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Когда человек (традиционно жена во многих культурах) принимает фамилию своего супруга , в некоторых странах это имя заменяет предыдущую фамилию человека , которая в случае жены называется девичьей фамилией ( имя при рождении также используется в качестве имени гендерно-нейтральный или мужской заменитель девичьей фамилии), тогда как фамилия в браке - это фамилия или фамилия, принятая человеком при вступлении в брак.

В некоторых юрисдикциях для изменения имени требуется юридическая процедура. Тем не менее, в некоторых юрисдикциях любой, кто женится или разводится, может изменить свое имя. Из-за растущих потребностей в безопасности и идентификации, даже если это законно, изменение имени без юридической процедуры сейчас редко допускается, за исключением (особенно для женщин) при вступлении в брак. Традиционно на англоязычном Западе только женщины меняют свои имена при вступлении в брак, но в некоторых случаях мужчины также могут менять свои фамилии после вступления в брак, в том числе однополые пары . [1]

В оставшейся части этой статьи имя при рождении, фамилия, фамилия, имя в браке и девичья фамилия относятся к отцовской фамилии, если явно не указано, что они относятся к материнской фамилии .

Канада [ править ]

На большей части территории Канады любой из партнеров может неофициально принять фамилию супруга после брака, если это не используется в целях мошенничества. То же самое и с людьми, состоящими в гражданском браке , в некоторых провинциях. Это не считается законным изменением названия в большинстве провинций, за исключением Британской Колумбии. [2] Для федеральных целей, например для получения канадского паспорта , канадцы также могут использовать фамилию своего партнера, если они состоят в гражданском браке. [3] В провинции Британская Колумбия люди должны пройти законную смену имени, если они хотят использовать комбинированную фамилию после брака. [4] Свидетельство о браке считается доказательством их нового имени. [5] [6]

Обычай в Квебеке был похож на обычай во Франции до 1981 года. Женщины традиционно носили фамилию своего мужа в повседневной жизни, но их девичья фамилия оставалась их официальным именем. [7] После принятия в 1981 году провинциального закона, направленного на поощрение гендерного равенства, как указано в Хартии прав Квебека , никакое изменение имени человека не может быть произведено без разрешения регистратора гражданского состояния или разрешения суда. . Таким образом, молодожены, которые хотят изменить свое имя после вступления в брак, должны пройти ту же процедуру, что и те, кто меняет свое имя по другим причинам. Регистратор гражданского состояния может разрешить изменение имени, если:

  1. имя, которое обычно использует человек, не соответствует имени в свидетельстве о рождении,
  2. имя иностранного происхождения или его трудно произнести или написать в исходной форме, или
  3. название вызывает насмешки или стало дурной славой. [8]

Этот закон не дает права женщине изменить свое имя сразу после замужества, поскольку брак не указан в списке причин для изменения имени. [9]

Англоязычный мир [ править ]

Из-за широко распространенной практики, когда женщины меняют свои имена при вступлении в брак, они не сталкиваются с трудностями при этом без правовой процедуры в тех юрисдикциях, которые это разрешают. [1] [10]

Этот процесс ускоряется для недавно вышедших замуж женщин, поскольку их свидетельство о браке в сочетании с идентификацией с использованием их фамилии в браке обычно принимается в качестве доказательства изменения из-за широко распространенного обычая, но этот процесс по-прежнему требует обращения к каждому контакту, который использует старое имя. имя и попросить их использовать новое. Если в законодательных актах о заключении брака не указано, что при вступлении в брак может произойти смена имени (в этом случае в свидетельстве о браке указано новое имя), суды официально признали, что такое изменение является результатом общего права человека ( мужчина, женщина, а иногда и ребенок), чтобы изменить свое имя.

В Соединенных Штатах было несколько ранних дел, согласно которым по общему праву женщина должна была брать фамилию мужа [11], но в более новых делах это было отменено (см. «Сохранение имени при рождении» ниже). [12] В настоящее время американские женщины не обязаны менять свои имена по закону. [13] Линдон против Первого национального банка , 10 F. 894 (WD Pa. 1882), является одним из самых ранних прецедентных дел в федеральном суде США, связанных с изменением названия по общему праву . [14] Женщина, сменившая фамилию на фамилию, отличную от первоначальной фамилии ее мужа, пыталась претендовать на контроль над своим наследством.. Суд вынес решение в ее пользу. В этом изложено многое. Согласно общему праву, можно законно изменить свое имя и быть «известным и признанным» под этим новым именем. Также можно заключать любые виды договоров от своего нового принятого имени. Контракты включают трудоустройство (см. Coppage v. Kansas 236 US 1), и один из них может быть признан в суде на новое имя. В 1967 году в деле Erie Exchange v. Lane , 246 Md.55 (1967) Апелляционный суд Мэриленда постановил, что замужняя женщина может законно принять вымышленное имя, даже если это не ее имя при рождении или имя ее законного мужа, без Судебное производство. [15]

Однако мужчины сталкиваются с большими трудностями при смене фамилии. [16] В Соединенных Штатах только восемь штатов предусматривают официальную смену имени для мужчин как часть их брака, а в других мужчинах может подать прошение в суд или, если это не запрещено, изменить свое имя без законной процедуры ( хотя госорганы иногда не признают эту процедуру для мужчин).

Общие параметры [ править ]

Используйте фамилию мужа [ править ]

В прошлом женщина в Англии обычно принимала фамилию (или фамилию) своего нового мужа после замужества; часто ее заставляли делать это по законам о прикрытии . Предположение, что фамилия мужа остается обычной практикой сегодня в Соединенном Королевстве (хотя нет закона, который гласит, что имя должно быть изменено) и в других странах, таких как Австралия , Новая Зеландия , Пакистан , Гибралтар , Фолклендские острова , Индия , Филиппины , Англия. - говорящие провинции Канады и США.

В некоторых общинах Индии супруги и дети берут имя отца или собственное имя. [ требуется разъяснение ]

Часто встречаются интересные варианты заимствования имени, включая заимствование фамилии. В Массачусетсе , например, исследование в Гарварде в 2004 году показало, что около 87% женщин с высшим образованием берут фамилию своих мужей при замужестве, по сравнению с пиком до 1975 года, когда он составлял более 90%, но по сравнению с примерно 80% в 1990 году. то же исследование показало, что женщины с высшим образованием «в два-четыре раза (в зависимости от возраста) более вероятно сохранят свою фамилию», чем женщины без высшего образования. [17]

В низинах Шотландии в 16 веке замужние женщины не меняли фамилии, но сегодня это обычная практика. [18]

Обычно детям от этих браков присваивается фамилия отца. В некоторых семьях (в основном в США) существует обычай использовать девичью фамилию матери как второе имя для одного из детей - Франклин Делано Рузвельт получил свое второе имя таким образом [19] или даже как имя. Спессард Холланд , бывший губернатор Флориды и бывший сенатор, чья девичья фамилия была Вирджиния Спессард, получил свое имя таким образом.

Сохраните имя при рождении [ править ]

Женщины, которые после замужества сохранили свою фамилию, могут сделать это по ряду причин:

  • Они не видят причин менять свое имя, как и мужчины часто не видят причин менять свое.
  • Возражение против односторонности этой традиции. [20]
  • Быть последним членом семьи с этой фамилией.
  • Чтобы избежать бумажной волокиты, связанной с изменением имени.
  • Желающие сохранить свою личность
  • Предпочитать свою фамилию фамилии супруга
  • Чтобы избежать профессиональных разветвлений. [21]

Американская суфражистка и аболиционистка Люси Стоун (1818–1893) сделала общенациональный вопрос о праве замужней женщины сохранить свою фамилию (как она сама поступила после замужества) в рамках своих усилий по защите прав женщин в США. их прежние имена назывались «Люси Стоунерс». [22] В 1879 году, когда женщинам Бостона было предоставлено право голоса на школьных выборах, Стоун зарегистрировался для голосования. Но официальные лица не позволили бы ей проголосовать, если она не добавит к своей подписи фамилию своего мужа «Блэквелл». Она отказалась сделать это и не смогла проголосовать. Она не обжаловала иск в суде. [23]

The Lucy Stone League, named after her, was founded in 1921 by Ruth Hale; it was the first group to fight for women to be allowed to keep their maiden name after marriage—and to use it legally.[24] Ruth Hale challenged in federal court that any government edict that would not recognize a married woman (such as herself) by the name she chose to use.[24] In May 1921 Hale obtained a real estate deed issued in her birth name rather than her married name, Mrs. Heywood Broun.[25]

In 1925 Doris Fleischman became the first married woman in the United States to receive a passport in her own name.[26] But by the early 1930s the Lucy Stone League was inactive.[27]

In People ex rel. Rago v. Lipsky, 63 N.E.2d 642 (Ill. 1945), the Appellate Court of Illinois, First District did not allow a married woman to stay registered to vote under her birth name, due to "the long-established custom, policy and rule of the common law among English-speaking peoples whereby a woman's name is changed by marriage and her husband's surname becomes as a matter of law her surname."[28][29]

In 1950, Jane Grant and 22 former members restarted the Lucy Stone League; its first meeting was on 22 March 1950 in New York City. Grant promptly won the Census Bureau's agreement that a married woman could use her birth surname as her official or real name in the census. (The New York Times, 10 April 1950).[30]

In the 1950s and 1960s, the League widened its focus to include all discrimination against women in the USA; the League was a forerunner of the National Organization for Women.[31]

In State ex rel. Krupa v. Green, 177 N.E.2d 616 (Ohio 1961), the Ohio appellate court allowed a married woman to register to vote in her birth name which she had openly and solely used, and been well known to use, before her marriage, and held that she could use that name as a candidate for public office.[32][28]

In 1972 in Stuart v. Board of Elections, 266 Md. 440, 446, on the question of whether a wife could register to vote in her birth name rather than her husband's last name, the Maryland Court of Appeals held, "[A] married woman's surname does not become that of her husband where, as here, she evidences a clear intent to consistently and nonfraudulently use her birth given name subsequent to her marriage."[15]

In the 1970s the Olympia Brown League was founded to help women's name rights in Milwaukee, in response to a court decision against women seeking to keep their maiden names upon marriage; Olympia Brown had kept hers upon her marriage in 1873.[33] Specifically, the case with that court decision was Kruzel v. Podell (1975), in which the Supreme Court of Wisconsin decided that a woman upon marriage adopts the last name of her husband by customarily using that name after marriage, but also stated that no law required her to.[34]

In 1975 in Dunn v. Palermo, the Supreme Court of Tennessee held that "in this jurisdiction a woman, upon marriage, has a freedom of choice. She may elect to retain her own surname or she may adopt the surname of her husband. The choice is hers. We hold that a person's legal name is that given at birth, or as voluntarily changed by either spouse at the time of marriage, or as changed by affirmative acts as provided under the Constitution and laws of the State of Tennessee. So long as a person's name remains constant and consistent, and unless and until changed in the prescribed manner, and absent any fraudulent or legally impermissible intent, the State has no legitimate concern."[35]

A new version of the Lucy Stone League was started in 1997, again focused on name equality.[36]

The American laws and cases noted above do not include all the relevant American laws and cases regarding maiden names. Currently, American women do not have to change their names by law.[13]

Join both names (hyphenation)[edit]

It is less common for women, especially in the US and Canada, to add their spouse's name and their own birth name.[1]

Name blending[edit]

Although less common than name joining, a growing trend is the blending of two surnames upon marriage.[37] This means adding parts of the two names. An example is Dawn O'Porter.

Birth name as middle name[edit]

Examples are Hillary Rodham Clinton[38] and Kim Kardashian West.

Children[edit]

In the United States, some states or areas have laws that restrict what surname a child may have. For example, Tennessee allows a child to be given a surname that does not include that of the father only upon "the concurrent submission of a sworn application to that effect signed by both parents."[39]

Legal status of male name changes at marriage[edit]

In 2007, Michael Buday and Diana Bijon enlisted the American Civil Liberties Union and filed a discrimination lawsuit against the state of California. According to the ACLU, the obstacles facing a husband who wishes to adopt his wife's last name violated the equal protection clause provided by the 14th Amendment of the Constitution.[40] At the time of the lawsuit, only the states of Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Massachusetts, New York and North Dakota explicitly allowed a man to change his name through marriage with the same ease as a woman. As a result of the lawsuit, the Name Equality Act of 2007 was passed to allow either spouse to change their name, using their marriage license as the means of the change; the law took effect in 2009.[16][41]

In 2013, Florida resident Lazaro Dinh had his licence revoked by the Florida Department of Motor Vehicles for adopting his wife Hanh Dinh's surname.[42] Subsequently, the licence was restored and the Department acknowledged their error.[43]

Feminism and preserving one's personal name[edit]

(Also see "Retain the birth name" above.)

The feminist Lucy Stone (1818–1893) made a national issue of a married woman's right to keep her own surname (as she herself did upon marriage) as part of her efforts for women's rights in the U.S. Because of her, women who choose not to use their husbands' surnames have been called "Lucy Stoners".[22]

The feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton took her husband's surname as part of her own, signing herself Elizabeth Cady Stanton or E. Cady Stanton, but she refused to be addressed as Mrs. Henry B. Stanton. She wrote in 1847 that "the custom of calling women Mrs. John This and Mrs. Tom That and colored men Sambo and Zip Coon, is founded on the principle that white men are lords of all."[44][45] Later, when addressing the judiciary committee of the state legislature of New York in 1860 in a speech called "A Slave's Appeal", she stated in part, "The negro [slave] has no name. He is Cuffy Douglas or Cuffy Brooks, just whose Cuffy he may chance to be. The woman has no name. She is Mrs. Richard Roe or Mrs. John Doe, just whose Mrs. she may chance to be."[46][47]

The feminist Jane Grant, co-founder of The New Yorker, wrote in 1943 of her efforts to keep her name despite her marriage, as well as other women's experiences with their maiden names regarding military service, passports, voting, and business.

More recently, the feminist Jill Filipovic's opposition to name change for women who marry was published in The Guardian in 2013 as "Why should married women change their names? Let men change theirs", and cited as recommended reading on the social construction of gender in Critical Encounters in Secondary English: Teaching Literacy Theory to Adolescents by Deborah Appleman (2014).[48][49][50] Filipovic married Ty Lohrer McCormick in 2018, and kept her last name upon marriage.[51][52]

Use as security question[edit]

One's mother's maiden name has been a common security question in banking since at least the 1980s.[53]

Spanish-speaking world[edit]

Spouses keep their original surnames. Following Spanish naming customs, a person's name consists of a given name (simple or composite) followed by two family names (surnames), the father's and the mother's. Any children whom a couple have together, take both first-surnames, so if "José Gómez Hevia" and "María Reyes García" had a child named "Andrés", the resulting name would be "Andrés Gómez Reyes".

Law 11/1981 in Spain, enacted in 1981, declared among other things that children, on turning 18, now had a legal option to choose whether their father's or mother's surname came first. If a family did not exercise an option to change the order of the names in their surname, the law defaulted to the father's surname as the first.[54]

Also in Spain, a 1995 reform in the law allows the parents to choose whether the father's or the mother's surname goes first, although this order must be the same for all their children. For instance, the name of the son of the couple in the example above could be "Andrés Gómez Reyes" or "Andrés Reyes Gómez".[55]

In some Spanish-American countries it is customary for women to unofficially add the husband's first surname after her own, for social purposes such as invitation letters or event announcements. The couple above may introduce themselves as José Gómez Hevia and María Reyes de Gómez. It is also common to name, in formal settings, the wife of a man as "señora de ", followed by her husband's first surname.

Portuguese-speaking world[edit]

Wives usually assume the family name of their spouse, although there is a recent trend of women keeping their maiden names.[56] Following Portuguese naming customs, a person's name consists of a given name (simple or composite) followed by two family names (surnames), the mother's and the father's. Any children whom a couple have together, take both second-surnames.

Other European countries[edit]

Austria[edit]

In Austria, since 1 April 2013, marriage does not automatically change a woman's name; therefore a name change can only take place upon legal application. Before that date, the default was for a married woman's name to be changed to that of her husband, unless she legally applied to opt out of this.[57]

France[edit]

In France, by executive decision since 2011[58] and by law since 2013,[59] any married person may officially use their spouse's name as a common name by substituting or compounding it to their own. Before this it was common for married women to use their husband's name in everyday life but this had no legal recognition.

A common name does not replace a person's family name as written on their birth certificate.

From 4 March 2002 to 4 December 2009, children given both parents' names had to have them separated by a double dash (ex: Dupont--Clairemont). On 4 December 2009, the Conseil d'État ruled that a space can be used instead of the double dash. As a result, forms asking for the family name (nom de famille) do so on two lines ("1ère partie: ..... ", "2e partie: ....")[60]

Germany[edit]

In Germany, since 1977, a woman may adopt her husband's surname or a man may adopt his wife's surname. One of them may use a name combined from both surnames. The remaining single name is the "family name" (Ehename), which will be the surname of the children. If a man and woman both decide to keep and use their birth names after the wedding (no combined name), they shall declare one of those names the "family name". A combined name is not possible as a family name, but, since 2005, it has been possible to have a double name as a family name if one already had a double name, and the partner adopts that name. Double names then must be hyphenated. All family members must use that double name.[61][62]

Greece[edit]

Since 1983, when Greece adopted a new marriage law which guaranteed gender equality between the spouses,[63] women in Greece are required to keep their birth names for their whole lives.[64]

Italy[edit]

Spouses keep their original surnames. According to the Italian Civil Code (article 143 bis), a woman who marries keeps her surname and has the option of adding her husband's surname after hers. Non-Italian citizens getting married in Italy will not have their surname changed in Italy. However, brides or grooms can request their surname change in their home country.[65]

Netherlands[edit]

In the Netherlands, persons who have been married in the Netherlands or entered into a registered partnership will remain registered under their birth name. They are, however, permitted to use their partner's last name for social purposes or join both names. Upon marriage or registered partnership, one may also indicate how one would like to be addressed by registering one's choice at the Municipal Basis Administration (Gemeentelijke Basis Administratie) (although the birth name does not change). One may choose to be called by one's own name, one's partner's name, one's own name followed by one's partner's name (hyphenated), or one's partner's name followed by their own name (hyphenated). Both men and women may make this choice upon registering to get married or entering into a registered partnership. If the marriage or registered partnership ends, one may continue to use the ex-partner's last surname unless the ex-partner disagrees and requests the court to forbid the use of the ex-partner's surname.[66]

Before the birth or adoption of a first child, married parents may choose the child's surname (mother's or father's but not both). If no choice is made, the child automatically bears the father's surname. Any further children will also go by this name. If the parents are not married, the children will automatically have their mother's name unless otherwise indicated.[67]

Russia[edit]

There is a widespread, though not universal, custom for a newly married wife to adopt the husband's family name. However, as Russia is not a common law country, any name change requires a formal procedure including an official application to the civil acts registrar. As the same registrar also records marriages, for the convenience sake it is often done during the marriage proceedings, as governed by the Federal Law #143-FZ "On Civil State Acts", and the couple's marriage certificate has an option of having one common family name, or both spouses going by their original surname. However, the law is entirely gender neutral, and the couple may adopt either of their surnames (a husband adopting his wife's family name is an uncommon but by no means unheard-of practice, which is generally accepted and carries little to no social stigma), or even a completely different one. The law also recognizes the couple's right to use the combined family name, and for the either of the spouses to reclaim their original surname in the case the marriage is dissolved.

Asian countries[edit]

China[edit]

People's Republic of China[edit]

Traditionally, a married woman keeps her name unchanged, without adopting her husband's surname.[68] In mainland China a child inherits their father's surname as a norm, though the marriage law explicitly states that a child may use either parent's surname. It is also common for two children born to the same parents to take different surnames, one after the father and the other after the mother. It is also possible, though far less common, for a child to combine both parents' surnames.[69][70]

Hong Kong(Special Administration Region, People's Republic of China)[edit]

Due to British influence, some people in Hong Kong have also adopted the tradition of women changing their English last name, or prepending their husband's Chinese surname to her own in official occasions or business cards but rarely on resident identification or travel documents. Amongst the Chinese diaspora overseas, especially in Southeast Asia, women rarely legally adopt their spouse's surname.

Republic of China[edit]

Taiwanese women generally keep their surnames after marriage while their children may inherit either the father's or the mother's. It is, however, legal to take the spouse's surname.[71] Some older women have the husband's surname tagged on to theirs, as was common in the early to mid-20th century.

Iran[edit]

It became mandatory in 1918 to use surnames in Iran, and only in this time, the heads of families had the right to choose their family members' (including the wife) surname. It is stated in the article four of the law on Civil Registration in 1925, that "Everybody should choose his/her own name. The wife... maintains her family name that was called by." The same thing has been restated in the article three of the law on Civil Registration in 1928. There is not much difference in the article 38 of the law on Civil Registration in 1940, but there is another article (43) that says "If the couple separate legally, maintaining husband's surname is allowed if the husband allows, and if the husband has taken wife's family name, maintaining wife's surname is allowed if the wife allows." In the last related article (the article 42 of the law on Civil Registration in 1976) the same thing is said about wife's surname change, but it is silent about husband's surname change.[72][73]Currently, it is very unusual that either spouse change his/her surname after marriage in Iran.

Japan[edit]

Japanese law does not recognize married couples who have different surnames as lawful husband and wife, which means that 96% of married Japanese women take their husband's surname.[74] In 2015, the Japanese Supreme Court upheld the name-change law, ruling that it was not unconstitutional, noting that women could use informally their maiden names, and stating that it was the parliamentarians who should decide on whether to pass new legislation on separate spousal names.[75]

Korea (North and South Korea)[edit]

Traditionally, Korean women keep their family names after their marriage, while their children take the father's surname. Korea used to be relatively gender equal as of inheritance and familial duties up until at least the late 17th century. Often, the genealogy books of the families would keep in track of the daughters and their spouses and offsprings too. Hence women to keep their maiden name was the norm and they were considered to be part of the family even after marriage. In the premodern, people were extremely conscious of familial values and their own family identities. Korean women keep their surnames after marriage based on traditional reasoning that it is what they inherited from their parents and ancestors.[76] Colloquially, Koreans consider the name of an individual as a singular entity, and changing the family name syllable would make the name sound strange with the other syllables of the given name. Nowadays, women still keep their names after marriage. The children could go by either parent's surname but it is still vastly more customary to go by the father's surname.

Philippines[edit]

The Civil Code provides several options for married women on what surname to take upon marriage:

  • keep her middle name (maternal surname) and add her husband's surname to the maiden name (e.g. Maria Isabella Flores Garcia-Dimaculangan/Ma. Isabella F. Garcia-Dimaculangan);
  • take the husband's surname and make her maiden name the middle name (Maria Isabella Garcia Dimaculangan/Ma. Isabella G. Dimaculangan);
  • take the husband's full name, with a prefix to indicate that she is his wife (e.g. Mrs./Ms. Dimaculangan)[77]

A woman may also keep her maiden name, as Philippine law does not require a woman to take her husband's surname at marriage. This is commonly done for professional reasons, as a woman may want to retain her name among her business contacts or audience.

The Civil Code also states that children as the result of the marriage will take the mother's middle name (maiden surname) and the father's surname. To illustrate this, the children of a married couple named Maria Josefa Lopez Mañego-Luansing and Juan Candido Luansing will take the middle name Mañego and the surname Luansing, so, one daughter with a given name of Juliana will be named Juliana Mañego Luansing.

Married women in professional circles (e.g. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Korina Sanchez-Roxas, Vilma Santos-Recto) typically join their maiden and married surnames in both professional and legal use (e.g. Maria Isabella Flores Garcia-Dimaculangan/Ma. Isabella F. Garcia-Dimaculangan). This allows them to be identified as married, and keep track of their professional achievements without being confused for being two different individual (e.g. Maria Isabella Flores Garcia/Ma. Isabella F. Garcia, as against Maria Isabella Garcia Dimaculangan/Ma. Isabella G. Dimaculangan)

An older scheme based on Spanish naming customs add the particle de ("of") between the maiden and married surnames (e.g. Maria Isabella Garcia de Dimaculangan or Ma. Isabella G. de Dimaculangan). This tradition is no longer common.

Thailand[edit]

A Thai wife who adopted her husband's surname due to the old law requiring it, can also change back to her original surname.[78]

Turkey[edit]

Since 2014, women in Turkey are allowed to keep their birth names alone for their whole life instead of using their husbands' names.[79] Previously, the Turkish Code of Civil Law, Article 187, required a married woman to use her husband's surname; or else to use her birth name in front of her husband's name by giving a written application to the marriage officer or the civil registry office. In 2014, the Constitutional Court ruled that prohibiting married women from retaining only maiden names is a violation of their rights.[80]

Genealogy[edit]

Genealogists often also make note of all surnames used by a person during their lifetime (such as those acquired from birth parents, those assigned at birth when the father is unknown or not acknowledged, those acquired at marriage, and those acquired at a remarriage). For example, an illegitimate male child abandoned at birth in Italy or in other European countries will receive no surname from either of his birth parents but, instead, will be assigned a surname—often invented from one of the three kingdoms of nature, e.g., mineral ("Pietra"), vegetable ("Rosa") or animal ("Leoni"), or otherwise according to custom within a locality, such as "Esposito" (meaning "abandoned") or "Casa Grande" (referring to the "Domo Magna," e.g., the ospizio [hospital] where abandoned).[81]

See also[edit]

  • Double-barrelled name
  • Galton–Watson process
  • Given name
  • Lucy Stone League
  • Matriname
  • Matronymic
  • Name change
  • Patrilineality
  • Patronymic
  • Spanish naming customs
  • Surname

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External links[edit]

  • Why should women change their names on getting married? – a history of name changing upon marriage in the UK and in the US