Didymictis ("double weasel") is an extinct genus of placental mammals from extinct subfamily Didymictinae within extinct family Viverravidae, that lived in North America and Europe from the late Paleocene to middle Eocene.[4][5][6][7]
Didymictis is the only viverravid genus for which there are considerable postcranial remains. The genus was primarily terrestrial but at least partly cursorial, similar to a civets.[8]
Didymictis has an elongated and relatively large skull with small and low braincase and a long and narrow basicranial region. The occipital and sagittal crests are very high. The limbs are of moderate length with subdigitigrade and five-toed feet. The dentition (3.1.4.23.1.4.2) contrast those of basal carnivoraforms by the sharp differentiation between sectorial and tubercular dentition, the loss of the last molar and an elongated second molar, similar to the dentition in bears and raccoons.[9]
Comparing Didymictis to Vulpavus, a much smaller and more agile carnivoraform, Heinrich and Rose in 1997 noted that Didymictis' limbs, especially the hindlimb, are similar to those in extant carnivornas adapted for speed, and the forelimbs to some extent are specialized to digging. The authors concluded that Didymictis was a relatively specialized terrestrial carnivore capable of hunting with speed or pursuing by digging.[10]
D. protenus is known from the earliest through late Wasatchian (early Eocene) of western North America.[11] Cope assigned his specimen, "one entire and a portion of the other mandibular ramus, with teeth well preserved", to the creodont genus Limnocyon and named his new species L. protenus.[12] Cope later created a new genus and renamed his species Didymictis protenus.[1]
D. proteus is known from the late Paleocene and earliest Eocene of Wyoming and the only species present in the Tiffanian and Clarkforkian stages. It is slightly larger than D. leptornylus and slightly smaller than D. protenus.[11] Simpson in 1937 named a new subspecies, Didymictis protenus proteus,[3] which Polly in 1997 reranked as the species D. proteus.[11] Dorr in 1952 described Didymictis dellensis,[13] which Gingerich and Winkler in 1985 included in Protictis dellensis.[14] Polly in 1997 finally included these species in D. proteus.[11]