Википедия: содержание / очертания

Ниже приводится краткое изложение мировых знаний в виде схемы . Каждая тема, в свою очередь, связана с планом, который резюмирует эту тему. Вместе эти схемы также образуют многостраничную карту сайта Википедии.

• Книги - книга представляет собой набор письменных, печатных, иллюстрированных листов, сделанных из чернил, бумаги, пергамента или других материалов, обычно скрепленных вместе на шарнире с одной стороны. Книги используются для передачи знаний и другой информации.
  • Великие книги, перечисленные в разделе "Как читать книгу"
  • Великие книги западного мира
  • Гарвардская классика
• Общие предметные очертания (деревья познания)
  • Таксономии (деревья) знаний, включенные в более крупные произведения
    • Образная система человеческих знаний (из Энциклопедии )
    • Очерк учебных дисциплин
    • Outline of Knowledge (часть Propædia 15-го издания Encyclopdia Britannica )
    • Очерк знаний человечества
    • Краткое содержание тезауруса Роже
  • Системы предметной классификации
    • Системы академической классификации
      • Направления докторантуры (США)
      • Объединенная академическая классификация предметов
    • Системы классификации библиотек
      • Библиографическая классификация Bliss
      • Классификация толстой кишки
      • Расширенная классификация резцов
      • Десятичные классы Дьюи
      • Классификация Библиотеки Конгресса
      • Универсальная десятичная классификация
• Знание - знакомство, осведомленность или понимание кого-либо или чего-либо, например фактов, информации, описаний или навыков, которые приобретаются в результате опыта или образования путем восприятия, открытия или обучения. Знания могут относиться к теоретическому или практическому пониманию предмета. Оно может быть неявным (как с практическими навыками или опытом) или явным (как с теоретическим пониманием предмета); он может быть более или менее формальным или систематическим.
• Википедия - Интернет-энциклопедия с бесплатным доступом и бесплатным контентом, поддерживаемая и размещаемая некоммерческим фондом Викимедиа. Любой, у кого есть доступ к сайту, может редактировать практически любую его статью. Википедия занимает шестое место по посещаемости и является крупнейшим и наиболее популярным справочным изданием в Интернете.

Культура - набор общих взглядов, ценностей, целей и практик, которые определяют группу людей, например жителей определенного региона. Культура включает в себя элементы, характеризующие образ жизни того или иного народа.

• Искусство - обширное подразделение культуры, состоящее из множества творческих направлений и дисциплин. Искусство включает в себя изобразительное искусство, литературное искусство и исполнительское искусство.
  • Литература - искусство письменных произведений.
    • Художественная литература - любая форма повествования, которая частично или полностью посвящена событиям, которые не являются фактическими, а скорее воображаемыми и изобретенными их автором (ами).
    • Поэзия - литературное искусство, в котором язык используется из-за его эстетических и вызывающих воспоминаний качеств в дополнение к его кажущемуся значению или вместо него.
    • Критическая теория - исследование и критика общества и культуры на основе знаний социальных и гуманитарных наук.
  • Изобразительное искусство - формы искусства, создающие произведения преимущественно визуального характера.
    • Архитектура - искусство и наука проектирования и возведения зданий и других физических сооружений.
      • Классическая архитектура - архитектура классической античности и более поздних архитектурных стилей, на которые она повлияла.
    • Ремесла - развлекательные мероприятия и хобби, связанные с изготовлением вещей своими руками и навыками.
    • Рисование - визуальное искусство, в котором используется любое количество инструментов для рисования, чтобы пометить двухмерный носитель.
    • Дизайн - процесс планирования общего вида объекта.
    • Фильм - кинофильмы.
    • Живопись - практика нанесения краски, пигмента, цвета или другого материала на поверхность с помощью кисти или другого предмета.
      • История живописи
    • Фотография - искусство, наука и практика создания изображений путем регистрации излучения на чувствительном к излучению носителе, таком как фотопленка или электронные датчики изображения.
    • Скульптура - трехмерное произведение искусства, созданное путем формования или комбинирования твердых материалов, обычно камня, такого как мрамор, или металла, стекла или дерева.
  • Исполнительское искусство - те виды искусства, которые используют собственное тело, лицо и присутствие художника в качестве среды.
    • Танец - художественная форма движения тела.
    • Кино - движущиеся картинки, вид искусства, позволяющий визуально записывать выступления.
    • Театр - совместная форма изобразительного искусства, которая использует живых исполнителей, чтобы представить опыт реального или воображаемого события перед живой аудиторией в определенном месте.
    • Музыка - искусство, средой которого являются звук и тишина.
      • Музыкальные жанры
        • Джаз - музыкальный стиль, зародившийся в начале 20 века в афроамериканских общинах на юге США, смешивая африканские и европейские музыкальные традиции.
        • Опера - вид искусства, в котором певцы и музыканты исполняют драматическое произведение, сочетающее текст (так называемое либретто) и партитуру.
      • Музыкальные инструменты - устройства, созданные или приспособленные для воспроизведения музыкальных звуков.
        • Гитары - гитара - это щипковый струнный инструмент, на котором обычно играют пальцами или медиатором. Гитара состоит из корпуса с жестким грифом, к которому прикреплены струны, обычно шесть. Гитары традиционно изготавливаются из различных пород дерева и нанизаны на нити животных, а в последнее время - на нейлоновые или стальные струны.
    • Сценическое искусство - технические аспекты театрального, кино- и видеопроизводства. Он включает, помимо прочего, создание и монтаж декораций, развешивание и фокусировку освещения, дизайн и закупку костюмов, грим, закупку реквизита, управление сценой, а также запись и микширование звука.
• Гастрономия - искусство и наука о правильном питании, включая изучение еды и культуры.
  • Приготовление пищи - акт приготовления пищи к употреблению. Он включает в себя широкий спектр методов, инструментов и комбинаций ингредиентов для улучшения вкуса и усвояемости пищи. Включает, но не ограничивается приготовлением пищи.
  • Кухни - стили кулинарии, характеризующиеся уникальными ингредиентами, приемами и блюдами, каждый из которых обычно связан с определенной культурой или географическим регионом.
  • Питание - приемы пищи, которые проводятся в определенное время и включают определенные приготовленные блюда.
  • Еда и напитки
    • Шоколад - сырые или обработанные пищевые продукты, полученные из семян тропического дерева какао Theobroma .
    • Вино - алкогольный напиток, приготовленный из сброженного фруктового сока (обычно из винограда).
• Отдых и развлечения - любая деятельность, которая развлекает или позволяет людям развлекаться в свободное время. Развлечения обычно пассивны, например, просмотр оперы или фильма.
  • Фестивали - развлекательные мероприятия, посвященные уникальному аспекту сообщества и отмечающие его, обычно устраиваемые этим сообществом.
  • Художественная литература - любая форма повествования, которая частично или полностью посвящена событиям, которые не являются фактическими, а скорее воображаемыми и изобретенными их автором (ами).
    • Шпионская фантастика - жанр фантастики о формах шпионажа.
      • Джеймс Бонд - вымышленный персонаж, созданный в 1953 году писателем Яном Флемингом. С тех пор персонаж вырос до статуса значка, фигурирующего во многих романах, фильмах, видеоиграх и других средствах массовой информации.
    • Фэнтези - жанр фантастики, использующий магию и сверхъестественное в качестве основных элементов сюжета, темы или сеттинга, часто в воображаемых мирах, обычно избегая технического / научного содержания, типичного для научной фантастики, но пересекаясь с ним.
      • Франшиза « Песнь льда и пламени » ( Игра престолов ) - фэнтезийный сериал и сеттинг писателя Джорджа Мартина, дом драконов, белых ходоков и враждующих благородных домов.
      • Marvel Cinematic Universe - вымышленная вселенная, сеттинг фильмов и шоу производства Marvel Studios .
      • Средиземье - фантастический сеттинг писателя Толкина, дом хоббитов, орков и многих других мистических рас и существ.
      • Нарния - фэнтезийный сеттинг К.С. Льюиса, дом говорящих животных, кентавров, ведьм и многих других мифических существ и персонажей.
    • Научная фантастика - жанр фантастики, имеющий дело с воображаемым, но более или менее правдоподобным (или, по крайней мере, несверхъестественным) контентом, таким как будущее, футуристическая наука и технологии, космические путешествия, инопланетяне, гигантские монстры (Кайдзю) и паранормальные способности. Изучение последствий научных инноваций - одна из целей научной фантастики, превратив ее в «литературу идей».
      • Star Trek - научно-фантастический сеттинг, созданный Джином Родденберри, в основном посвященный приключениям персонала Звездного флота Объединенной федерации планет, их исследованию и взаимодействию с регионами космоса внутри и за пределами их границ.
  • Игры - структурированная игра, обычно проводимая для развлечения, включающая цели, правила, вызов и взаимодействие.
    • Настольные игры - настольные игры, в которых фишки или фишки перемещаются или помещаются на заранее размеченную поверхность или «доску» в соответствии с набором правил.
      • Шахматы - настольная игра для двух игроков на шахматной доске, клетчатой ​​доске с 64 клетками, расположенными в сетке восемь на восемь. Каждый игрок начинает игру с шестнадцатью фигурами: одним королем, одним ферзем, двумя ладьями, двумя конями, двумя слонами и восемью пешками.
    • Карточные игры - игра, в которой в качестве основного устройства используются игральные карты, будь то традиционные или специфические для игры.
      • Покер - семейство карточных игр, в которых используются общие правила ставок и обычно (но не всегда) ранжирование рук.
    • Видеоигры - электронные игры, которые включают взаимодействие с пользовательским интерфейсом для создания визуальной обратной связи на видеоустройстве.
  • Спорт - организованная, соревновательная, развлекательная и умелая деятельность, требующая приверженности, стратегии и честной игры, в которой победитель может быть определен объективными средствами. Вообще говоря, спорт - это игра, основанная на физическом атлетизме.
    • Игры с мячом
      • Бейсбол - игра с битой и мячом, в которой участвуют две команды по девять игроков в каждой, цель которой - забивать пробежки, ударяя по брошенному мячу битой и касаясь серии из четырех баз, расположенных по углам ромба высотой в девяносто футов.
      • Баскетбол - командный вид спорта, в котором две команды по пять игроков пытаются набрать очки, бросая или «стреляя» мячом через верхнюю часть баскетбольного кольца, соблюдая ряд правил.
      • Гольф - спорт с клюшками и мячом, в котором игроки используют различные клюшки, чтобы забивать мячи в серию лунок на поле с минимальным количеством ударов.
      • Теннис - спорт, обычно играемый между двумя игроками (одиночный разряд) или двумя командами по два игрока в каждой (парный разряд), с использованием специальных ракеток для удара полым резиновым мячом, покрытым войлоком, через сетку на площадку соперника.
    • Единоборства
      • Фехтование - семейство спортивных единоборств с использованием холодного оружия.
      • Боевые искусства - обширные системы систематизированных практик и традиций боя, которые практикуются по разным причинам, включая самозащиту, соревнования, физическое здоровье и физическую форму, а также умственное и духовное развитие.
    • Путешествия / гоночные виды спорта
      • Auto racing – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition.
      • Boating
        • Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water.
        • Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races.
      • Cycling – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking.
      • Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing.
      • Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals.
      • Skiing – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS).
• Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.
  • Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines.
    • Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature.
  • Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

Geography

Continents and major geopolitical regions (non-continents are italicized)

Africa • Antarctica • Asia • Europe • North America • Oceania (includes Australia) • South America

Political divisions of the World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region

Africa

West Africa

Benin • Burkina Faso • Cape Verde • Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) • Liberia • Mali • Mauritania • Niger •

Nigeria

Rivers State • Senegal • Sierra Leone • Togo

North Africa

Algeria • Egypt (Cairo) • Libya • Mauritania • Morocco • Sudan • South Sudan •Tunisia • Western Sahara

Central Africa

Angola • Burundi • Cameroon • Central African Republic • Chad • The Democratic Republic of the Congo • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • Republic of the Congo • Rwanda • São Tomé and Príncipe

East Africa

Burundi • Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Kenya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mauritius • Mozambique • Rwanda • Seychelles • Somalia • Tanzania • Uganda • Zambia • Zimbabwe

Southern Africa

Botswana • Eswatini (Swaziland) • Lesotho • Namibia • South Africa (Cape Town)

Dependencies

Mayotte (France) • St. Helena (UK) • Puntland • Somaliland • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Antarctica

None

Asia

Central Asia

Kazakhstan • Kyrgyzstan • Tajikistan • Turkmenistan • Uzbekistan

East Asia

China

Tibet

Hong Kong • Macau

Japan (Kyoto) • North Korea • South Korea • Mongolia • Taiwan

North Asia

Russia

Southeast Asia

Brunei • Cambodia • East Timor (Timor-Leste) • Indonesia (Jakarta) • Laos • Malaysia • Myanmar (Burma) • Philippines (Metro Manila) • Singapore • Thailand (Bangkok) • Vietnam

South Asia

Afghanistan • Bangladesh • Bhutan • Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan • Sri Lanka

India

States of India: Andhra Pradesh • Arunachal Pradesh • Assam • Bihar • Chhattisgarh • Goa • Gujarat • Haryana • Himachal Pradesh • Jammu and Kashmir • Jharkhand • Karnataka • Kerala • Madhya Pradesh • Maharashtra • Manipur • Meghalaya • Mizoram • Nagaland • Odisha • Punjab • Rajasthan • Sikkim • Tamil Nadu • Telangana • Tripura • Uttar Pradesh • Uttarakhand • West Bengal

West Asia

Armenia • Azerbaijan • Bahrain • Cyprus (including disputed Northern Cyprus) • Georgia • Iran • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Kuwait • Lebanon • Oman • State of Palestine • Qatar • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Turkey (Istanbul) • United Arab Emirates (Dubai) • Yemen

Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)

North Caucasus

Parts of Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)

South Caucasus

Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia, South Ossetia) • Armenia • Azerbaijan (including disputed Republic of Artsakh)

Europe

Akrotiri and Dhekelia • Åland • Albania • Andorra • Armenia • Austria (Vienna) • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic (Prague) • Denmark • Estonia • Faroe Islands • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany (Dresden, Munich) • Gibraltar • Greece (Athens) • Guernsey • Hungary • Iceland • Ireland • Isle of Man • Italy (Florence, Milan, Palermo, Rome, Turin) • Jersey • Kazakhstan • Kosovo • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • North Macedonia • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia (Saint Petersburg) • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia •

Norway

Svalbard

Spain

Autonomous communities of Spain: Catalonia (Barcelona)

Sweden (Stockholm) • Switzerland (Geneva) • Turkey • Ukraine

United Kingdom

England (Cornwall, London) • Northern Ireland • Scotland (Edinburgh) • Wales

Vatican City

European Union

North America

Canada

Provinces of Canada: • Alberta • British Columbia • Manitoba • New Brunswick • Newfoundland and Labrador • Nova Scotia • Ontario (Toronto) • Prince Edward Island • Quebec • Saskatchewan

Territories of Canada: Northwest Territories • Yukon

Greenland • Saint Pierre and Miquelon

United States

Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts (Boston) • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York (New York City)  • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming

District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)

Mexico

Central America

Belize • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua • Panama

Caribbean

Anguilla • Antigua and Barbuda • Aruba • Bahamas • Barbados • Bermuda • British Virgin Islands • Cayman Islands • Cuba • Dominica • Dominican Republic • Grenada • Haiti • Jamaica • Montserrat • Netherlands Antilles • Puerto Rico • Saint Barthélemy • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Martin • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Trinidad and Tobago • Turks and Caicos Islands • United States Virgin Islands

Oceania (includes the continent of Australia)

Australasia

Australia (Sydney)

Dependencies/Territories of Australia

Christmas Island • Norfolk Island

New Zealand

Melanesia

Fiji • Indonesia (Oceanian part only) • New Caledonia (France) • Papua New Guinea • Solomon Islands • Vanuatu •

Micronesia

Federated States of Micronesia • Guam (US) • Kiribati • Marshall Islands • Nauru • Northern Mariana Islands (US) • Palau •

Polynesia

American Samoa (US) • Cook Islands (NZ) • French Polynesia (France) • Hawaii (US) • Niue (NZ) • Pitcairn Islands (UK) • Samoa • Tokelau (NZ) • Tonga • Tuvalu • Wallis and Futuna (France)

South America

Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Falkland Islands • Guyana • Paraguay • Peru • Suriname • Uruguay • Venezuela

South Atlantic

Ascension Island • Saint Helena • Tristan da Cunha

See also: Biology (below)

Health – Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. This is a level of functional and (or) metabolic efficiency of a person in mind, body, and spirit; being free from illness, injury or pain (as in “good health” or “healthy”). The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

• Death – cessation of life.
• Exercise – any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons including strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, and mental health including the prevention of depression. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system and helps prevent the "diseases of affluence" such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity.
• Nutrition – provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life.
• Life extension – The study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan.
• Health sciences – applied sciences that address the use of science, technology, engineering, or mathematics in the delivery of healthcare to human beings.
• Medicine – science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.
  • Anesthesia – a way to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using a medicine called anesthetics.
  • Cardiology – the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the human heart. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, and electrophysiology.
  • Clinical research – aspect of biomedical research that addresses the assessment of new pharmaceutical and biological drugs, medical devices, and vaccines in humans.
  • Diabetes – a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar) above 200mg/dl, either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin or both.
  • Dentistry – a branch of medicine that is involved in the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the mouth, maxillofacial area, and the adjacent and associated structures (teeth) and their impact on the human body.
  • Emergency medicine – medical specialty involving care for undifferentiated, unscheduled patients with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical attention. Emergency physicians undertake acute investigations and interventions to resuscitate and stabilize patients.
  • Obstetrics – medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy (prenatal period), childbirth, and the postnatal period.
  • Trauma and Orthopedics – medical specialty dealing with bones, joints and operative management of trauma.
  • Psychiatry – medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioral, cognitive, and perceptual abnormalities.
    • Autism a mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by great difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts.
    • Bipolar disorder – a mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood.
    • Psychiatric survivors movement – is a diverse association of individuals who either currently access mental health services (known as consumers or service users), or who are survivors of interventions by psychiatry, or who are ex-patients of mental health.

History (timelines) – records of past events and the way things were. It is also a field responsible for the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about the past.

• History, by period (See also Timeline of world history)
  • Prehistory – events occurring before recorded history (that is, before written records).
    • Colorado prehistory –
    • Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing).
  • Ancient history (timeline) – from ≈3350 BCE to ≈500 CE
    • Ancient West
      • Classical antiquity (timeline) – long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world.
        • Ancient Greece (timeline) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization.
        • Ancient Rome (timeline) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region.
        • Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those.
    • Ancient East
      • Ancient China – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the end of the Warring States period.
      • Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt.
      • Ancient India – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE).
  • Middle Ages (Medieval history) (timeline) – historical period following the Iron Age, fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century and preceding the early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classic, Medieval, and Modern.
  • Renaissance – cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. It encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and gradual but widespread educational reform.
  • Early modern history – from 1500 to 1899
  • Modern history – since 1900.
  • Globalization – progression towards the development of an integrated world community, from ancient times to the present
• History, by region
  • History of South Asia (timeline)
  • History of Western civilization
  • History of existing states
    • United States history (timeline)
      • History of U.S. states
        • History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming
  • Historical states
    • Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt.
    • Ancient Rome (timeline) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region.
      • The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794).
    • Byzantine Empire (timeline) – the Eastern Roman Empire that existed throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania by its inhabitants and neighbors, the empire was centered on the capital of Constantinople and was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State. Byzantium, however, was distinct from ancient Rome, in that it was Christian and predominantly Greek-speaking, being influenced by Greek, as opposed to Latin, culture.
    • Ottoman Empire (timeline) – historical Muslim empire, also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey. At its zenith in the second half of the 16th century it controlled Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa.
    • Soviet Union – socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. It was a major ally during World War II, a main participant in the Cold War, and it grew in power to become one of the world's two superpowers (the other being the United States). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
• History, by subject
  • History, by field
    • History of art (timeline)
      • History of painting
    • History of business
    • History of geography
    • History of mathematics (timeline)
    • History of political science (timeline)
    • History of science (timeline)
    • History of technology (timeline)
      • Prehistoric technology
  • Historical sciences – fields dealing with history
    • Archaeology (timeline)
    • Geology (timeline)
      • Geological history
    • Biology (timeline)
    • Astronomy (timeline)
  • History of terrorism
    • Terrorism in the United States
      • September 11 attacks
  • Wars
    • American Civil War – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede.
    • World War I (timeline) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers,[1] which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy).
    • World War II (timeline) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history.
    • Cold War (timeline) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.).
      • Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations.

Human activity – intentional, purposive, conscious and subjectively meaningful sequences of actions.

• Agriculture
• Arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts.
• Communication
• Education
• Entertainment
• Exercise
• Government
• Industry
• Law enforcement
• Philosophy
• Politics
• Religion
• Science
  • Applied science – application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include all fields of engineering.
  • Formal science – branch of knowledge with many subbranches which are concerned with formal systems. Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules.
  • Natural science – major branch of science that tries to explain and predict nature's phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are among the criteria and methods used for this purpose.
  • Social science – study of the world and its cultures and civilizations. Social science has many branches, each called a "social science".
• Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism.
• Transport – the transfer of people or things from one place to another.
• Underwater diving – practice of people descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment.
• War – state of armed conflict between states, governments, societies and informal paramilitary groups, such as mercenaries, insurgents and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces.

Impact of human activity

• Environmentalism

Formal science – branches of knowledge that are concerned with formal systems. Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules.

• Mathematics – study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, and formulate new conjectures. (See also: Lists of mathematics topics)
  • Arithmetic – oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, involving the study of quantity, especially as the result of combining numbers. The simplest arithmetical operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
  • Algebra – branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures.
    • Algebraic structure – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion of one or more operations on a set.
  • Analysis/Calculus – branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations.
  • Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows
  • Discrete mathematics – study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values.
    • Combinatorics – branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structures.
  • Geometry – one of the oldest branches of mathematics, it is concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.
  • Topology – developed from geometry, it looks at those properties that do not change even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension.
  • Trigonometry – branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves.
• Logic – formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science.
• Other mathematical sciences – academic disciplines that are primarily mathematical in nature but may not be universally considered subfields of mathematics proper.
  • Statistics – study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.
    • Regression analysis – techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed.
  • Probability – way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur or has occurred. The concept has an exact mathematical meaning in probability theory, which is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems.
  • Theoretical computer science – a division or subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on more abstract or mathematical aspects of computing and includes the theory of computation.

Science – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. An older and closely related meaning still in use today is that of Aristotle, for whom scientific knowledge was a body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained.

Basis of natural science – natural science is a major branch of science, that tries to explain and predict nature's phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are amongst the criteria and methods used for this purpose.

• Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
• Big Science –
• Metric system – decimal based system of measurement based on the metre and the kilogram, units of measure that were developed in France in 1799 and which is now used in most branches on international commerce, science and engineering.

Branches of natural science – also called "the natural sciences", which are:

• Biology – study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
  • Biological phenomena
    • Death – cessation of life; end of life-cycle
  • Branches of biology
    • Anatomy – study of the structure of living things.
      • Human nervous system – part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body.
        • Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull
    • Biochemistry – study of substances found in biological organisms.
    • Biophysics – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems. Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems.
    • Botany – study of plant life.
    • Cell biology – study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death.
    • Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
    • Environmental studies – multidisciplinary academic field that systematically studies human interaction with the environment, bringing together principles of the physical sciences, commerce/economics and social sciences to solve today's complex contemporary environmental problems.
    • Evolution – study of evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
      • Creation–evolution controversy – recurring cultural, political, and theological dispute about the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and of other life.
    • Genetics – study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.
    • Immunology – study of immune systems in all organisms.
    • Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system.
      • Brain mapping – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the (human or non-human) brain.
    • Paleontology – study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology).
      • Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era.
    • Pharmacology – broadly defined as the study of drug action and pharmacokinetics.
    • Physiology – study of how living organisms function.
    • Zoology – study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct.
  • Life forms – living organisms
    • Animals – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance.
      • Ants – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants.
      • Gastropods – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs and snails.
      • Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds.
      • Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.
        • Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago.
    • Fungi – group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
• Physical sciences – encompasses the branches of science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena.
  • Chemistry – study of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition, behavior, reactions, interactions and the changes it undergoes.
    • Organic chemistry – study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.
    • Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H₂O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam).
  • Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet.
    • Earth – planet you are on right now. Third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
    • Geography – study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth".
    • Geology – study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources.
    • Geophysics – physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation.
    • Meteorology – study of the atmosphere, including study and forecasting of the weather.
      • Tropical cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain.
    • Oceanography – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean.
  • Physics – study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.
    • Energy – scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law.
  • Space science
    • Astronomy – study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation).
      • Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located (the third planet orbiting the Sun).
        • Mercury – closest planet to the sun.
        • Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet.
        • Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life.
          • Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite.
        • Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun.
        • Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun.
        • Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun.
        • Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun.
        • Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun.
      • Black holes – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from it.
      • Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy.

People

• Types of people
  • Children
  • Self
• Aspects of people
  • Their bodies (biology)
  • Their minds (psychology)
    • Thought
  • Their behavior (sociology)
    • Human sexuality
      • BDSM
      • LGBT
    • Relationships
      • Adoption
• Specific people
  • Abraham Lincoln
  • Albert Einstein
  • Bob Marley
  • Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
  • William Shakespeare
  • Joseph Smith
  • Jesus

Philosophy – The study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

• Branches of philosophy
  • Aesthetics – The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.
  • Epistemology – The study of knowledge and belief.
  • Ethics – The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics.
    • Sexual ethics – The study of sexual relations rooted in particular behaviors and standards.
  • Logic – The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies.
  • Metaphysics – traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined.
• Philosophies
  • Atheism – the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.
  • Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities.
  • Humanism – approach in study, philosophy, worldview or practice that focuses on human values and concerns.
  • Transhumanism – international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. It is often abbreviated as H+ or h+.
  • Political philosophies:
    • Anarchism – political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy.
    • Libertarianism – political philosophy that advocates minimization of the government and maximization of individual liberty and political freedom.
    • Outline of Marxism
  • Philosophical debates:
    • Creation–evolution controversy

Thought – mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective consciousness. It can refer either to the act of thinking or the resulting ideas or arrangements of ideas.

• Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system.
• Psychology – science of behavior and mental processes.

Religion – collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and sometimes to moral values.

• World's religions:
  • Abrahamic religions:
    • Judaism – "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people. Originating in the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Tanach) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel.
      • Jewish law – the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah.
    • Christianity – monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings.
      • Jesus – the founder of Christianity
      • Bible – the holy text of Christianity
      • Catholicism – Catholicism is the largest denomination of Christianity. It holds that its Bishops are the successors of the Apostles of Jesus and its Pope the successor of St Peter, and Mary the mother of Jesus is venerated. The term Catholicism broadly denotes the varying body of traditions, nations, demographics and behaviours generally subscribed to the Faith.
        • Catholic canon law
        • Catholic ecumenical councils
        • Heresies in the Catholic Church
      • Protestantism – Protestantism is a broad term, usually used for Christians who are not of the Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Churches. However, some consider Anglicanism to be Protestant, and some consider Radical Reformism not to be Protestant.
      • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – The largest denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement, an American restorationist movement. Members are known as "Mormons".
        • Book of Mormon – the earliest distinctive scripture of the Latter Day Saint movement.
          • Joseph Smith – the founding Prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement.
    • Islam – monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of one God, Allah (Arabic: الله Allāh), and by the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of Allah.
    • Bahá'í Faith – a monotheistic religion founded by Baha'u'llah in the 19th century, proclaims Spiritual unity of mankind
  • East Asian religions:
    • Taoism – a religious and philosophical tradition of Chinese origin with an emphasis on living in harmony with, and in accordance to the natural flow or cosmic structural order of the universe commonly referred to as the Tao.The Tao Te Ching, along with the Zhuangzi, is a fundamental text for both philosophical and religious Taoism. Laozi is traditionally regarded as one of the founders of Taoism and is closely associated in this context with "original" or "primordial" Taoism.
  • Indian religions:
    • Buddhism – religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one").
    • Hinduism – predominant and indigenous religious tradition), amongst many other expressions.
      • Ayyavazhi – Henotheistic belief that originated in South India. It is cited as an independent monistic religion by several newspapers, government reports and academic researchers. In Indian censuses, however, the majority of its followers declare themselves as Hindus. Therefore, Ayyavazhi is also considered a Hindu denomination.
    • Sikhism – monotheistic religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab region, on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and ten successive Sikh Gurus (the last teaching being the holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib Ji).
  • Contemporary Paganism – a contemporary set of beliefs modelled on the ancient pagan religions (usually of Europe or the Near East).
• Religious debates:
  • Creation–evolution controversy – recurring theological and cultural-political dispute about the origins of the Earth, humanity, life, and the universe, between the proponents of various forms of abiogenesis, and proponents of the various forms of special creation. In both cases, there is limited scientific support for any origin of life hypothesis. The dispute particularly involves the field of evolutionary biology, but also the fields of geology, palaeontology, thermodynamics, nuclear physics and cosmology.
• Religious issues:
  • Theology – systematic and rational study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truths, or the learned profession acquired by completing specialized training in religious studies, usually at a university or school of divinity or seminary.
    • Christian theology – enterprise to construct a coherent system of Christian belief and practice based primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and the New Testament as well as the historic traditions of the faithful. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis, and argument to clarify, examine, understand, explicate, critique, defend or promote Christianity.
  • Death – end of physical life
• Irreligion – absence of religious belief, or indifference or hostility to religion, or active rejection of religious traditions.
  • Atheism – rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Most inclusively, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists.
  • Secular humanism – embraces human reason, ethics, and justice while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience or superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making.
• Spirituality – can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality; an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the “deepest values and meanings by which people live.”

Social science – study of the world and its cultures and civilizations. Social science has many branches, each called a "social science". Some of the major social sciences are:

• Anthropology – study of how humans developed biologically and culturally.
• Archaeology – study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation, and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
• Economics – study of how people satisfy their wants and needs. Economics is also the study of supply and demand.
• Ethnic Studies – is the interdisciplinary study of difference—chiefly race, ethnicity, and nation, but also sexuality, gender, and other such markings—and power, as expressed by the state, by civil society, and by individuals.
• Futures studies – seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what could plausibly change
• Geography – study of physical environments and how people live in them.
• History – study of the past.
• Law – set of rules and principles by which a society is governed. (For branches, see Law under Society below).
  • Civil law – non-criminal law, in common law countries. It pertains to lawsuits, civil liability, etc.
• Linguistics – study of natural languages.
  • Esperanto – the international constructed language.
  • German language – the German language.
  • Korean language – the Korean language.
  • Principles of interpretation – methods used to understand language and texts, primarily legal documents and sacred texts.
• Political science – study of different forms of government and the ways citizens relate to them.
• Psychology – study of the mind, mental processes and behavior.
  • Abnormal psychology –
  • Human intelligence – mental capacities of human beings to reason, plan, problem solve, think, comprehend ideas, use languages, and learn.
  • Human sexuality – impacts and is impacted upon by cultural, political, legal, philosophical, moral, ethical, and religious aspects of life. Sexual activity is a vital principle of human living that connects the desires, pleasures, and energy of the body with a knowledge of human intimacy.
• Semiotics – study of symbols and how they relate to one another.
• Sociology – study of the formation of human societies and social organizations, their structure, and the interaction and behavior of people in organized groups.

Society – group of people sharing the same geographical or virtual territory and therefore subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Such people share a distinctive culture and institutions, which characterize the patterns of social relations between them.

• Community – group of interacting people, possibly living in close proximity, and often refers to a group that shares some common values, and is attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical location, generally in social units larger than a household.
  • LGBT – lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community
• Business – organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers for the purpose of making a profit.
  • Actuarial science – discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries.
  • Business administration – also called "business management", this comprises planning, organizing, staffing, and directing a company's operations in order to achieve its goals.
    • Finance – funds management, including raising capital to fund an enterprise.
    • Marketing – process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments.
    • Production – creating 'use' value or 'utility' that can satisfy a want or need. Any effort directed toward the realization of a desired product or service is a "productive" effort and the performance of such an act is production.
    • Project management – discipline of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria. A project is a temporary endeavor to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations).
  • Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact.
  • Industrial organization – studies the structure of and boundaries between firms and markets and the strategic interactions of firms.
• Communication – activity of conveying meaningful information, which requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient.
  • Journalism – gathering, processing, and dissemination of news and information related to the news to an audience. It includes both the method of inquiring for news and the literary style which is used to disseminate it.
    • Environmental journalism – collection, verification, production, distribution and exhibition of information regarding current events, trends, issues and people that are associated with the non-human world with which humans necessarily interact.
  • Public relations – practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public.
  • Music - Musical sound programming, Lyrics production, Remixing, Dance Programming or Production.
• Education – any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another. Education can also be defined as the process of becoming an educated person.
  • Academia – nationally and internationally recognized establishment of professional scholars and students, usually centered around colleges and universities, who are engaged in higher education and research.
    • Harvard University – private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in that country.
  • Open educational resources –
  • Second-language acquisition – process by which people learn a second language.
  • Music - Teaching the soul and mind to yield to some virtue or vice directly or indirectly.
• Globalization – process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
• Politics – process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the corporate, academic, and religious segments of society.
  • Political ideologies:
    • Environmentalism – broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements.
    • Green politics – political ideology that aims for the creation of an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social liberalism, and grassroots democracy.
  • Government types:
    • Democracy – form of government in which all the people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives.
  • International organizations:
    • United Nations
  • Political movements:
    • Psychiatric survivors movement
  • Public affairs – public policy and public administration. Public policy is a principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of a state with regard to issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. Public administration is "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies."
• Law – A set of rules and principles by which a society is governed.
  • Commercial law – body of law that governs business and commercial transactions.
  • Criminal justice – system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Those accused of crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers.
    • Crime –
      • Domestic violence – violence between partners in a close relationship (marriage, family, dating and so on). This form of violence can manifest itself in a variety of ways.
      • Forgery –
    • Law enforcement – any system by which some members of society act in an organized manner to promote adherence to the law by discovering and punishing persons who violate the rules and norms governing that society. The term usually refers to organizations that engage in patrols or surveillance to dissuade and discover criminal activity, and to those who investigate crimes and apprehend offenders.
  • Intellectual property – distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized—and the corresponding fields of law.
    • Patents –
  • Tort law – laws and legal procedures dealing with torts. In common law jurisdictions, a tort is a civil wrong that involves a breach of a civil duty (other than a contractual duty) owed to someone else. A tort is differentiated from a crime, which involves a breach of a duty owed to society in general. Though many acts are both torts and crimes, prosecutions for crime are mostly the responsibility of the state; whereas any party who has been injured may bring a lawsuit for tort.
  • Law of the United States
    • Evidence law in the United States –
    • United States federal Indian law and policy –
• Rights – legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.

Applied science – application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include testing a theoretical model through the use of formal science or solving a practical problem through the use of natural science.

Technology – making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures.

Technologies and applied sciences

• Aerospace – flight or transport above the surface of the Earth.
  • Space exploration – the physical investigation of the space more than 100 km above the Earth by either manned or unmanned spacecraft.
• Applied physics – physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use. It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and engineering.
  • Meteorology – forecasts the weather
• Agriculture – cultivation of plants, animals, and other living organisms.
  • Fishing – activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping.
    • Fisheries – a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features".
    • Fishing industry – industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors.
  • Forestry – art and science of tree resources, including plantations and natural stands. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow forests to continue a sustainable provision of environmental supplies and services.
  • Organic gardening and farming – a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones.
  • Sustainable agriculture – farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services, and the study of relationships between organisms and their environment.
• Communication – the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium.
  • Books – A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side
  • Telecommunication – the transfer of information at a distance, including signaling, telegraphy, telephony, telemetry, radio, television, and data communications.
    • Radio – Aural or encoded telecommunications.
    • Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
    • Television broadcasting – Visual and aural telecommunications.
• Computing – any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; and more.
  • Computer engineering – discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems, from designing individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design.
    • Computers – general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem.
  • Computer science – the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.
    • Artificial intelligence – intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it.
      • Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do.
        • Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence.
      • Natural language processing – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on.
    • Cryptography – the technology to secure communications in the presence of third parties.
    • Human-computer interaction – the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings.
  • Information technology – the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications.
  • Software engineering – the systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software.
    • Programming – the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs.
    • Software development – development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation.
      • Web design and web development – web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network).
    • C++ – one of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games.
    • Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more.
  • Software – one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for one or more purposes. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system.
    • Application software – is program or a group of programs designed for end users.
      • Databases – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated.
        • MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS.
      • Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system.
    • Free software – software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction.
    • Operating systems
      • iOS – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV.
  • Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
  • Computer industry
    • Apple Inc. – manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing devices, and related products and services.
    • Google – Google Inc. and its Internet services including Google Search.
  • Computer security – Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
• Construction – building or assembly of any physical structure.
• Design – the art and science of creating the abstract form and function for an object or environment.
  • Architecture – the art and science of designing buildings.
• Electronics – the branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits using transistors and microchips, and with the behavior and movement of electrons in a semiconductor, conductor, vacuum, or gas.
• Industry – production of an economic good or service.
  • Automation – use of machinery to replace human labor.
  • Industrial machinery –
  • Machines – devices that perform or assist in performing useful work.
  • Manufacturing – use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
  • Robotics – deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots.
    • Object recognition
• Energy – is an indirectly observed quantity often understood as the ability of a physical system to do work on other physical systems.
  • Energy development – ongoing effort to provide abundant, efficient, and accessible energy resources through knowledge, skills, and construction.
  • Energy storage – the storage of a form of energy that can then be used later.
  • Nuclear technology – the technology and application of the spontaneous and induced reactions of atomic nuclei.
    • Nuclear power – use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity.
  • Wind energy – is the kinetic energy of air in motion, also called wind.
  • Solar energy – radiant light and heat from the sun.
• Engineering – the application of science, mathematics, and technology to produce useful goods and systems.
  • Chemical engineering – the technology and application of chemical processes to produce useful materials.
  • Computer engineering – a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software
  • Control engineering –a discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feedback to devices that can make corrections toward desired performance.
  • Electrical engineering – the technology and application of electromagnetism, including electricity, electronics, telecommunications, computers, electric power, magnetics, and optics.
  • Mechanical engineering – applies the principles of engineering, physics, and materials science for the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems.
  • Software engineering – the technology and application of a systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software.
• Firefighting – act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter fights fires to prevent destruction of life, property and the environment. Firefighting is a professional technical skill.
• Forensic science – application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or a civil action.
• Futures studies – includes identification and forecasting of possible futures and future events, and analysis of their ramifications
• Health
  • Biotechnology – applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts.
  • Ergonomics – the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities.
  • Medicine – applied science of diagnosing and treating illness and disease.
• Hydrology – The study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
• Information science – interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information.^[1]
  • Cartography – the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.
  • Library science – technology related to libraries and the information fields.
• Military science – the study of the technique, psychology, practice and other phenomena which constitute war and armed conflict.
• Mining – extraction of mineral resources from the earth.
• Nanotechnology – The study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size.
• Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing).
• Rocketry – the design and construction of rockets.
• Sustainability – capacity to endure. In ecology, the word describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems. For humans, sustainability is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions.
• Transport – the transfer of people or things from one place to another.
  • Transport, by type:
    • Transport, by mode:
      • Land transport
        • Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast.
    • Transport, by power source:
      • Animal-powered transport –
  • Transportation Systems
    • Bridges – a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath.
  • Public transport – transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip.
  • Vehicles – mechanical devices for transporting people or things.
    • Vehicles, by type:
      • Land vehicles
        • Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles.
        • Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels.
        • Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles.
    • Vehicle components
      • Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims