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Во время нацистской оккупации Норвегии немецкие власти депортировали около 768 человек еврейского происхождения в концентрационные лагеря за пределами Норвегии. [1] От 28 до 34 из депортированных пережили [2] продолжавшееся тюремное заключение (после депортации). Поскольку норвежская полиция и власти Германии вели учет этих жертв, исследователи смогли собрать информацию о депортированных. [3] [Примечание 1]

Список евреев, депортированных из Норвегии [ править ]

Этот список в значительной степени основан на списке Кристиана Оттосена с аннотациями из других источников. Выжившие указаны жирным шрифтом .

References[edit]

  1. ^ Mendelsohn, Oskar (1986). Jødenes historie i Norge gjennom 300 år - Bind 2 1940-1985 (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. pp. 334–360. ISBN 82-00-02524-1.
  2. ^ Ottosen, Kristian (1994). "Vedlegg 1". I slik en natt; historien om deportasjonen av jøder fra Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. 334–360. ISBN 82-03-26049-7.
  3. ^ Inndragning av jødisk eiendom i Norge under den 2. verdenskrig. Norges offentlige utredninger (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statens forvaltningstjeneste. June 1997. ISBN 82-583-0437-2. NOU 1997:22 ("Skarpnesutvalget"). Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  4. ^ "Spørreskjema for jøder i Norge" [Questionnaire for Jews in Norway] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Riksarkivet. 6 March 1942. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011.
  5. ^ Asberg was sent to Monowitz concentration camp|Monowitz, Mittelbau-Dora|Dora and Ravensbrück concentration camp|Ravensbrück, and was ultimately able to escape before being liberated by the Soviet army (Mendelsohn, pps. 179 and 181).
  6. ^ Feige Aschkanaze nee Landau was the widow of rabbi Mayer Aschkanaze Arkivverket.no
  7. ^ a b c d Hille Becker and his wife Judith Zemechman Becker, had immigrated to Norway after World War I from the Soviet Union. They had three children: Ada, Joseph, and Herman. All but Joseph were deported and killed in the concentration camps. Herman volunteered first to the 330 Squadron under Norwegian command, and then as a navigator on de Havilland Mosquito planes with the No. 464 Squadron RAAF. He was shot down and killed during an attack on Gestapo headquarters in Copenhagen on 21 March 1945. His body washed ashore on the island of Samsø and remained unidentified until 2000. Guhnfeldt, Cato (2000-05-29). "Graven funnet etter 55 år" (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aftenposten.
  8. ^ Annie Louise Benkow nee Florence was noted politician Jo Benkow's mother.
  9. ^ Josef Berg was moved from Auschwitz to Golleschau in January 1943, whence he was evacuated on January 19, 1945 by forced march to Loslau, and then to Henkel, and then sent with another Norwegian (non-Jewish) group to Sachsenhausen in time to be rescued by the White Buses. He was one of only three Jews deported from Norway that were rescued by the White Buses. Mendelsohn (1986, pps. 182-183)
  10. ^ Benjamin Bild was the first Jewish Norwegian to be deported and murdered. A labor union leader at Kjeller, he was originally arrested for political reasons.
  11. ^ Sara Bjercke's maiden name was Segal. She was sent via Bredtveit concentration camp|Bredtveit and Grini to Ravensbrück concentration camp, and from there to Nacht und Nebel prisons, apparently ending her days at Auschwitz Mendelsohn (1986, p. 152).
  12. ^ According to Ottosen (1994, pps 124-125), Ida Iris Claes was admitted to Ullevål sykehus with a high fever. The Norwegian police officers, over the objections of the medical staff, insisted on removing her from her bed in a stretcher.
  13. ^ According to "Historikk jøder fra Agder" (in Norwegian). Stiftelsen Arkivet. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2008-06-24., Grete and Friedrich Doller were arrested and imprisoned in the local jail in Kristiansand and then in the camps at Berg concentration camp|Berg and Grini concentration camp|Grini before their deportation late in the war. They were spared the transport to Auschwitz primarily because there was some doubt about their Jewish heritage.
  14. ^ Otto Eisler was a noted architect in his home town of Brno before he fled Nazi persecution through Nansenhjelpen, persecuted both because he was Jewish and gay. He returned to Brno after the war and continued his work as profession, founding among other things the Brno Zoo. He died in 1968. See Ellen, Ruth (2008-04-09). "In a Czech city, 1930s modernism lives on". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-07-17. and "History of the Brno Zoo". Archived from the original on 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2008-07-17. and Schulze, Franz (1996). Philip Johnson: Life and Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9780226740584.
  15. ^ a b c d e Leo Eitinger, the brothers Assor and Assriel-Berl Hirsch, Samuel Steinmann, and Julius Paltiel found each other during the death march from Auschwitz to Buchenwald via Prague. They were helped by Norwegian students who were inmates there, narrowly surviving the SS last-ditch effort to kill witnesses to their atrocities. They were no included in the rescue mission by the Folke Bernadotte white buses that rescued the other Norwegians. After they were liberated, they received no assistance from Norwegian authorities and had to find their own way home, with some help from the American army and the Danish consul. Komissar (1995, pps 103-135)
  16. ^ Kai Feinberg was left in the Auschwitz Revier when it was evacuated in January 1945. A small group of SS soldiers had prepared to shoot all those who were sick but were scared off by Soviet air patrols. After liberation, Feinberg accepted a job with the Joint Distribution Committee in Bucharest and later returned to Norway via Rome, where he had an audience with the pope. He later testified in the trial against Adolf Eichmann and became president of the synagogue in Oslo. Mendelsohn (1986)
  17. ^ Hermann Fischer founded the Kristiansund Symphony Orchestra in 1919 and maintained a passionate interest in the cultural events of his home town. When he was arrested and faced deportation in the fall of 1942, 50 of the residents signed an appeal to Sverre Riisnæs in protest. Riisnæs responded that though he remembered Fischer and might believe that he in "many ways" was "a valuable human being", the removal of all Jews was a matter of "our holiest values."
  18. ^ Originally from Hradec Králové in Bohemia. With the help of Nansenhjelpen, he fled to Norway. He was imprisoned in Theresienstadt and returned to Norway to pursue a distinguished career as a literary critic and professor at the University of Oslo
  19. ^ a b c The three Jakubowitz children are memorialized at the school they attended in Stabekk in Bærum, See Jensen, Sonia (2008-02-23). "Etterlyser Stabekk-elever til minnestund" (in Norwegian). Sandvika: Asker og Bærums Budstikke. Retrieved 2008-08-26.[permanent dead link] and Lehne, Inger Lise. "Avduking av minneplakett" (in Norwegian). Stabekk: Stabekk skole. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  20. ^ a b Helene Johansen and Mirjam Kristiansen were both originally from the Soviet Union and married, respectively to Johan Strand Johansen and Henry Wilhelm Kristiansen|Henry W. Kristiansen, who were the secretary and editor in Communist Party of Norway. They were all arrested with their husbands as political prisoners in connection with Operation Barbarossa and sent on an early departure on the SS Donau to Ravensbrück. Once there, the two women were identified as Jewish and transported to Auschwitz, where they were murdered in May 1942. Most Jewish spouses of non-Jewish Norwegians were spared deportation, but these (as well as Benjamin Bild) were initially arrested for political reasons. Johan Strand Johansen survived the war; Henry Kristiansen died in Neuengamme on January 16, 1942. See Ottosen, Kristian (1991). Kvinneleiren : historien om Ravensbrück-fangene (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. 60–61. ISBN 82-03-16791-8.
  21. ^ Eugen Keil was made to repair watches stolen from other victims, passing through Auschwitz Birkenau to Sachsenhausen, where he met other (non-Jewish) Norwegian prisoners who shared their food with him and helped him survive. He returned to Norway after the war, taking the last name Steinwall. He died in 1984. Rønniksen, Nils Johan (2008-10-28). "Eugen Keil, den jødiske urmakeren på Hønefoss" (in Norwegian). Terra Buskerud -Historieboka.no. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
  22. ^ Cissi Klein is memorialized in her home town of Trondheim every year.
  23. ^ Kathe Lasnik is the subject of Søbye, Espen (2003). Kathe, alltid vært i Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Oktober. ISBN 8270949264.
  24. ^ "Våre falne" (in Norwegian). Orkanger historielag. Retrieved 2008-02-13. f. 9. nov. 1898 i Oslo. Drev forretning på Orkanger. Ble arrestert under jødeforfølgelsene i nov.42. Deportert til Tyskland sammen med søstrene Ragnhild og Lea og omkom i Auschwitz i mars 43. Han huskes som ivrig i idrettssammenheng og hadde en spesielt engasjement i fotballmiljøet.
  25. ^ Komissar (1992), pps 63-76: Anna Rotschild, Aron's sister fled with her husband Arne, and sisters Cecilie and Elise to Sweden in early December 1942. Anna and Arne's daughter Inger Lise was kept in hiding in Norway but later sent to Sweden.
  26. ^ a b c d A group of Czech refugees, consisting of the Lustig family, the Taglichts, Leo Eitinger, and Robert Weinstein all sought refuge in the small coastal community of Nesjestranda near Molde. They were nevertheless found and deported. Four of them: Nora Lustig, Vera and Tibor Taglicht, and Robert Weinstein, perished. The community of Nesjestranda put up a monument in their memory in the graveyard at Veyøya church in Sølsnes. The inscription reads:

    Jødiske flyktningar frå Tsjekkoslovakia/jaga frå heimane sine av nazistane/fann ein tilfluktsstda i bygda vår/også her forfølgde nazistane dei/dei vart tvangssende og drepne i/konsentrasjonsleiren Auschwitz Må denne steinen for all tid minne oss om at/alle menneske er brør

    Translation:

    Jewish refugees from Czechoslovakia/chased from their homes by the Nazis/found a place of refuge in our community/also here the Nazis persecuted them/they were forcibly sent and killed in/the concentration camp Auschwitz May this stone for all time remind us that/all people are brothers

    "Memorial stone over Jewish refugees in Molde" (in Norwegian). Ecclesia.no for graveyards in Molde., grave number 50.B.19.015

  27. ^ Hans Lustig's experiences are recounted in Ottosen (1992, pps. 185-197) and Mendelsohn (1986, p. 183). They had been transferred from Monowitz to Eintrachthütte, and then to Mauthausen, where they were liberated. Having been separated, the twin brothers Hans and Fritz independently found their way back to their childhood home in Brno and were reunited there. They settled in Czechoslovakia, but fled again during the Communist take-over. Hans changed his last name to Levold and worked as an engineer, installing the first digital computer at the Norwegian Institutet of Technology. See Asphjell, Arne (2006-07-03). "Regnesenteret 25 år" (in Norwegian). Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  28. ^ Ruth Maier's diaries were published in 2007: Vold, Jan Erik; Maier, Ruth (2007). Ruth Maiers dagbok - en jødisk flyktning i Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal. ISBN 9788205340381.
  29. ^ Maliniak was the conductor at the house orchestra at the Britannia Hotel in Trondheim. Born in Warsaw, he had fled via Sweden to Norway during World War I and established himself initially as a violinist and viola player, and then conductor. He was educated at the conservatory in Warsaw and probably studied under Leopold Auer. See "Musikken- Britannia Hotel" (in Norwegian). Trondheim: Britannia Hotel. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  30. ^ Harry Meyer volunteered as crew on the ill-fated Kvarstad blockade run known as Operation Performance. Many of the crew captured were killed in German concentration camps, particularly Sonnenburg and Sachsenhausen. SeeO.C. Holm. "Kvarstad Ships and Men". Warsailors.com. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
  31. ^ After being captured at sea, Meyer was held at Marlag und Milag Nord near Bremen. He was sentenced to 4 to 8 years of hard labor and was first sent to Landsberg and then Sachsenhausen. He was liberated by the White Buses arranged by Folke Bernadotte in the final months of the war. Mendelsohn (1986, p. 153, p. 183)
  32. ^ Moritz Nachtstern (who died in 1969) wrote memoirs from his time in Sachsenhausen in the book Nachtstern, Moritz (2008). Counterfeiter: How a Norwegian Jew Survived the Holocaust. Random House. ISBN 978-1-84603-289-9.
  33. ^ Andreassen, Thorleif (2006-08-26). "Jøde laget falske penger for SS" (in Norwegian). Oslo: Dagbladet. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04.
  34. ^ Julius Paltiel is the subject of a book written by Vera Komissar (whom he married): Komissar, Vera (2004). På tross av alt : Julius Paltiel - norsk jøde i Auschwitz (in Norwegian). Trondheim: Communicatio. ISBN 82-92400-10-9.
  35. ^ Moritz Rabinowitz is the subject of a film, The Man Who Loved Haugesund; and a play, Fabrik.
  36. ^ a b Robert Savosnick and Georg Rechenberg found each other in Sachsenhausen, returned home to Norway on June 9, 1945 with the help of Norwegian officer Helmer Bonnevie, where they were welcomed by Olav V|Crown Prince Olav, who happened to be at the airport when they arrived. Savosnick wrote memoirs about his experiences in the Holocaust: Savosnick, Robert; Melien, Hans (2004) [1986]. Jeg ville ikke dø (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Risør: Aktive Fredsforlag. ISBN 82-92627-00-6.
  37. ^ Oddvar Schjølberg, Oddvar. "Jeg ville ikke dø - Robert Savosnick forteller" (in Norwegian). Aktive Fredsreiser. Retrieved 2008-06-23.[dead link]
  38. ^ Rechenberg's testimony about the brutality and the genocide were among the first to be heard in Norwegian courts, See: "Rechenbergs fortelling" (in Norwegian). Stiftelsen Hvite Busser til Auschwitz. Archived from the original on 2005-01-22. Retrieved 2008-06-24.. He emigrated to Israel in the early 1960s.
  39. ^ Edith Reichwald was the only child and daughter of Moritz Rabinowitz
  40. ^ Wilhelm Rothkopf, originally from Austria, had organized the first escape route from Norway to Sweden in collaboration with Benjamin Bild and Eger Ollum. The route relied on train to Flisa and then by foot through the forest to Sweden (Ulstein, 1985). Both he and Bild were arrested, deported, and murdered.
  41. ^ Rubinstein was apparently shot in transit between two camps in the last days of the war. He had asked for some water to quench his thirst, and an SS officer shot him in the head for his troubles. Guldseth, Torbjørn (2008). "Norges krigsgravtjeneste" (in Norwegian). The Norwegian Dental Journal. Archived from the original on August 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-29. Ved ankomst byen Miste var bare fem fanger i live, derav begge nordmennene. Plaget av ulidelig tørst ba Isidor SS-vakten om å få litt vann. En kule i nakken var svaret. Straks etter mordet ble toget utsatt for et bombeangrep, og Moritz lyktes i å flykte under kaoset som oppsto. Han kunne fortelle amerikanske soldater hva som var hendt, og de begravde de døde på en kirkegård i nærheten. Det lyktes kommisjonen å finne Isidor Rubinstein og ta ham hjem til Norge.
  42. ^ Mendelsohn (1986), p. 181. Mieste is the site of a memorial in Ostfriedhof for the 80 concentration camp prisoners who were murdered there. Rubinstein's remains were identified by Norwegian dentists and reinterred in Norway.
  43. ^ Fritz Ruzicka|Fritz Georg Hans Ruzicka was born in Vienna, educated at the Reinhardt seminar. He was arrested and deported from Oslo, survived the camps at Stutthof, and moved to Denmark after the war, where he continued his career as a journalist, an actor, and an entertainment promoter, opening the Mon Coeur club. He was married to Kate Rosén. He died May 21, 1980 and is buried in Frederiksberg. See "Fritz Ruzicka" (in Danish). Dansk film database. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
  44. ^ Frank Sachnowitz was one of 115 prisoners sent Auschwitz to Natzweiler for purposes of "medical" experiments by August Hirt and Rudolf Rascher, which consisted of killing selected Jewish prisoners and conducting studies of their anatomical structure. See Ottosen, Kristian (1989). Natt og tåke : historien om Natzweiler-fangene (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. 143–150. ISBN 82-03-16108-1. and "Frank Sachnowitz" (in Norwegian). Natzweiler.info. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  45. ^ Herman Sachnowitz wrote memoirs about his experiences in the Holocaust: Sachnowitz, Herman; Jacoby, Arnold (2002-07-28). The Story of 'Hernan der Norweger' Auschwitz Prisoner #79235. University Press of America. ISBN 0761822984.
  46. ^ Sachnowitz, Steinmann, and others on the Donau tell that Marie Sachnowitz during the voyage was allowed on the deck of the ship and sang the song Månestråle ("Moonbeam") to the men in the hold below.
  47. ^ According to Ottosen (1994, pps 116-123), Rabbi Samuel's wife Henriette Samuel testified in a court in Haifa, Israel on May 11, 1962, that the rabbi had been warned to flee the country, but refused to abandon his congregation. His family was helped in part by their neighbor Ingeborg Sletten, who was later honored by Yad Vashem as among the Righteous Among the Nations.
  48. ^ See also Ottosen (1992, pps 224-238
  49. ^ The Segal family were British citizens, deported separately with fellow British citizens, the Wulff family. Mendelsohn (1986, p. 152)
  50. ^ Leopold Segal was liberated from an internment camp in Austria and was reunited with his family in Great Britain
  51. ^ Lisa Segal, a British citizen, was sent with her mother to the Vittel internment camp. She managed to return to Great Britain via an exchange program in Lisbon. Mendelsohn (1986, p.152)
  52. ^ Stanning was probably a French citizen. He had moved to Norway in 1934 and was reported to have been expelled to France. It turned out he had spent time in prisons in Oslo and Berlin, was transported to Blechhammer and then Auschwitz, where he survived for three years. See Mendelsohn (1985, p 62)
  53. ^ a b c d According to Berman (2008), the Steinfeld family was the only Jewish family in Ålesund. They all perished
  54. ^ Steinmann's experiences are recounted in Ottosen (1992, pps. 165-184, and in Frafjord, Karine Næss (1997-03-22). "Les hele historien til Samuel Steinmann" (in Norwegian). Stiftelsen Hvite Busser til Auschwitz. Retrieved 2008-06-29.[dead link]
  55. ^ Tibor Taglicht became a bar mitzvah while imprisoned at Bredtveit concentration camp. According to Ottosen, when he arrived at Auschwitz, he took his little sister by the hand and comforted her as they were led into the gas chamber.
  56. ^ Weinstein was sent to Auschwitz and attempted to escape, but was caught. At first imprisoned in Block 11 but survived, he was later sent into the Warsaw ghetto as part of a penal work group with, among others, Robert Savosnick. Weinstein died there, possibly of Typhus|epidemic typhus (Mendelsohn, p. 177), or by a falling wall (Ottosen, p. 231).
  57. ^ Wolfberg's experiences are summarized in Ottosen (1992, pps 198-223). At first assigned to musician duty, Wolfberg was moved to Lieberose and then on a death march to Falkensee. There, he, was rescued with the help of non-Jewish Norwegian prisoners, who forged identification papers for him as Rolf Berg, and he stayed while the others traveled on. See Inger Stavelin. "Tidsvitne Sigurd Syversen" (in Norwegian). Stiftelsen Hvite Busser til Auschwitz. Archived from the original on 2008-02-15. Retrieved 2008-06-24. Sigurd glemmer ikke den flokken på rundt 60 jøder som kom marsjerende en dag på nyåret i 1945. De trakk lastekjerrer der det lå døende mennesker – og spader til å begrave dem med. De hadde vært 300 da de hadde begynt marsjen fra leiren Liebe Rose, og målet for marsjen var krematoriet i Sachsenhausen. En av jødene var norsk og het Leif Wolfberg. Nordmennene tok seg spesielt av ham, ga ham mat og stell. Sigurd mener navnet hans ble endret til Rolf Berg av noen nordmenn på personalkontoret i løpet av natta.
  58. ^ Mendelsohn (1986), p. 183
  1. ^ Some discrepancies about the numbers remain. For example, German documents related to the transit of prisoners on the Donau indicate that 530 were deported from Oslo, whereas the list compiled by Ottosen (1992) indicates that 534 were on board, but this includes Helene Johansen and Mirjam Kristiansen, who were deported on the Donau, but on another date. Kai Feinberg, who was a prisoner on the Donau, was ordered to compile a list of prisoners at the time, and his recollection was that there were 532 on board. Mendelsohn allows that some individuals may have been counted twice, others may have been omitted. The list provided here is based on Ottosen's list, with annotations where these are available. It has been checked for possible duplicates based on name and date of birth. In most sources, the number of survivors is commonly cited as 26; Ottosen (1992) lists 26 individuals as survivors, but omits Harry Meyer, who was captured in the context of the Kvarstad incident, and Robert Savosnick, probably due to an error on his part; as Savosnick is listed as a survivor in the master of list of deportees. This list includes all those who the Nazi authorities considered Jewish. A few of these did not consider themselves Jewish. None of the available literature seeks to ascertain which of the victims were or were not Jewish according to halacha.

Sources[edit]

  • Mendelsohn, Oskar (1986). Jødenes historie i Norge gjennom 300 år - Bind 2 1940-1985 (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. pp. 334–360. ISBN 82-00-02524-1.
  • Ottosen, Kristian (1994). "Vedlegg 1". I slik en natt; historien om deportasjonen av jøder fra Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. 334–360. ISBN 82-03-26049-7.
  • Søbye, Espen (2003). Kathe, alltid vært i Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Oktober. ISBN 9788270949267.
  • Komissar, Vera (1992). Nådetid - norske jøder på flukt (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. ISBN 82-03-17170-2.
  • Berman, Irene Levin (2008). "Vi skal plukke poteter" - Flukten fra Holocaust (in Norwegian). Oslo: Orion. ISBN 978-82-458-0865-0.