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40 Gigabit Ethernet ( 40GbE ) и 100 Gigabit Ethernet ( 100GbE ) - это группы компьютерных сетевых технологий для передачи кадров Ethernet со скоростью 40 и 100 гигабит в секунду (Гбит / с) соответственно. Эти технологии предлагают значительно более высокие скорости, чем 10 Gigabit Ethernet . Технология впервые была определена IEEE 802.3ba-2010 стандарта [1] , а позднее по 802.3bg-2011, 802.3bj-2014, [2] 802.3bm-2015, [3] и 802.3cd-2018 стандартов.

Стандарты определяют множество типов портов с различными оптическими и электрическими интерфейсами и разным количеством волоконно-оптических кабелей на порт. Поддерживаются короткие расстояния (например, 7 м) по твинаксиальному кабелю , в то время как стандарты для оптоволокна достигают 80 км.

Разработка стандартов [ править ]

18 июля 2006 г. на пленарном заседании IEEE 802.3 в Сан-Диего был проведен призыв интереса к группе высокоскоростных исследований (HSSG) по изучению новых стандартов для высокоскоростного Ethernet. [4]

Первое собрание группы по изучению 802.3 HSSG было проведено в сентябре 2006 г. [5] В июне 2007 г. после выставки NXTcomm в Чикаго была сформирована торговая группа под названием «Дорога к 100G». [6]

5 декабря 2007 г. был утвержден запрос на авторизацию проекта (PAR) для Целевой группы P802.3ba 40 Гбит / с и 100 Гбит / с Ethernet со следующим объемом проекта: [7]

Целью этого проекта является расширение протокола 802.3 до рабочих скоростей 40 Гбит / с и 100 Гбит / с, чтобы обеспечить значительное увеличение пропускной способности при сохранении максимальной совместимости с установленной базой интерфейсов 802.3, предыдущими инвестициями в исследования и развитие, а также принципы работы и управления сетью. Проект должен обеспечить соединение оборудования, удовлетворяющего требованиям расстояния для предполагаемых приложений.

Целевая группа 802.3ba встретилась впервые в январе 2008 года. [8] Этот стандарт был утвержден на заседании Совета по стандартам IEEE в июне 2010 года под названием IEEE Std 802.3ba-2010. [9]

Первое собрание исследовательской группы PMD для одномодового волокна Ethernet 40 Гбит / с было проведено в январе 2010 г., а 25 марта 2010 г. рабочая группа P802.3bg для PMD одномодового волокна P802.3bg была одобрена для PMD последовательного SMF 40 Гбит / с.

Объем этого проекта заключается в добавлении опции одномодового волокна, зависящей от физической среды (PMD) для последовательной работы со скоростью 40 Гбит / с, путем определения дополнений и соответствующих модификаций IEEE Std 802.3-2008 с поправками IEEE P802.3ba. проект (и любые другие одобренные поправки или исправления).

17 июня 2010 г. был утвержден стандарт IEEE 802.3ba [1] [10] В марте 2011 г. был утвержден стандарт IEEE 802.3bg. [11] 10 сентября 2011 г. была утверждена рабочая группа по объединительной плате P802.3bj 100 Гбит / с и медному кабелю. [2]

Объем этого проекта состоит в том, чтобы указать дополнения и соответствующие модификации IEEE Std 802.3 для добавления спецификаций 4-полосного физического уровня (PHY) 100 Гбит / с и параметров управления для работы на объединительных платах и твинаксиальных медных кабелях, а также указать дополнительный энергоэффективный Ethernet (EEE) для работы 40 Гбит / с и 100 Гбит / с через объединительные платы и медные кабели.

10 мая 2013 г. была утверждена целевая группа по оптоволоконному соединению P802.3bm 40 Гбит / с и 100 Гбит / с. [3]

Этот проект предназначен для определения дополнений и соответствующих модификаций стандарта IEEE Std 802.3 для добавления спецификаций физического уровня (PHY) 100 Гбит / с и параметров управления с использованием четырехканального электрического интерфейса для работы с многомодовыми и одномодовыми оптоволоконными кабелями, а также указать дополнительный энергоэффективный Ethernet (EEE) для работы со скоростью 40 и 100 Гбит / с по оптоволоконным кабелям. Кроме того, добавлены спецификации физического уровня (PHY) 40 Гбит / с и параметры управления для работы на одномодовых оптоволоконных кабелях с увеличенным радиусом действия (> 10 км).

Также 10 мая 2013 года была утверждена рабочая группа P802.3bq 40GBASE-T. [12]

Укажите физический уровень (PHY) для работы со скоростью 40 Гбит / с на симметричных медных кабелях с витой парой с использованием существующего управления доступом к среде передачи и с расширениями соответствующих параметров управления физическим уровнем.

12 июня 2014 года был утвержден стандарт IEEE 802.3bj. [2]

16 февраля 2015 года был утвержден стандарт IEEE 802.3bm. [13]

12 мая 2016 года рабочая группа IEEE P802.3cd приступила к работе по определению двухполосного физического уровня со скоростью 100 Гбит / с следующего поколения. [14]

14 мая 2018 г. был утвержден PAR для рабочей группы IEEE P802.3ck. Объем этого проекта состоит в том, чтобы определить дополнения и соответствующие модификации IEEE Std 802.3 для добавления спецификаций физического уровня и параметров управления для электрических интерфейсов 100 Гбит / с, 200 Гбит / с и 400 Гбит / с на основе сигнализации 100 Гбит / с. . [15]

5 декабря 2018 г. Совет IEEE-SA утвердил стандарт IEEE 802.3cd.

12 ноября 2018 г. рабочая группа IEEE P802.3ct приступила к работе по определению физического уровня, поддерживающего работу 100 Гбит / с на одной длине волны, способной преодолевать расстояние не менее 80 км по системе DWDM (с использованием комбинации фазовой и амплитудной модуляции с когерентным обнаружением). ). [16]

В мае 2019 года целевая группа IEEE P802.3cu начала работу по определению физических уровней PHY с одной длиной волны 100 Гбит / с для работы по SMF (одномодовое волокно) с длинами не менее 2 км (100GBASE-FR1) и 10 км ( 100GBASE-LR1). [17]

В июне 2020 года рабочая группа IEEE P802.3db начала работу над определением спецификации физического уровня, которая поддерживает работу со скоростью 100 Гбит / с для 1 пары MMF длиной не менее 50 м. [18]

11 февраля 2021 года совет IEEE-SA утвердил стандарт IEEE 802.3cu. [19]

Ранние продукты [ править ]

Передача оптического сигнала по нелинейной среде - это принципиальная проблема аналогового проектирования. Таким образом, она развивалась медленнее, чем литография цифровых схем (которая в целом развивалась в соответствии с законом Мура ). Это объясняет, почему транспортные системы со скоростью 10 Гбит / с существовали с середины 1990-х годов, в то время как первые набеги на передачу со 100 Гбит / с произошли примерно через 15 лет - 10-кратное увеличение скорости за 15 лет намного медленнее, чем обычно 2-кратное увеличение скорости за 1,5 года. цитируется по закону Мура.

Тем не менее, по крайней мере, пять фирм (Ciena, Alcatel-Lucent, MRV, ADVA Optical и Huawei) сделали   к августу 2011 года свои объявления для заказчиков транспортных систем со скоростью 100 Гбит / с [20] - с разной степенью возможностей. Хотя поставщики утверждали, что световые тракты со скоростью 100 Гбит / с могут использовать существующую аналоговую оптическую инфраструктуру, развертывание высокоскоростной технологии строго контролировалось, и перед их вводом в эксплуатацию требовались обширные испытания на совместимость.

Спроектировать маршрутизаторы или коммутаторы, поддерживающие интерфейсы со скоростью 100 Гбит / с, сложно. Одной из причин этого является необходимость обрабатывать поток пакетов 100 Гбит / с на линейной скорости без переупорядочения в микропотоках IP / MPLS.

По состоянию на 2011 год большинство компонентов в тракте обработки пакетов 100 Гбит / с (микросхемы PHY, NPU , память) не были доступны в готовом виде или требовали обширной квалификации и совместной разработки. Другая проблема связана с малопроизводительным производством оптических компонентов со скоростью 100 Гбит / с, которые также были нелегко доступны - особенно в сменных, длинноходных или перестраиваемых лазерных моделях.

Объединительная плата [ править ]

NetLogic Microsystems анонсировала модули объединительной платы в октябре 2010 года. [21]

Многомодовое волокно [ править ]

В 2009 году Mellanox [22] и Reflex Photonics [23] объявили о модулях, основанных на соглашении CFP.

Single mode fiber[edit]

Finisar,[24] Sumitomo Electric Industries,[25] and OpNext[26] all demonstrated singlemode 40 or 100 Gbit/s Ethernet modules based on the C Form-factor Pluggable agreement at the European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication in 2009.

Compatibility[edit]

Optical fiber IEEE 802.3ba implementations were not compatible with the numerous 40 and 100 Gbit/s line rate transport systems because they had different optical layer and modulation formats as the IEEE 802.3ba Port Types show. In particular, existing 40 Gbit/s transport solutions that used dense wavelength-division multiplexing to pack four 10 Gbit/s signals into one optical medium were not compatible with the IEEE 802.3ba standard, which used either coarse WDM in 1310 nm wavelength region with four 25 Gbit/s or four 10 Gbit/s channels, or parallel optics with four or ten optical fibers per direction.

Test and measurement[edit]

  • Quellan announced a test board in 2009.[27]
  • Ixia developed Physical Coding Sublayer Lanes[28] and demonstrated a working 100GbE link through a test setup at NXTcomm in June 2008.[29] Ixia announced test equipment in November 2008.[30][31]
  • Discovery Semiconductors introduced optoelectronics converters for 100 Gbit/s testing of the 10 km and 40 km Ethernet standards in February 2009.[32]
  • JDS Uniphase introduced test and measurement products for 40 and 100 Gbit/s Ethernet in August 2009.[33]
  • Spirent Communications introduced test and measurement products in September 2009.[34]
  • EXFO demonstrated interoperability in January 2010.[35]
  • Xena Networks demonstrated test equipment at the Technical University of Denmark in January 2011.[36][37]
  • Calnex Solutions introduced 100GbE Synchronous Ethernet synchronisation test equipment in November 2014.[38]
  • Spirent Communications introduced the Attero-100G for 100GbE and 40GbE impairment emulation in April 2015.[39][40]
  • VeEX[41] introduced its CFP-based UX400-100GE and 40GE test and measurement platform in 2012,[42] followed by CFP2, CFP4, QSFP28 and QSFP+ versions in 2015.[43][44]

Mellanox Technologies[edit]

Mellanox Technologies introduced the ConnectX-4 100GbE single and dual port adapter in November 2014.[45] In the same period, Mellanox introduced availability of 100GbE copper and fiber cables.[46] In June 2015, Mellanox introduced the Spectrum 10, 25, 40, 50 and 100GbE switch models.[47]

Aitia[edit]

Aitia International introduced the C-GEP FPGA-based switching platform in February 2013.[48] Aitia also produce 100G/40G Ethernet PCS/PMA+MAC IP cores for FPGA developers and academic researchers.[49]

Arista[edit]

Arista Networks introduced the 7500E switch (with up to 96 100GbE ports) in April 2013.[50] In July 2014, Arista introduced the 7280E switch (the world's first top-of-rack switch with 100G uplink ports).[51]

Extreme Networks[edit]

Extreme Networks introduced a four-port 100GbE module for the BlackDiamond X8 core switch in November 2012.[52]

Dell[edit]

Dell's Force10 switches support 40 Gbit/s interfaces. These 40 Gbit/s fiber-optical interfaces using QSFP+ transceivers can be found on the Z9000 distributed core switches, S4810 and S4820[53] as well as the blade-switches MXL and the IO-Aggregator. The Dell PowerConnect 8100 series switches also offer 40 Gbit/s QSFP+ interfaces.[54]

Chelsio[edit]

Chelsio Communications introduced 40 Gbit/s Ethernet network adapters (based on the fifth generation of its Terminator architecture) in June 2013.[55]

Telesoft Technologies Ltd[edit]

Telesoft Technologies announced the dual 100G PCIe accelerator card, part of the MPAC-IP series.[56] Telesoft also announced the STR 400G (Segmented Traffic Router)[57] and the 100G MCE (Media Converter and Extension).[58]

Commercial trials and deployments[edit]

Unlike the "race to 10 Gbit/s" that was driven by the imminent need to address growth pains of the Internet in the late 1990s, customer interest in 100 Gbit/s technologies was mostly driven by economic factors. The common reasons to adopt the higher speeds were:[59]

  • to reduce the number of optical wavelengths ("lambdas") used and the need to light new fiber
  • to utilize bandwidth more efficiently than 10 Gbit/s link aggregate groups
  • to provide cheaper wholesale, internet peering and data center connectivity
  • to skip the relatively expensive 40 Gbit/s technology and move directly from 10 to 100 Gbit/s

Alcatel-Lucent[edit]

In November 2007, Alcatel-Lucent held the first field trial of 100 Gbit/s optical transmission. Completed over a live, in-service 504 kilometre portion of the Verizon network, it connected the Florida cities of Tampa and Miami.[60]

100GbE interfaces for the 7450 ESS/7750 SR service routing platform were first announced in June 2009, with field trials with Verizon,[61] T-Systems and Portugal Telecom taking place in June–September 2010. In September 2009, Alcatel-Lucent combined the 100G capabilities of its IP routing and optical transport portfolio in an integrated solution called Converged Backbone Transformation.[62]

In June 2011, Alcatel-Lucent introduced a packet processing architecture known as FP3, advertised for 400 Gbit/s rates.[63] Alcatel-Lucent announced the XRS 7950 core router (based on the FP3) in May 2012.[64][65]

Brocade[edit]

Brocade Communications Systems introduced their first 100GbE products (based on the former Foundry Networks MLXe hardware) in September 2010.[66] In June 2011, the new product went live at the AMS-IX traffic exchange point in Amsterdam.[67]

Cisco[edit]

Cisco Systems and Comcast announced their 100GbE trials in June 2008.[68] However, it is doubtful that this transmission could approach 100 Gbit/s speeds when using a 40 Gbit/s per slot CRS-1 platform for packet processing. Cisco's first deployment of 100GbE at AT&T and Comcast took place in April 2011.[69] In the same year, Cisco tested the 100GbE interface between CRS-3 and a new generation of their ASR9K edge router model.[70] In 2017, Cisco announced a 32 port 100GbE Cisco Catalyst 9500 Series switch [71] and in 2019 the modular Catalyst 9600 Series switch with a 100GbE line card [72]

Huawei[edit]

In October 2008, Huawei presented their first 100GbE interface for their NE5000e router.[73] In September 2009, Huawei also demonstrated an end-to-end 100 Gbit/s link.[74] It was mentioned that Huawei's products had the self-developed NPU "Solar 2.0 PFE2A" onboard and was using pluggable optics in CFP form-factor.

In a mid-2010 product brief, the NE5000e linecards were given the commercial name LPUF-100 and credited with using two Solar-2.0 NPUs per 100GbE port in opposite (ingress/egress) configuration.[75] Nevertheless, in October 2010, the company referenced shipments of NE5000e to Russian cell operator "Megafon" as "40GBPS/slot" solution, with "scalability up to" 100 Gbit/s.[76]

In April 2011, Huawei announced that the NE5000e was updated to carry 2x100GbE interfaces per slot using LPU-200 linecards.[77] In a related solution brief, Huawei reported 120 thousand Solar 1.0 integrated circuits shipped to customers, but no Solar 2.0 numbers were given.[78] Following the August 2011 trial in Russia, Huawei reported paying 100 Gbit/s DWDM customers, but no 100GbE shipments on NE5000e.[79]

Juniper[edit]

Juniper Networks announced 100GbE for its T-series routers in June 2009.[80] The 1x100GbE option followed in Nov 2010, when a joint press release with academic backbone network Internet2 marked the first production 100GbE interfaces going live in real network.[81]

In the same year, Juniper demonstrated 100GbE operation between core (T-series) and edge (MX 3D) routers.[82] Juniper, in March 2011, announced first shipments of 100GbE interfaces to a major North American service provider (Verizon[83]).

In April 2011, Juniper deployed a 100GbE system on the UK education network JANET.[84] In July 2011, Juniper announced 100GbE with Australian ISP iiNet on their T1600 routing platform.[85] Juniper started shipping the MPC3E line card for the MX router, a 100GbE CFP MIC, and a 100GbE LR4 CFP optics in March 2012[citation needed]. In Spring 2013, Juniper Networks announced the availability of the MPC4E line card for the MX router that includes 2 100GbE CFP slots and 8 10GbE SFP+ interfaces[citation needed].

In June 2015, Juniper Networks announced the availability of its CFP-100GBASE-ZR module which is a plug & play solution that brings 80 km 100GbE to MX & PTX based networks.[86] The CFP-100GBASE-ZR module uses DP-QPSK modulation and coherent receiver technology with an optimized DSP and FEC implementation. The low-power module can be directly retrofitted into existing CFP sockets on MX and PTX routers.

Standards[edit]

The IEEE 802.3 working group is concerned with the maintenance and extension of the Ethernet data communications standard. Additions to the 802.3 standard[87] are performed by task forces which are designated by one or two letters. For example, the 802.3z task force drafted the original Gigabit Ethernet standard.

802.3ba is the designation given to the higher speed Ethernet task force which completed its work to modify the 802.3 standard to support speeds higher than 10 Gbit/s in 2010.

The speeds chosen by 802.3ba were 40 and 100 Gbit/s to support both end-point and link aggregation needs respectively. This was the first time two different Ethernet speeds were specified in a single standard. The decision to include both speeds came from pressure to support the 40 Gbit/s rate for local server applications and the 100 Gbit/s rate for internet backbones. The standard was announced in July 2007[88] and was ratified on June 17, 2010.[9]

A 40G-SR4 transceiver in the QSFP form factor

The 40/100 Gigabit Ethernet standards encompass a number of different Ethernet physical layer (PHY) specifications. A networking device may support different PHY types by means of pluggable modules. Optical modules are not standardized by any official standards body but are in multi-source agreements (MSAs). One agreement that supports 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet is the C Form-factor Pluggable (CFP) MSA[89] which was adopted for distances of 100+ meters. QSFP and CXP connector modules support shorter distances.[90]

The standard supports only full-duplex operation.[91] Other objectives include:

  • Preserve the 802.3 Ethernet frame format utilizing the 802.3 MAC
  • Preserve minimum and maximum frame size of current 802.3 standard
  • Support a bit error rate (BER) better than or equal to 10−12 at the MAC/PLS service interface
  • Provide appropriate support for OTN
  • Support MAC data rates of 40 and 100 Gbit/s
  • Provide physical layer specifications (PHY) for operation over single-mode optical fiber (SMF), laser optimized multi-mode optical fiber (MMF) OM3 and OM4, copper cable assembly, and backplane.

The following nomenclature is used for the physical layers:[2][3][92]

Physical layer40 Gigabit Ethernet100 Gigabit Ethernet
Backplanen.a.100GBASE-KP4
Improved Backplane40GBASE-KR4100GBASE-KR4
100GBASE-KR2
7 m over twinax copper cable40GBASE-CR4100GBASE-CR10
100GBASE-CR4
100GBASE-CR2
30 m over "Cat.8" twisted pair40GBASE-Tn.a.
100 m over OM3 MMF40GBASE-SR4100GBASE-SR10
100GBASE-SR4
100GBASE-SR2
125 m over OM4 MMF[90]
500 m over SMF, serialn.a.100GBASE-DR
2 km over SMF, serial40GBASE-FR100GBASE-FR1
10 km over SMF40GBASE-LR4100GBASE-LR4
100GBASE-LR1
40 km over SMF40GBASE-ER4100GBASE-ER4
80 km over SMFn.a.100GBASE-ZR

The 100 m laser optimized multi-mode fiber (OM3) objective was met by parallel ribbon cable with 850 nm wavelength 10GBASE-SR like optics (40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR10). The backplane objective with 4 lanes of 10GBASE-KR type PHYs (40GBASE-KR4). The copper cable objective is met with 4 or 10 differential lanes using SFF-8642 and SFF-8436 connectors. The 10 and 40 km 100 Gbit/s objectives with four wavelengths (around 1310 nm) of 25 Gbit/s optics (100GBASE-LR4 and 100GBASE-ER4) and the 10 km 40 Gbit/s objective with four wavelengths (around 1310 nm) of 10 Gbit/s optics (40GBASE-LR4).[93]

In January 2010 another IEEE project authorization started a task force to define a 40 Gbit/s serial single-mode optical fiber standard (40GBASE-FR). This was approved as standard 802.3bg in March 2011.[11] It used 1550 nm optics, had a reach of 2 km and was capable of receiving 1550 nm and 1310 nm wavelengths of light. The capability to receive 1310 nm light allows it to inter-operate with a longer reach 1310 nm PHY should one ever be developed. 1550 nm was chosen as the wavelength for 802.3bg transmission to make it compatible with existing test equipment and infrastructure.[94]

In December 2010, a 10x10 multi-source agreement (10x10 MSA) began to define an optical Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer and establish compatible sources of low-cost, low-power, pluggable optical transceivers based on 10 optical lanes at 10 Gbit/s each.[95] The 10x10 MSA was intended as a lower cost alternative to 100GBASE-LR4 for applications which do not require a link length longer than 2 km. It was intended for use with standard single mode G.652.C/D type low water peak cable with ten wavelengths ranging from 1523 to 1595 nm. The founding members were Google, Brocade Communications, JDSU and Santur.[96]Other member companies of the 10x10 MSA included MRV, Enablence, Cyoptics, AFOP, oplink, Hitachi Cable America, AMS-IX, EXFO, Huawei, Kotura, Facebook and Effdon when the 2 km specification was announced in March 2011.[97]The 10X10 MSA modules were intended to be the same size as the C Form-factor Pluggable specifications.

On June 12, 2014, the 802.3bj standard was approved. The 802.3bj standard specifies 100 Gbit/s 4x25G PHYs - 100GBASE-KR4, 100GBASE-KP4 and 100GBASE-CR4 - for backplane and twin-ax cable.

On February 16, 2015, the 802.3bm standard was approved. The 802.3bm standard specifies a lower-cost optical 100GBASE-SR4 PHY for MMF and a four-lane chip-to-module and chip-to-chip electrical specification (CAUI-4). The detailed objectives for the 802.3bm project can be found on the 802.3 website.

On May 14, 2018, the 802.3ck project was approved. This has objectives to:[98]

  • Define a single-lane 100 Gbit/s Attachment Unit interface (AUI) for chip-to-module applications, compatible with PMDs based on 100 Gbit/s per lane optical signaling (100GAUI-1 C2M)
  • Define a single-lane 100 Gbit/s Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) for chip-to-chip applications (100GAUI-1 C2C)
  • Define a single-lane 100 Gbit/s PHY for operation over electrical backplanes supporting an insertion loss ≤ 28 dB at 26.56 GHz (100GBASE-KR1).
  • Define a single-lane 100 Gbit/s PHY for operation over twin-axial copper cables with lengths up to at least 2 m (100GBASE-CR1).

On November 12, 2018, the IEEE P802.3ct Task Force started working to define PHY supporting 100 Gbit/s operation on a single wavelength capable of at least 80 km over a DWDM system (100GBASE-ZR) (using a combination of phase and amplitude modulation with coherent detection).

On December 5, 2018, the 802.3cd standard was approved. The 802.3cd standard specifies PHYs using 50Gbps lanes - 100GBASE-KR2 for backplane, 100GBASE-CR2 for twin-ax cable, 100GBASE-SR2 for MMF and using 100Gbps signalling 100GBASE-DR for SMF.

In June 2020, the IEEE P802.3db Task Force started working to define a physical layer specification that supports 100 Gb/s operation over 1 pair of MMF with lengths up to at least 50 m. [18]

On February 11, 2021, the IEEE 802.3cu standard was approved. The IEEE 802.3cu standard defines single-wavelength 100 Gb/s PHYs for operation over SMF (Single-Mode Fiber) with lengths up to at least 2 km (100GBASE-FR1) and 10 km (100GBASE-LR1).

100G interface types[edit]

Legend for fibre-based TP-PHYs[99]
MMF FDDI
62.5/125 µm
(1987)		MMF OM1
62.5/125 µm
(1989)		MMF OM2
50/125 µm
(1998)		MMF OM3
50/125 µm
(2003)		MMF OM4
50/125 µm
(2008)		MMF OM5
50/125 µm
(2016)		SMF OS1
9/125 µm
(1998)		SMF OS2
9/125 µm
(2000)
160 MHz·km
@ 850 nm		200 MHz·km
@ 850 nm		500 MHz·km
@ 850 nm		1500 MHz·km
@ 850 nm		3500 MHz·km
@ 850 nm		3500 MHz·km
@ 850 nm &
1850 MHz·km
@ 950 nm		1 dB/km
@ 1300/
1550 nm		0.4 dB/km
@ 1300/
1550 nm
NameStandardStatusMediaOFC or RFCTransceiver
Module		Reach
in m		#
Media
(⇆)		#
Lambdas
(→)		#
Lanes
(→)		Notes
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (1st Generation: 10GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ - Line rate: 10x 10.3125 GBd = 103.125 GBd - Full-Duplex) [100][101][102]
100GBASE
-CR10
Direct Attach		802.3ba-2010
(CL85)		phase-outtwinaxial
balanced		CXP
(SFF-8642)
CFP2
CFP4
QSFP+		CXP
CFP2
CFP4
QSFP+		720N/A10Data centres (inter-rack)
CXP connector uses center 10 out of 12 channels.
100GBASE
-SR10		802.3ba-2010
(CL82/86)		phase-outFibre
850 nm		MPO/MTP
(MPO-24)		CXP
CFP
CFP2
CFP4
CPAK		OM3: 10020110
OM4: 150
10×10G
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Jan 2010)		phase-outFibre
1523 nm , 1531 nm
1539 nm , 1547 nm
1555 nm , 1563 nm
1571 nm , 1579 nm
1587 nm , 1595 nm		LCCFPOSx:
2000 / 10000 / 40000		21010WDM
multi-vendor Standard [103]
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (2nd Generation: 25GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ - Line rate: 4x 25.78125 GBd = 103.125 GBd - Full-Duplex) [100][101][102][104]
100GBASE
-CR4
Direct Attach		802.3bj-2010
(CL92)		currenttwinaxial
balanced		QSFP28
(SFF-8665)
CFP2
CFP4		QSFP28
CFP2
CFP4		58N/A4Data centres (inter-rack)
100GBASE
-KR4		802.3bj-2014
(CL93)		currentCu-BackplaneN/AN/A18N/A4PCBs
total insertion loss of up to 35 dB at 12.9 GHz
100GBASE
-KP4		802.3bj-2014
(CL94)		currentCu-BackplaneN/AN/A18N/A4PCBs
Line code: RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4
× 92/90 framing and 31320/31280 lane identification
Line rate: 4x 13.59375 GBd = 54.375 GBd
total insertion loss of up to 33 dB at 7 GHz
100GBASE
-SR4		802.3bm-2015
(CL95)		currentFibre
850 nm		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12)		QSFP28
CFP2
CFP4
CPAK		OM3: 70814Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ
OM4: 100
100GBASE
-SR2-BiDi
(BiDirectional)		proprietary
(non IEEE)		currentFibre
850 nm
900 nm		LCQSFP28OM3: 70222WDM
Line rate: 2x (2x 26.5625 GBd)
duplex fiber with both being used to transmit and receive;
The major selling point of this proprietary variant is its ability to run over existing LC multi-mode fiber (i.e. allowing easy migration from 10G, 25G, or 40G-BiDi to 100G).
OM4: 100
100GBASE
-SWDM4		proprietary
(non IEEE)		currentFibre
844-858 nm
874-888 nm
904-918 nm
934-948 nm		LCQSFP28OM3: 75244SWDM[105]
OM4: 100
OM5: 150
100GBASE
-LR4		802.3ba-2010
(CL88)		currentFibre
1295.56 nm
1300.05 nm
1304.59 nm
1309.14 nm		LCQSFP28
CFP
CFP2
CFP4
CPAK		OSx: 10000244WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ
100GBASE
-ER4		802.3ba-2010
(CL88)		currentQSFP28
CFP
CFP2		OSx: 40000WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ
100GBASE
-PSM4
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Jan 2014)		currentFibre
1310 nm		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12)		QSFP28
CFP4		OSx: 500814Data centres
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ or 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ
multi-vendor Standard [106]
100GBASE
-CWDM4
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Mar 2014)		currentFibre
1264.5 – 1277.5 nm
1284.5 – 1297.5 nm
1304.5 – 1317.5 nm
1324.5 – 1337.5 nm		LCQSFP28
CFP2
CFP4		OSx: 2000244Data centres
WDM
multi-vendor Standard [107][108]
100GBASE
-4WDM-10
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Oct 2018)		currentQSFP28
CFP4		OSx: 10000WDM
multi-vendor Standard [109]
100GBASE
-4WDM-20
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Jul 2017)		currentOSx: 20000WDM
multi-vendor Standard [110]
100GBASE
-4WDM-40
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Jul 2017)		currentOSx: 40000WDM
multi-vendor Standard [110]
100GBASE
-CLR4
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Apr 2014)		currentQSFP28OSx: 2000Data centres
WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ or 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ
Interoperable with 100GBASE-CWDM4 when using RS-FEC;
multi-vendor Standard [107][111]
100GBASE
-CWDM4-OCP
OCP
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Mar 2014)		currentFibre
1504 – 1566 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 2000244Data centres
WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ or 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ
Derived from 100GBASE-CWDM4 to allow cheaper transceivers;
multi-vendor Standard [112]
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (3rd Generation: 50GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4 - Line rate: 2x 53.125 GBd = 106.25 GBd - Full-Duplex) [101][102]
100GBASE
-CR2		802.3cd-2018
(CL136)		currenttwinaxial
balanced		QSFP28
(SFF-8665)		QSFP2834N/A2Symbol rate: 2x 26.5625 GBd with PAM-4 Data centres (in-rack)
100GBASE
-KR2		802.3cd-2018
(CL137)		currentCu-BackplaneN/AN/A14N/A2Symbol rate: 2x 26.5625 GBd with PAM-4 PCBs
100GBASE
-SR2		802.3cd-2018
(CL138)		currentFibre
850 nm		MPO
4 fibers		QSFP28OM3: 70422Symbol rate: 2x 26.5625 GBd with PAM-4
OM4: 100
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (4th Generation: 100GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4 - Line rate: 106.25 G - Full-Duplex)
100GBASE-CR1802.3ck
(CL162)		developmenttwinaxial
balanced		N/AN/A22N/A1Symbol rate: 53.1250 GBd with PAM-4
100GBASE-KR1802.3ck
(CL163)		developmentCu-BackplaneN/AN/Aelectrical backplanes supporting an insertion loss ≤ 28 dB at 26.56 GHz2N/A1Symbol rate: 53.1250 GBd with PAM-4
100GBASE
-DR		802.3cd-2018
(CL140)		currentFibre
1311 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 500211Symbol rate: 53.1250 GBd with PAM-4
100GBASE
-FR1		802.3cu-2021
(CL140)		currentFibre
1311 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 2000211Symbol rate: 53.1250 GBd with PAM-4
100GBASE
-LR1		802.3cu-2021
(CL140)		currentFibre
1311 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 10000211Symbol rate: 53.1250 GBd with PAM-4
100GBASE
-ZR		802.3ct
(CL153/154)		developmentFibre
1546.119 nm		LCCFPOS2: 80k+211Line code: DP-QPSK × SC-FEC
Line rate: 27.9525 GBd
Reduced bandwidth and line rate for ultra long distances. [113]

Coding schemes[edit]

10.3125 Gbaud with NRZ ("PAM2") and 64b66b on 10 lanes per direction
One of the earliest coding used, this widens the coding scheme used in single lane 10GE and quad lane 40G to use 10 lanes. Due to the low symbol rate, relatively long ranges can be achieved at the cost of using a lot of cabling.
This also allows breakout to 10×10GE, provided that the hardware supports splitting the port.
25.78125 Gbaud with NRZ ("PAM2") and 64b66b on 4 lanes per direction
A sped-up variant of the above, this directly corresponds to 10GE/40GE signalling at 2.5× speed. The higher symbol rate makes links more susceptible to errors.
If the device and transceiver support dual-speed operation, it is possible to reconfigure an 100G port to downspeed to 40G or 4×10G. There is no autonegotiation protocol for this, thus manual configuration is necessary. Similarly, a port can be broken into 4×25G if implemented in the hardware. This is applicable even for CWDM4, if a CWDM demultiplexer and CWDM 25G optics are used appropriately.
25.78125 Gbaud with NRZ ("PAM2") and RS-FEC(528,514) on 4 lanes per direction
To address the higher susceptibility to errors at these symbol rates, an application of Reed–Solomon error correction was defined in IEEE 802.3bj / Clause 91. This replaces the 64b66b encoding with a 256b257b encoding followed by the RS-FEC application, which combines to the exact same overhead as 64b66b. To the optical transceiver or cable, there is no distinction between this and 64b66b; some interface types (e.g. CWDM4) are defined "with or without FEC."
26.5625 Gbaud with PAM4 and RS-FEC(544,514) on 2 lanes per direction
This achieves a further doubling in bandwidth per lane (used to halve the number of lanes) by employing pulse-amplitude modulation with 4 distinct analog levels, making each symbol carry 2 bits. To keep up error margins, the FEC overhead is doubled from 2.7% to 5.8%, which explains the slight rise in symbol rate.
53.125 Gbaud with PAM4 and RS-FEC(544,514) on 1 lane per direction
Further pushing silicon limits, this is a double rate variant of the previous, giving full 100GE operation over 1 medium lane.
30.14475 Gbaud with DP-QPSK and SD-FEC on 1 lane per direction
Mirroring OTN4 developments, this employs polarization to carry one axis of the DP-QPSK constellation. Additionally, new soft decision FEC algorithms take additional information on analog signal levels as input to the error correction procedure.
13.59375 Gbaud with PAM4, KP4 specific coding and RS-FEC(544,514) on 4 lanes per direction
A half-speed variant of 26.5625 Gbaud with RS-FEC, with a 31320/31280 step encoding the lane number into the signal, and further 92/90 framing.

40G interface types[edit]

Legend for fibre-based TP-PHYs[99]
MMF FDDI
62.5/125 µm
(1987)		MMF OM1
62.5/125 µm
(1989)		MMF OM2
50/125 µm
(1998)		MMF OM3
50/125 µm
(2003)		MMF OM4
50/125 µm
(2008)		MMF OM5
50/125 µm
(2016)		SMF OS1
9/125 µm
(1998)		SMF OS2
9/125 µm
(2000)
160 MHz·km
@ 850 nm		200 MHz·km
@ 850 nm		500 MHz·km
@ 850 nm		1500 MHz·km
@ 850 nm		3500 MHz·km
@ 850 nm		3500 MHz·km
@ 850 nm &
1850 MHz·km
@ 950 nm		1 dB/km
@ 1300/
1550 nm		0.4 dB/km
@ 1300/
1550 nm
NameStandardStatusMediaOFC or RFCTransceiver
Module		Reach
in m		#
Media
(⇆)		#
Lambdas
(→)		#
Lanes
(→)		Notes
40 Gigabit Ethernet (40 GbE) - (Data rate: 40 Gbit/s - Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ - Line rate: 4x 10.3125 GBd = 41.25 GBd - Full-Duplex) [100][101][114][115]
40GBASE
-CR4
Direct Attach		802.3ba-2010
(CL82/85)		phase-
out		twinaxial
balanced		QSFP+
(SFF-8635)		QSFP+108N/A4Data centres (inter-rack)
possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
through splitter cable (QSFP+ to 4x SFP+);
involves CL73 for auto-negotiation and CL72 for link training.
40GBASE
-KR4		802.3ba-2010
(CL82/84)		phase-
out		Cu-BackplaneN/AN/A1PCBs;
possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
through splitter cable (QSFP+ to 4x SFP+);
involves CL73 for auto-negotiation, and CL72 for link training.
40GBASE
-SR4		802.3ba-2010
(CL82/86)		phase-
out		Fibre
850 nm		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12)		CFP
QSFP+		OM3: 100814possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
through splitter cable (MPO/MTP to 4x LC-pairs).
OM4: 150
40GBASE
-eSR4		proprietary
(non IEEE)		phase-
out		QSFP+OM3: 300possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
through splitter cable (MPO/MTP to 4x LC-pairs).
OM4: 400
40GBASE
-SR2-BiDi
(BiDirectional)		proprietary
(non IEEE)		phase-
out		Fibre
850 nm
900 nm		LCQSFP+OM3: 100222WDM
duplex fiber each used to transmit and receive on two wavelengths;
The major selling point of this variant is its ability to run over existing 10G multi-mode fiber (i.e. allowing easy migration from 10G to 40G).
OM4: 150
40GBASE
-LR4		802.3ba-2010
(CL82/87)		phase-
out		Fibre
1264.5 – 1277.5 nm
1284.5 – 1297.5 nm
1304.5 – 1317.5 nm
1324.5 – 1337.5 nm		LCCFP
QSFP+		OSx: 10000244WDM
40GBASE
-ER4		802.3bm-2015
(CL82/87)		phase-
out		QSFP+OSx: 40000WDM
40GBASE
-LX4 / -LM4		proprietary
(non IEEE)		phase-
out		QSFP+OM3: 140WDM
as primarily designed for single mode (-LR4), this mode of operation is out of specification for some transceivers.
OM4: 160
OSx: 10000
40GBASE
-PLR4
(parallel -LR4)		proprietary
(non IEEE)		phase-
out		Fibre
1310 nm		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12)		QSFP+OSx: 10000814possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
through splitter cable (MPO/MTP to 4x LC-pairs).
40GBASE
-FR		802.3bg-2011
(CL82/89)		phase-
out		Fibre
1550 nm		LCCFPOSx: 2000211Line rate: 41.25 GBd
capability to receive 1310 nm light besides 1550 nm;
allows inter-operation with a longer reach 1310 nm PHY (TBD);
use of 1550 nm implies compatibility with existing test equipment and infrastructure.
40GBASE
-SWDM4		proprietary[105]
(non IEEE)		phase-
out		Fibre
844-858 nm
874-888 nm
904-918 nm
934-948 nm		LCQSFP+OM3: 240244SWDM
OM4: 350
OM5: 440
Additional note for 40GBASE-CR4/-KR4:

CL73 allows communication between the 2 PHYs to exchange technical capability pages, and both PHYs come to a common speed and media type. Completion of CL73 initiates CL72. CL72 allows each of the 4 lanes' transmitters to adjust pre-emphasis via feedback from the link partner.

NameClauseMediaMedia
count		Symbol rate
Gigabaud		Symbol codingBreakout to 4×10G
40GBASE-T113Twisted pair copper cable1↕ × 43.2PAM16 × (RS-FEC(192,186) + LDPC)not possible (but can autonegotiate to 1×10GBASE-T)
40GBASE-T
40GBASE-T is a port type for 4-pair balanced twisted-pair Cat.8 copper cabling up to 30 m defined in IEEE 802.3bq.[116] IEEE 802.3bq-2016 standard was approved by The IEEE-SA Standards Board on June 30, 2016.[117] It uses 16-level PAM signaling over four lanes at 3,200 MBaud each, scaled up from 10GBASE-T.

Chip-to-chip/chip-to-module interfaces[edit]

CAUI-10
CAUI-10 is a 100 Gbit/s 10-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3ba.[1]
CAUI-4
CAUI-4 is a 100 Gbit/s 4-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3bm Annex 83E with a nominal signaling rate for each lane of 25.78125 GBd using NRZ modulation.[3]
100GAUI-4
100GAUI-4 is a 100 Gbit/s 4-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3cd Annex 135D/E with a nominal signaling rate for each lane of 26.5625 GBd using NRZ modulation and RS-FEC(544,514) so suitable for use with 100GBASE-CR2, 100GBASE-KR2, 100GBASE-SR2, 100GBASE-DR, 100GBASE-FR1, 100GBASE-LR1 PHYs.
100GAUI-2
100GAUI-2 is a 100 Gbit/s 2-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3cd Annex 135F/G with a nominal signaling rate for each lane of 26.5625 GBd using PAM4 modulation and RS-FEC(544,514) so suitable for use with 100GBASE-CR2, 100GBASE-KR2, 100GBASE-SR2, 100GBASE-DR, 100GBASE-FR1, 100GBASE-LR1 PHYs.

Pluggable optics standards[edit]

40G Transceiver Form Factors
The QSFP+ form factor is specified for use with the 40 Gigabit Ethernet. Copper direct attached cable (DAC) or optical modules are supported, see Figure 85–20 in the 802.3 spec. QSFP+ modules at 40Gbit/s can also be used to provide four independent ports of 10 gigabit Ethernet.[1]
100G Transceiver Form Factors
CFP modules use the 10-lane CAUI-10 electrical interface.
CFP2 modules use the 10-lane CAUI-10 electrical interface or the 4-lane CAUI-4 electrical interface.
CFP4 modules use the 4-lane CAUI-4 electrical interface.[118]
QSFP28 modules use the CAUI-4 electrical interface.
SFP-DD or Small Form-factor Pluggable – Double Density modules use the 100GAUI-2 electrical interface.
Cisco's CPAK optical module uses the four lane CEI-28G-VSR electrical interface.[119][120]
There are also CXP and HD module standards.[121] CXP modules use the CAUI-10 electrical interface.

Optical connectors[edit]

Short reach interfaces use Multiple-Fiber Push-On/Pull-off (MPO) optical connectors.[1]:86.10.3.3 40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR4 use MPO-12 while 100GBASE-SR10 uses MPO-24 with one optical lane per fiber strand.

Long reach interfaces use duplex LC connectors with all optical lanes multiplexed with WDM.

See also[edit]

  • Ethernet Alliance
  • InfiniBand
  • Interconnect bottleneck
  • Optical communication
  • Optical fiber cable
  • Optical Transport Network
  • Parallel optical interface
  • Terabit Ethernet

References[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

  • Overview of Requirements and Applications for 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 100 Gigabit Ethernet Technology Overview White Paper (Archived 2009-08-01) – Ethernet Alliance
  • 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 100 Gigabit Ethernet Technology Overview White Paper – Ethernet Alliance

External links[edit]

  • Ethernet Alliance
  • "100G Ethernet cheat sheet: A collection of articles, slideshows, multimedia content on 100G Ethernet". Network World. November 19, 2009. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  • IEEE P802.3ba 40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force
  • IEEE P802.3ba 40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force public area
  • Higher Speed Study Group documents