Сантьяго ( / ˌ s æ н т я ɑː ɡ oʊ / , США и / ˌ s ɑː п - / ; [2] Испанский: [santjaɣo] ), также известный как Сантьяго - де - Чили , является столицей и крупнейшим городом Чили а также один из крупнейших городов Америки . Это центр самого густонаселенного региона Чили , столичного региона Сантьяго., общая численность населения которого составляет 7 миллионов человек, из которых более 6 миллионов проживают в сплошных городских районах города. Город полностью находится в центральной долине страны . Большая часть города находится на высоте 500-650 м (1,640-2,133 футов) над средним уровнем моря .
Сантьяго | |
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Слева направо, сверху вниз . I ряд: Панорама Сантьяго. II ряд: Статуя Непорочного Зачатия и финансовый район Сантьяго . III ряд: холм Санта-Люсия и Национальная библиотека Чили . IV ряд: Чилийский университет и Папский католический университет Чили . V ряд: дворец Ла Монеда . | |
Псевдоним (ы): «Город островных холмов» | |
Координаты: 33 ° 27'S 70 ° 40'W. / 33,450 ° ю.ш. 70,667 ° з.д.Координаты : 33 ° 27 'ю.ш. 70 ° 40' з.д. / 33,450 ° ю.ш. 70,667 ° з.д. | |
Страна | Чили |
Область, край | Столичный регион Сантьяго |
Провинция | Провинция Сантьяго |
фундамент | 12 февраля 1541 г. |
Основан | Педро де Вальдивия |
Названный для | Сент-Джеймс |
Правительство | |
• интендант | Фелипе Гевара Стивенс |
Область | |
• Столица | 641 км 2 (247,6 квадратных миль) |
Высота | 570 м (1870 футов) |
Население (2017) | |
• Столица | 6 269 384 |
• Плотность | 9821 / км 2 (25 436 / кв. Миль) |
• Метро | 6 903 479 |
Демоним (ы) | Сантьягуинос (- as ) |
Часовой пояс | UTC-4 ( CLT ) |
• Лето ( DST ) | UTC − 3 ( CLST ) |
Почтовый индекс | 8320000 |
Код (а) города | +56 2 |
ИЧР (2017) | 0,864 [1] - очень высокий |
Веб-сайт | Официальный веб-сайт |
Основанный в 1541 году испанским конкистадором Педро де Вальдивиа , Сантьяго был столицей Чили с колониальных времен. В центре города находится неоклассическая архитектура 19-го века и извилистые улочки, усеянные ар-деко, неоготикой и другими стилями. Городской пейзаж Сантьяго сформирован несколькими отдельно стоящими холмами и быстрой рекой Мапочо , окруженной парками, такими как Parque Forestal и Balmaceda Park . Горы Анды видны из большинства точек города. Эти горы создают значительную проблему смога , особенно зимой, из-за отсутствия дождя. Окрестности города окружены виноградниками, а Сантьяго находится в часе езды от гор и Тихого океана.
Сантьяго - культурный, политический и финансовый центр Чили, где расположены региональные штаб-квартиры многих транснациональных корпораций. Исполнительная и судебная власти Чили расположены в Сантьяго, но Конгресс собирается в основном в соседнем Вальпараисо . Сантьяго назван в честь библейского деятеля Святого Иакова . Сантьяго примет Панамериканские игры 2023 года . [3]
Номенклатура
В Чили есть несколько образований, носящих название «Сантьяго», которые часто путают. Коммуна Сантьяго , иногда упоминается как «Downtown / Центральный Сантьяго» ( Santiago Centro ), является административным делением , которое содержит примерно площадь , занимаемый город во время колониального периода. Коммуна, управляемая муниципалитетом Сантьяго и возглавляемая мэром, является частью провинции Сантьяго, возглавляемой делегатом от провинции, который сам по себе является подразделением столичного региона Сантьяго, возглавляемого интендантом . В то время как мэр избирается всенародным голосованием, и провинциальный делегат, и интендант назначаются президентом Республики в качестве местного представителя.
Несмотря на эти классификации, когда термин «Сантьяго» используется без другого дескриптора, он обычно относится к тому, что также известно как Большой Сантьяго ( Гран-Сантьяго ), столичный район, определяемый его городской непрерывностью, который включает коммуну Сантьяго и более 40 другие коммуны, которые вместе составляют большую часть провинции Сантьяго и некоторых районов соседних провинций (см. Политическое разделение ). Определение этого мегаполиса изменилось в связи с продолжающимся расширением города и поглощением более мелких городов и сельских районов.
Название берет начало «Сантьяго» во имя выбранного испанского завоевателя, Педро де Вальдивия, когда основал город в 1541 Вальдивия заслуженный Джеймс Великого , на покровителя из Испании . В испанском языке имя этого святого передается по-разному, например, Диего , Хайме , Якобо или Сантьяго ; последнее происходит от галисийской эволюции вульгарно-латинского Sanctu Iacobu . Территория, занимаемая Сантьяго, не имеет местного названия; В языке мапуче название «Santiaw» является адаптацией испанского названия города.
При основании Вальдивия назывался «Сантьяго-дель-Нуэво- Экстрема » или « Нуэва-Эстремадура » в зависимости от территории, которую он ожидал колонизировать и которую назвал в честь своей родной Эстремадуры . Название сохранялось недолго и в конечном итоге было заменено местным названием Чили. Чтобы отличаться от других городов, называемых Сантьяго , южноамериканский город иногда называют «Сантьяго-де-Чили» на испанском и других языках.
Демоним города и региона - сантьягуинос (мужчина) и сантьягуинас (женщина).
История
Предыстория
Согласно некоторым археологическим исследованиям, считается, что первые группы людей достигли бассейна Сантьяго в 10-м тысячелетии до нашей эры . Группы были в основном кочевыми охотниками-собирателями, которые путешествовали с побережья во внутренние районы в поисках гуанако во время таяния снегов в Андах. Приблизительно в 800 году первые оседлые жители начали селиться из-за формирования сельскохозяйственных сообществ вдоль реки Мапочо , в основном кукурузы , картофеля и бобов , и одомашнивания верблюдовых в этом районе.
Деревни, основанные на территориях, принадлежащих пиканче (название, данное чилийцами) или народам промауков (название, данное инками), в конце пятнадцатого и начале шестнадцатого века находились под властью империи инков . Инки поселились в долине Митимаэс , основная установка обосновалась в центре нынешнего города, с такими цитаделями, как Уака-де-Чена и святилище на холме Эль-Пломо . Этот район мог бы послужить основой для неудавшихся экспедиций инков на юг, перекресток дорог под названием « Тропа инков» .
Основание города
Присланный Франсиско Писарро из Перу и совершив долгий путь из Куско , конкистадор Эстремадура Педро де Вальдивия 13 декабря 1540 года достиг долины Мапочо. Хозяева Вальдивии разбили лагерь у реки на склонах холма Тупахуэ и медленно начал взаимодействовать с людьми Picunche , населявшими этот район. Позже Вальдивия созвал вождей области в парламент, где объяснил свое намерение основать город от имени короля Испании Карлоса I , который станет столицей его губернаторства Нуэва-Эстремадура . Туземцы приняли и даже рекомендовали основать город на небольшом острове между двумя рукавами реки рядом с небольшим холмом под названием Уэлен .
12 февраля 1541 года Вальдивия официально основал город Сантьяго-дель-Нуэво-Экстремо ( Сантьяго, Нью-Эстремадура ) недалеко от Уэлен, переименованный завоевателем в Санта-Лючия . Следуя колониальному правлению, Вальдивия доверила планировку нового города мастеру-строителю Педро де Гамбоа , который спроектировал схему городской сети . В центре города Гамбоа спроектировал площадь Plaza Mayor , вокруг которой были выбраны различные участки для собора и дома губернатора . Всего было построено восемь кварталов с севера на юг и десять с востока на запад. Каждую солнечную (квартал) отдавали поселенцам, которые строили дома из глины и соломы.
Через несколько месяцев Вальдивия со своими войсками ушел на юг, начав войну при Арауко . Сантьяго остался без защиты. Местные хозяева Мичималонко использовали это в своих интересах и напали на молодой город. 11 сентября 1541 года город был разрушен туземцами, но 55-сильный испанский гарнизон сумел защитить форт. Сопротивление возглавляла Инес де Суарес , любовница Вальдивии. Когда она поняла, что их захватили, она приказала казнить всех узников-туземцев и стала ставить их головы на пики, а также бросила несколько голов туземцам. Перед лицом этого варварского акта туземцы в ужасе разошлись. Город будет медленно восстанавливаться, придавая особую важность недавно основанному Консепсьону , где в 1565 году была основана Королевская Аудиенсия Чили. Однако постоянная опасность, с которой сталкивается Консепсьон, частично из-за его близости к войне Арауко, а также череда разрушительных землетрясений не позволила окончательно основать Королевский двор в Сантьяго до 1607 года. Это учреждение подтвердило роль города как столицы.
В первые годы существования города испанцы страдали от острой нехватки еды и других припасов. Причиной этого была стратегия местного коренного населения пикунче, направленная на прекращение выращивания и отступление в более отдаленные места. [5] Изолированные от подкрепления, испанцам приходилось есть все, что они находили, отсутствие одежды означало, что некоторые испанцы приходили одеваться шкурами собак, кошек, морских львов и лисиц . [5]
Колониальный Сантьяго
Хотя в начале Сантьяго, казалось, нависла надвигающаяся опасность необратимого разрушения из-за нападений коренных народов, землетрясений и серии наводнений , город начал быстро расти. Из 126 блоков, спроектированных Гамбоа в 1558 году, 40 были заняты, а в 1580 году начали возводиться первые крупные здания в городе, начало строительства ознаменовалось закладкой первого камня в фундамент первого собора в 1561 году и здания. в церкви Сан - Франциско в 1572 году оба этих конструкций состоит в основном из необожженного кирпича и камня. В дополнение к строительству важных зданий, город начал развиваться, так как близлежащие земли приветствовали десятки тысяч голов скота.
Ряд стихийных бедствий препятствовал развитию города в 16-17 веках: землетрясение , эпидемия оспы 1575 года в 1590, 1608 и 1618 годах, разлив реки Мапочо и, наконец, землетрясение 13 мая 1647 года, которое погибли более 600 человек и пострадали более 5000 человек. Однако эти бедствия не остановили рост столицы генерал-капитанства Чили в то время, когда вся мощь страны была сосредоточена на площади Сантьягуина Пласа-де-Армас .
В 1767 году коррехидор Луис Мануэль де Заньярту запустил одно из самых важных архитектурных сооружений всего колониального периода, мост Каликанто , эффективно соединивший город с Ла-Чимба на северной стороне реки, и начал строительство набережных, чтобы предотвратить разливы реки Мапочо. Хотя его строителям удалось достроить мост, опоры постоянно разрушались рекой. В 1780 году губернатор Агустин де Хауреги нанял итальянского архитектора Хоакина Тоэски , который спроектировал, среди других важных работ, фасад собора, Паласио-де-ла-Монеда , канал Сан-Карлос и окончательное строительство набережных во время правления правительства. из Ambrosio О'Хиггинсом . Эти важные объекты были открыты навсегда в 1798 году. Правительство О'Хиггинса также контролировало открытие дороги на Вальпараисо в 1791 году, которая соединила столицу с главным портом страны.
Столица республики
18 сентября 1810 года была провозглашена Первая правительственная хунта в Сантьяго, положившая начало процессу установления независимости Чили . Городу, ставшему столицей новой нации, угрожали различные события, особенно близлежащие военные действия .
Хотя некоторые учреждения, такие как Национальный институт и Национальная библиотека , были созданы в Патриа Вьеха , они были закрыты после поражения патриотов в битве при Ранкагуа в 1814 году. Королевское правительство просуществовало до 1817 года, когда Андская армия обеспечила себе безопасность. победа в битве при Чакабуко , восстановление патриотического правительства в Сантьяго. Однако независимость не была гарантирована. Испанская армия одержала новые победы в 1818 году и направилась к Сантьяго, но их марш был окончательно остановлен на равнинах реки Майпо во время битвы при Майпу 5 апреля 1818 года.
С окончанием войны Бернардо О'Хиггинс был принят на должность Верховного директора и, как и его отец, начал ряд важных для города работ. Во время звонка Patria Nueva закрытые учреждения снова открылись. Открылось Общее кладбище , были завершены работы на канале Сан-Карлос , и в южном рукаве реки Мапочо, известном как Ла-Каньяда, пересыхающее русло реки, которое когда-то использовалось как свалка, было превращено в проспект, теперь известный как Аламеда - де - лас - Delicias .
В городе произошло два новых землетрясения: 19 ноября 1822 года и 20 февраля 1835 года. Эти два события, однако, не помешали быстрому и продолжающемуся росту города. В 1820 году в городе насчитывалось 46 000 жителей, а в 1854 году население достигло 69 018 человек. В переписи 1865 г. было зарегистрировано 115 337 жителей. Этот значительный рост был результатом роста пригородов к югу и западу от столицы и частично в Ла-Чимба, оживленном районе, выросшем в результате разделения старых владений, существовавших в этом районе. Это новое периферийное развитие привело к концу традиционной структуры шахматной доски, которая ранее управляла центром города.
19 век
В годы республиканской эры такие учреждения, как Чилийский университет (Universidad de Chile), Педагогическая школа наставников, Школа искусств и ремесел, и Quinta Normal , в которую входил Музей изящных искусств (ныне Музей изящных искусств). Науки и техники) и Национальный музей естественной истории . Созданные в основном для образовательных целей, они также стали образцами общественного планирования в тот период. В 1851 году была открыта первая телеграфная система, связавшая столицу с портом Вальпараисо. [6]
Новый импульс в градостроительстве столицы получил во времена так называемой «Либеральной республики» и правления мэра Бенхамина Викунья Маккенны . Среди основных работ этого периода - реконструкция Cerro Santa Lucía, которая, несмотря на свое центральное расположение, находилась в плохом состоянии. [6] Стремясь преобразовать Сантьяго, Викунья Маккенна начала строительство Camino de Cintura , дороги, окружающей весь город. Новая реконструкция проспекта Аламеда превратила его в главную улицу города.
Также в это время и благодаря работе европейских ландшафтных дизайнеров в 1873 году появился парк О'Хиггинс . Открытый для публики парк стал достопримечательностью Сантьяго из-за его больших садов, озер и дорожек для перевозки экипажей. В это время были открыты и другие важные здания, такие как Муниципальный оперный театр Театро и Гипико-де-Сантьяго . В то же время Международная выставка 1875 года проходила на территории Quinta Normal. [7]
Город стал главным узлом национальной железнодорожной системы. Первая железная дорога прибыла в город 14 сентября 1857 года на центральной железнодорожной станции Сантьяго Эстасьон . Строившаяся в то время станция будет открыта навсегда в 1884 году. В те годы железные дороги связывали город с Вальпараисо, а также с регионами на севере и юге Чили. Улицы Сантьяго были заасфальтированы, и к 1875 году в городе было 1107 железнодорожных вагонов, а трамваями ежедневно пользовались 45 000 человек.
100-летие Сантьяго
С приходом нового века в городе начались различные изменения, связанные с сильным развитием промышленности . Вальпараисо, который до сих пор был экономическим центром страны, постепенно терял известность за счет столицы. К 1895 году 75% национальной обрабатывающей промышленности было в столице и только 28% в портовом городе, а к 1910 году крупные банки и магазины были открыты на улицах центра города, покинув Вальпараисо.
Принятие закона об автономных муниципалитетах позволило муниципалитетам создавать различные административные подразделения вокруг тогдашнего департамента Сантьяго с целью улучшения местного самоуправления. Maipú , Nunoa , Ренка , Lampa и Колина были созданы в 1891 году, Providencia и Барранкас в 1897 году, и Лас - Конде в 1901. Ла Виктория Departamento был раскол с созданием Ло Каньяс в 1891 году, который был бы раскол в La Granja и Пуэнте-Альто в 1892 году, Ла Флорида в 1899 году и Ла Систерна в 1925 году.
Сан - Кристобаль - Хилл в этот период начался длительный процесс развития. В 1903 году была построена астрономическая обсерватория, а в следующем году был заложен первый камень для 14-метровой статуи Девы Марии , которая сегодня видна из разных точек города. Однако строительство святилища будет завершено лишь несколько десятилетий спустя.
Во время празднования 100-летия Чили в 1910 году было реализовано множество городских проектов. Железнодорожная сеть была расширена, что позволило соединить город с его зарождающимися пригородами новым железнодорожным кольцом и маршрутом к Кахон-дель-Майпо , а на севере города была построена новая железнодорожная станция: станция Мапочо . На южной стороне реки Мапочо был создан Парк Форесталь и открыты новые здания, такие как Музей изящных искусств , государственная школа-интернат Баррос-Арана и Национальная библиотека . Кроме того, будет проведена канализационная система, охватывающая около 85% городского населения.
Демографический взрыв
Перепись 1920 года оценила население Сантьяго в 507 296 человек, что эквивалентно 13,6% населения Чили. Это представляет собой рост на 52,5% по сравнению с данными переписи 1907 года, то есть годовой рост на 3,3%, что почти в три раза превышает общенациональный показатель. Этот рост произошел в основном из-за прибытия фермеров с юга, которые работали на заводах и железных дорогах, которые находились в стадии строительства. Однако этот рост наблюдался на окраинах, а не в самом городе.
За это время центральный район был объединен в коммерческий, финансовый и административный центр с созданием различных порталов и площадок вокруг улицы Ахумада и гражданского района в непосредственной близости от дворца Ла Монеда . Последний проект предполагал строительство различных модернистских зданий для создания офисов министерств и других государственных служб, а также начало строительства зданий средней этажности. С другой стороны, традиционные жители центра начали мигрировать из города в более сельские районы, такие как Провиденсия и Саньоа , где проживали олигархия и европейские профессионалы- иммигранты , и Сан-Мигель для семей среднего класса. Кроме того, на периферии виллы были построены различные партнеры из различных организаций того времени. Современность города расширилась с появлением первых театров, расширением телефонной сети и открытием аэропорта Лос-Черрильос в 1928 году, среди других достижений.
The feeling that the early 20th century was an era of economic growth due to technological advances contrasted dramatically with the standard of living of lower social classes. The growth of the previous decades led to an unprecedented population explosion starting in 1929. The Great Depression caused the collapse of the nitrate industry in the north, leaving 60,000 unemployed, which added to the decline in agricultural exports, resulting in a total number for the unemployed to be about 300,000 nationwide. These unemployed workers saw Santiago and its booming industry as the only chance to survive. Many migrants arrived in Santiago with nothing and thousands had to survive on the streets due to the great difficulty in finding a place they could rent. Widespread disease, including tuberculosis, claimed the lives of hundreds of the homeless. Unemployment and living costs increased dramatically whilst the salaries of the population of Santiago fell.
The situation would change only several years later with a new industrial boom fostered by CORFO and the expansion of the state apparatus from the late 1930s. At this time, the aristocracy lost much of its power and the middle class, composed of merchants, bureaucrats and professionals, acquired the role of setting national policy. In this context, Santiago began to develop a substantial middle- and lower-class population, while the upper classes sought refuge in the districts of the capital. Thus, the old moneyed class trips to Cousino and Alameda Park, lost hegemony over popular entertainment venues such as the National Stadium emerged in 1938.
Greater Santiago
1940 | 1952 | 1960 | 1970 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Barrancas | 100 | 223 | 792 | 1978 |
Conchalí | 100 | 225 | 440 | 684 |
La Granja | 100 | 264 | 1379 | 3424 |
Las Condes | 100 | 197 | 506 | 1083 |
Ñuñoa | 100 | 196 | 325 | 535 |
Renca | 100 | 175 | 317 | 406 |
San Miguel | 100 | 221 | 373 | 488 |
Santiago | 100 | 104 | 101 | 81 |
In the following decades, Santiago continued to grow unabated. In 1940, the city accumulated 952,075 inhabitants, in 1952 this figure rose to 1,350,409 residents and the census of 1960 totaled 1,907,378 santiaguinos. This growth was reflected in the urbanization of rural areas on the periphery, where families of middle and lower class with stable housing were established: in 1930 the urban area had an area of 6500 hectares, which in 1960 reached 20,900 and in 1980 to 38,296. Although most of the communities continued to grow, it is mainly concentrated in outlying communities such as Canyon to the west, Conchalí northern and La Cisterna and La Granja to the south. For the upper class, it began to approach the foothills of Las Condes and La Reina sector. The center, however, lost people leaving more space for the development of trade, banking and government.
Regulation of the growth only began to be implemented during the 1960s with the creation of various development plans for Greater Santiago, a concept that reflected the new reality of a much larger city. In 1958 the Intercommunal Plan of Santiago was released. The proposed scheme set a limit of 38 600 urban and semi hectares for a maximum population of 3,260,000 inhabitants, included plans for the construction of new avenues, like the Américo Vespucio Avenue and Panamericana route 5, and the expansion of 'industrial belts'. The celebration of the World Cup in 1962 gave new impetus to implement plans for city improvement. In 1966 the Santiago Metropolitan Park was established in the Cerro San Cristóbal, MINVU began eradicating shanty towns and building new homes. Finally, the Edificio Diego Portales was constructed in 1972.
In 1967 the new International Airport Pudahuel was opened, and, after years of discussion, in 1969 construction began on the Santiago Metro. The first phase ran beneath the western section of the Alameda and was opened in 1975. The Metro would become one of the most prestigious buildings in the city. In the following years it continued to expand, with two perpendicular lines in place by the end of 1978. Building telecommunications infrastructure was also an important development of this period, as reflected in the construction of the Torre Entel, which since its construction in 1975 has become one of the symbols of the capital and the tallest structure in the country for two decades.
After the coup of 1973 and the establishment of the military regime, major changes in urban planning did not take place until the 1980s, when the government adopted a neoliberal economic model. In 1979, the master plan was amended. The urban area was extended to more than 62 000 ha for real estate development. This created urban sprawl, especially in La Florida, with the city reaching 40 619 ha in size in the early 1990s. The 1992 census showed that Santiago had become the country's most populous municipality with 328,881 inhabitants. Meanwhile, a strong earthquake struck the city on 3 March 1985. Although it caused few casualties, it left many people homeless and destroyed many old buildings.
The metropolis in the early twenty-first century
With the start of the transition to democracy in 1990, the city of Santiago had surpassed three million inhabitants, with the majority living in the south: La Florida was the most populous area, followed by Puente Alto and Maipú. The real estate development in these municipalities and others like Quilicura and Peñalolén largely came from the construction of housing projects for middle-class families. Meanwhile, high-income families moved into the foothills, now called Barrio Alto, increasing the population of Las Condes and giving rise to new communes like Vitacura and Lo Barnechea.
The Providencia Avenue area became an important commercial hub in the eastern sector. This development was extended to Barrio Alto, which became an attractive location for the construction of high-rise buildings. Major companies and financial corporations were established in the area, which gave rise to a thriving modern business center known as Sanhattan. The departure of these companies to Barrio Alto and the construction of shopping centers all around the city created a crisis in the city center. To reinvent the area, the main shopping streets were turned into pedestrian walkways, such as the Paseo Ahumada, and the government instituted tax benefits for the construction of residential buildings, which attracted young adults.
The city began to face a series of problems generated by disorganized growth. Air pollution reached critical levels during the winter months and a layer of smog settled over the city. The authorities adopted legislative measures to reduce industrial pollution and placed restrictions on vehicle use. The Metro was expanded considerably, lines were extended and three new lines were built between 1997 and 2006 in the southeastern sector. A new extension to Maipú was inaugurated in 2011, at which point the metropolitan railway had a total length of 105 km. In the case of buses, the system underwent a major reform in the early 1990s. In 2007 the master plan known as Transantiago was established. It has faced a number of problems since its launch.
Entering the twenty-first century, rapid development continued in Santiago. The Civic District was renewed with the creation of the Plaza de la Ciudadanía and construction of the Ciudad Parque Bicentenario to commemorate the bicentenary of the Republic. The development of tall buildings continues in the eastern sector, which culminated in the opening of the skyscrapers Titanium La Portada and Gran Torre Santiago in the Costanera Center complex. However, socioeconomic inequality and geosocial fragmentation remain two of the most important problems in both the city and the country.
On 27 February 2010, a strong earthquake struck the capital, causing some damage to older buildings. However, some modern buildings were also rendered uninhabitable, generating much debate about the actual implementation of mandatory earthquake standards in the modern architecture of Santiago.
География
The city lies in the center of the Santiago Basin, a large bowl-shaped valley consisting of broad and fertile lands surrounded by mountains. The city has a varying elevation, gradually increasing from 400 m (1,312 ft) in the western areas to more than 700 m (2,297 ft) in the eastern areas. Santiago's international airport, in the west, lies at an altitude of 460 m (1,509 ft). Plaza Baquedano, near the center, lies at 570 m (1,870 ft). Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo, at the eastern edge of the city, has an elevation of 960 m (3,150 ft).
The Santiago Basin is part of the Intermediate Depression and is remarkably flat, interrupted only by a few "island hills;" among them are Cerro Renca, Cerro Blanco, and Cerro Santa Lucía. The basin is approximately 80 kilometres (50 miles) in a north–south direction and 35 km (22 mi) from east to west. The Mapocho River flows through the city.
The city is flanked by the main chain of the Andes to the east and the Chilean Coastal Range to the west. On the north, it is bordered by the Cordón de Chacabuco, a mountain range of the Andes. At the southern border lies the Angostura de Paine, an elongated spur of the Andes that almost reaches the coast.
The mountain range immediately bordering the city on the east is known as the Sierra de Ramón, which was formed due to tectonic activity of the San Ramón Fault. This range reaches 3296 metres at Cerro de Ramón. The Sierra de Ramón represents the "Precordillera" of the Andes. 20 km (12 mi) further east is the even larger Cordillera of the Andes, which has mountains and volcanoes that exceed 6,000 m (19,690 ft) and on which some glaciers are present. The tallest is the Tupungato mountain at 6,570 m (21,555 ft). Other mountains include Tupungatito, San José, and Maipo. Cerro El Plomo is the highest mountain visible from Santiago's urban area.
During recent decades, urban growth has outgrown the boundaries of the city, expanding to the east up the slopes of the Andean Precordillera. In areas such as La Dehesa, Lo Curro, and El Arrayan, urban development is present at over 1,000 metres of altitude.[9]
The natural vegetation of Santiago is made up of a thorny woodland of Vachellia caven (also known as Acacia caven and espinillo) and Prosopis chilensis in the west and an association of Vachellia caven and Baccharis paniculata in the east around the Andean foothills.[10]
Ski Center El Colorado
Santiago Metropolitan Park
Santiago in the winter
Santiago in the summer
Climate
Santiago has a cool semi-arid climate (BSk according to the Köppen climate classification), with Mediterranean (Csb) patterns: warm dry summers (October to March) with temperatures reaching up to 35 °C (95 °F) on the hottest days; winters (April to September) are cool and humid, with cool to cold mornings; typical daily maximum temperatures of 14 °C (57 °F), and low temperatures near 0 °C (32 °F). In climate station of Quinta Normal (near downtown) the precipitation average is 341.8 mm, and in climate station of Tobalaba (in higher grounds near the Andes mountains) the precipitation average is 367.8 mm.
In the airport area of Pudahuel, mean rainfall is 276.9 mm (10.90 in) per year, about 80% of which occurs during the winter months (May to September), varying between 50 and 80 mm (1.97 and 3.15 in) of rainfall during these months. That amount contrasts with a very sunny season during the summer months between December and March, when rainfall does not exceed 4 mm (0.16 in) on average, caused by an anticyclonic dominance continued for about seven or eight months. There is significant variation within the city, with rainfall at the lower-elevation Pudahuel site near the airport being about 20 percent lower than at the older Quinta Normal site near the city centre.
Santiago's rainfall is highly variable and heavily influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation cycle, with rainy years coinciding with El Niño events and dry years with La Niña events.[11] The wettest year since records began in 1866 was 1900 with 819.7 millimetres (32.27 in)[12] – part of a "pluvial" from 1898 to 1905 that saw an average of 559.3 millimetres (22.02 in) over eight years[13] incorporating the second wettest year in 1899 with 773.3 millimetres (30.44 in) – and the driest 1924 with 66.1 millimetres (2.60 in).[12] Typically there are lengthy dry spells even in the rainiest of winters,[11] intercepted with similarly lengthy periods of heavy rainfall. For instance, in 1987, the fourth wettest year on record with 712.1 millimetres (28.04 in), there was only 1.7 millimetres (0.07 in) in the 36 days between 3 June and 8 July,[14][15] followed by 537.2 millimetres (21.15 in) in the 38 days between 9 July and 15 August.[16]
Precipitation is usually only rain, as snowfall only occurs in the Andes and Precordillera, being rare in eastern districts, and extremely rare in most of the city.[17] In winter, the snow line is about 2,100 metres (6,890 ft), and it ranges from 1,500–2,900 metres (4,921–9,514 ft).[17] The city is affected only occasionally by snowfall. The period between 2000 and 2017 has been registered 9 snowfalls and only two have been measured in the central sector (2007 and 2017). The amount of snow registered in Santiago on July 15, 2017 ranged between 3.0 cm in Quinta Normal and 10.0 cm in La Reina (Tobalaba).[18]
Temperatures vary throughout the year from an average of 20 °C (68 °F) in January to 8 °C (46 °F) in June and July. In the summer days are very warm to hot, often reaching over 30 °C (86 °F) and a record high close to 38 °C (100 °F),[19] while nights are very pleasant and cool, at 11 °C (52 °F). During autumn and winter the temperature drops, and is slightly lower than 10 °C (50 °F). The temperature may even drop to 0 °C (32 °F), especially during the morning. The historic low of −6.8 °C (20 °F) was in July 1976.[20]
Santiago's location within a watershed is one of the most important factors determining the climate of the city. The coastal mountain range serves as a screen that stops the spread of maritime influence, contributing to the increase in annual and daily thermal oscillation (the difference between the maximum and minimum daily temperatures can reach 14 °C) and maintaining low relative humidity, close to an annual average of 70%. It also prevents the entry of air masses, with the exception of some coastal low clouds that penetrate to the basin through the river valleys.[21]
Prevailing winds are from the southwest, with an average of 15 km/h (9 mph), especially during the summer; the winter is less windy.
Climate data for Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport, Pudahuel, Santiago (1981–2010, extremes 1966–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 39.3 (102.7) | 37.2 (99.0) | 36.8 (98.2) | 34.5 (94.1) | 31.1 (88.0) | 26.7 (80.1) | 28.2 (82.8) | 29.9 (85.8) | 32.9 (91.2) | 33.3 (91.9) | 34.7 (94.5) | 35.0 (95.0) | 39.3 (102.7) |
Average high °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) | 29.4 (84.9) | 27.5 (81.5) | 23.0 (73.4) | 18.3 (64.9) | 15.3 (59.5) | 14.7 (58.5) | 16.4 (61.5) | 18.7 (65.7) | 22.5 (72.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 28.5 (83.3) | 22.5 (72.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.4 (68.7) | 19.5 (67.1) | 17.5 (63.5) | 13.7 (56.7) | 10.3 (50.5) | 8.3 (46.9) | 7.5 (45.5) | 8.9 (48.0) | 11.1 (52.0) | 14.1 (57.4) | 16.9 (62.4) | 19.3 (66.7) | 14.0 (57.2) |
Average low °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) | 11.5 (52.7) | 9.9 (49.8) | 7.1 (44.8) | 4.7 (40.5) | 3.5 (38.3) | 2.5 (36.5) | 3.6 (38.5) | 5.4 (41.7) | 7.3 (45.1) | 9.1 (48.4) | 11.0 (51.8) | 7.3 (45.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) | 1.2 (34.2) | 0.7 (33.3) | −2.6 (27.3) | −5.9 (21.4) | −6.5 (20.3) | −6.8 (19.8) | −6.2 (20.8) | −4.5 (23.9) | −2.8 (27.0) | 0.7 (33.3) | 3.2 (37.8) | −6.8 (19.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.4 (0.02) | 0.8 (0.03) | 6.1 (0.24) | 12.0 (0.47) | 46.1 (1.81) | 68.7 (2.70) | 62.5 (2.46) | 44.2 (1.74) | 20.1 (0.79) | 10.0 (0.39) | 4.6 (0.18) | 1.4 (0.06) | 276.9 (10.90) |
Average precipitation days | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 37 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 57 | 60 | 65 | 71 | 80 | 84 | 84 | 81 | 78 | 71 | 63 | 58 | 71 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 367 | 305 | 277 | 202 | 145 | 120 | 132 | 162 | 182 | 205 | 298 | 350 | 2,745 |
Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (humidity and precipitation days 1970–2000)[22][23][20] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Ogimet (sun 1981–2010)[24] |
Climate data for Quinta Normal, Santiago (1981–2010, extremes 1967–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 38.3 (100.9) | 35.9 (96.6) | 36.2 (97.2) | 33.9 (93.0) | 31.6 (88.9) | 27.3 (81.1) | 28.4 (83.1) | 31.0 (87.8) | 32.6 (90.7) | 33.1 (91.6) | 34.8 (94.6) | 37.3 (99.1) | 38.3 (100.9) |
Average high °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) | 29.5 (85.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 23.1 (73.6) | 18.5 (65.3) | 15.7 (60.3) | 15.3 (59.5) | 17.1 (62.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 22.9 (73.2) | 26.1 (79.0) | 28.8 (83.8) | 22.8 (73.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.2 (70.2) | 20.3 (68.5) | 18.2 (64.8) | 14.4 (57.9) | 10.9 (51.6) | 9.0 (48.2) | 8.2 (46.8) | 9.8 (49.6) | 12.0 (53.6) | 15.0 (59.0) | 17.7 (63.9) | 20.1 (68.2) | 14.7 (58.5) |
Average low °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) | 12.8 (55.0) | 11.4 (52.5) | 8.6 (47.5) | 6.4 (43.5) | 5.0 (41.0) | 3.9 (39.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 6.7 (44.1) | 8.6 (47.5) | 10.3 (50.5) | 12.2 (54.0) | 8.7 (47.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) | 6.2 (43.2) | 0.0 (32.0) | −1.0 (30.2) | −1.6 (29.1) | −3.3 (26.1) | −3.5 (25.7) | −3.4 (25.9) | −2.6 (27.3) | −0.3 (31.5) | 3.1 (37.6) | 1.0 (33.8) | −3.5 (25.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.6 (0.02) | 1.3 (0.05) | 6.1 (0.24) | 16.3 (0.64) | 55.5 (2.19) | 83.3 (3.28) | 75.9 (2.99) | 55.1 (2.17) | 27.2 (1.07) | 12.9 (0.51) | 6.2 (0.24) | 1.5 (0.06) | 341.8 (13.46) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 5.4 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 38.0 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 57 | 61 | 68 | 74 | 80 | 84 | 84 | 81 | 76 | 70 | 62 | 57 | 71 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 325 | 270 | 250 | 191 | 132 | 101 | 118 | 151 | 165 | 219 | 269 | 320 | 2,511 |
Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile[23][20] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Ogimet (sun 1981–2010),[25] Deutscher Wetterdienst (precipitation days 1991–2010, humidity 1961–1990)[26] |
Climate data for Santiago (Los Cerrillos Airport), 1961-1990 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) | 19.6 (67.3) | 17.4 (63.3) | 14.2 (57.6) | 11.1 (52.0) | 8.5 (47.3) | 8.2 (46.8) | 9.4 (48.9) | 11.3 (52.3) | 14.1 (57.4) | 17.0 (62.6) | 19.4 (66.9) | 14.2 (57.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.3 (0.01) | 0.5 (0.02) | 3.1 (0.12) | 10.4 (0.41) | 42.4 (1.67) | 71.6 (2.82) | 84.1 (3.31) | 46.1 (1.81) | 22.5 (0.89) | 11.9 (0.47) | 10.1 (0.40) | 1.8 (0.07) | 304.8 (12) |
Average relative humidity (%) | 58 | 62 | 66 | 71 | 79 | 83 | 83 | 80 | 77 | 71 | 64 | 60 | 71 |
Source: NOAA[27] |
Natural disasters
Due to Santiago's location on the Pacific Ring of Fire at the boundary of the Nazca and South American plates, it experiences a significant amount of tectonic activity.[28] The first earthquake on record to strike Santiago occurred in 1575, 34 years after the official founding of Santiago. The 1647 Santiago earthquake devastated the city, and inspired Heinrich von Kleist's novel, The Earthquake In Chile.[28]
The 1960 Valdivia earthquake and the 1985 Algarrobo earthquake both caused damage in Santiago, and led to the development of strict building codes with a view to minimising future earthquake damage. In 2010 Chile was struck by the sixth largest earthquake ever recorded, reaching 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale. 525 people died, of whom 13 were in Santiago, and the damage was estimated at 15–30 billion US dollars. 370,000 homes were damaged, but the building codes implemented after the earlier earthquakes meant that despite the size of the earthquake, damage was far less than that caused a few weeks earlier by the 2010 Haiti earthquake, in which at least 100,000 people died.[29]
The easternmost neighbourhoods of the city lies in a zone prone to landslides. Landslides of the debris flow type in particular are a significant hazard.[30]
Экологические проблемы
Santiago's air is the most polluted air in Chile.[31] In the 1990s air pollution fell by about one-third, but there has been little progress since 2000. A study by a Chilean university found in 2010 that pollution in Santiago had doubled since 2002.[32] Particulate matter air pollution is a serious public health concern in Santiago, with atmospheric concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 regularly exceeding standards established by the US Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.[33]
A final major source of Santiago air pollution, one that continues year-round, is the smelter of the El Teniente copper mine.[34][35] The government does not usually report it as being a local pollution source, as it is just outside the reporting area of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, being 110 kilometres (68 mi) from downtown.[36][37]
During winter months, thermal inversion (a meteorological phenomenon whereby a stable layer of warm air holds down colder air close to the ground) causes high levels of smog and air pollution to be trapped and concentrated within the Central Valley.
As of March 2007, only 61% of the wastewater in Santiago was treated,[38] which increased up to 71% by the end of the same year. However, in March 2012, the Mapocho Wastewater Treatment Plant began operations, increasing the wastewater treatment capacity of the city to 100%, making Santiago the first capital city in Latin America to treat all of its municipal sewage.[39]
Stray dogs are common in Santiago.[40][41] However, rabies is practically non-existent in Chile.[42]
Демография
According to data collected in the 2002 census by the National Institute of Statistics, the Santiago metropolitan area population reached 5,428,590 inhabitants, equivalent to 35.9% of the national total and 89.6% of total regional inhabitants. This figure reflects broad growth in the population of the city during the 20th century: it had 383,587 inhabitants in 1907; 1,010,102 in 1940; 2,009,118 in 1960; 3,899,619 in 1982; and 4,729,118 in 1992.[43] (percentage of total population, 2007)[44]
The growth of Santiago has undergone several changes over the course of its history. In its early years, the city had a rate of growth 2.9% annually until the 17th century, then down to less than 2% per year until the early 20th century figures. During the 20th century, Santiago experienced a demographic explosion as it absorbed migration from mining camps in northern Chile during the economic crisis of the 1930s. The population surged again via migration from rural sectors between 1940 and 1960. This migration was coupled with high fertility rates, and annual growth reached 4.9% between 1952 and 1960. Growth has declined, reaching 1.4% in the early 2000s. The size of the city expanded constantly; The 20,000 hectares Santiago covered in 1960 doubled by 1980, reaching 64,140 hectares in 2002. The population density in Santiago is 8,464 inhabitants/km2.
The population of Santiago[43] has seen a steady increase in recent years. In 1990 the total population under 20 years was 38.0% and 8.9% were over 60. Estimates in 2007 show that 32.9% of men and 30.7% of women were less than 20 years old, while 10.2% of men and 13.4% of women were over 60 years. For the year 2020, it is estimated that the figures will be 26.7% and 16.8%.
4,313,719 people in Chile say they were born in one of the communes of the Santiago Metropolitan Region,[43] which, according to the 2002 census, amounts to 28.5% of the national total. 67.6% of the inhabitants of Santiago claim to have been born in one of the communes of the metropolitan area. In communes such as Santiago Centro and Independencia, according to 2017 census, 1/3 of residents is a Latin American immigrant (28% and 31% of the population of these communes, respectively).[45] Other communes of Greater Santiago with high numbers of immigrants are Estación Central (17%) and Recoleta (16%).[46]
Экономика
Santiago is the industrial and financial center of Chile, and generates 45% of the country's GDP.[47] Some international institutions, such as ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean), have their offices in Santiago. The strong economy and low government debt is attracting migrants from Europe and the United States.[48]
Santiago's steady economic growth over the past few decades has transformed it into a modern metropolis. The city is now home to a growing theater and restaurant scene, extensive suburban development, dozens of shopping centers, and a rising skyline, including the tallest building in Latin America, the Gran Torre Santiago. It includes several major universities, and has developed a modern transportation infrastructure, including a free flow toll-based, partly underground urban freeway system and the Metro de Santiago, South America's most extensive subway system.
Santiago is an economically divided city (Gini coefficient of 0.47).[49][50] The western half (zona poniente) of the city is, on average, much poorer than the eastern communes, where the high-standard public and private facilities are concentrated.
Commercial development
The Costanera Center, a mega project in Santiago's Financial District, includes a 280,000-square-metre (3,000,000 sq ft) mall, a 300-meter (980 ft) tower, two office towers of 170 meters (558 ft) each, and a hotel 105 meters (344 ft) tall. In January 2009 the retailer in charge, Cencosud, said in a statement that the construction of the mega-mall would gradually be reduced until financial uncertainty is cleared.[51] In January 2010, Cencosud announced the restart of the project, and this was taken generally as a symbol of the country's success over the global financial crisis. Close to Costanera Center another skyscraper is already in use, Titanium La Portada, 190 meters (623 ft) tall. Although these are the two biggest projects, there are many other office buildings under construction in Santiago, as well as hundreds of high rise residential buildings. In February 2011, Gran Torre Santiago, part of the Costanera Center project, located in the called Sanhattan district, reached the 300-meter mark, officially becoming the tallest structure in Latin America.[52]
Commerce
Santiago is Chile's retail capital. Falabella, Paris, Johnson, Ripley, La Polar, and several other department stores dot the mall landscape of Chile. The east side neighborhoods like Vitacura, La Dehesa, and Las Condes are home to Santiago's Alonso de Cordova street, and malls like Parque Arauco, Alto Las Condes, Mall Plaza (a chain of malls present in Chile and other Latin American countries) and Costanera Center are known for their luxurious shopping. Alonso de Cordova, Santiago's equivalent to Rodeo Drive or Rua Oscar Freire in São Paulo, has exclusive stores like Louis Vuitton, Hermès, Emporio Armani, Salvatore Ferragamo, Ermenegildo Zegna, Swarovski, MaxMara, Longchamp, and others. Alonso de Cordova also houses some of Santiago's most famous restaurants, art galleries, wine showrooms and furniture stores. The Costanera Center has stores like Armani Exchange, Banana Republic, Façonnable, Hugo Boss, Swarovski, and Zara. There are plans for a Saks Fifth Avenue in Santiago. Several mercados in the city such as the Mercado Central de Santiago sell local goods. Barrio Bellavista and Barrio Lastarria have some of the most exclusive night clubs, chic cafés and restaurants.
Транспорт
Air
Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport (IATA: SCL) is Santiago's national and international airport and the principal hub of LATAM Airlines, Sky Airline, Aerocardal and JetSmart. The airport is located in the western commune of Pudahuel. The largest airport in Chile, it is ranked sixth in passenger traffic among Latin American airports, with 14,168,282 passengers served in 2012 – a 17% increase over 2011.[53] It is located 15 km from the city centre.
Santiago is also served by Eulogio Sánchez Airport (ICAO: SCTB), a small, privately owned general aviation airport in the commune of La Reina. Peldehue airport in Colina is under construction and set to start operations in January 2019.[54]
Rail
Trains operated by Chile's national railway company, Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado (EFE), connect Santiago to several cities in the south-central part of the country: Rancagua, San Fernando, Talca (connected to the coastal city of Constitución by a different train service), Linares and Chillán. All such trains arrive and depart from the Estación Central railway station (Central Station), which can be accessed by bus or subway.[55] The proposed Santiago–Valparaíso railway line would connect Santiago with Valparaíso in 45 minutes, and expansions of the commuter rail network to Melipilla and Batuco are under discussion.
Inter-urban buses
Bus companies provide passenger transportation from Santiago to most areas of the country as well as to foreign destinations, while some also provide parcel shipping and delivery services.
There are several bus terminals in Santiago:
- Terminal San Borja: located in Metro station "Estación Central." Provides buses to all destinations in Chile and to some towns around Santiago.
- Terminal Alameda: located in Metro station "Universidad de Santiago." Provides buses to all destinations in Chile.
- Terminal Santiago: located one block west of Terminal Alameda. Provides buses to all destinations in Chile as well as to destinations in most countries in South America, except Bolivia.
- Terrapuerto Los Héroes: located two blocks east of Metro station "Los Héroes." Provides buses to south of Chile and some northern cities, as well as Argentina (Mendoza and Buenos Aires) and Paraguay (Asunción).
- Terminal Pajaritos: located in Metro station "Pajaritos." Provides buses to the international airport, inter-regional services to Valparaíso, Viña del Mar and several other coastal cities and towns.
- Terminal La Cisterna: located in Metro station "La Cisterna." Provides buses to towns around southern Santiago, Viña del Mar, Temuco and Puerto Montt.
- Terminal La Paz: located about two blocks away from the fresh fruit and vegetables market "Vega Central;" the closest Metro station is "Puente Cal y Canto." It connects the rural areas north of Santiago.
Highways
A network of free flow toll highways connects the various areas of the city. They include the Vespucio Norte and Vespucio Sur highways, which surround the city completing a nearly full circle; Autopista Central, the section of the Pan American highway crossing the city from north to south, divided in two highways 3 km (2 mi) apart; and the Costanera Norte, running next to the Mapocho River and connecting the international airport with the downtown and with the wealthier areas of the city to the east, where it divides into two highways.
Other non-free flow toll roads connecting Santiago to other cities, include: Rutas del Pacífico (Ruta 68), the continuation of the Alameda Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Avenue to the west, provides direct access to Valparaíso and Viña del Mar; Autopista del Sol (Ruta 78), connects Melipilla and the port of San Antonio with the capital; Autopista Ruta del Maipo (a.k.a. "Acceso Sur") is an alternative to the Pan American highway to access the various localities south of Santiago; Autopista Los Libertadores provides access to the main border crossing to Argentina, via Colina and Los Andes; and Autopista Nororiente, which provides access to the suburban development known as Chicureo, north of the capital.
Public transport
Santiago has 37% of Chile's vehicles, with a total of 991,838 vehicles, 979,346 of which are motorized. An extensive network of streets and avenues stretching across Santiago facilitate travel between the different communities that make up the metropolitan area.
In the 1990s the government attempted to reorganize the public transport system. New routes were introduced in 1994 and the buses were painted yellow. The system, however, had serious issues with routes overlapping, high levels of air and noise pollution, and safety problems for both riders and drivers. To tackle these issues a new transport system, called Transantiago, was devised. The system was launched in earnest on 10 February 2007, combining core services across the city with the subway and with local feeder routes, under a unified system of payment through a contactless smartcard called "Tarjeta bip!" The change was not well received by users, who complained of lack of buses, too many bus-to-bus transfers, and diminished coverage. Some of these problems were resolved, but the system earned a bad reputation which it has not been able to shake off. As of 2011[update], the fare evasion rate is stubbornly high.
In 2019, the government introduced the new public transport system named RED.
In recent years many cycle paths have been constructed, but so far the number is limited and with little connections between the routes. Most cyclists ride on the street, and the use of helmets and lights is not widespread, even though it is mandatory.
Metro
Santiago Metro has six operating lines (1, 2, 3, 4, 4A, 5 and 6), extending over 142 km (88 mi) and connecting 118 stations. The system carries around 2,400,000 passengers per day. Two underground lines (Line 4 and 4A) and an extension of Line 2 were inaugurated in 2005 and 2006, while an extension of Line 5 was inaugurated in 2011.[56][57] Line 6 was inaugurated in 2017, adding 10 stations to the network and approximately 15 km (9 mi) of track. Line 3 opened on January 22, 2019 with 18 new stations [58][57]
Commuter rail
EFE provides suburban rail service under the brandname of Metrotren. There are 2 southbound routes. The most popular is the Metrotren Nos service, between the Central Station of Santiago and Nos station, in San Bernardo. This line, inaugurated in 2017, serves 8 million people per year, with 12 trains serving 10 stations with a frequency of 6 minutes during rush hours, and 12 during the rest of the time. The other route is the Metrotren Rancagua service, between the Central Station of Santiago and the Rancagua station, connecting Santiago with the regional capital of O'Higgins.
Bus
Transantiago is the name for the city's public transport system. It works by combining local (feeder) bus lines and main bus lines, as well for the EFE commuter trains and the Metro network. It includes an integrated fare system, which allows passengers to make bus-to-bus, bus-to-metro or bus-to-train transfers for the price of one ticket, using a contactless smartcard (bip!). This system also offers reduced fares for the elderly, as well as high school and university students.
Vehicles for hire
Taxicabs are common in Santiago and are painted black with yellow roofs and have orange license plates. So-called radiotaxis may be called up by telephone and can be any make, model, or color but should always have the orange plates. Colectivos are shared taxicabs that carry passengers along a specific route for a fixed fee.
Cabify and Uber also operate in Santiago.[citation needed]
Public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Santiago - to and from work, for example - on a weekday is 84 min. 23% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 15 min, while 21% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7.4 km, while 15% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[59]
Internal transport
As of 2006, Santiago was home to 992,000 vehicles, 979,000 of which were motorized. This made up 37.3% of Chile's total vehicle count. 805,000 cars passed through the city, which is 37.6% of the national total[clarification needed] or one car for every seven people.[60]
The main road is the Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, better known as Alameda Avenue, which runs northeast and southwest. From north to south, it is crossed by Autopista Central and the Independencia, Gran Avenida, Recoleta, Santa Rosa, Vicuña Mackenna and Tobalaba avenues. Other major roads include the Avenida Los Pajaritos to the west and Providencia Avenue and Apoquindo Avenue to the east. Finally, the Américo Vespucio Avenue acts as a ring road.
During the 2000s, several urban highways were built through Santiago in order to improve the situation for vehicles. The road General Velásquez and sections of the Pan-American Highway in Santiago were converted into the Autopista Central, while Américo Vespucio became variously the highways Vespucio Norte Express and Vespucio Sur, as well as Vespucio Oriente in the future. Following the edge of the Mapocho River, Costanera Norte was built to link the northeast of the capital to the airport and the downtown area. All these highways, totaling 210 km in length, have a free flow toll system.
административные округи
Greater Santiago lacks a metropolitan government for its administration, which is distributed between authorities, complicating the operation of the city as a single entity.[61] The highest authority in Santiago is considered to be the intendant of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, an unelected delegate of the president.
The conurbation of Greater Santiago does not fit perfectly into any administrative division, as it extends into four different provinces and 35 communes plus 11 satellite communes which together make the Santiago Metropolitan Area. The majority of its 641.4 km2 (247.65 sq mi) (as of 2002)[62] lie within Santiago Province, with some peripheral areas contained in the provinces of Cordillera, Maipo, and Talagante.
Although there is no official consensus in this regard, the communes of the city are usually grouped into seven sectors: north, center, northeast, southeast, south, southeast and southwest.
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Культура
Only a few historical buildings from the Spanish colonial period remain in the city, because – like the rest of the country – Santiago is regularly hit by earthquakes. Extant buildings include the Casa Colorada (1769), the San Francisco Church (1586), and Posada del Corregidor (1750).
The cathedral on the central square (Plaza de Armas) is a sight that ranks as high as the Palacio de La Moneda, the Presidential Palace. The original building was built between 1784 and 1805, and architect Joaquín Toesca was in charge of its construction. Other buildings surrounding the Plaza de Armas are the Central Post Office Building, which was finished in 1882, and the Palacio de la Real Audiencia de Santiago, built between 1804 and 1807. It houses the Chilean National History Museum, with 12,000 objects that can be exhibited. On the southeast corner of the square stands the green cast-iron Commercial Edwards building, which was built in 1893. East of that is the colonial building of the Casa Colorada (1769), which houses the Museum of Santiago. Close by is the Municipal Theatre of Santiago, which was built in 1857 by the French architect Brunet of Edward Baines. It was badly damaged by an earthquake in 1906. Not far from the theatre is the Subercaseaux Mansion and the National Library, one of the largest libraries of South America.
The Former National Congress Building, the Justice Palace, and the Royal Customs Palace (Palacio de la Real Aduana de Santiago) are located close to each other. The latter houses the Museum of pre-Columbian art. A fire destroyed the building of the Congress in 1895, which was then rebuilt in a neoclassical style and reopened in 1901. The Congress was deposed under the military dictatorship (1973–89) of Augusto Pinochet, and after the dictatorship was newly constituted on 11 March 1990, in Valparaíso.
The building of the Justice Palace (Palacio de Tribunales) is located on the south side of the Montt Square. It was designed by the architect Emilio Doyére and built between 1907 and 1926. The building is home to the Supreme Court of Chile. The panel of 21 judges is the highest judicial power in Chile. The building is also the headquarters of the Court of Appeals of Santiago.
Bandera street leads toward the building of the Santiago Stock Exchange (the Bolsa de Comercio), completed in 1917, the Club de la Unión (opened in 1925), the Universidad de Chile (1872), and toward the oldest churchhouse in the city, the San Francisco Church (constructed between 1586 and 1628), with its Marian statue of the Virgen del Socorro ("Our Lady of Help"), which was brought to Chile by Pedro de Valdivia. North of the Plaza de Armas ("Square of Arms," where the colonial militia was mustered) are the Paseo Puente, the Santo Domingo Church (1771), and the Central Market (Mercado Central), an ornamental iron building. Also in downtown Santiago is the Torre Entel, a 127.4-meter-high television tower with observation deck completed in 1974; the tower serves as a communication center for the communications company, ENTEL Chile.
The Costanera Center was completed in 2009, and includes housing, shopping, and entertainment venues. The project, with a total area of 600,000 square meters, includes the 300-meter high Gran Torre Santiago (South America's tallest building) and other commercial buildings. The four office towers are served by highway and subway connections.[63]
Municipal Theatre of Santiago
Palacio de La Moneda
Contemporary Art Museum of Santiago
Fine Arts Museum
Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
Former Congress Building
Heritage and monuments
Within the metropolitan area of Santiago, there are 174 heritage sites in the custody of the National Monuments Council, among which are archaeological, architectural and historical monuments, neighborhoods and typical areas. Of these, 93 are located within the commune of Santiago, considered the historic center of the city. Although no santiaguino monument has been declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco three have already been proposed by the Chilean government: the Incan sanctuary of El Plomo, the church and convent of San Francisco and the palace of La Moneda.
In the center of Santiago are several buildings built during the Spanish domination and that mostly correspond to, as the Metropolitan Cathedral and the aforementioned church of San Francisco Catholic churches. Buildings of the period are those located on the sides of Plaza de Armas, as the seat of Real Audiencia, the Post Office or the Casa Colorada.
During the nineteenth century and the advent of independence, new architectural works began to be erected in the capital of the young republic. The aristocracy built small palaces for residential use, mainly around the neighborhood Republica and preserved until today. To this other structures adopted artistic trends from Europe, as the Equestrian Club of Santiago, the head offices of the University of Chile and the Catholic University, Central Station and the Mapocho Station, Mercado Central, join the National Library, Museum of Fine Arts and the Barrio París-Londres, among others.
Various green areas in the city contain within and around various sites of heritage character. Among the most important are the fortifications of Santa Lucia hill, the shrine of the Virgin Mary on the summit of San Cristobal hill, the lavish crypt of the General Cemetery, Parque Forestal, the O'Higgins Park and the Quinta Normal Park.
Cultural activities and entertainment
In Santiago's major theater companies are located, hosting several national and international projects, with the highest expression during the International Theatre Festival known as Santiago a Mil, which takes place every summer since 1994 and has gathered more than one million spectators. Also is the Planetarium at the University of Santiago de Chile.
To carry out various cultural, artistic and musical events, there are several precincts within which highlight the Mapocho Cultural Center, 100 Matucana Cultural Center, the Gabriela Mistral Cultural Center, Centro Cultural Palacio de La Moneda, the Movistar Arena and the Caupolican Theater. On the other hand, the opera and ballet performances are permanently accepted by the Municipal Theatre of Santiago, located in the heart of the city and which has a capacity of 1500 spectators.
There are 18 cinemas in the capital with a total of 144 rooms and over 32,000 seats, the projection centers than 5 arthouse add.
For children and teenagers, there are several entertainment venues, such as amusement park Fantasilandia, the National Zoo or the Buin Zoo on the outskirts of the city. The Bellavista, Brasil, Manuel Montt, Plaza Ñuñoa and Suecia account for most of the nightclubs, restaurants and bars in the city, the main evening entertainment centers in the capital. In order to promote the economic development of other regions, the law prohibits the construction of a casino in the metropolitan region, but nearby are the casino from the coastal city of Vina del Mar, 120 km from distance from Santiago, and Monticello Grand Casino in Mostazal, 56 kilometers south of Santiago, which opened in 2008.
Museums and libraries
Santiago has a wealth of museums of different kinds, among which are three of 'National' class administered by the Directorate of Libraries, Archives and Museums (DIBAM): the National History Museum, National Museum of Fine Arts and the National Museum of Natural History.
Most of the museums are located in the historic city center, occupying the old buildings of colonial origin, such as with the National History Museum, which is located in the Palacio de la Real Audiencia. La Casa Colorada houses the Museum of Santiago, while the Colonial Museum is housed in a wing of the Church of San Francisco and the Museum of Pre-Columbian Art occupies part of the old Palacio de la Aduana. The Museum of Fine Arts, though it is located in the city center, was built in the early twentieth century, especially for housing the museum and in the back of the building was laid in 1947, the Museum of Contemporary Art, under the Faculty of Arts of the University of Chile.
The Quinta Normal Park also has several museums, among which are the already mentioned of Natural History, Artequin Museum, the Museum of Science and Technology and the Museo Ferroviario. In other parts of the city there are some museums such as the Aeronautical Museum in Cerrillos, Museum of Tajamares in Providence and the Museo Interactivo Mirador in La Granja. The latter opened in 2000 and designed mainly for children and youth has been visited by more than 2.8 million visitors, making it the busiest museum in the country.
The most important public library is the National Library located in downtown Santiago. Its origins date back to 1813, when it was created by the nascent Republic and was moved to its current premises a century later, also home to the headquarters of the National Archives. In order to provide more closeness to the population, incorporating new technologies and complement the services provided by public libraries and the National Library was opened in 2005 the Library of Santiago at Barrio Matucana.
Music
Santiago has two symphony orchestras:
- Orquesta Filarmónica de Santiago ("Santiago Philharmonic Orchestra"), which performs in the Teatro Municipal (Municipal Theatre of Santiago)
- Orquesta Sinfónica de Chile ("Chile Symphony Orchestra"), part of the Universidad de Chile, performs in its theater.
There are a number of jazz establishments, some of them, including "El Perseguidor," "Thelonious," and "Le Fournil Jazz Club," are located in Bellavista, one of Santiago's "hippest" neighborhoods, though "Club de Jazz de Santiago," the oldest and most traditional one, is in Ñuñoa.[64] Annual festivals featured in Santiago include Lollapalooza and the Maquinaria festival.
Newspapers
The most widely circulated newspapers in Chile are published by El Mercurio and Copesa and have earned more than the 91% of revenues generated in printed advertising in Chile.[65]
Some newspapers available in Santiago are:
- El Mercurio
- La Tercera
- La Cuarta
- Las Últimas Noticias
- La Segunda
- The Clinic
- The Santiago Times
Media
Santiago is home to the major Chilean television networks including the state-owned TVN and the privately held Canal 13, Chilevision, La Red and Mega. In addition, the radio stations ADN Radio Chile, Radio Agricultura, Radio Concierto, Radio Cooperativa, Radio Pudahuel and Radio Rock & Pop are located in the city.
Sports
Santiago is home to some of Chile's most successful football clubs. Colo-Colo, founded on 19 April 1925, has a long tradition, and has played continuously in the highest league since the establishment of the first Chilean league in 1933. The club's wins include 30 national titles, 10 Copa Chile successes, and champions of the Copa Libertadores tournament in 1991, the only Chilean team to have won this tournament. The club hosts its home games in the Estadio Monumental in the commune of Macul.
Universidad de Chile has 18 national titles and 5 Copa Chile wins. In 2011 they were champions of Copa Sudamericana, the only Chilean team to have won this tournament. The club was founded on 24 May 1927, under the name Club Deportivo Universitario as a union of Club Náutico and Federación Universitaria. The founders were students of the University of Chile. In 1980, the organization separated from the University of Chile and the club is now completely independent. The team plays its home games in the Estadio Nacional de Chile in the commune of Ñuñoa.
Club Deportivo Universidad Católica (UC) was founded on 21 April 1937. It consists of fourteen different departments. This team plays its home games in Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo. Universidad Católica has 13 national titles, making it the third most successful football club in the country. It has played the Copa Libertadores more than 20 times, reaching the final in 1993, losing to São Paulo FC.
Several other football clubs are based in Santiago, including Unión Española, Audax Italiano, Palestino, Santiago Morning, Magallanes and Barnechea. In addition to football, several sports are played in the city, tennis and basketball being the main ones. The Club Hípico de Santiago and the Hipódromo Chile are the two horseracing tracks in the city.
Santiago hosted the final stages of the official 1959 Basketball World Cup, where Chile won the bronze medal.
The city held a round of the all-electric FIA Formula E Championship on 3 February 2018, on a temporary street circuit incorporating the Plaza Baquedano and Parque Forestal.[66] It was the first FIA sanctioned race in the country.
The 2023 Pan American Games will be held in Santiago.[3]
Recreation
There is an extensive network of bicycle trails in the city, especially in the Providencia commune. The longest section is the Americo Vespuccio road, which contains a very wide dirt path with many trees through the center of a street used by motorists on both sides. The next longest path is along the Mapocho River along Andrés Bello Avenue. Many people use folding bicycles to commute to work.[67]
The city's main parks are:
- Cerro San Cristóbal – San Cristóbal Hill, which includes the Chilean National Zoo
- Parque O'Higgins – O'Higgins Park
- Parque Forestal – Forestal Park, park located at the city center alongside Mapocho river
- Cerro Santa Lucía – Santa Lucía Hill
- Parque Araucano in Las Condes adjacent to the Parque Arauco shopping mall contains 30 hectares of gardens. It is closed for maintenance on Mondays.
- Parque Inés de Suarez, Providencia
- Parque Padre Hurtado (a.k.a. Parque Intercomunal)
There are ski resorts to the east of the city (Valle Nevado, La Parva, El Colorado) and wineries in the plains west of the city.
Cultural venues include:
- Museo de Bellas Artes – Fine Arts Museum
- Museo Violeta Parra, an art museum dedicated to Chilean folk artist Violeta Parra [opened in 2015]
- Barrio Bellavista, cultural and bohemian neighborhood
- Central Station, railway station designed by Gustave Eiffel
- Víctor Jara Stadium
- Ex National Congress
- Plaza de Armas, central square
- Palacio de La Moneda, government palace
- Teatro Municipal (Municipal Theatre of Santiago), the principal opera house of the country. The main sport venues are Estadio Nacional (site of the 1962 World Cup final), Estadio Monumental David Arellano, Estadio Santa Laura, and Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo.
Religion
As in most of Chile, the majority of the population of Santiago is Catholic. According to the National Census, carried out in 2002 by the National Statistics Bureau (INE), in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, 3,129,249 people 15 and older identified themselves as Catholics, equivalent to 68.7% of the total population, while 595,173 (13.1%) described themselves as Evangelical Protestants. Around 1.2% of the population declared themselves as being Jehovah's Witnesses, while 2.0% identified themselves as Latter-day Saints (Mormons), 0.3% as Jewish, 0.1% as Orthodox and 0.1% as Muslim. Approximately 10.4% of the population of the Metropolitan Region stated that they were atheist or agnostic, while 5.4% declared that they followed other religions.[68] In 2010 construction was initiated on the Santiago Bahá'í Temple, serving as the Baháʼí House of Worship for South America, in the commune of Peñalolen.[69] Construction at the site was completed and the temple was dedicated in October 2016.[70]
Образование
The city is home to numerous universities, colleges, research institutions, and libraries.
The largest university and one of the oldest in the Americas is Universidad de Chile. The roots of the University date back to the year 1622, as on 19 August the first university in Chile under the name of Santo Tomás de Aquino was founded. On 28 July 1738, it was named the Real Universidad de San Felipe in honor of King Philip V of Spain. In the vernacular, it is also known as Casa de Bello (Spanish: House of Bello – after their first Rector, Andrés Bello). On 17 April 1839, after Chile's independence from the Kingdom of Spain, it was renamed the Universidad de Chile, and reopened on 17 September 1843.[71]
The Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC) was founded in June 1888 and was ranked as the best school in Latin America in 2014.[72] On 11 February 1930 it was declared a university by a decree of Pope Pius XI. It received recognition by the Chilean government as an appointed Pontifical University in 1931. Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas (1822–1897), Archbishop of Anazarba, was the founder and first rector of the PUC. The PUC is a modern university; the campus of San Joaquin has a number of contemporary buildings and offers many parks and sports facilities. Several courses are conducted in English. Ex-president, Sebastián Piñera, minister Ricardo Raineri, and minister Hernán de Solminihac all attended PUC as students and worked in PUC as professors. In the 2010 admission process, approximately 48% of the students who achieved the best score in the Prueba de Selección Universitaria matriculated in the UC.[73]
Higher education
Traditional
- Universidad de Chile (U or UCH)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC)
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)
- Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación (UMCE)
- Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTEM)
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM)
Non-traditional
- Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez (UAI)
- Universidad del Desarrollo (UDD)
- Universidad Diego Portales (UDP)
- Universidad Alberto Hurtado (UAH)
- Universidad Central de Chile (Ucen)
- Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello (Unab)
- Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano (UAHC)
- Universidad de Ciencias de la Informática (UCINF)
- Universidad Mayor (UM)
- Universidad Finis Terrae
- Universidad de Los Andes
- Universidad Gabriela Mistral (UGM)
- Universidad del Pacífico
- Universidad de las Américas
- Universidad de Artes, Ciencias y Comunicación (UNIACC)
- Universidad San Sebastián (USS)
- Universidad Bolivariana
Other
- Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg's Postgraduierten- und Weiterbildungszentrum der Universität Heidelberg in Santiago
- David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies (DRCLAS) Regional Office in Santiago
- Stanford Faculty in Santiago
Международные отношения
Twin towns and sister cities
Santiago is twinned with:
- Ankara, Turkey (2000)[74]
- Manila, Philippines[75]
- Riga, Latvia[76]
Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities
Santiago is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities[77] from 12 October 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following cities:
- Andorra la Vella, Andorra
- Asunción, Paraguay
- Bogotá, Colombia
- Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Caracas, Venezuela
- Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Havana, Cuba
- La Paz, Bolivia
- Lisbon, Portugal
- Lima, Peru
- Madrid, Spain
- Managua, Nicaragua
- Mexico City, Mexico
- Montevideo, Uruguay
- Panama City, Panama
- Quito, Ecuador
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- San Jose, Costa Rica
- San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States
- San Salvador, El Salvador
- Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Partner city
- Paris, France (1997, "Friendship Pact")[78]
Галерея
Chemamull statues at Precolumbian Art Museum of Santiago
Club de La Unión
Façade of the Santiago Stock Exchange
Basílica del Salvador
Paseo Bulnes, downtown Santiago
Paseo Ahumada, downtown Santiago
Entel Tower
A street in Santiago
Смотрите также
- Chile portal
Рекомендации
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permitirá pasar del 68 al 81% en el tratamiento de las aguas servidas
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Библиография
Внешние ссылки
- Media related to Santiago de Chile at Wikimedia Commons
- Santiago de Chile travel guide from Wikivoyage
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.