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Чтобы узнать о других значениях, см. Движение .

В парламентской процедуре , движение представляет собой официальное предложение члена совещательного собрания , что собрание принять определенное действие. Такие предложения и форма, которую они принимают, определяются преднамеренным собранием и / или заранее согласованным томом, подробно описывающим парламентские процедуры, например , Правила Роберта в новой редакции ; Стандартный кодекс парламентской процедуры ; или Лорд Critine «s Азбука председательства . Движения используются при ведении дел почти во всех законодательных органах мира, а также на собраниях многих церковных ризниц, корпоративных советов и братских организаций.

Предложения могут привести к новому бизнесу перед сборкой или состоять из множества других предложений по выполнению процедурных шагов или других действий, связанных с ожидающим предложением (например, перенос его на другое время) или с самой сборкой (например, перерыв).

В парламенте это также может называться парламентским предложением и может включать в себя законодательные предложения, бюджетные предложения, дополнительные бюджетные предложения и петиционные предложения.

Цель [ править ]

Движение - это официальное предложение члена сделать что-либо. [1] Предложения являются основой группового процесса принятия решений . [2] Они фокусируют группу на том, что решается.

Как правило, предложение должно быть сформулировано таким образом, чтобы совершить действие или выразить мнение. Не следует предлагать ходатайство о том, чтобы что-то не делать, если такой же результат может произойти без каких-либо действий. [3] Такое движение может привести к путанице, если сборка не хочет этого делать. [3]

Процесс обработки движений [ править ]

Процесс обработки движений обычно включает следующие шаги, в зависимости от движения и используемых правил порядка: [4] [5]

  1. Член получает слово и делает движение.
  2. Другой член секундирует движение.
  3. Стул заявляет движение.
  4. Члены обсуждают движение.
  5. Председатель ставит предложение на голосование.
  6. Председатель объявляет результаты голосования и то, что происходит с предложением.

Предложение предложений [ править ]

Движение предлагается членом тела для рассмотрения тела в целом. Как правило, лицо, делающее ходатайство, известное как движущая сила, сначала должно быть признано председателем как имеющее право выступать; это известно как получение права голоса. [6]

Когда движущийся достигает пола, он заявляет движение, обычно с префиксом «Я двигаюсь». [7] Например, на собрании участник может сказать: «Я предлагаю группе пожертвовать 5 долларов в Википедию».

Предложение может быть сделано не в устной форме, а в письменной форме, что называется резолюцией . [8] Если ходатайство было в письменной форме, движущийся сказал бы: «Я передвигаю резолюцию на столе» или «Я передвигаю следующую резолюцию» и затем читал бы ее.

Как правило, после того, как движение было предложено, сборка учитывает его только в том случае, если другой член тела немедленно секундирует движение.

Как только председатель заявляет о движении, оно становится собственностью собрания, и движитель не может изменить или отозвать его без согласия собрания. [9]

Предыдущее уведомление [ править ]

Предыдущее уведомление - это объявление о том, что предложение будет внесено на следующем заседании совещательного собрания. Предыдущее уведомление может быть отправлено одним из двух способов. Член либо объявляет об этом на собрании собрания, и в этом случае секретарь должен сделать запись в протоколе , либо уведомляет секретаря вне собрания. В любом случае секретарь должен включить уведомление о движении в объявление о следующем собрании . Определенные предложения - в частности, предложения принять или изменить особые правила порядка, отменить, отменить или отменить или изменить что-либо ранее принятое, изменить действующие правила в конвенции, уволить комитет и отложить ранее запланированное мероприятие или действие - их сложнее пройти, если не было сделано предварительное уведомление. [10] Часто требуется большинство всего членского состава или две трети голосов, если предварительное уведомление не было сделано. [10] Это правило предназначено для защиты прав отсутствующих участников.

Классификация движений [ править ]

Есть разные типы движений. Недавно пересмотренные Правила порядка Роберта (RONR) делят движения на пять классов: [11]

  1. Основные движения, те, которые доводят дело до собрания, когда нет других предложений. Это наиболее распространенный тип движения. [1]
  2. Вспомогательные движения, влияющие на рассматриваемое основное движение. [12]
  3. Привилегированные ходатайства - срочные дела, которые необходимо решать немедленно, даже если они прерывают незавершенные дела. [13]
  4. Случайные движения, которые по-разному относятся к текущему делу. [14]
  5. Движения, которые снова возвращают дело к собранию. [15]

Классы 2, 3 и 4 вместе называются «второстепенными движениями». [11]

Стандартный кодекс парламентской процедуры рассматривает пятый класс как тип основного ходатайства под названием «Основные реставрационные ходатайства». [16]

В Руководстве по законодательной процедуре Мейсона есть аналогичная классификация движений. [17]

Сенат США и Палата представителей имеют свои собственные специализированные движения , как это предусмотрено в Постоянных правил сената Соединенных Штатов и процедур Соединенных Штатов Палаты представителей , соответственно. [18] [19]

Парламенты также имеют свои собственные специализированные предложения.

В Парламенте Индии у нас есть три основных категории движений:

1) Основное ходатайство

2) Замещающее движение

3) Дополнительное движение - далее подразделяется на вспомогательное движение, вспомогательное движение и поправку. [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

Основное движение [ править ]

Основное движение (RONR)
КлассMain motion
Requires second?Yes
Debatable?Yes
May be reconsidered?Yes
Amendable?Yes
Vote requiredMajority

A main motion is a motion that brings business before the assembly.[12] Main motions are made while no other motion is pending. Any of the subsidiary, incidental and privileged motions may be made while the main motion is pending, and in many cases these motions, if passed, will affect the assembly's consideration of the main motion.

When greater formality is desired, the main motion may be made in the form of a resolution, which is always submitted in writing.[25] A preamble containing several paragraphs explaining background information or justification for the proposed action is often included, but is not required.[26]

Normally, this is a motion that introduces a substantive question as a new subject, in which case it is also called an original main motion.[27] Otherwise, it is an incidental main motion, examples of which are the motions to adopt recommendations of a committee, to ratify action previously taken without a quorum, to rescind an action previously taken, or to adjourn or recess while no main motion is pending.[28] Unlike original main motions, incidental main motions cannot have an objection to the consideration of the question applied to them.

Subsidiary motion[edit]

A subsidiary motion is a type of motion by which a deliberative assembly deals directly with a main motion prior to (or instead of) voting on the main motion itself.[12] Each subsidiary motion ranks higher than the main motion and lower than the privileged motions, and also yields to applicable incidental motions. Some of the subsidiary motions may also be applied to certain other subsidiary motions, incidental motions and privileged motions.

Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised recognizes seven subsidiary motions. Ranked lowest to highest in order of precedence, they are the motions to:[29]

  1. Postpone indefinitely—to end consideration of the main motion for the balance of that session, without a direct vote on the main motion.
  2. Amend—to change the main motion. (May also be applied to certain other motions).
  3. Commit or Refer—to send the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions to a committee for consideration.
  4. Postpone to a certain time (or Postpone Definitely, or Postpone) -- to delay consideration of the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions.
  5. Limit or extend limits of debate—to change limitations on number or length of speeches from those previously adopted.
  6. Previous Question—to close debate, preclude any further amendments and vote immediately. (May apply to any motion or pending series of motions.)
  7. Lay on the Table—to suspend consideration of the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions to allow for immediate consideration of more urgent business.

The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure differs as follows:

  • The motion to Postpone Indefinitely is omitted. The motion to Table (or Postpone Temporarily) is used instead.[30]
  • The motion for the Previous Question is instead called the motion to Close Debate.[31]

Privileged motion[edit]

A privileged motion is a motion that is granted precedence over ordinary business because it concerns matters of great importance or urgency. Such motions are not debatable, although in case of questions of privilege, the chair may feel the need to elicit relevant facts from members.

According to Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, the privileged motions are, in order of precedence:[32]

  1. Fix the time to which to adjourn, if another question is pending.
  2. Adjourn, but not if qualified or if adjournment would dissolve the assembly.
  3. Take a recess, if another question is pending.
  4. Raise a question of privilege
  5. Call for orders of the day

The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure omits Fix the time to which to adjourn, instead providing that the motion to adjourn may be amended with regard to the time to which to adjourn. This book also omits Call for orders of the day, on the grounds that any member may raise a point of order if the scheduled order of business is not being followed.[33]

Incidental motion[edit]

An incidental motion is a motion that relates in varying ways to the main motion and other parliamentary motions.

Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised lists the following incidental motions: appeal the decision of the chair, consideration by paragraph or seriatim, division of a question, division of the assembly, motions relating to nominations, motions relating to methods of voting and the polls, objection to the consideration of a question, point of order, request to be excused from a duty, suspend the rules, and the requests and inquiries (parliamentary inquiry, request for information, request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion, request to read papers, and request for any other privilege). Most incidental motions are undebatable.[14]

Unlike the privileged and subsidiary motions, incidental motions have no order of precedence among themselves. They take precedence over any pending question out of which they arise.[34] Some incidental motions are only legitimately incidental at certain times or under certain conditions. For instance, the objection to the consideration of a question can only be raised before there has been any debate.[35]

Motions that bring a question again before the assembly[edit]

Motions that bring a question again before the assembly are types of motions that are used to consider again a question that was previously disposed of.

Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised groups four motions under the classification name of "Motions that bring a question again before the assembly", because by their adoption or by their introduction, they serve the function described by the name of the class:[15] Take from the table, Rescind or amend something previously adopted, Discharge a committee, and Reconsider. Except for the motion to Reconsider, these motions are main motions and can only be made when no business is pending.

The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure classifies five "bring back" motions under the classification of main motions but lists them under the title of "Restorative Main Motions":[36] Amend a previous action, Ratify, Reconsider, Rescind, and Resume Consideration. This book treats the motion to rescind and the motion to amend something previously adopted as two distinct motion forms under the "Restorative Main Motions" title. Also, the motion to discharge a committee is not used in this book because it allows a motion previously referred to committee to be withdrawn from the committee by the assembly. The motion to ratify is also included in this group.[28]

Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure uses the term, "restoratory", for a group of six motions that restored or brought a question back before the assembly:[37] Expunge, Ratify, Rescind, Reconsider, Reconsider and Enter, and Take from the table. These "restoratory" motions are quasi-main motions that restore the status quo of a question; that is, they bring a question back to its original status—as it was prior to the last vote on it.[38]

Rules on use[edit]

Generally only one motion can be considered at a time. There is a precedence, or ranking of the motions, when multiple motions are made.[39] Each type of motion exists for a specific purpose. However, motions have been used beyond their stated purpose. Motions should not be made for dilatory or improper uses.

Strategic use of motions[edit]

Motions can accomplish results beyond their stated and obvious purpose. An example in Robert's Rules of Order is using the motion to postpone indefinitely in order to enable members who have exhausted their right of debate on the main question an opportunity to speak further and to test the strength of opposition to the question, since straw polls are not in order.[40][41] Another example of strategic use of motions is moving to reconsider in order to "clinch" a decision on the primary motion and prevent its reconsideration later, since a failed motion to reconsider cannot be reconsidered without unanimous consent.[42] Since it is not possible to amend an amendment to an amendment, a member desiring to prevent amendments to his proposed language can do so by including it in a secondary amendment.[43]

Another parliamentary maneuver, which has been used in the United States Senate, is the so-called "nuclear option" in which a majority sidesteps the two-thirds vote requirement to suspend the rules by raising a point of order in favor of their favored interpretation of the rules, followed by an appeal in which the interpretation is then imposed by a majority vote.[44][45]

Dilatory tactics and motions[edit]

Dilatory tactics or motions are those tactics used to delay or obstruct business, annoy the deliberative assembly, or, in legislative procedure, to delay consideration of a subject. Unlike using motions for strategic purposes, using them for dilatory purposes is not allowed. Reasonableness is often used as a criterion in deciding whether a motion is dilatory. Some types of motions are suitable only for specific circumstances, and their use is otherwise absurd and dilatory.

For instance, a motion to refer (commit) a resolution to a committee is dilatory if its object would be defeated by the delay in taking action.[46] A motion to appeal the ruling of the chair is dilatory if there cannot possibly be two reasonable opinions about the ruling.[47] Likewise, a motion for a division of the assembly is dilatory if the results of the voice vote are already clear to any reasonable person.[48] The repetitive use of privileged motions can also be dilatory, such as repeatedly moving to adjourn when it has been voted down and nothing indicates that the assembly wants to end the meeting.[49]

A presiding officer has a duty to protect the assembly from the abuse of parliamentary processes for dilatory purposes.[50] The chair can rule the motions out of order or refuse to recognize the member, but the maker of the motion should be given the benefit of the doubt.[50]

In legislative bodies, dilatory motions can take the form of demanding quorum calls and votes at every opportunity. Another dilatory tactic is for members to not answer when their name is called during the quorum roll call. The problem of dilatory tactics in such bodies dates back to the beginnings of parliamentary procedure in England and the United States. Jefferson's Manual, for instance, only requires the Speaker to direct a bill to be read upon the desire of any member "if the request is really for information and not for delay."[51] In the US Senate, there are no formal rules against dilatory tactics except under cloture.[52] Between 1831 and 1900, dilatory votes to adjourn composed more than 10 percent of all Senate votes, and successfully delayed recognition of Louisiana's Reconstruction government until 1868.[53] According to Sarah Binder, in the 46th United States Congress, motions to adjourn consumed 23 percent of all floor votes.[54] Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed famously took countermeasures against dilatory tactics, such as ruling dilatory motions out of order, and was sustained by the house. Some legislatures impose quotas on dilatory motions. For instance, the Nova Scotia House of Assembly imposes a maximum of one motion to hoist, one motion to refer to a committee, and one reasoned amendment per reading.[55] The Rules of the U.S. Congress as revised in 1911 declare that no dilatory motion shall be entertained by the Speaker.

The term "dilatory motion" does not always refer to an ill-intentioned motion. In Canada, "dilatory" motions refer to those "designed to dispose of the original question before the House either for the time being or permanently," and includes, for instance, motions to proceed to the orders of the day; postpone definitely; adjourn; and so on.[24] Jeremy Bentham held that such types of dilatory motions are useful, stating, "Precipitation may arise from two causes: from ignorance, when a judgment is formed without the collection of all the information required—from passion, when there is not the necessary calm for considering the question in all its aspects."[56]

Renewal of motions[edit]

Renewal of a motion is the act of bringing up again a motion that has already been disposed of by the deliberative assembly. Generally, the assembly cannot be asked to decide the same question, or substantially the same question, as one it has already decided upon in the same session.

The underlying principle behind the non-renewal of a motion dates back to at least April 2, 1607, when the House of Commons adopted a rule "That a question being once made, and carried in the affirmative or negative, cannot be questioned again, but must stand as a judgement of the House".[57] Over the past 400 years, various rules have evolved by precedent to allow and manage renewal of motions under specific circumstances.

Renewal of motions is closely tied to the parliamentary concept of "session". Sessions in ordinary societies usually consist of one meeting, but legislative sessions can continue for months or years. A motion that has been rejected (voted down) in one session, cannot be easily brought up again in that session, but can be renewed in following sessions as a new motion. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised provides exceptions to non-renewal through the motions to Reconsider, Rescind, or Amend Something Previously Adopted.

In the British House of Commons, a motion or an amendment which is the same, in substance, as a question which has been decided during a session may not be renewed again in that same session.[58] Such substantive motions can be renewed in succeeding sessions as new motions. Reversals of earlier decisions can be done by Repeal of a Standing Order, Annulment, or Rescission. The repeal of a standing order is normally made as part of an order creating a new standard order. An annulment is used to declare proceedings to be null and void because of some form of irregularity in procedure. Renewals in the form of a rescission of a resolution made in earlier sessions is not prohibited by the practice of the House of Commons, but is seldom done. Technically it is regarded as a new question: the form being to read the previous resolution of the House and to move that it be rescinded. This power of rescission has been used sparingly and then only in the case of substantive motions. The reasons why open rescission is so rare is that the House instinctively realizes that parliamentary government requires the majority to abide by a decision regularly come to, however unexpected, and that it is unfair to resort to methods, whether direct or indirect, to reverse such a decision. Essentially this is a safeguard for the rights of the minority.[59]

See also[edit]

  • Ballot measure
  • Bill (law)
  • List of motions
  • Petition
  • Resolution (law)
  • Yes-no question

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.
  2. ^ Robert III, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-306-82019-9.
  3. ^ a b Robert 2011, pp. 104–105
  4. ^ Robert III 2011, p. 18
  5. ^ "The Process of Debate - Moving a Motion". www.parl.gc.ca. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
  6. ^ Robert 2011, p. 29
  7. ^ Robert III 2011, p. 20
  8. ^ Robert 2011, pp. 105–106
  9. ^ Robert 2011, p. 40
  10. ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 122
  11. ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 59
  12. ^ a b c Robert 2011, p. 62
  13. ^ Robert 2011, p. 66
  14. ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 69
  15. ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 74
  16. ^ Sturgis, Alice (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th ed., p. 36
  17. ^ Mason, Paul (2010). Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure (PDF). Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures. p. 325. ISBN 9781580246101.
  18. ^ "The Legislative Process: Senate Floor (Video)". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
  19. ^ "The Legislative Process: House Floor (Video)". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
  20. ^ "What are Early day motions?". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
  21. ^ Brown, Chris (2011-05-08). "About PQs, Answers and Motions". www.scottish.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
  22. ^ "CHAPTER VII". parliamentofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
  23. ^ "No. 1 - Senate business documents". www.aph.gov.au. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 2016-01-09.
  24. ^ a b "The Process of Debate - Motions". www.parl.gc.ca. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  25. ^ Robert 2011, p. 33
  26. ^ Robert 2011, pp. 106–107
  27. ^ Robert 2011, p. 100
  28. ^ a b Robert 2011, pp. 101–102
  29. ^ Robert 2011, pp. 63–64
  30. ^ TSC, p. 234–235
  31. ^ TSC, p. 235
  32. ^ Robert 2011, pp. 67–68
  33. ^ Sturgis, Alice (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th ed.
  34. ^ Robert 2011, p. 72
  35. ^ Robert 2011, p. 70
  36. ^ TSC, p. 16–17
  37. ^ Demeter, George (1969). Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure, Blue Book, p. 152
  38. ^ Demeter, p. 48
  39. ^ Robert 2011, pp. 60–61
  40. ^ Robert 2011, p. 128
  41. ^ Robert 2011, p. 429
  42. ^ Robert 2011, p. 321
  43. ^ Robert 2011, p. 135
  44. ^ Grieve, Tim (May 12, 2005). "Everything you wanted to know about the "nuclear option"". Salon.com. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
  45. ^ "The 'Nuclear Option'". CFIF.org. Oct 23, 2002. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
  46. ^ Robert 2011, p. 172
  47. ^ Robert 2011, p. 256
  48. ^ Robert 2011, p. 282
  49. ^ Robert 2011, p. 240
  50. ^ a b Robert 2011, pp. 342–343
  51. ^ Jefferson, Manual, §32
  52. ^ "TheCapitol.Net > Glossary > D, E, F". www.thecapitol.net. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
  53. ^ Sarah A. Binder, Steven S. Smith. Politics Or Principle?: Filibustering in the United States Senate. p. 62.
  54. ^ Binder, Sarah A. Minority Rights, Majority Rule: Partisanship and the Development of Congress. p. 124.
  55. ^ "The Nova Scotia Legislature". www.gov.ns.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
  56. ^ Bentham, Jeremy (1839). "The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ch. XIII".
  57. ^ Hatsell, John (1796). Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons. Vol. II. p. 118. |volume= has extra text (help)
  58. ^ Boulton, C.J. (1989). Eriskine May's Treatise on The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament (Parliamentary Practice) (21st ed.). p. 326.
  59. ^ Parliamentary Practice, pp. 360-364