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Baccalauréat ( французское произношение: [bakaloʁea] ; лит «бакалавриат»), часто известное во Франции просторечии как БАК , является французской национальной академической квалификацией , что студенты могут получить по окончании их среднего образования (в конце lycée ), выполняя определенные требования. Он существует со времен средневековья.
Аналогичная академическая квалификация существует и в других странах Европы, по-разному известная как Abitur в Германии , maturità в Италии , selectividad в Испании (также в Мексике и Южной Америке ). Существует также Европейский бакалавриат , который студенты сдают по окончании европейского школьного образования.
Во Франции существует три основных типа бакалавриата, получаемых в разных странах, и которые совершенно разные: бакалавриат général (общий бакалавриат), baccalauréat technologique (технологический бакалавриат) и baccalauréat Professionalnel (профессиональный бакалавриат).
Обзор [ править ]
Как и европейский аттестат зрелости или уровень английского A , бакалавриат позволяет французским и иностранным студентам получить стандартную квалификацию, как правило, в возрасте 18 лет (окончание лицея ). Он дает право обладателям работать в определенных областях, продолжить высшее образование ( университеты ) или получить другую профессиональную квалификацию или обучение. Несмотря на то, что это не требуется по закону, подавляющее большинство учащихся последнего года обучения в средней школе сдают выпускной экзамен.
Слово bac также используется для обозначения одного из выпускных экзаменов, которые студенты должны сдать, чтобы получить диплом бакалавра : bac de philo , например, - это экзамен по философии, который должны сдавать все студенты, независимо от их уровня. область изучения.
Во Франции существует три основных типа бакалавриата, получаемых в разных местах, и которые совершенно разные:
- baccalauréat général (общий бакалавриат), специально для поступления в университет и продолжить обучение;
- baccalauréat technologique (технологический бакалавриат), специально для работы или продолжить короткие технические исследования;
- baccalauréat Professionnel (профессиональная бакалаврская), специально , чтобы ввести профессиональную жизнь.
Однако для поступления в обычные университеты во Франции существуют некоторые ограничения в отношении типа бакалавриата, который может быть представлен. В некоторых случаях можно поступить во французский университет без бакалавра, сдав специальный экзамен - «диплом о поступлении в высшее учебное заведение».
Хотя большинство учащихся сдают бакалавр по окончании средней школы, также можно поступить в качестве кандидата libre (буквально «свободный кандидат») без принадлежности к школе. Учащиеся, которые не сдали бакалавр по окончании средней школы (или не смогли его сдать) и хотели бы поступить в университет или считают, что бакалавр поможет им реализовать профессиональные устремления, могут воспользоваться этим вариантом.
Baccalauréat général [ править ]
Основная цель общего бакалавриата - предоставить доступ в университеты и высшие школы для продолжения обучения. Это свидетельствует о продвинутом уровне общих навыков. Его получают в Lycée général .
До 2021 года студенты, сдавшие экзамен на общую степень бакалавра, выбирали один из трех направлений (называемых сериями ) в предпоследнем году лицея (S - естественные науки; ES - экономические и социальные науки; L - литература). Каждый поток приводит к специализации и несет разные веса ( коэффициенты ), связанные с каждым предметом.
С 2021 года потоки S, ES и L общего бакалавриата были заменены тремя специальными курсами, взятыми в течение предпоследнего года (Première), только два из которых сохраняются в последний год (Terminale). Есть 12 специальностей: искусство , экология , история , география и геополитика , гуманитарные науки , языки , литература , математика , информатика , физика и химия , экономические и социальные науки , инженерные науки , биология.и геология . Эти специальности добавляются к общей для всех части: французскому , философии , истории и географии , языкам , наукам , спорту . Большая часть тестов сейчас находится под постоянным контролем, но студенты также проходят заключительный устный тест.
Потоки Baccalauréat général до 2021 года были следующими:
| S S cientifique (науки) | ES Sciences Économiques et Sociales (Экономические и социальные науки) | L Littéraire (Литература) |
|---|---|---|
| Наука ( bac S - bac scientifique ) требует высокого уровня в математике , физике и химии , биологии и геологии и, если возможно, в инженерных науках и информатике . | В BAC ES ( BAC économique и др социальный ) требует высокого уровня в области экономики и социальных курсах обучения; также по математике , истории и географии . | Ьас L ( BAC Littéraire ) весит французской литературы , философии , иностранных языков и искусства в большой степени. |
Другая терминология иногда используется, которая существовала до 1994 года и далее разделить различные SERIES . До этого можно было сесть за бак C или D (теперь S), B (теперь ES) или A1, A2, A3 (теперь L). Люди, сдавшие бакалавриат до реформы, до сих пор используют эту терминологию для обозначения своего диплома.
Baccalauréat позволяет студентам сдавать экзамены на более чем сорок языках, включая французские региональные языки , такие как теолог , бретонский , каталанский или Норман .
Baccalauréat général: série Scientifique (S) [ править ]
S-поток готовит студентов к работе в таких научных областях, как медицина , инженерия и естественные науки . Студенты, изучающие естественные науки, должны специализироваться на математике , физике и химии , информатике или науках о Земле и жизни . Студенты в этом потоке должны иметь хороший результат в физике и химии , математики , Земле и наук о жизни и, если таковые имеются, инженерные науки и компьютерной науки .
| Предметы | Масса | Формат экзамена | Продолжительность | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ожидаемые предметы a | ||||
| Французский язык | 2 | Написано | 4 часа | |
| Французский язык | 2 | Устный | 30 минут приготовления + 20 минут | |
| Travaux personnels encadrés (TPE) | 2 с | Устные и письменные | Студенты должны выбрать предмет, связанный с наукой. Им необходимо подвести итоги в файл (обычно около 30 страниц) и представить его нескольким профессорам, которые затем выставят им индивидуальную оценку из 20. На каждого ученика отводится пять минут. Этот экзамен обычно готовят группы из 3 (а иногда и 4) студентов. Они также должны написать двухстраничное эссе о том, как они участвовали в проекте. Оценка учащегося основывается на документах, которые они представляют, их устной презентации и, где это применимо, на любом практическом, соответствующем опыте, который они могли получить. | |
| Терминальные предметы | ||||
| History & Geography | 3 | Written | 3 hours | |
| Mathematics | 7 or 9 | Written | 4 hours | |
| Physics & Chemistry | 6 or 8 | Written and Laboratory | 3 ½ hours plus 1 hour | |
| Earth & Life Sciences Engineering Sciences Biology-Ecology | 6 or 8 4 + 5 5 + 2 | Written and Laboratory Written and Laboratory Written and Laboratory | 3 ½ hours plus 1 hour 8 hours ( 1 hour for electronics, 1 hour for mechanics, 4 hours for practical work and 2 hours for TPE or PPE) 3 ½ hours plus 1 ½ hour | |
| First Foreign Language (LV1) | 3 | Written | 3 hours | |
| Second Foreign Language (LV2) or Regional Language (LVR) | 2 | Written | 2 hours | |
| Philosophy | 3 | Written | 4 hours | |
| Physical Education | 2 | Year-end Average | ||
| Specializations | ||||
| Mathematics or Physics & Chemistry or Earth & Life Sciences or Computer science | 2b | Oral or Laboratory (except for Mathematics) | 1 hour (20 minutes for Computer science) | |
| Supplementary Physical Education | 2 | Year-end Average | ||
| Optional Subjectsd | ||||
| Foreign Language | 2c or 3c | Oral or Written (depending on the language) | 20 minutes or 2 hours | |
| Regional Language | Oral | 20 minutes | ||
| Latin | Oral | 15 minutes | ||
| Ancient Greek | Oral | 15 minutes | ||
| Physical Education | Year-end Average or Examination | |||
| Arts | Oral | 30–40 minutes | ||
| Langue Vivante Européenne (European Foreign Language) : Advanced language + another class (such as History or Biology) in that language | 1° (+ Special mention on the diploma) | Oral | 40 minutes | |
| aExam at the end of première. French is replaced by Philosophy in terminale. bAdded to general subject above, except for computer science. | ||||
Baccalauréat général : série Économique et Sociale (ES)[edit]
Students of the ES stream prepare for careers in the Political Science , Sociology , Management , Business administration , Law and Economics. The main and important subjects of this stream are Economics & Social Sciences , History & Geography and Mathematics.
| Subjects | Weight | Format of exam | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anticipated subjectsa | |||
| French Language | 2 | Written | 4 hours |
| French Language | 2 | Oral | 30 minutes of preparation + 20 minutes |
| Sciences (Physics, Chemistry and Biology) (Same school curricula as L stream) | 2 | Written | 1 ½ hours |
| Travaux personnels encadrés (TPE) | 2c | Oral and Written | Research all year long + a report + an oral of about 30 minutes |
| Terminale subjects | |||
| History & Geography (Same school curricula as L stream) | 5 | Written | 4 hours |
| Mathematics | 5 or 7f | Written | 3 hours |
| Economics & Social Sciences | 7 or 9f | Written | 4 hoursb |
| First Foreign Language (LV1) | 3 | Written + Oral | 3 hours + 10 minutes |
| Second Foreign Language (LV2) or Regional Language (LVR) | 2 | Written + Oral | 2 hours + 10 minutes |
| Philosophy | 4 | Written | 4 hours |
| Physical Education | 2 | Year-end Average | |
| Specializations | |||
| Detailed Economy (Health economy, Demography, Competition policy, Monopoly, Finance' Financial regulation) or Applied Mathematics or Social sciences & Politics (Democracy, Political participation, Policy in European Union) g | 2c | Written | 1 hour |
| Supplementary Physical Education | 2 | Year-end Average | |
| Optional Subjectse | |||
| Foreign Language | 2d | Oral or Written (depending on the language) | 20 minutes or 2 hours |
| Regional Language | Oral | 20 minutes | |
| Latin | Oral | 15 minutes | |
| Ancient Greek | Oral | 15 minutes | |
| Physical Education | Year-end Average or Examination | ||
| Arts | Oral | 30–40 minutes | |
| aExams at the end of première. French is replaced by Philosophy in terminale. bThe exam is 5-hours long for students in this specialization. An additional topic with a duration of 1 hour is distributed at the beginning of the test to all students who choose this specialization. fThe highest coefficient is applied to students who choose this specialization. gThe test of specialty economy is included in the compulsory economy test, it is the same thing for mathematics. The test of English specialty is not included in the compulsory English test. | |||
Baccalauréat général : série Littéraire (L)[edit]
Students in the L stream prepare for careers in education, linguistics, literature , Philosophy and public service. They also have interests in the arts. The most important subjects in the literary stream are Philosophy , French language , Literature , Arts and other Languages, usually English, German and Spanish.
| Subjects | Weight | Format of exam | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anticipated subjectsa | |||
| French Language & Literature | 3 | Written | 4 hours |
| French Language & Literature | 2 | Oral | 30 minutes of preparation + 20 minutes |
| Sciences (Physics, Chemistry and Biology) (Same school curricula as ES stream) | 2 | Written | 1 ½ hours |
| Travaux personnels encadrés (TPE; Supervised Personal Work) | 2c | Oral | ten minutes for each pupil (TPE is an exam generally prepared by groups of 3 pupils) |
| Terminale subjects | |||
| Philosophy | 7 | Written | 4 hours |
| Literature | 4 | Written | 2 hours |
| History & Geography (Same school curricula as ES stream) | 4 | Written | 4 hours |
| First Foreign Language (LV1) | 4 | Written | 3 hours |
| Second Foreign Language (LV2) or Regional Language (LVR) | 4 | Written | 3 hours |
| Physical Education | 2 | Year-end Average | |
| Foreign literature in foreign language (LV1 or LV2) ("LELE") | 1 | Oral | 10 minutes |
| Specializations | |||
| Detailed "LV1" or "LV2" | +4 | Oral | 20 minutes |
| Third Foreign Language (Chinese, Italian, ...) | 4 | Oral | 20 minutes |
| Law and major issues of the contemporary world (DGEMC, or "droit") | 4 | Oral | 20 minutes |
| Latin or Ancient Greek | 4 | Written | 3 hours |
| Mathematics | 3 | Written | 3 hours |
| Arts & Crafts or Cinema & Audiovisual Studies or Art History or Music or Theatre & Dramatic Expression or Dance | 6 | Written and Oral | 3 ½ hours and ½-hour |
| Supplementary Physical Education | 2 | Year-end Average | |
| Optional Subjectsc | |||
| Foreign Language | 2b | Oral or Written (depending on the language) | 20 minutes or 2 hours |
| Regional Language | Oral | 20 minutes | |
| Latin | Oral | 15 minutes | |
| Ancient Greek | Oral | 15 minutes | |
| Physical Education | Year-end Average or Examination | ||
| Arts (Can be fine art or Cinema Audiovisual studies) | Oral | 30–40 minutes | |
| aExams at the end of première. French is replaced by Philosophy and Literature in terminale. bOnly points above 10 out of 20 (50%) are taken into consideration. Multiplied by two for first subject (except Latin and Greek, where the multiplier is three) and by one for the second subject. | |||
Baccalauréat technologique[edit]
The technological baccalaureate is one of the three tracks of the French baccalaureate. It is obtained in a Lycée technologique. The teaching of the lessons is based on inductive reasoning and experimentation. It allows you to work or to pursue short and technical studies (laboratory, design and applied arts, hotel and restaurant, management etc.).
It currently has eight sections : STMG (Sciences and Technologies of Management), ST2S (Sciences and Technologies of Healthcare), STI2D (Sciences and Technologies of Industry and Sustainable Development), STD2A (Sciences and Technologies of Design and Applied Art), STHR (Hospitality Industry and Business), STL (Science and Technologies of Laboratory), STAV (Science and Technologies of Agronomy and Living Organisms), S2TMD (Science and Technologies of Theater, Music and Dance).
Baccalauréat professionnel[edit]
The professional baccalaureate allows rapid integration into working life. It is obtained in a Lycée professionnel.
The professional baccalaureate includes nearly 100 specialties like : Leather crafts; Building technician; Maintenance of industrial equipment; Cook; Road freight transport driver; Butcher etc.
Format[edit]
The baccalauréat général examination takes place in the two last years of the lycée : première and terminale. From 2021 a large part of the tests is now in continuous control.
Most examinations are given in essay-form. The student is given a substantial block of time (depending on the exam, that is from two to five hours) to complete a multiple-page, well-argued paper. The number of pages varies from exam to exam but is usually substantial considering all answers have to be written down, explained and justified. Mathematics and science exams are problem sets but some science questions also require an essay-type answer. Foreign-language exams often have a short translation section, as well. Mathematics and the Earth & Life Sciences examinations may occasionally contain some multiple-choice questions (choix multiples), but this is rare and when it occurs, it does not constitute the majority of the exam.
Students of the baccalauréat général also have to work on an oral research project (final oral test, travaux personnels encadrés, or TPE). It focusses on their specialties, under the supervision of a faculty member. The oral examination takes place in front of a jury of teachers. There are also several oral exams in languages; practical work in science or arts; or physical evaluation in sport.
When taken in mainland France, the baccalauréat material is the same for all students in a given stream. The secrecy surrounding the material is very tight, and the envelopes containing the exams are unsealed by a high-ranking school officer (usually a principal or vice-principal) in front of the examinees only a few minutes prior to the start of the examination. The procedure is the same for each subject, in each stream. Students usually have an identification number and an assigned seat. The number is written on all exam material and the name is hidden by folding and sealing the upper right-hand corner of the examination sheet(s). That way, anonymity is respected. The correcting staff is usually a member of the teaching staff in the same district or, at a larger scale, in the same académie. To avoid conflicts of interests, a teacher who has lectured to a student or group of students cannot grade that exam. Also, to ensure greater objectivity on the part of the examiners, the test is anonymous. The grader sees only an exam paper with a serial number, with all personally identifying material stripped away and forbidden from appearing, thus curbing any favoritism based upon sex, religion, national origin, or ethnicity.
Unlike the English GCSEs, Scottish Standard Grades or the American SAT, the French baccalauréat is not a completely-standardised test. Since most answers, even for biology questions, are given in essay form, the grades may vary from grader to grader, especially in subjects like philosophy and French literature.
Students generally take the French language and literature exam at the end of première since that subject is not taught in terminale, where it is replaced with a philosophy course. It also has an oral examination component, along with the written part. The oral exam covers works studied throughout première. However, in L, students do have a literature exam in terminale.
Weighting system[edit]
Each baccalauréat stream has its own set of subjects that each carry a different weighting (coefficient). That allows some subjects to be more important than others. For example, in the ES stream, Economics & Social Science carry more weight than the Natural Sciences and so the former is more important than the latter. Students usually study more for exams that carry heavier weightings since the grades that they obtain in these exams have a bigger impact on their overall grade. Whether or not one passes the bac and/or receives eventual honours is determined by the calculation of that overall grade.
Option Internationale du Baccalauréat[edit]
The general baccalauréat offers several additional variants. The best-known subset is the "option internationale du baccalauréat" (OIB). Sometimes confusingly translated as the "French international baccalaureat", it is, however, unrelated to the International Baccalaureate (IB).
The OIB adds further subjects to the French national exam. Students choose one of the L, ES or S streams. It differs, as students take a two-year syllabus in literature, history, and geography in a foreign language. That syllabus and the way that it is examined is modelled on the national exam of the target nation. For instance, the British Section (administered by the University of Cambridge) models the programmes on A-levels in English, History, and Geography. It is therefore necessary to be fully bilingual to complete this qualification. To date there are 15 different sections supporting 14 different languages, thus: American, Arabic, British, (mainland) Chinese, Danish, Dutch, German, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Swedish.[1]
At the end of terminale, OIB students have extra exams in Literature and History/Geography. These exams have a high weighting in the final mark of the baccalaureate and do not give extra points to OIB students. Overall, these students work much more (up to an additional 10 hours per week of classes, with a significant amount of required reading and homework attached as well) than the other general baccalauréat students, and many of them tend to go to foreign universities. University admissions tutors often consider reducing the entrance requirements for students taking the OIB compared with those taking the standard French baccalaureate to reflect the additional demands of the OIB.[2]
Since the students that attend these schools make up a fairly small demographic, they tend to be spread over a far larger area than would traditionally be expected of a normal lycée or secondary school. As a consequence, many of these students must commute long distances, with one-hour trips each way being fairly common. The long commutes, the longer days, and the increased workload that come with the OIB mean that it places great demands on the students, and many students cannot handle the workload and so transfer to schools teaching the standard French baccalaureate. Thus, many consider the OIB qualification to be highly challenging and a sign, not only of academic prowess, but also of tenacity and hard work.[citation needed]
Different languages[edit]
To test their foreign or regional language students can choose among these different languages (not at all schools): English, German, Arabic, Armenian, Cambodian, Chinese, Danish, Spanish, Finnish, Modern Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Turkish, Vietnamese; regional languages: Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedoc, Limousin, Niçard, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine, regional languages of Alsace regional languages of Moselle), Tahitian, Albanian, Amharic, Melanesian languages, Bambara, Berber, Bulgarian, Cambodian, Korean, Croatian, Hausa, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Malaysian, Laotian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Malagasy, Persian, Fulani, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Swedish, Swahili, Tamil, Czech.[3]
Passing and honours[edit]
The pass mark is 10 out of 20. The 2014 success rate for the baccalauréat in mainland France was 87.9%.[4]
For the baccalauréat, four levels of honours are given:[5]
- A mark between 12 and 13.99 will earn a mention assez bien (honours, lit. “fairly good”);
- A mark between 14 and 15.99 will earn a mention bien (high honours, lit. “good”);
- A mark between 16 and 17.99 will earn a mention très bien (very high honours, lit. “very good”);
- A mark of 18 and above will earn the félicitations du jury (highest honors, lit. “congratulations from the [examination] jury).
Honours are prestigious but not crucial, as admissions to the classes préparatoires (preparatory classes), which prepare students for the grande école examinations, are decided months before the examination.
French educators seldom use the entire grading scale. The same applies when marking the baccalauréat. Therefore, students are very unlikely to get a 20 out of 20 or more (it is actually possible to get more than 20 because of options like Arts, Music, Latin etc.). It is also very rare to see scores lower than 5.
Grade inflation has become a concern. Between 2005 and 2016, the proportion of students who received an honour in the general baccalaureate doubled.[6]
European section[edit]
A European section is an option in French high schools to teach a subject through a European language other than French. It also gives pupils the opportunity of having more hours in the language studied. It is also an opportunity to learn more about the culture of the country of which the language is being spoken. For example, learning History in Spanish the history of Spain and that of Central and South America would be emphasized. Teachers present their lessons in English, German, Italian or Spanish.
At the end, students can receive a "European section" mention on their baccalaureat. To have that mention, they need to get at least 12/20 on their language examination and at least 10/20 at an additional oral examination on the subject in the language.
For example, those who choose History in Spanish as an additional subject would take their Spanish examination like the rest of their classmates, who do not have History in Spanish, and get at least 12/20. They then have to pass an oral examination on history in Spanish and get at least 10/20.
Supplemental examination[edit]
A student who averages between 8 and 10 is permitted to sit for the épreuve de rattrapage (also called the second groupe), a supplemental oral examination is given in two subjects of the student's choice. A student who does well enough in those examinations to raise the overall weighted grade to a 10 gets the baccalauréat. A student who does poorly in the orals and receives below a 10 may choose to repeat the final year of lycée (terminale).
Students may not redo the entire examination in September; the September examinations may be taken only by those who have not been able to take the June examinations for serious reasons (such as illness).
See also[edit]
- Academic grading in France
- Education in France
- Baccalauréat technologique
- International Baccalaureate
- European Baccalaureate
Note[edit]
- The formula was taken from the Lycée Claudel website, a French lycée in Ottawa, Canada and might only be accurate for Canadian—and even Ontarian—percentage grades. In Ontario, an 80% grade is an "A" on the American Scale and the student is awarded an Ontario Scholar Diploma. A 90% grade is an A+ on the American Scale is considered a grade with honours and automatically qualifies the student for government-funded scholarships and bursaries. The formula should be used for comparison only.
References[edit]
- ^ "les sections Internationales au lycée" Education.gouv.fr Retrieved 2013-07-04
- ^ "OIB: The Option Internationale du Baccalauréat Explained". The Good Schools Guide. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "Bulletin officiel n°30 du 24 juillet 2003 - M.J.E.N.R". Education.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
- ^ "NI du bac.vp" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-04.
- ^ "Les mentions au BAC". Admis-Examen (in French). Retrieved 2017-12-26.
- ^ "What is the bac?". Euronews. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
- French Ministry of Education website
Further reading[edit]
- Sayare, Scott. "Rite of Passage for French Students Receives Poor Grade." (Print title: "A Rite of Passage for French Students Receives a Poor Grade") The New York Times. Published online on June 27, 2013. Published in print on June 28, 2013, p. A11, New York edition.
External links[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baccalauréat. |
- Grade Equivalency Chart
- OIB Revision Site
