| Glace Bay Гэльский : Glasbaidh | |
|---|---|
Сообщество | |
  Glace Bay Расположение залива Глейс в Новой Шотландии | |
| Координаты: 46.19695 ° N 59.95698 ° W46°11′49″N 59°57′25″W / | |
| Страна | Канада |
| Провинции Канады | Новая Шотландия |
| Областной муниципалитет | Кейп-Бретон, региональный муниципалитет |
| Основан | 1785 |
| Инкорпорированный город | 1901 г. |
| Растворенный | 1 августа 1995 г. |
| Область | |
| • Общее | 35,15 км 2 (13,57 квадратных миль) |
| Высота | Уровень моря до 56 м (от 0 до 183,72 футов) |
| Население (2011) Данные Статистического управления Канады. | |
| • Общее | 19 076 |
| Часовой пояс | UTC-4 ( AST ) |
| • Лето ( DST ) | UTC-3 ( ADT ) |
| Канадский почтовый индекс | B 1A |
| Код (а) города | 902 |
| Обмен телефонами | 849, 842 |
Глейс-Бэй ( шотландский гэльский : Glasbaidh ) - это сообщество в восточной части регионального муниципалитета Кейп-Бретон в Новой Шотландии , Канада. Он является частью общей территории, известной как Промышленный Кейп-Бретон .
Бывший объединенный город (1901–1995), муниципальное управление в заливе Глейс было распущено, и сообщество было объединено в более крупный региональный муниципалитет. До объединения Глейс-Бэй был четвертым по величине городским районом провинции и крупнейшим городом Новой Шотландии по численности населения.
Соседние сообщества включают Резервные шахты , Доминион и Тауэр-роуд.
История [ править ]
Еще в 1720-х годах французы заселили этот район, чтобы снабжать крепость Луисбург углем. [1] Они назвали это место baie de Glace (буквально « Ледяная бухта» ) из-за морского льда, который каждую зиму заполнял океан. В 1748 году, после захвата крепости Луисбург, британцы построили форт Уильям в Тейбл-Хеде, чтобы защитить шахту, добывающую уголь для снабжения гарнизона Луисбурга. Сам форт представлял собой привезенный из Бостона сруб с частоколом. Когда остров Кейп-Бретон был возвращен под контроль Франции, Форт-Уильям продолжал работать до 1752 года, когда он был разрушен пожаром.
| Перепись | Население |
|---|---|
| Городок | |
| 1891 г. | 2,459 |
| 1901 г. | 6 945 |
| 1911 г. | 16 562 |
| 1921 г. | 17 007 |
| 1931 г. | 20 706 |
| 1941 г. | 25 050 |
| 1951 г. | 25 586 |
| 1956 г. | 24 416 |
| 1961 г. | 24 186 |
| 1971 г. | 22 440 |
| 1981 г. | 21 466 |
| 1986 г. | 20 467 |
| 1991 г. | 19 501 |
| Городской район | |
| 2001 г. | 21 187 |
| 2006 г. | 19 968 |
| 2011 г. | 19 076 |
More permanent settlement of Glace Bay probably can be dated from 1818 when Walter Blackett obtained a grant of land on the south side of the Bay. Coal mining existed on a small scale until the 1860s, when four mines were in operation within the future town boundaries. These included the Hub, Harbour, Caledonia and Glace Bay Collieries. The first large mine, the Hub Shaft of Glace Bay opened in 1861 and a total of 12 mines in Glace Bay were in operation.[2] Following the formation of the Dominion Coal Company in 1893, the coal mining industry expanded significantly in what was to become Glace Bay with the opening of several new mines. In 1894, the government gave exclusive mining rights to the Dominion Coal Company.[2]
Small communities grew up around the mines and by 1901 they came together to form the Town of Glace Bay. At the time of incorporation, the population was 6,945.[3] During the early 20th century, mining companies recruited in the American South for workers, attracting African Americans from Mississippi. By the 1940s, the figure exceeded 28,000 and Glace Bay became Canada's largest town (in population).[3] At one time, the town had 12 collieries but none remains. Because of this industrial decline, jobs left and the core population decreased to 16,984 as of 2001.[4] The city has been dissolved/deincorporated since municipal amalgamation in 1995, which formed the Cape Breton Regional Municipality.
Экономика [ править ]
Глейс-Бэй когда-то был городом, где добывали уголь . В 1860 году была образована компания Glace Bay Mining, которая эксплуатировала две шахты. Первая крупная шахта, Hub Shaft, открылась в 1861 году. Крупномасштабная добыча началась в 1893 году после того, как угольной компании Dominion Coal были предоставлены исключительные права на добычу полезных ископаемых. Глэйс Бэй был зарегистрирован как город 18 января 1901 года. [5] На пике популярности компания управляла в общей сложности одиннадцатью шахтами и обеспечивала 40% добычи угля в Канаде. Уголь перевозили по Сиднейско-Луисбургской железной дороге. to both of those ports for shipping. The S & L Railway's main operations, including the roundhouse and machine shops were located in Glace Bay. Glace Bay's extensive coal and rail operations made the town the industrial center of Cape Breton. As coal mining became less important, the mines were closed until, in 1984 Colliery No. 26 was closed by the Cape Breton Development Corporation. Many residents of Glace Bay started to work at the two other coal mines in the area: Prince Colliery in Point Aconi and Phalen Colliery and Lingan Colliery in Lingan. However, coal mining continued its decline with Lingan closing in the mid-1990s, followed by Phalen in 1999 and Prince in 2001.
Fishing was also an important industry throughout the 20th century. However, by the 1990s fish stocks were so depleted that the fishery was closed. Some fish processing still occurs here.
Present day[edit]
The former town of Glace Bay has a population of slightly fewer than 20,000 people. In 2001, a call centre operated by Stream Global Services, using post-industrialization subsidies opened.
The Swiss mining consortium Xstrata was the primary partner in the Donkin Coal Development Alliance, which won the rights to develop an abandoned mine site in the nearby community of Donkin. Currently, the mine is owned by Kameron Collieries, a subsidiary of Cline Group LLC which purchased the operation in 2014–2015. Coal production commenced in February 2016 and by the fall of 2018, the mine had 120 employees.[6]
Historical features and places[edit]
Marconi National Historic Site[edit]
The Marconi National Historic Site of Canada is located at Table Head in Glace Bay.[7] Parks Canada maintains an interpretive centre at the site honouring the role of Guglielmo Marconi in the development of radio communications. In December 1902, Marconi transmitted the first complete messages to Poldhu from stations at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.[8]
Marconi chose this site for its elevated flat expanse and unobstructed view out over the ocean. Some of the concrete footings for the massive towers can still be seen on the grounds. Marconi built a much larger wireless site west of here then known as Marconi Towers. In 1907 he initiated the first permanent transatlantic wireless service from Marconi Towers to its companion site in Clifden, Ireland.
Geography[edit]
Landscape[edit]
The local landscape is heavily forested and hilly. Some of the low-lying areas at the bottom of hills consist of marshes and bogs. There are rocky cliffs around the ocean along most of the coast and erosion continues to be a problem in some areas; part of North Street fell into the ocean due to erosion and the street was split into Upper and Lower North Street.
Many areas surrounding former coal mines are experiencing subsidence as the old mine shafts collapse. There are several brownfields around the community at former industrial sites.
Flora and fauna[edit]
Glace Bay has a large amount of forests and swamp surrounding the town and within the town limits. Mammals present in Glace Bay include squirrels, rabbits, fox, deer, mice, muskrats, cats, dogs, and coyotes. Bird species include ducks, great horned owls, Canada geese, crows, gulls, and pigeons. Pheasants are occasionally seen around wooded areas. Smaller birds such as robins, black capped chickadees, and sparrows are also present. Frogs, salamanders, and snakes are also common in Glace Bay.
Glace Bay and the surrounding areas are heavily forested. Common deciduous trees in Glace Bay include poplar, maples, and birches. Oaks, elms and beech trees are also present but they are less common. Common conifers include spruce and balsam with some pine and tamaracks present as well.
The introduced Asian plants of Japanese and Giant Knotweed are common throughout the town and surrounding woodlands and are colloquially known as "elephant ears".
Climate[edit]
Glace Bay experiences a cool summer, and windy, wet and stormy winter, version of a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) that is significantly moderated by the community's proximity to the Atlantic Ocean.[9] The highest temperature ever recorded in Glace Bay was 36.7 °C (98 °F) on 18 August 1935.[10] The lowest temperature ever recorded was −31.7 °C (−25 °F) on 31 January 1873, 29 January 1877 and 15 February 1916.[11][12][13]
Because of its close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, Glace Bay, like all of Cape Breton Island, experiences strong seasonal lag. The ocean does not reach its maximum temperature until mid August. It usually stays there until early September. This makes August the hottest month in Glace Bay rather than July which is usually the hottest in most northern continental climates. February is also the coldest month on average rather than January.
| Climate data for Sydney Airport, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1870–present[Note 1] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 18.2 | 19.0 | 25.0 | 26.0 | 36.8 | 43.4 | 41.8 | 41.9 | 38.9 | 30.4 | 25.5 | 18.5 | 43.4 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) | 18.0 (64.4) | 24.0 (75.2) | 27.2 (81.0) | 31.1 (88.0) | 34.4 (93.9) | 33.9 (93.0) | 36.7 (98.1) | 32.3 (90.1) | 27.2 (81.0) | 22.2 (72.0) | 16.7 (62.1) | 36.7 (98.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) | −1.5 (29.3) | 1.5 (34.7) | 6.6 (43.9) | 13.1 (55.6) | 18.6 (65.5) | 23.1 (73.6) | 22.9 (73.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 12.6 (54.7) | 7.3 (45.1) | 2.1 (35.8) | 10.3 (50.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −5.4 (22.3) | −5.9 (21.4) | −2.6 (27.3) | 2.5 (36.5) | 7.9 (46.2) | 13.2 (55.8) | 17.9 (64.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 14.0 (57.2) | 8.5 (47.3) | 3.8 (38.8) | −1.5 (29.3) | 5.9 (42.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −9.6 (14.7) | −10.3 (13.5) | −6.7 (19.9) | −1.6 (29.1) | 2.7 (36.9) | 7.7 (45.9) | 12.6 (54.7) | 13.1 (55.6) | 9.1 (48.4) | 4.3 (39.7) | 0.2 (32.4) | −5 (23) | 1.4 (34.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.7 (−25.1) | −31.7 (−25.1) | −31.1 (−24.0) | −17.8 (0.0) | −7.8 (18.0) | −3.9 (25.0) | 0.6 (33.1) | 2.2 (36.0) | −2.2 (28.0) | −5.6 (21.9) | −13.9 (7.0) | −23.3 (−9.9) | −31.7 (−25.1) |
| Record low wind chill | −42.6 | −41.1 | −34.3 | −21.4 | −11.3 | −6.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −5.1 | −10.5 | −19.3 | −31.3 | −42.6 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 152.5 (6.00) | 128.1 (5.04) | 130.0 (5.12) | 133.3 (5.25) | 103.2 (4.06) | 96.9 (3.81) | 88.5 (3.48) | 100.2 (3.94) | 118.7 (4.67) | 142.9 (5.63) | 156.0 (6.14) | 167.0 (6.57) | 1,517.2 (59.73) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 80.5 (3.17) | 63.8 (2.51) | 83.2 (3.28) | 112.2 (4.42) | 100.9 (3.97) | 96.9 (3.81) | 88.5 (3.48) | 100.2 (3.94) | 118.7 (4.67) | 142.2 (5.60) | 144.0 (5.67) | 111.2 (4.38) | 1,242.4 (48.91) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 74.3 (29.3) | 65.3 (25.7) | 48.1 (18.9) | 21.4 (8.4) | 2.3 (0.9) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.62 (0.24) | 12.4 (4.9) | 58.5 (23.0) | 283.0 (111.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 20.6 | 16.5 | 16.6 | 15.8 | 14.5 | 14.0 | 11.7 | 12.7 | 13.5 | 15.9 | 18.1 | 21.0 | 191.0 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 8.4 | 7.3 | 9.5 | 13.0 | 14.1 | 14.0 | 11.7 | 12.7 | 13.5 | 15.8 | 15.4 | 11.5 | 146.9 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 16.6 | 12.6 | 11.0 | 5.6 | 0.83 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.62 | 5.4 | 14.2 | 66.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 LST) | 72.5 | 72.0 | 69.8 | 69.7 | 65.0 | 64.9 | 65.2 | 65.2 | 67.6 | 70.5 | 74.2 | 75.9 | 69.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 91.0 | 111.6 | 132.9 | 141.0 | 198.0 | 224.6 | 246.9 | 228.4 | 167.1 | 130.1 | 77.0 | 68.2 | 1,816.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 32.4 | 38.3 | 36.1 | 34.7 | 42.7 | 47.7 | 51.8 | 52.0 | 44.3 | 38.3 | 27.1 | 25.3 | 39.2 |
| Source: Environment Canada[16][14][10][11][13][17] | |||||||||||||
Politics[edit]
Federally, Glace Bay is located in the riding of Cape Breton–Canso, currently held by Liberal MP Mike Kelloway. Provincially, the riding of Glace Bay, which is formed by the former town boundary is currently held by Liberal MLA Geoff MacLellan who won a by-election on June 22, 2010. The riding had been held for ten years by Liberal MLA Dave Wilson until his resignation in March 2010.
Mayors of Glace Bay[edit]
While Glace Bay was a town, the following people were its mayor:
- David M. Burchell 1901–1907
- John Carey Douglas 1907–1910
- Henry MacDonald 1910–1912
- Gordon S. Harrington 1912–1915
- Dan Cameron 1915–1916
- Angus J. MacDonald 1917
- Alonzo O'Neil 1918–1920
- E. MacK Forbes 1920–1921
- Dan W. Morrison 1921–1933
- Charles MacVicar 1933–1934
- Dan W. Morrison 1934–1950
- Dan A. MacDonald 1950–1970
- Dan A. Munroe 1970–1981
- Bruce A. Clark 1981–1988
- Donald MacInnis 1988–1995
Notable people from Glace Bay[edit]
 | This article's list of residents may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. (December 2015) |
- Dave Amadio, NHL hockey player, played for the Los Angeles Kings.
- Vivian Berkeley, award-winning blind lawn bowler.
- Linda Bond, former General of The Salvation Army.
- John Bernard Croak, war hero, WW1, recipient of the Victoria Cross.
- Aselin Debison, musician.
- Fred Dickson, Canadian lawyer, politician, and a Conservative member of the Senate of Canada.
- Doug Doull, NHL hockey player, played for Boston Bruins and Washington Capitals.
- Clarie Gillis, Member of Parliament, Cape Breton South, 1940–1957.
- Gordon Sidney Harrington, former mayor and former premier of Nova Scotia.
- Andy Hogan, Member of Parliament, Cape Breton—East Richmond, 1974–1980.
- Ron James, comedian.
- Drake Jensen, country music singer.
- Pat MacAdam, Author, advisor of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.
- Allister MacGillivray, Canadian singer/songwriter, guitarist, and music historian.
- Henry Poole MacKeen, Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, 1963 to 1968.
- MacLean & MacLean, comedic team.
- Hugh MacLennan, novelist.
- Matt Minglewood, musician.
- John W. Morgan, former Mayor of CBRM.
- Marty O'Donnell, Olympic boxer.
- Daniel Petrie, Hollywood film director.
- Gerard Phalen, senator.
- Logan Shaw, NHL hockey player for the Ottawa Senators, 76th overall pick, 2011 NHL Entry Draft.
- Doug Sulliman, NHL hockey player, 1979 New York Rangers 13th overall draft pick.
Attractions[edit]
- Savoy Theatre
- Cape Breton Miners' Museum
- Marconi Museum
- Miners Village
- Renwick Brook Park
- Queen Elizabeth Park
- Glace Bay Heritage Museum
- John Bernard Croak Memorial Park
See also[edit]
- Reserve Mines
- Dominion
- Cape Breton Island
- Province of Cape Breton
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Based on station coordinates provided by Environment Canada, climate data was collected near downtown Sydney from January 1870 to March 1941,[14] and from April 1941 to the present day at Sydney Airport.[15]
Citations[edit]
- ^ "A Brief History of Glace Bay". cbv.ns.ca. Town of Glace Bay. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
- ^ a b "Mining in the Region: Introduction". The History of Mining in Cape Brenton. Cape Brenton Miners' Museum. Archived from the original on February 8, 2005. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
- ^ a b CBNET.NS.CA Archived October 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ CBRM.NS.CA
- ^ MacEwan, Paul (1976). Miners and Steelworkers: Labour in Cape Breton. Toronto, Canada: A. M. Hakkert Ltd. p. 8. ISBN 0-88866-533-4.
- ^ Montgomery-Dupe, Sharon (3 January 2019). "UPDATED: Donkin mine operations suspended after roof collapse". The Chronicle Herald. Donkin, NS. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- ^ Marconi National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
- ^ "Guglielmo Marconi - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
- ^ Deibel (2012).
- ^ a b "August 1935". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. September 22, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
- ^ a b "January 1873". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. September 22, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
- ^ "January 1877". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. September 26, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
- ^ a b "February 1916". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. September 22, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
- ^ a b "Sydney". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 2011-10-31. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
- ^ "Sydney A". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 2011-10-31. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
- ^ "Sydney A Normals". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 2013-09-25. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
- ^ "March 2012". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 2011-10-31. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
External links[edit]
- CBWHS:Information for Tourists in the Glace Bay Area
- Marconi's Table Head wireless station
- About the Savoy Theatre
- Cape Breton Miners' Museum
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Category:Cape Breton Regional Municipality
Portal:Canada
WikiProject:Nova ScotiaCoordinates: 46°12′N 59°58′W / 46.200°N 59.967°W / 46.200; -59.967
