parts of the work can be used for any purpose other than advertising, but the whole work cannot be copied or modified[86]
  • Sampling Plus: parts of the work can be copied and modified for any purpose other than advertising, and the entire work can be copied for noncommercial purposes[87]
  • NonCommercial Sampling Plus: the whole work or parts of the work can be copied and modified for non-commercial purposes[88]

Unicode symbols[edit]

After being proposed by Creative Commons in 2017,[89] Creative Commons license symbols were added to Unicode with version 13.0 in 2020:[90]

These symbols can be used in succession to indicate a particular Creative Commons license, for example, CC-BY-SA (CC-Attribution-ShareAlike) can be expressed with Unicode symbols CIRCLED CC, CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE and CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW placed next to each other: 🅭🅯🄎

Case law database[edit]

In December 2020, the Creative Commons organization launched an online database covering licensing case law and legal scholarship.[91][92]

See also[edit]

  • Free culture movement
  • Free music
  • Free software
  • Non-commercial educational

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ A "work" is any creative material made by a person. A painting, a graphic, a book, a song/lyrics to a song, or a photograph of almost anything are all examples of "works".

References[edit]

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  8. ^ a b licenses Archived March 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine on opendefinition.com
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  34. ^ "Creative Commons — Attribution 3.0 United States". Creative Commons. November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
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  62. ^ Creative Commons licenses without a non-commercial or no-derivatives requirement, including public domain/CC0, are all cross-compatible. Non-commercial licenses are compatible with each other and with less restrictive licenses, except for Attribution-ShareAlike. No-derivatives licenses are not compatible with any license, including themselves.
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  79. ^ See also: "Abmahnung des Verbandes zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VSGE)" [Notice from the Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Internet (VSGE)] (in German). Hannover, Germany: Feil Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
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  91. ^ Creative Commons. "Creative Commons Legal Database". Creative Commons. Mountain View, California, USA. Retrieved January 3, 2021.

External links[edit]

  • Official website
  • Full selection of licenses
  • Licenses. Overview of free licenses. freedomdefined.org
  • WHAT IS CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE. – THE COMPLETE DEFINITIVE GUIDE
  • Web-friendly formatted summary of CC BY-SA 3.0