Типы трансформаторов

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Условные обозначения схем

	Трансформатор с двумя обмотками и железным сердечником.
	Трансформатор с тремя обмотками. Точки показывают относительную конфигурацию обмоток.
	Трансформатор с электростатическим экраном, предотвращающим емкостную связь между обмотками.

В дуговой электропечи трансформатор имеет тяжелую медную шину для обмотки низкого напряжения, которая может быть рассчитана на десятки тысяч ампер. Начало и конец обмотки выводятся отдельно и «чередуются » для внешнего замыкания треугольником в ранцевом соединении. ^[1] Трансформаторы погружены в масло для охлаждения и изоляции и спроектированы так, чтобы выдерживать частые короткие замыкания.

Различные типы электрического трансформатора сделаны для различных целей. Несмотря на различия в конструкции, различные типы основаны на одном и том же базовом принципе, открытом в 1831 году Майклом Фарадеем , и имеют несколько общих функциональных частей.

Силовой трансформатор [ править ]

Ламинированный сердечник [ править ]

Это наиболее распространенный тип трансформатора, широко используемый при передаче электроэнергии и в приборах для преобразования сетевого напряжения в низкое для питания электронных устройств. Они доступны с номинальной мощностью от мВт до МВт. Изолированные листы сводят к минимуму потери на вихревые токи в железном сердечнике.

В небольших приборах и электронных трансформаторах можно использовать разъемную бобину, обеспечивающую высокий уровень изоляции между обмотками. Прямоугольные сердечники состоят из штамповок, часто парами формы EI, но иногда используются и другие формы. Между первичной и вторичной обмотками могут быть установлены экраны для уменьшения EMI (электромагнитных помех), или иногда используется экранная обмотка.

Трансформаторы для небольших электроприборов и электроники могут иметь термовыключатель, встроенный в обмотку, для отключения питания при высоких температурах и предотвращения дальнейшего перегрева.

Тороидальный [ править ]

Тороидальные трансформаторы в форме пончика экономят место по сравнению с сердечниками EI и могут уменьшить внешнее магнитное поле. В них используется кольцевой сердечник, медные обмотки, намотанные вокруг этого кольца (и, таким образом, продетые через кольцо во время намотки), и лента для изоляции.

Тороидальные трансформаторы имеют более низкое внешнее магнитное поле по сравнению с прямоугольными трансформаторами и могут быть меньше для данной номинальной мощности. Однако их изготовление стоит дороже, поскольку для намотки требуется более сложное и медленное оборудование.

Их можно закрепить болтом по центру, с помощью шайб и резиновых прокладок или заливкой в ​​смолу. Необходимо следить за тем, чтобы болт не входил в цепь короткого замыкания.

Автотрансформатор [ править ]

Автотрансформатора состоят только одну обмотку , который постучал в некоторой точке вдоль обмотки. Напряжение подается на вывод обмотки, а более высокое (или более низкое) напряжение создается на другой части той же обмотки. Эквивалентная номинальная мощность автотрансформатора ниже, чем фактическая номинальная мощность нагрузки. Он рассчитывается по формуле: нагрузка VA × (| Vin - Vout |) / Vin. ^[2] Например, автотрансформатор, который адаптирует нагрузку 1000 ВА с номинальным напряжением 120 В к источнику питания 240 В, имеет эквивалентную номинальную мощность как минимум: 1000 ВА (240 В - 120 В) / 240 В = 500 ВА. Однако фактическая мощность (указанная на табличке со счетом) должна составлять не менее 1000 ВА.

Для соотношений напряжений, не превышающих примерно 3: 1, автотрансформатор дешевле, легче, меньше и эффективнее изолирующего (двухобмоточного) трансформатора того же номинала. ^[3] Большие трехфазные автотрансформаторы используются в системах распределения электроэнергии, например, для соединения вспомогательных сетей 220 кВ и 33 кВ или других высоковольтных сетей. ^{[ необходима цитата ]}

Переменный автотрансформатор [ править ]

Открыв часть катушек обмотки автотрансформатора и подключив вторичную обмотку через скользящую угольную щетку , можно получить автотрансформатор с почти непрерывно изменяемым передаточным числом, что позволяет регулировать напряжение в широких пределах с очень небольшими приращениями.

Индукционный регулятор [ править ]

Индукционный регулятор аналогичен по конструкции асинхронному двигателю с фазным ротором, но по сути представляет собой трансформатор, выходное напряжение которого изменяется путем вращения вторичной обмотки относительно первичной, т. Е. Изменения углового положения ротора. Его можно рассматривать как силовой трансформатор, использующий вращающиеся магнитные поля . Основное преимущество индукционных регуляторов заключается в том, что они, в отличие от вариаторов, подходят для трансформаторов мощностью более 5 кВА. Следовательно, такие регуляторы находят широкое применение в высоковольтных лабораториях.^[4]

Многофазный трансформатор [ править ]

Для многофазных систем можно использовать несколько однофазных трансформаторов или все фазы можно подключить к одному многофазному трансформатору. В трехфазном трансформаторе три первичные обмотки соединены вместе, а три вторичные обмотки соединены вместе. ^[5] Примеры соединений: звезда-треугольник, треугольник-звезда, дельта-дельта и звезда-звезда. Векторной группы указывает на конфигурацию обмоток и фазового угла разницу между ними. Если обмотка подключена к земле ( заземлена ), точка заземления обычно является центральной точкой обмотки звездой. Если вторичная обмотка представляет собой обмотку треугольником, заземление можно подключить к центральному ответвлению на одной обмотке ( высокое положение треугольника) или одна фаза может быть заземлена (треугольник с заземлением в углу). Многофазный трансформатор специального назначения - это зигзагообразный трансформатор . Существует множество возможных конфигураций, которые могут включать больше или меньше шести обмоток и различных соединений отводов.

Трансформатор заземления [ править ]

Grounding or earthing transformers let three wire (delta) polyphase system supplies accommodate phase to neutral loads by providing a return path for current to a neutral. Grounding transformers most commonly incorporate a single winding transformer with a zigzag winding configuration but may also be created with a wye-delta isolated winding transformer connection.

Phase-shifting transformer[edit]

This is a specialized type of transformer which can be configured to adjust the phase relationship between input and output. This allows power flow in an electric grid to be controlled, e.g. to steer power flows away from a shorter (but overloaded) link to a longer path with excess capacity.

Variable-frequency transformer[edit]

A variable-frequency transformer is a specialized three-phase power transformer which allows the phase relationship between the input and output windings to be continuously adjusted by rotating one half. They are used to interconnect electrical grids with the same nominal frequency but without synchronous phase coordination.

Leakage or stray field transformer[edit]

A leakage transformer, also called a stray-field transformer, has a significantly higher leakage inductance than other transformers, sometimes increased by a magnetic bypass or shunt in its core between primary and secondary, which is sometimes adjustable with a set screw. This provides a transformer with an inherent current limitation due to the loose coupling between its primary and the secondary windings. In this case, it is short-circuit inductance which is actually acting as a current limiting parameter. The output and input currents are low enough to prevent thermal overload under all load conditions—even if the secondary is shorted.

Uses[edit]

Leakage transformers are used for arc welding and high voltage discharge lamps (neon lights and cold cathode fluorescent lamps, which are series connected up to 7.5 kV AC). It acts then both as a voltage transformer and as a magnetic ballast.

Other applications are short-circuit-proof extra-low voltage transformers for toys or doorbell installations.

Resonant transformer[edit]

A resonant transformer is a transformer in which one or both windings has a capacitor across it and functions as a tuned circuit. Used at radio frequencies, resonant transformers can function as high Q factor bandpass filters. The transformer windings have either air or ferrite cores and the bandwidth can be adjusted by varying the coupling (mutual inductance). One common form is the IF (intermediate frequency) transformer, used in superheterodyne radio receivers. They are also used in radio transmitters.

Resonant transformers are also used in electronic ballasts for gas discharge lamps, and high voltage power supplies. They are also used in some types of switching power supplies.^[6] Here the short-circuit inductance value is an important parameter that determines the resonance frequency of the resonant transformer. Often only secondary winding has a resonant capacitor (or stray capacitance) and acts as a serial resonant tank circuit. When the short-circuit inductance of the secondary side of the transformer is L_sc and the resonant capacitor (or stray capacitance) of the secondary side is C_r, The resonance frequency ω_s of 1' is as follows

${\displaystyle \omega _{s}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {L_{sc}C_{r}}}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {(1-k^{2})L_{s}C_{r}}}}}$

The transformer is driven by a pulse or square wave for efficiency, generated by an electronic oscillator circuit. Each pulse serves to drive resonant sinusoidal oscillations in the tuned winding, and due to resonance a high voltage can be developed across the secondary.

Applications:

• Intermediate frequency (IF) transformer in superheterodyne radio receiver
• Tank transformers in radio transmitters
• Tesla coil
• CCFL inverter
• Oudin coil (or Oudin resonator; named after its inventor Paul Oudin)
• D'Arsonval apparatus
• Ignition coil or induction coil used in the ignition system of a petrol engine
• Electrical breakdown and insulation testing of high voltage equipment and cables. In the latter case, the transformer's secondary is resonated with the cable's capacitance.

Constant voltage transformer[edit]

By arranging particular magnetic properties of a transformer core, and installing a ferro-resonant tank circuit (a capacitor and an additional winding), a transformer can be arranged to automatically keep the secondary winding voltage relatively constant for varying primary supply without additional circuitry or manual adjustment. Ferro-resonant transformers run hotter than standard power transformers, because regulating action depends on core saturation, which reduces efficiency. The output waveform is heavily distorted unless careful measures are taken to prevent this. Saturating transformers provide a simple rugged method to stabilize an AC power supply.

Ferrite core[edit]

Ferrite core power transformers are widely used in switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs). The powder core enables high-frequency operation,^[7] and hence much smaller size-to-power ratio than laminated-iron transformers.

Ferrite transformers are not used as power transformers at mains frequency since laminated iron cores cost less than an equivalent ferrite core.

Planar transformer[edit]

Manufacturers either use flat copper sheets or etch spiral patterns on a printed circuit board to form the "windings" of a planar transformer, replacing the turns of wire used to make other types. Some planar transformers are commercially sold as discrete components, other planar transformers are etched directly into the main printed circuit board and only need a ferrite core to be attached over the PCB. A planar transformer can be thinner than other transformers, which is useful for low-profile applications or when several printed circuit boards are stacked.^[8] Almost all planar transformers use a ferrite planar core.

Oil-cooled transformer[edit]

Large transformers used in power distribution or electrical substations have their core and coils immersed in oil, which cools and insulates. Oil circulates through ducts in the coil and around the coil and core assembly, moved by convection. The oil is cooled by the outside of the tank in small ratings, and by an air-cooled radiator in larger ratings. Where a higher rating is required, or where the transformer is in a building or underground, oil pumps circulate the oil, and an oil-to-water heat exchanger may also be used.^[9] Some transformers may contain PCBs where or when its use was permitted. For example, until 1979 in South Africa.^[10][11] substitute fire-resistant liquids such as silicone oils are now used instead.

Cast resin transformer[edit]

Cast-resin power transformers encase the windings in epoxy resin. These transformers simplify installation since they are dry, without cooling oil, and so require no fire-proof vault for indoor installations. The epoxy protects the windings from dust and corrosive atmospheres. However, because the molds for casting the coils are only available in fixed sizes, the design of the transformers is less flexible, which may make them more costly if customized features (voltage, turns ratio, taps) are required.^[12][13]

Isolating transformer[edit]

An isolation transformer links two circuits magnetically, but provides no metallic conductive path between the circuits. An example application would be in the power supply for medical equipment, when it is necessary to prevent any leakage from the AC power system into devices connected to a patient. Special purpose isolation transformers may include shielding to prevent coupling of electromagnetic noise between circuits, or may have reinforced insulation to withstand thousands of volts of potential difference between primary and secondary circuits.

Solid-state transformer[edit]

A solid-state transformer is actually a power converter that performs the same function as a conventional transformer, sometimes with added functionality. Most contain a smaller high-frequency transformer. It can consist of an AC-to-AC converter, or a rectifier powering an inverter.

Instrument transformer[edit]

Instrument transformers are typically used to operate instruments from high voltage lines or high current circuits, safely isolating measurement and control circuitry from the high voltages or currents. The primary winding of the transformer is connected to the high voltage or high current circuit, and the meter or relay is connected to the secondary circuit. Instrument transformers may also be used as an isolation transformer so that secondary quantities may be used without affecting the primary circuitry.^[14]

Terminal identifications (either alphanumeric such as H₁, X₁, Y₁, etc. or a colored spot or dot impressed in the case) indicate one end of each winding, indicating the same instantaneous polarity and phase between windings. This applies to both types of instrument transformers. Correct identification of terminals and wiring is essential for proper operation of metering and protective relay instrumentation.

Current transformer[edit]

A current transformer (CT) is a series connected measurement device designed to provide a current in its secondary coil proportional to the current flowing in its primary. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

Current transformers are often constructed by passing a single primary turn (either an insulated cable or an uninsulated bus bar) through a well-insulated toroidal core wrapped with many turns of wire. The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary. For example, a 1000:1 CT provides an output current of 1 amperes when 1000 amperes flow through the primary winding. Standard secondary current ratings are 5 amperes or 1 ampere, compatible with standard measuring instruments. The secondary winding can be single ratio or have several tap points to provide a range of ratios. Care must be taken to make sure the secondary winding is not disconnected from its low-impedance load while current flows in the primary, as this may produce a dangerously high voltage across the open secondary and may permanently affect the accuracy of the transformer.

Specially constructed wideband CTs are also used, usually with an oscilloscope, to measure high frequency waveforms or pulsed currents within pulsed power systems. One type provides a voltage output that is proportional to the measured current. Another, called a Rogowski coil, requires an external integrator in order to provide a proportional output.

A current clamp uses a current transformer with a split core that can be easily wrapped around a conductor in a circuit. This is a common method used in portable current measuring instruments but permanent installations use more economical types of current transformer.

Voltage transformer or potential transformer[edit]

Voltage transformers (VT), also called potential transformers (PT), are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer, used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits or phasor phase shift isolation. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have an accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate metering. A potential transformer may have several secondary windings on the same core as a primary winding, for use in different metering or protection circuits. The primary may be connected phase to ground or phase to phase. The secondary is usually grounded on one terminal.

There are three primary types of voltage transformers (VT): electromagnetic, capacitor, and optical. The electromagnetic voltage transformer is a wire-wound transformer. The capacitor voltage transformer uses a capacitance potential divider and is used at higher voltages due to a lower cost than an electromagnetic VT. An optical voltage transformer exploits the electrical properties of optical materials.^[15] Measurement of high voltages is possible by the potential transformers. An optical voltage transformer is not strictly a transformer, but a sensor similar to a Hall effect sensor.

Combined instrument transformer[edit]

A combined instrument transformer encloses a current transformer and a voltage transformer in the same transformer. There are two main combined current and voltage transformer designs: oil-paper insulated and SF₆ insulated.^[16] One advantage of applying this solution is reduced substation footprint, due to reduced number of transformers in a bay, supporting structures and connections as well as lower costs for civil works, transportation and installation.^[17]

Pulse transformer[edit]

A pulse transformer is a transformer that is optimised for transmitting rectangular electrical pulses (that is, pulses with fast rise and fall times and a relatively constant amplitude). Small versions called signal types are used in digital logic and telecommunications circuits such as in Ethernet, often for matching logic drivers to transmission lines. Medium-sized power versions are used in power-control circuits such as camera flash controllers. Larger power versions are used in the electrical power distribution industry to interface low-voltage control circuitry to the high-voltage gates of power semiconductors. Special high voltage pulse transformers are also used to generate high power pulses for radar, particle accelerators, or other high energy pulsed power applications.^[18] They are also called Ethernet transformer modules.

To minimize distortion of the pulse shape, a pulse transformer needs to have low values of leakage inductance and distributed capacitance, and a high open-circuit inductance. In power-type pulse transformers, a low coupling capacitance (between the primary and secondary) is important to protect the circuitry on the primary side from high-powered transients created by the load. For the same reason, high insulation resistance and high breakdown voltage are required. A good transient response is necessary to maintain the rectangular pulse shape at the secondary, because a pulse with slow edges would create switching losses in the power semiconductors.

The product of the peak pulse voltage and the duration of the pulse (or more accurately, the voltage-time integral) is often used to characterise pulse transformers. Generally speaking, the larger this product, the larger and more expensive the transformer.

Pulse transformers by definition have a duty cycle of less than 0.5; whatever energy stored in the coil during the pulse must be "dumped" out before the pulse is fired again.

RF transformer[edit]

There are several types of transformer used in radio frequency (RF) work. Laminated steel is not suitable for RF.

Air-core transformer[edit]

These are used for high frequency work. The lack of a core means very low inductance. All current excites current and induces secondary voltage which is proportional to the mutual inductance.^[19] Such transformers may be nothing more than a few turns of wire soldered onto a printed circuit board.

Ferrite-core transformer[edit]

Ferrite-core transformers are widely used in impedance matching transformers for RF, especially for baluns (see below) for TV and radio antennas. Many only have one or two turns.

Transmission-line transformer[edit]

For radio frequency use, transformers are sometimes made from configurations of transmission line, sometimes bifilar or coaxial cable, wound around ferrite or other types of core. This style of transformer gives an extremely wide bandwidth but only a limited number of ratios (such as 1:9, 1:4 or 1:2) can be achieved with this technique.

The core material increases the inductance dramatically, thereby raising its Q factor. The cores of such transformers help improve performance at the lower frequency end of the band. RF transformers sometimes used a third coil (called a tickler winding) to inject feedback into an earlier (detector) stage in antique regenerative radio receivers.

In RF and microwave systems, a quarter-wave impedance transformer provides a way of matching impedances between circuits over a limited range of frequencies, using only a length of transmission line. The line may be coaxial cable, waveguide, stripline, or microstrip.

Balun[edit]

Baluns are transformers designed specifically to connect between balanced (non-grounded) and unbalanced (grounded) circuits. These are sometimes made from configurations of transmission line and sometimes bifilar or coaxial cable and are similar to transmission line transformers in construction and operation. Baluns can be designed to not only interface between balanced and unbalanced loads, but to additionally provide impedance matching between those load types.

IF transformer[edit]

Ferrite-core transformers are widely used in (intermediate frequency) (IF) stages in superheterodyne radio receivers. They are mostly tuned transformers, containing a threaded ferrite slug that is screwed in or out to adjust IF tuning. The transformers are usually canned (shielded) for stability and to reduce interference.

Audio transformer[edit]

Audio transformers are those specifically designed for use in audio circuits to carry audio signal. They can be used to block radio frequency interference or the DC component of an audio signal, to split or combine audio signals, or to provide impedance matching between high impedance and low impedance circuits, such as between a high impedance tube (valve) amplifier output and a low impedance loudspeaker, or between a high impedance instrument output and the low impedance input of a mixing console. Audio transformers that operate with loudspeaker voltages and current are larger than those that operate at microphone or line level, which carry much less power. Bridge transformers connect 2-wire and 4-wire communication circuits.

Being magnetic devices, audio transformers are susceptible to external magnetic fields such as those generated by AC current-carrying conductors. "Hum" is a term commonly used to describe unwanted signals originating from the "mains" power supply (typically 50 or 60 Hz).^[20] Audio transformers used for low-level signals, such as those from microphones, often include magnetic shielding to protect against extraneous magnetically coupled signals.

Audio transformers were originally designed to connect different telephone systems to one another while keeping their respective power supplies isolated, and are still commonly used to interconnect professional audio systems or system components, to eliminate buzz and hum. Such transformers typically have a 1:1 ratio between the primary and the secondary. These can also be used for splitting signals, balancing unbalanced signals, or feeding a balanced signal to unbalanced equipment. Transformers are also used in DI boxes to convert high-impedance instrument signals (e.g., bass guitar) to low impedance signals to enable them to connect to a microphone input on the mixing console.

A particularly critical component is the output transformer of a valve amplifier. Valve circuits for quality reproduction have long been produced with no other (inter-stage) audio transformers, but an output transformer is needed to couple the relatively high impedance (up to a few hundred ohms depending upon configuration) of the output valve(s) to the low impedance of a loudspeaker. (The valves can deliver a low current at a high voltage; the speakers require high current at low voltage.) Most solid-state power amplifiers need no output transformer at all.

Audio transformers affect the sound quality because they are non-linear. They add harmonic distortion to the original signal, especially odd-order harmonics, with an emphasis on third-order harmonics. When the incoming signal amplitude is very low there is not enough level to energize the magnetic core (see coercivity and magnetic hysteresis). When the incoming signal amplitude is very high the transformer saturates and adds harmonics from soft clipping.^[21] Another non-linearity comes from limited frequency response. For good low-frequency response a relatively large magnetic core is required; high power handling increases the required core size. Good high-frequency response requires carefully designed and implemented windings without excessive leakage inductance or stray capacitance. All this makes for an expensive component.

Early transistor audio power amplifiers often had output transformers, but they were eliminated as advances in semiconductors allowed the design of amplifiers with sufficiently low output impedance to drive a loudspeaker directly.

Loudspeaker transformer[edit]

In the same way that transformers create high voltage power transmission circuits that minimize transmission losses, loudspeaker transformers can power many individual loudspeakers from a single audio circuit operated at higher than normal loudspeaker voltages. This application is common in public address applications. Such circuits are commonly referred to as constant-voltage speaker systems. Such systems are also known by the nominal voltage of the loudspeaker line, such as 25-, 70- and 100-volt speaker systems (the voltage corresponding to the power rating of a speaker or amplifier). A transformer steps up the output of the system's amplifier to the distribution voltage. At the distant loudspeaker locations, a step-down transformer matches the speaker to the rated voltage of the line, so the speaker produces rated nominal output when the line is at nominal voltage. Loudspeaker transformers commonly have multiple primary taps to adjust the volume at each speaker in steps.

Output transformer[edit]

Valve (tube) amplifiers almost always use an output transformer to match the high load impedance requirement of the valves (several kilohms) to a low impedance speaker

Small-signal transformer[edit]

Moving coil phonograph cartridges produce a very small voltage. For this to be amplified with a reasonable signal-noise ratio usually requires a transformer to convert the voltage to the range of the more common moving-magnet cartridges.

Microphones may also be matched to their load with a small transformer, which is mumetal shielded to minimise noise pickup. These transformers are less widely used today, as transistorized buffers are now cheaper.

Interstage and coupling transformer[edit]

In a push–pull amplifier, an inverted signal is required and can be obtained from a transformer with a center-tapped winding, used to drive two active devices in opposite phase. These phase splitting transformers are not much used today.

Other types[edit]

Transactor[edit]

A transactor is a combination of a transformer and a reactor. A transactor has an iron core with an air-gap, which limits the coupling between windings.^[22]

Hedgehog[edit]

Hedgehog transformers are occasionally encountered in homemade 1920s radios. They are homemade audio interstage coupling transformers.

Enameled copper wire is wound round the central half of the length of a bundle of insulated iron wire (e.g., florists' wire), to make the windings. The ends of the iron wires are then bent around the electrical winding to complete the magnetic circuit, and the whole is wrapped with tape or string to hold it together.

Variometer and variocoupler[edit]

A variometer is a type of continuously variable air-core RF inductor with two windings.^[23] One common form consisted of a coil wound on a short hollow cylindrical form, with a second smaller coil inside, mounted on a shaft so its magnetic axis can be rotated with respect to the outer coil. The two coils are connected in series. When the two coils are collinear, with their magnetic fields pointed in the same direction, the two magnetic fields add, and the inductance is maximum. If the inner coil is rotated so its axis is at an angle to the outer coil, the magnetic fields do not add and the inductance is less. If the inner coil is rotated so it is collinear with the outer coil but their magnetic fields point in opposite directions, the fields cancel each other out and the inductance is very small or zero. The advantage of the variometer is that inductance can be adjusted continuously, over a wide range. Variometers were widely used in 1920s radio receivers. One of their main uses today is as antenna matching coils to match longwave radio transmitters to their antennas.

The vario-coupler was a device with similar construction, but the two coils were not connected but attached to separate circuits. So it functioned as an air-core RF transformer with variable coupling. The inner coil could be rotated from 0° to 90° angle with the outer, reducing the mutual inductance from maximum to near zero.

The pancake coil variometer was another common construction used in both 1920s receivers and transmitters. It consists of two flat spiral coils suspended vertically facing each other, hinged at one side so one could swing away from the other to an angle of 90° to reduce the coupling. The flat spiral design served to reduce parasitic capacitance and losses at radio frequencies.

Pancake or "honeycomb" coil vario-couplers were used in the 1920s in the common Armstrong or "tickler" regenerative radio receivers. One coil was connected to the detector tube's grid circuit. The other coil, the "tickler" coil was connected to the tube's plate (output) circuit. It fed back some of the signal from the plate circuit into the input again, and this positive feedback increased the tube's gain and selectivity.

Rotary transformer[edit]

A rotary (rotatory) transformer is a specialized transformer that couples electrical signals between two parts that rotate in relation to each other—as an alternative to slip rings, which are prone to wear and contact noise. They are commonly used in helical scan magnetic tape applications.

Variable differential transformer[edit]

A variable differential transformer is a rugged non-contact position sensor. It has two oppositely-phased primaries which nominally produce zero output in the secondary, but any movement of the core changes the coupling to produce a signal.

Resolver and synchro[edit]

The two-phase resolver and related three-phase synchro are rotary position sensors which work over a full 360°. The primary is rotated within two or three secondaries at different angles, and the amplitudes of the secondary signals can be decoded into an angle. Unlike variable differential transformers, the coils, and not just the core, move relative to each other, so slip rings are required to connect the primary.

Resolvers produce in-phase and quadrature components which are useful for computation. Synchros produce three-phase signals which can be connected to other synchros to rotate them in a generator/motor configuration.

Piezoelectric transformer[edit]

Two piezoelectric transducers can be mechanically coupled or integrated in one piece of material, creating a piezoelectric transformer.

Flyback[edit]

A Flyback transformer is a high-voltage transformer used in plasma balls and with cathode-ray tubes (CRTs). It provides the high (often several kV) anode DC voltage required for operation of CRTs. Variations in anode voltage supplied by the flyback can result in distortions in the image displayed by the CRT. CRT flybacks may contain multiple secondary windings to provide several other, lower voltages. Its output is often pulsed because it is often used with a voltage multiplier, which may be integrated with the flyback.

See also[edit]

• Buck–boost transformer
• Magnetic amplifier
• Motor-generator
• Saturable reactor
• Tap changer
• Three-phase electric power
• Three-phase
• Transformer

References[edit]