<< | Март 1918 г. | >> | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Вс | Пн | Вт | Мы | Чт | Пт | Сб |
1 | 2 | |||||
3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 год | 22 | 23 |
24 | 25 | 26 год | 27 | 28 год | 29 | 30 |
31 год |
В марте 1918 года произошли следующие события :
1 марта 1918 г. (пятница)
- Украинско-советская война - украинский военачальник Симон Петлюра при поддержке центральных держав вытеснил российские советские войска из Киева . [1]
- Бывший президент Франсиско де Паула Родригес Алвес получил почти все голоса выборщиков - 99,1% - во время всеобщих выборов в Бразилии . [2]
- Вооруженный торговый крейсер Королевского флота HMS Calgarian был потоплен немецкой подводной лодкой U-19 у берегов Ирландии, в результате чего погибло 49 человек. [3]
- Немецкая подводная лодка SM UB-54 пропала без вести после выхода на патрулирование в проливе Ла-Манш . Считалось, что он подорвался на мине и затонул вместе со всем экипажем из 29 человек. [4]
- Королевские Летучие Корпуса установлены авиаэскадрильи № 130 , [5] № 131 , [6] № 132 , [7] № 133 , [8] № 134 , [9] № 135 , [10] и № 143 . [11]
- База ВВС Марч Филд была создана в округе Риверсайд, штат Калифорния . [12]
- Федерация легкой атлетики Уругвая, позже переименованная в Конфедерацию легкой атлетики Уругвая , была учреждена в качестве официального руководящего органа всех видов спорта в Уругвае . [13]
- Братство Phi Mu Delta было создано при Университете Коннектикута . [14]
- Учительская семинария Вейверяй закончила свой последний класс перед закрытием в Вейверяй , Конгресс Польша (ныне часть Литвы ). [15]
- Родился: Жоау Гуларт , глава бразильского государства, 24-й президент Бразилии , в Сан-Борха, Риу-Гранди-ду-Сул , Бразилия (ум. 1976 ); Роджер Дельгадо , британский актер, наиболее известный по роли Мастера в « Докторе Кто» в Лондоне (ум. 1973 ); Дункан Уайт , цейлонский бегун, серебряный призер летних Олимпийских игр 1948 года , первый спортсмен из Цейлона, выигравший олимпийскую медаль, в Калутаре , Цейлон (ныне Шри-Ланка (ум. 1998 ).
- Умерли: Харлан Кэри Брюстер , канадский политик, 18-й премьер Британской Колумбии (р. 1870 ); Чарльз Маккарнесс , английское духовенство, архидиакон Восточной верховой езды от англиканской церкви с 1898 по 1916 год (р. 1850 ); Джейкоб Х. Смит , офицер американской армии, неоднозначный командующий американскими войсками во время филиппино-американской войны (р. 1840 г. )
2 марта 1918 г. (суббота)
- Операция Faustschlag - Центральные державы захватили Киев во время операции «Удар кулака». [16]
- Подводная лодка Королевского флота HMS H5 была принята за немецкую подводную лодку и протаранена другим британским кораблем, в результате чего погибли все 26 членов экипажа. [17]
- Австралийская армия установила 1 - й , 2 - й , 3 - й , 4 - й и 5 - й пулеметные батальоны для поддержки 1 - й , 2 - й , 3 - й , 4 - й и 5 - й Австралийские дивизии соответственно. [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
- Лидер ирландских революционеров Эрнест Блайт был арестован в Скибберине , графство Корк , Ирландия, за несоблюдение военного правила, предписывающего ему проживать в Ольстере . [23]
- Умер: князь Мирко , черногорский дворянин, сын Николы I (р. 1879 )
3 марта 1918 г. (воскресенье)
- Центральные державы и Россия подписали Договор о Брест-Литовске , окончание операции Faustschlag и участие России в Первой мировой войне . [24]
- Президент Аргентины Иполито Иригойен сохранил свой пост президента Аргентины после того, как его партия, Радикальный гражданский союз , получила большинство мест в Палате депутатов на выборах в законодательные органы Аргентины (где явка избирателей составила 54 процента). [25]
- Королевский Летающий Корпус создан авиаотряд № 149 . [26]
- Кайзер Вильгельм II установил Знак за ранение для всех солдат Императорской немецкой армии, которые были ранены во время военной службы. [27]
- Родился: Артур Корнберг , американский биохимик, лауреат Нобелевской премии по физиологии и медицине за исследования ДНК в Нью-Йорке (ум. 2007 ); Питер О'Саллеван , ирландский радиоведущий, ведущий комментатор скачек BBC во время серии гонок Grand National в Ньюкасле, графство Даун , Ирландия (ум. 2015 ); Фриц Тидеманн , немецкий конный спорт, золотой призер летних Олимпийских игр 1956 и 1960 годов , двукратный бронзовый призер летних Олимпийских игр 1952 года в Веддингхузене, Германия (ум. 2000 )
4 марта 1918 г. (понедельник)
- Американский угольщик корабль USS Циклоп исчез со всеми 306 членов экипажа и пассажиров на борту после ухода из Барбадоса в Балтиморе после незапланированной остановки для ремонта. Грузовое судно пропало без вести в Бермудском треугольнике , морском регионе, печально известном необъяснимыми исчезновениями, хотя ВМС США предположили, что корабль, возможно, испытал структурный отказ и затонул в пути. Вместе с грузом в 10 800 длинных тонн (11 000 т) марганцевой руды, которая должна была быть использована для производства боеприпасов, корабль стал самой крупной небоевой гибелью людей и груза в истории американского военно-морского флота. [28]
- Airco DH.10 Амьен бомбардировщик был первый полет. [29]
- Родилась: Маргарет Осборн Дюпон , американская теннисистка, чемпионка мира по теннису номер один в 1947 году, рекордсменка 25 титулов Большого шлема на US Open в Джозефе, штат Орегон (ум. 2012 ); Альфред Джадсон Force Moody , офицер американской армии, член Союзных экспедиционных сил Ставки во время Второй мировой войны , три времени получателя легиона за заслуги , выдающиеся заслуги медали , бронзовая звезда , и семь медалей воздуха , в Нью - Хейвен, штат Коннектикут (ум. 1967 )
5 марта 1918 г. (вторник)
- Почти весь Балтийский флот из Императорского Российского флота благополучно прибыл в Хельсинки после их стратегического отступления от Таллинна , Эстонии . [30]
- Вторжение на Аландские острова . Немецкое военно-морское подразделение высадилось на Аландских островах в Балтийском море в попытке обезопасить стратегические военно-морские плацдармы для операции «Фаустшлаг» («Операция« Удар кулака »») до того, как острова попали под контроль Швеции. Подразделение захватило 1200 российских солдат, в то время как Швеция интернировала еще 250 украинских, российских и эстонских солдат на контролируемых ею островах. [31]
- Родился: Джеймс Тобин , американский экономист, лауреат Нобелевской премии по экономическим наукам за вклад в кейнсианскую экономику в Шампейне, штат Иллинойс (ум. 2002 г. )
6 марта 1918 г. (среда)
- Палата общин Соединенного Королевства заплатила дань лидера ирландской националистического Джона Редмонд , который умер в Лондоне от сердечной недостаточности. [32] Редмонд вызвал священника-иезуита перед своей смертью, сказав: «Отец, я человек с разбитым сердцем». Джон Диллон сменил его на посту лидера ирландской парламентской партии . [33]
- Джон Оливер стал 19-м премьер-министром Британской Колумбии после смерти Харлана Кэри Брюстера . [34]
- Финский армейский авиационный корпус был создан как предшественник финских ВВС , первый самолет был подарен шведским исследователем и летчиком Эриком фон Розеном . [35]
- Первый беспилотный дрон, автоматический самолет Hewitt-Sperry , был разработан и испытан авиационными инженерами Элмером Амброузом Сперри и Питером Купером Хьюиттом на Лонг-Айленде , штат Нью-Йорк . Однако в 1925 году модель списали после того, как ее система наведения оказалась ненадежной. [36]
7 марта 1918 г. (четверг)
- Финляндия заключила союз с Германией , опираясь на ее поддержку белогвардейцев во время гражданской войны в Финляндии . [37]
- Пять немецких бомбардировщиков Riesenflugzeug совершили налет на Англию , один из них сбросил 1000-кг (2205 фунтов) бомбу на Уоррингтон-Кресент недалеко от лондонского вокзала Паддингтон . Лена Гилберт Форд , композитор популярной песни военного времени « Keep the Home Fires Burning », и ее 30-летний сын Уолтер погибли в результате взрыва бомбы, став первыми гражданами США, погибшими в результате бомбардировки Германии. [38]
- Matsushita Electronic Manufacture (ныне Panasonic ), основанная Коносукэ Мацусита в Осаке , Япония . [ требуется страница ]
- Аргентинский женский журнал Atlántida успешно дебютировал с тиражом 45 000 экземпляров. [39]
- Театр Вандербильта , спроектированный архитектором Юджином Де Розой , открылся на 148 West 48th Street в Манхэттене , Нью-Йорк . [40]
- Умер: Клоптон Ллойд-Джонс , футболист и игрок в крикет английской ассоциации , член команды Clapham Rovers и чемпион Кубка Англии 1880 года (р. 1858 ).
8 марта 1918 г. (пятница)
- Битва при Телль-Асуре - Египетский экспедиционный корпус пересек Иудейские горы ночью к краю долины реки Иордан в Палестине, когда начал продвигаться на север, преодолевая передовую оборону 7- й и 8-й османских армий . [41]
- Битва при Бахмаче - Чехословацкий легион столкнулся с немецкими войсками в Бахмаче , Украина, в одном из последних крупных сражений на Восточном фронте . [42]
- Седьмой съезд Социал - демократической рабочей партии официально изменил название политической партии к Коммунистической партии Российской . [43]
- Штаты Кавалерия США поймали трех беглецов из в перестрелке в горной хижине в Galiuro гор в Аризоне на 10 февраля, заканчивая большой облаву в истории государства. Все трое были приговорены к пожизненному заключению за расстрел трех полицейских, но двое из оставшихся в живых беглецов были освобождены и помилованы в 1960 году [44].
- В Петрограде вышла первая коммунистическая газета на идиш « Ди варгайт » . Вскоре после этого он был закрыт и переименован в Der Emes . [45]
- Родился: Мендель Л. Петерсон , американский археолог, пионер подводной археологии, в городе Мур, штат Айдахо (ум. 2003 г. ); Пун Лим , китайский моряк, выжил 133 дня в Атлантическом океане с 1942 по 1943 год после того , как немецкая подводная лодка , получившая медаль Британской империи , потопила SS Benlomond на Хайнане , Китай (ум. 1991 )
- Умер: Отто фон Дидерихс , немецкий военно-морской офицер, командир восточноазиатской эскадры и начальник германского имперского адмиралтейского штаба с 1898 по 1902 год (р. 1843 ).
9 марта 1918 г. (суббота)
- Битва при Телль-Асур - 158-я британская пехотная бригада захватила Телль-Асур, ключевой холм, служивший наблюдательным пунктом в нижней части долины реки Иордан в направлении Галилеи . [46]
- Вагенингенский университет был основан в Нидерландах . [47]
- Родился: Микки Спиллейн , американский криминалист, создатель частного сыщика Майка Хаммера , в Нью-Йорке (ум. 2006 ); Джордж Линкольн Роквелл , американский политический деятель, основатель американской нацистской партии , в Блумингтоне, штат Иллинойс (ум. 1967 , убит)
- Умерли: Фрэнк Ведекинд , немецкий драматург, наиболее известный по пьесам « Пробуждение весны» , « Дух Земли» и « Ящик Пандоры» (р. 1864 ); Джордж фон Ленгерке Мейер , американский государственный служащий, 43-й генеральный почтмейстер США и 40-й секретарь военно-морского флота США (р. 1858 г. )
10 марта 1918 г. (воскресенье)
- Циклон ударил Innisfail, Квинсленд , Австралия , доставляя ветра свыше 100 км / ч и уничтожая все , кроме десятка домов в городе. В результате шторма погибли 37 человек в самом городе и еще от 40 до 60 человек в окрестностях. [48]
- Битва при Бахмаче - бои между чехословацким легионом и немцами завершились ожесточенными рукопашными боями за контроль над мостом через реку Десна . [49]
- Вторжение на Аландские острова - Финские красные гвардейцы начали переговоры с Германией по Аландским островам, поскольку присутствие Императорского флота Германии на островах сделало столицу красных гвардейцев Турку , Финляндия, уязвимой для нападения. [50]
- The Spanish Liberal coalition won 42% of the vote in the general election, allowing Antonio Maura to resume a third term as Prime Minister of Spain.[51]
- German submarine SM UB-58 struck a mine and sank in the English Channel with the loss of all 35 crew.[52]
- German flying ace Hans-Joachim Buddecke, the third pilot to receive the Pour le Mérite (Blue Max) after fellow pilots Max Immelmann and Oswald Boelcke, was shot down and killed during an aerial battle over Lens, Pas-de-Calais, France.[53]
- The British Army established the 56th Indian Brigade to serve in the Mesopotamian campaign.[54]
- The Warner Brothers released their first film feature, the propaganda drama My Four Years in Germany, in New York City before going into wide release in April. The film was based on the memoirs of America diplomat James W. Gerard.[55][56]
- Born: Günther Rall, German air force officer, commander of Jagdgeschwader 52 and Jagdgeschwader 11 for the Luftwaffe during World War II, third highest-ranking German fighter ace with 275 victories, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Gaggenau, Germany (d. 2009); Víctor Manuel Blanco, Puerto Rican astronomer, second director of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, in Guayama, Puerto Rico (d. 2011)
- Died: Jim McCormick, Scottish-American baseball player, pitcher for many National League teams including the Cleveland Blues (b. 1856); Ernest Wild, British explorer, member of the Ross Sea party of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, recipient of the Albert Medal for Lifesaving, brother to explorer Frank Wild (b. 1879)
11 марта 1918 г. (понедельник)
- 1918 flu pandemic – U.S. Army mess cook Private Albert Gitchell of Fort Riley, Kansas became the first documented case of Spanish flu.[57][58] However, cases of the flu were observed as early as January in Haskell County, Kansas.[59]
- A general election was held in Liechtenstein with a second round of voting held March 18.[60]
- German submarine SM UB-17 disappeared after departing from Zeebrugge, Belgium with all 18 crew missing. Her wreck was discovered in 2013 off the coast of Suffolk, England.[61]
- British Foreign Office Under-Secretary Charles Hardinge established the Political Intelligence Department, with William Tyrrell as director.[62]
- The first two wings of the Newman College in Melbourne, designed by American architect Walter Burley Griffin, opened for classes.[63]
- The Indian Iron and Steel Company was established to own and operate the former Bengal Iron & Steel Co. iron works plant in Burnpur, India.[64][65]
- The silent film comedy Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley, starring Mary Pickford and directed by Marshall Neilan, premiered as an adaptation of the novel by Belle K. Maniates by screenwriter Frances Marion.[66]
- The play Friendly Enemies by Aaron Hoffman premiered at the Woods Theatre in Chicago.[67]
12 марта 1918 г. (вторник)
- Moscow became the new capital of Soviet Russia due to the security risk of Petrograd being too close to territory seized by the Central Powers during "Operation Fist Punch".[68]
- Battle of Tell 'Asur – British forces captured the town of Deir Ballut before securing the new Palestinian front line at a cost of 1,300 casualties. It would hold until the next general advance in the fall.[69]
- British submarine HMS D3 was bombed and sunk in the English Channel after it was mistaken for a German U-boat by a French airship, killing all 25 crew on board.[70]
- The Fourth All Russian Conference of Trade Unions was held in Moscow with Mikhail Tomsky as council leader.[71]
- A naval air station was established on Whiddy Island in Bantry Bay, Ireland but was closed the following year.[72]
- D. W. Griffith released the war film Hearts of the World, with film star siblings Lillian and Dorothy Gish in the lead roles, as part of a propaganda effort by the British government to grow public support in the United States for the war effort.[73][74]
- Born: Elaine de Kooning, American artist, member of the abstract expressionism movement, wife to artist Willem de Kooning (d. 1989)
13 марта 1918 г. (среда)
- Battle of Bakhmach – The Czechoslovak Legion defeated the Germans at Bakhmach, Ukraine at a cost of 145 killed, 210 wounded, and 41 missing. German forces suffered 300 dead and hundreds more wounded.[75]
- Several groups of female Red Guards were recognized by the Finnish Red government as combat units during the Finnish Civil War, but newer all-female fighting units were discouraged from forming.[76]
- The Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk floatplane was given its first test flight.[77]
- Japanese businessman Kōnosuke Matsushita founded the Matsushita Electric Industrial Company in Osaka as a wholesaler of light sockets. The company expanded to selling other electrical products and eventually became the electronics manufacturer Panasonic Electric Works, and its electronics brand name Panasonic.[78]
- Al Jolson released a recording of the song "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody", which was originally the opening song for the Broadway music Sinbad.[79]
- Born: Eddie Pellagrini, American baseball player, infielder for the Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Browns, Philadelphia Phillies, Cincinnati Reds, and Pittsburgh Pirates from 1946 to 1954, baseball coach for Boston College from 1958 to 1988, in Boston (d. 2006); Grigory Pomerants, Soviet philosopher, noted dissident of the Joseph Stalin, recipient of the Order of the Red Star, in Vilnius, Lithuania (d. 2013)
- Died: César Cui, Lithuanian composer, known for such works including operas Prisoner of the Caucasus and Mlada (b. 1835); Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, American architect, designer of famous hotels in New York City including the original Waldorf Astoria and the Plaza Hotel (b. 1847)
14 марта 1918 г. (четверг)
- A peace conference was held in Trebizond, Turkey between the Ottoman Empire and the Transcaucasian Commissariat delegation but failed to negotiate a lasting peace treaty, leading to new hostilities later in the spring.[80]
- A mass execution of Red Guard prisoners in the aftermath of the Battle of Varkaus ended with a total 180 deaths. Of these, known as the "Lottery of Huruslahti", 87 were formal executions following courts-martial. Another estimated 100 perished in prison camps over the next few months.[81]
- Attorney Eva Andén was elected as the first female member of the Swedish Bar Association.[82]
- Born: John McCallum, Australian actor and producer, best known for the Australian family television series Skippy the Bush Kangaroo (d. 2010); Abba Kovner, Israeli poet and partisan fighter, member of the Jewish resistance group United Partisan Organization during World War II, co-founder of Nakam, known for poetry works including Ad Lo-Or, in Oshmene, Belarus (d. 1987)
- Died: Lucretia Garfield, American social leader, First Lady of the United States, wife to U.S. President James A. Garfield, established the first presidential library (b. 1832); Gennaro Rubino, Italian anarchist, unsuccessfully tried to assassinate Leopold II of Belgium (b. 1859); William Eakin, Canadian politician 4th Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories (b. 1828)
15 марта 1918 г. (пятница)
- Battle of Tampere – An army of 16,000 White Guards launched an offensive to encircle 14,000 Red Guards at Tampere, Finland.[83]
- Invasion of Åland – Germany called off negotiations with the Red Guards after reporting it was also entering talks with the White Guards.[84]
- German submarine SM U-110 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by Royal Navy ships with the loss of all 39 crew after sinking British ocean liner Amazon (her crew survived).[85][86]
- German submarine SM UB-106 sank at Kiel, Germany with the loss of all 35 crew. She was raised three days later, repaired and returned to service.[87]
- German flying ace Adolf Ritter von Tutschek, commanding officer of Jagdgeschwader 2, was shot down and killed by South Africa ace H. B. Redler of the Royal Flying Corps's No. 24 Squadron over France. He had 27 victories to his credit when he died.[88][89]
- Royal Navy vessel HMS Furious re-entered service as the world's first aircraft carrier with aircraft lifts.[90]
- Born: Richard Ellmann, American literary critic, recipient of the National Book Award for Nonfiction for his biography on James Joyce, in Highland Park, Michigan (d. 1987); Punch Imlach, Canadian hockey coach, managed the Toronto Maple Leafs and Buffalo Sabres, in Toronto (d. 1987)
- Died: Lili Boulanger, French composer, known for compositions Faust et Hélène and Les sirènes, first female recipient of the Prix de Rome, sister of Nadia Boulanger (b. 1893); George Alexander, English actor and stage producer, best known for his collaborations with St James's Theatre and playwright Oscar Wilde, including the premier of The Importance of Being Earnest (b. 1858); Theodore S. Peck, American army officer, commander of the Vermont National Guard, recipient of the Medal of Honor for action at Newport Barracks, North Carolina during the American Civil War (b. 1843)
16 марта 1918 г. (суббота)
- Battle of Tampere – The White Guards engaged in the fiercest fighting of the battle against the Red Guards at Länkipohja, Finland. An estimated 20 to 60 Red Guards were killed in combat, and another 70 to 100 were executed following the end of the battle.[91]
- T. J. Ryan of the Australian Labor Party won his second term as Premier of Queensland for Australia during the state election, beating his opponent James Tolmie of the Nationalist Party with close to 54% of the vote.[92]
- Born: Frederick Reines, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the detection and study of the neutrino, in Paterson, New Jersey (d. 1998)
17 марта 1918 г. (воскресенье)
- The Second All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets was held in Dnipro, Ukraine with Volodymyr Zatonsky as chair, where it approved the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.[93]
- Västergötlands Fotbollförbund was formed as part of the Swedish Football Association and now manages 279 member clubs in Västergötland, Sweden.[94]
- Born: Ross Bass, American politician, U.S. Representative from Tennessee from 1955 to 1964, and U.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1964 to 1967, in Pulaski, Tennessee (d. 1993)
- Died: Hans Bethge, German air force officer, commander of Jagdstaffel 30, recipient of the Iron Cross (killed in action) (b. 1890)
18 марта 1918 г. (понедельник)
- The Progressive Citizens' Party won the majority of the seats over the opposing Christian-Social People's Party in the Liechtenstein general election.[95]
- The Sugar Land Independent School District was established in Texas.[96]
- Buster Keaton and Fatty Arbuckle both starred in the comedy film short The Bell Boy, with some of the comedic sequences reused by Keaton in his later movie Love Nest on Wheels.[97]
- Finnish composer Jean Sibelius released the nationalistic choral Oma maa (Our Native Land) to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the Finnish National Chorus.[98]
- The sports club Grorud was established in Oslo. It has sections for association football, skiing, gymnastics and tennis.[99]
- Born: Leonard L. Northrup Jr., American engineer, early designer of solar thermal energy, in Houston (d. 2016)
19 марта 1918 г. (вторник)
- The Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic was established in an attempt to replace the Crimean People's Republic on the peninsula, but German-backed Ukrainian forces overran the region within a month.[100]
- Austrian ocean liner SS Linz struck a mine and sank in the Adriatic Sea, killing 697 passengers and crew on-board including 283 Italian prisoners of war.[101]
- A forest fire in Raetihi, New Zealand killed three people and destroyed over 150 homes.[102]
- Air charter Det Norske Luftfartsrederi was established as the first airline in Norway.[103]
- The association football club Feirense was established in Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal, and now plays most of its matches in Marcolino de Castro stadium.[104]
- Born: Jimmy Marks, British air force officer, commander of the No. 35 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order and Distinguished Flying Cross, in Tolleshunt D'Arcy, England (d. 1942, killed in action)
20 марта 1918 г. (среда)
- The Donets-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic joined the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.[105]
- German submarine SM U-33 torpedoed and sank British cargo ship Yochow in the Mediterranean Sea with the loss of 50 crew.[106]
- The Phillimore Report was released by committee headed by British lord Walter Phillimore with proposals for forming a League of Nations.[107]
- The American Expeditionary Forces began setting up military hospitals in Vichy, France, with Hospital No. 1 taking up nine hotels to treat up to 3,600 wounded American soldiers. The first wounded soldiers began arriving April 11.[108]
- Born: Jack Barry, American television game show host and producer, one of the key figures in the 1950s quiz show scandals, in Lindenhurst, New York (d. 1984); Marian McPartland, English-American jazz musician, best known for her National Public Radio program Piano Jazz, in Slough, England (d. 2013)
21 марта 1918 г. (четверг)
- German spring offensive – The Imperial German Army launched Operation Michael along the Western Front against the British Fifth Army and the right flank of the Third Army at St. Quentin, France, killing nearly 20,000 British soldiers on the first day of the offense.[109]
- The Egyptian Expeditionary Force began crossing the Jordan River at Hijla to begin its campaign against the Ottomans at Amman, Jordan.[110]
- The Railroad Control Act became law in the United States, allowing the federal United States Railroad Administration to manage the entire American rail system until the end of World War I.[111] Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo, son-in-law to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was appointed Director General of Railroads.[112]
- John Bowser resigned as Premier of Victoria after his railway estimates bill was defeated in parliament.[113] Harry Lawson became premier and formed a composite ministry of Liberal factions, including Bowser as Chief Secretary and Minister for Public Health.[114]
- The Curtiss Dunkirk Fighter aircraft was first flown.[115][116]
- The sports club Bahía Blanca was established in Bahía Blanca, Argentina. It is best known for its basketball team as well as gymnastics, handball, judo, karate, volleyball and yoga.[117]
- Born: Verna Fields, American film editor, best known for El Cid, American Graffiti, and Jaws, in St. Louis (d. 1982); Patrick Lucey, American politician and diplomat, 38th Governor of Wisconsin, United States Ambassador to Mexico from 1977 to 1979, in La Crosse, Wisconsin (d. 2014)
22 марта 1918 г. (пятница)
- Operation Michael – British forces retreated over the Somme River in the face of a powerful German advance.[118]
- The Egyptian Expeditionary Force were able to establish the first of two bridgeheads on the opposite side of the Jordan River despite heavy opposition from the Ottomans.[119]
- The Skansen Bridge opened to allow trains on the Dovre Line access to Trondheim Central Station in Norway.[120]
- Born: Cheddi Jagan, Guyanese state leader, 4th President of Guyana, in Port Mourant, British Guiana (d. 1997)
23 марта 1918 г. (суббота)
- The giant German cannon, the 'Paris Gun' (Kaiser Wilhelm Geschütz), began shelling Paris from 114 km (71 mi) away, with bombardments continuing until August 7.[121]
- Operation Michael – German forces broke through the reorganized British line at Jussy on the Canal de Saint-Quentin as British forces continue to fall back.[122] Notable in the battle was a British platoon led by Lieutenant Alfred Cecil Herring that retook a captured bridge over Crozat Canal from the Germans and held it for 12 hours before being overwhelmed. Herring was awarded the Victoria Cross after the war.[123]
- The Egyptian Expeditionary Force established the second bridgehead across the Jordan River.[124]
- The Don Soviet Republic was established with Rostov-on-Don as its capital following the retreat of the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army. Its existence was short-lived when the Don Cossacks liberated the region in May.[125]
- Battle of Tampere – The White Guards approached Tampere, Finland from the northeast and engaged defending Red Guards 10 kilometres east of the city.[126]
- American magician William E. Robinson, under the stage name Chung Ling Soo, was critically injured during a performance at the Wood Green in London when a trick to "catch" two separate bullets failed and one of them perforated his lung. He died the following morning in hospital.[127]
- Composer Charles Wakefield Cadman premiered his opera Shanewis at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.[128]
- Born: Émile Derlin Zinsou, Beninese state leader, 4th President of Dahomey, in Ouidah, Dahomey (d. 2016); Stanley Armour Dunham, American army officer and business owner, maternal grandfather to Barack Obama, in Wichita, Kansas (d. 1992); Walter Jenkins, American civil servant, aide to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, in Jolly, Texas (d. 1985)
- Died: Robert Vaughn, Welsh-American pioneer, co-founder of Great Falls, Montana (b. 1836)
24 марта 1918 г. (воскресенье)
- Operation Michael – Germany launched the second phase of its operation with an assault on Bapaume, France.[129]
- ANZAC forces left the city of Ghoraniyeh to march on Amman, Jordan.[130]
- Battle of Tampere – The Red Guards were forced out of the village of Lempäälä, Finland which held the critical point in the Riihimäki–Tampere railway. The White Guards were able to cut off supplies to the Reds in Tampere.[131]
- Captain John Lightfoot Trollope of the Royal Flying Corps No. 43 Squadron shot down seven German aircraft in a day, although he was only officially recognized for six.[132]
- Italian cruiser Partenope was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off Algeria by German submarine SM UC-67, with all crew surviving.[133]
- Born: Eero Kolehmainen, Finnish skier, silver medalist at the 1952 Winter Olympics, in Mikkeli, Finland (d. 2013)
- Died: John Anderson, British colonial administrator, 22nd Governor of Ceylon (b. 1858); Richard B. Fitzgerald, American business leader, noted for promoting African-American owned and managed businesses including the Coleman Manufacturing Company in Concord, North Carolina (b. 1843)
25 марта 1918 г. (понедельник)
- The Belarusian People's Republic declared independence in Minsk.[134]
- Operation Michael – The German assault on Bapaume ended while it launched a new attack on Noyon, France.[135]
- ANZAC forces occupied the city of Es Salt as part of the campaign against the Ottomans in Jordan.[136]
- Battle of Rautu – The White Guards launched a major offensive against the Red Guards dug in south of Rautu, Finland.[137]
- Invasion of Åland – The Imperial German Navy launched a campaign on the archipelago near the Red Guard capital of Turku, Finland, capturing the island of Houtskär.[138]
- Neville Ranch raid – Mexican border raiders made one last attack on private land in the United States with a raid on a ranch in Presidio County, Texas, resulting in two deaths.[139]
- Karl Muck, music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was arrested under the Alien Enemies Act and imprisoned for the remainder of World War I after expressing public sympathy for his native Germany.[140]
- The Original Dixieland Jass Band released a second recording of the pioneering jazz hit "Tiger Rag" for Victor Records along with another single called "Skeleton Jangle". The recording was preserved in the National Recording Registry.[141]
- Born: Howard Cosell, American sports journalist, noted TV sports personality for Monday Night Football and SportsBeat, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina (d. 1995)
- Died: Claude Debussy, French composer, known for works including Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune and Children's Corner, recipient of the Legion of Honour (b. 1862); Walter Tull, British association football player and army officer, midfielder for Tottenham and Northampton, first black infantry officer to serve in the British Army (killed during the German spring offensive) (b. 1888); Frederick C. Armstrong, Canadian air force officer, commander of the No. 203 Squadron during World War I, recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross and Croix de guerre (killed in action) (b. 1895)
26 марта 1918 г. (вторник)
- Operation Michael – German forces attacked Rosieres, France.[142]
- French and British military leaders gathered for the Doullens Conference to coordinate operations on the Western Front.[143] It was there French Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch was appointed Supreme Commander of all Allied forces.[144]
- Battle of Tampere – The White Guards captured the Tampere–Pori railway 20 kilometres west of Tampere, Finland while the Reds launched a counterattack to recapture Lempäälä.[145]
- Action of Khan Baghdadi – The 15th Indian Division captured nearly an entire Ottoman garrison of 5,000 men at the town of Khan al Baghdadi on the Tigris River in Mesopotamia (now Iraq).[146]
- Royal Fleet Auxiliary mine carrier ship RFA Lady Cory-Wright was torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel by German submarine SM UC-17 with the loss of 39 of her 40 crew.[147]
- German submarine SM U-61 was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by a U.S. Navy ship with the loss of all 36 crew.[148]
- While on a vehicle reconnaissance of the Western Front near Estrées-Deniécourt, France, Colonel Raynal Bolling of the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force and his driver Private Paul L. Holder were ambushed by German soldiers. The gunfire disabled the car engine, forcing the two men into separate shell holes. When two German soldiers approached the hole Holder was in and attempted to shoot him, Bolling appeared from cover and shot one of the soldiers before the other killed him. Holder then played dead until the Germans left before he attempted to make his way back to headquarters, but was captured along the way and made a prisoner of war. He was only able to make a formal report on Bolling's death after the war ended.[149]
- British feminist Marie Stopes published her influential book Married Love in Great Britain.[150]
- The borough of Wrightstown, New Jersey was incorporated.[151]
- Born: William C. Marland, American politician, 24th Governor of West Virginia, in Johnston City, Illinois (d. 1965)
27 марта 1918 г. (среда)
- First Battle of Amman – The Egyptian Expeditionary Force launched their first attack against the Ottoman defenses at Amman, Jordan.[152]
- Operation Michael – German forces ended attacks on Rosieres, France with the capture of the commune of Albert, Somme.[153]
- Royal Navy destroyer HMS Kale struck a naval mine and sank in the North Sea, killing 41 crew.[154]
- Eighteen-year-old Canadian fighter pilot Alan Arnett McLeod of the Royal Flying Corps No. 2 Squadron, and his observer Arthur William Hammond, shot down four German Fokker fighter planes over Albert, Somme, France before their Armstrong Whitworth plane was shot down. McLeod managed to crash-land in no man's land where, despite being seriously injured himself, carried the badly wounded Hammond to the British lines. McLeod received the Victoria Cross for his actions on September 4 at the age of 19, becoming the youngest airman to be awarded the medal in World War I.[155]
- The Germans re-designated their Shutzstafffeln (escort squadrons) as Schlasta (attack squadrons) in recognition of their close air support achievements during Operation Michael.[156]
- The first aircraft manufactured by the U.S. Navy's aircraft factory, a Curtiss Model H, made its first flight only 228 days after ground was broken for the factory at the League Island Navy Yard in Philadelphia.[157]
- Died: Henry Adams, American historian, author of The History of the United States of America 1801–1817, posthumous recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for The Education of Henry Adams, son of Charles Francis Adams Sr. (b. 1838); Martin Sheridan, Irish-American Olympic field athlete, three-time gold medalist at the 1904 and 1908 Summer Olympics (b. 1881)
28 марта 1918 г. (четверг)
- Operation Michael – German forces attacked Arras, France.[158]
- First Battle of Amman – Ottoman forces began successful counterattacks against the British at Amman, Jordan.[159]
- Battle of Tampere – The White Guards attempted to fight their way into Tampere, Finland while sustaining some of the heaviest casualties of the battle in what was dubbed "Bloody Thursday". Casualties were estimated at 200 killed while the Red Guards lost 50 to 70 fighters, including their commander Hugo Salmela who was killed by a hand grenade exploding in his headquarters. The White Guards called off the attack for the next five days and only shelled the town.[160]
- The Red Army took control of the Idel-Ural State in Kazan and re-established it as a Soviet state.[161]
- Invasion of Åland – The Germany navy captured the Finnish island of Korpo near Turku, Finland.[162]
- Protests in Quebec City against conscription turned into riots over the Easter weekend.[163]
- The South African financial group Sanlam was established in Cape Town.[164]
- The film crime drama The Whispering Chorus, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, was released to controversy for depictions of crime and violence, including a climatic execution scene involving an electric chair. The film was the sixth-highest grossing of the year.[165]
- Born: Edward Amy, Canadian army officer, commander of The Canadian Grenadier Guards during World War II, recipient of the Order of the British Empire, Distinguished Service Order, Canadian Forces' Decoration, Military Cross and Bronze Star Medal, in Newcastle, New Brunswick (d. 2011); David Ferrie, American pilot, alleged conspirator by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison in the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in Cleveland (d. 1967); Reg Rattey, Australian soldier, member of the 25th Battalion during World War II, recipient of the Victoria Cross for action during the Bougainville campaign, in Barmedman, Australia (d. 1986)
29 марта 1918 г. (пятница)
- First Battle of Amman – British forces faced a deteriorating situation including low ammo, bad weather, boggy conditions that made equipment hard to move, and continuous counterattacks from the Ottomans.[166]
- Born: Pearl Bailey, American singer and actress, winner of the Tony Award for Hello, Dolly!, recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in Newport News, Virginia (d. 1990); Shirley Jameson, American baseball player, center fielder for the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League from 1943 to 1946, in Maywood, Illinois (d. 1993); Sam Walton, American business executive, founder of Walmart and Sam's Club, in Kingfisher, Oklahoma (d. 1992)
- Died: Harry Fulton, New Zealand army officer, commander of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade, recipient of the Order of St Michael and St George, Distinguished Service Order, and Croix de guerre (killed in action at Colincamps, France) (b. 1869)
30 марта 1918 г. (суббота)
- March Days – A joint Bolshevik-Armenian force sent to investigate a rumor of an armed revolt led by the political group Musavat in Muslim-dominant Baku, Azerbaijan was met with gunfire in the city port, igniting the Armenian–Azerbaijani War.[167]
- Operation Michael – German forces attacked Villers-Bretonneux, France.[168] During the battle, Canadian cavalry officer Lieutenant Gordon Flowerdew of the Lord Strathcona's Royal Canadian Horse 'C' Squadron led a cavalry charge against the oncoming Germans at Moreuil Wood. The unit suffered atrocious casualties including Flowerdew, but the action helped halt the German advance. Flowerdew was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.[169]
- First Battle of Amman – A British night attack on the main citadel in Amman, Jordan failed, forcing the Egyptian Expeditionary Force to begin its retreat back to the Jordan River.[170]
- The Canadian government enacted the War Measures Act of 1914 to allow complete federal power in Quebec City as anti-conscription riots intensified.[171]
- British flying ace Alan Jerrard, recipient of the Victoria Cross and seven victories to his name, was shot down by German ace Benno Fiala Ritter von Fernbrugg and taken captive.[172]
- The Toronto Arenas defeated the Vancouver Millionaires three games to two in the Stanley Cup Finals.[173]
- The Canadian National Institute for the Blind was established to assist Canadian veterans who had lost their sight due to injury while serving in World War I, as well as many survivors who lost their sight in the Halifax Explosion in 1917.[174][175]
- Thomas Edison sold his film studio to the Lincoln & Parker Film Company to help pay off debts accrued after U.S. federal courts ruled his company violated antitrust laws.[176]
- Born: Marv Grissom, American baseball player, pitcher for the San Francisco Giants during the 1954 World Series, in Los Molinos, California (d. 2005); Joaquín Gutiérrez, Costa Rican writer, known for literary works including Cocorí and Te acordarás, hermano, in Limón Province, Costa Rica (d. 2000); Gerald Francis O'Keefe, American clergy, Bishop of Saint Paul from 1961 to 1966 and Bishop of Davenport from 1966 to 1993, in Saint Paul, Minnesota (d. 2000)
- Died: Lionel de Jersey Harvard, English academic, descendant of John Harvard, founder of Harvard College, and so the first Harvard to attend Harvard University (killed in action during the German spring offensive near Arras) (b. 1893); Paul J. Pelz, German-American architect, designer of the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. (b. 1841)
31 марта 1918 г. (воскресенье)
- Daylight saving time officially went into effect in the United States.[177]
- First Battle of Amman – British forces withdrew from attacking Amman, Jordan and retreated back into the Jordan Valley with a loss of 1,348 casualties.[178]
- March Days – Attempts to disarm Musavat-led militia in Baku, Azerbaijan failed, prompting Soviet commissioner Prokofy Dzhaparidze for the Bolshevik-Armenian joint force to report "Musavat had launched a political war."[179] An Armenian force began massacring thousands of civilians, mostly Muslim, throughout the city.[180]
- A militia of 780 federal soldiers entered Quebec City to quell anti-conscription riots.[181]
- Battle of Rautu – The Finnish Red Guards were able to beat back the Finnish White Guard offensive.[182]
- British ocean liner Celtic was torpedoed and damaged in the Irish Sea by German submarine SM UB-77 with the loss of six lives. She was beached but later refloated, repaired and returned to service.[183]
- The American Aviation Acceptance Park, later renamed Orly Air Base, was established south of Paris.[184]
- French filmmaker Maurice Tourneur released his silent film fantasy masterpiece The Blue Bird. It is preserved by the Library of Congress and the National Film Registry.[185]
Рекомендации
- ^ Orest Subtelny. Ukraine a History. University of Toronto Press, 1988.
- ^ Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p. 173 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
- ^ "The New Allan Liner Calgarian". International Marine Engineering. Aldrich Publishing Company. XIX (May 1914): 217–218. 1914. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
- ^ "UB 54". Uboat.net. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
- ^ Jefford, C.G. (1988). RAF Squadrons. Airlife Publishing Ltd. p. 59. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
- ^ "History of 131 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ "History of 132 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ "History of 133 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ "History of 134 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ "History of 135 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ "History of 143 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ "History of March Air Force Base". Marchfield.org. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ ESTATUTOS Confederación Atlética del Uruguay (in Spanish), Confederación Atlética del Uruguay, archived from the original on March 4, 2016, retrieved September 29, 2012
- ^ "A Brief History of Phi Mu Delta". Phi Mu Delta. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- ^ "Mokyklos istorija" (in Lithuanian). Veiverių Tomo Žilinsko Gimnazija. Archived from the original on 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
- ^ Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. Pegasus Books. p. 35. ISBN 9781933648156.
- ^ "Ceremony for Armed Forces Day marks submarine tragedy". BBCNews. BBC. 19 June 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ "1st Machine Gun Battalion". RSL Virtual War Memorial. Returned and Services League. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^ "2nd Machine Gun Battalion". RSL Virtual War Memorial. Returned and Services League. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ "3rd Machine Gun Battalion". RSL Virtual War Memorial. Returned and Services League. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
- ^ "4th Machine Gun Battalion". RSL Virtual War Memorial. Returned and Services League. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ "5th Machine Gun Battalion". RSL Virtual War Memorial. Returned and Services League. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ Neill, T. (1979) Ernest Blythe: The Man from Magheragall. [Electronic Version] Lisburn Historical Society, 2 (4)
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). World War I: A Student Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 663. ISBN 9781851098798.
- ^ Nohlen, Dieter. Elections in the Americas : a data handbook. Oxford University Press, 2005.
- ^ "History of 149 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ Angolia, John (1987). For Führer and Fatherland: Military Awards of the Third Reich. R. James Bender Publishing. p. 256. ISBN 0912138149.
- ^ "Bermuda Triangle". Naval History & Heritage Command. United States Navy. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Thetford, Owen. Aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1918–57, 1st edition. London: Putnam, 1957. p. 146
- ^ "History of the Soviet Navy". Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- ^ Harjula, Mirko (2010). Itämeri 1914-1921: Itämeren laivastot maailmansodassa sekä Venäjän vallankumouksissa ja sisällissodassa. Helsinki: Books on Demand. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-952-49838-3-9.
- ^ The Times, 8 March 1918: The Queen Mother's message to Mrs. Redmond: "Pray accept my most heartfelt sympathy in your great sorrow and irreparable loss, which we all share for our Irish leader".
- ^ MacDonagh, Michael (1928). The Life of William O'Brien, the Irish Nationalist. Ernst Benn London. pp. 231–232.
- ^ Mitchell, David. "John Oliver". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. University of Toronto/Université Laval. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ Shores, Christopher (1969). Finnish Air Force, 1918–1968. Reading, Berkshire, UK: Osprey Publications Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-0668021210.
- ^ "Curtiss/Sperry "Flying Bomb"". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. Andreas Parsch. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ "Treaty With Finland Signed By Germany" (PDF). The New York Times (March 8, 1918). March 7, 1918. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ Fredette, Raymond H., The Sky on Fire: The First Battle of Britain 1917–1918, New York: Harvest, 1976, ISBN 0-15-682750-6, pp. 192-193.
- ^ "Atlántida". Lea Revistas.
- ^ "Vanderbilt Theatre (Built: 1918 Demolished: 1954 Closed: 1954" Internet Broadway Database (Retrieved on February 22, 2008)
- ^ Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Volume 2 Part II. A. F. Becke (maps). London: H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 312–315. OCLC 256950972.
|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ Karel Goš: "Bitva u Bachmače byla slavnou epizodou Hanáckého pluku : největší oslavy proběhly v roce 1938", article in newspaper Olomoucký den, March 20, 1999, p. 10
- ^ Seventh Congress of the Russian Communist Party. Verbatim Report. March 6–8, 1918" (1923)
- ^ "Guns and Gold: History of the Galiuro Wilderness (The Power Family)". Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ^ Estraikh, Gennady. The Yiddish-Language Communist Press, in Frankel, Jonathan (ed.), Studies in Contemporary Jewry. Vol. 20, Dark Times, Dire Decisions : Jews and Communism. New York City: Oxford University Press, 2005. p. 63
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2, pp. 314-315
- ^ "History of Wageningen UR". Wageningenur.nl. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- ^ Historical Impacts Along The East Coast
- ^ Goš 1999, p. 10
- ^ Lahtinen, Rauno (2016). Punainen Turku 1917–1918. Turku: Sammakko Publishers. ISBN 978-952-48332-5-7.
- ^ Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Volume 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ "UB 58". Uboat.net. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914 - 1918. pp. 88–89.
- ^ Perry, F.W. (1993). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions. Newport: Ray Westlake Military Books. p. 130. ISBN 1-871167-23-X.
- ^ The AFI Catalog of Feature Films: My Four Years in Germany
- ^ Progressive Silent Film List: My Four Years in Germany at silentera.com
- ^ 'The so-called "Spanish" flu' by JACKIE ROSENHEK | November 2005
- ^ ‘A Doughboy's War: Letters Home’ pg.42, by Thomas Lindholtz
- ^ Barry, John M. (2005). The Great Influenza; The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143036494.
- ^ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p.1164 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ "German Subs: Sunken WWI U-Boats a Bonanza for Historians". spiegel.de. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ Michael L. Dockrill, David French (1996). Strategy and Intelligence. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 1-85285-099-X.
- ^ "Newman College - The College - History". Newman College. Newman College. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ Dr. N.R. Srinivasan, The Corporate Story of SAIL, published by Steel Authority of India Limited, 1990, pp. 44-58
- ^ "Steel Authority of India". About IISCO Steel Plant. SAIL. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ Progressive Silent Film List: Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley at silentera.com
- ^ Bordman, Gerald (1995). American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama, 1914–1930. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-19-509078-0. OCLC 30356203.
- ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 663
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2, pp. 321–2
- ^ Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- ^ Kaplan, Frederick (1968). Bolshevik Ideology and the Ethics of Soviet labor. Philosophical library, New York.
- ^ "Abandoned Airfields in Ireland - South-West region - Whiddy". Forgottenairfields.com. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
- ^ Shearer, Benjamin F. (2007). Home Front Heroes: A Biographical Dictionary of Americans During Wartime, Volume 2. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-313-33422-1.
- ^ Keil, Charlie; Singer, Ben (2009). American Cinema of the 1910s: Themes and Variations. Rutgers University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-813-54445-8.
- ^ Goš 1999, p. 10
- ^ Lintunen, Tiina (2014). "Women at War". The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 201–229. ISBN 978-900-42436-6-8.
- ^ Hafsten, Bjørn; Tom Arheim (2003). Marinens Flygevåpen 1912–1944 (in Norwegian). Oslo: TankeStreken AS. p. 213. ISBN 82-993535-1-3.
- ^ "History - Corporate Profile". Panasonic. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ Goldman, Herbert G. (1988). Jolson: The Legend Comes to Life. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 379. ISBN 0-19-506329-5.
- ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan 1905-1920, p. 119
- ^ Roselius, Aapo (2014). The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 100. ISBN 978-900-42436-6-8.
- ^ "Tidevarvsgruppen (The Age Group), Fogelstad-gruppen (The Fogelstad Group) and the newspaper Tidevarvet (The Age.)". Hjördis Levin's homepage. Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ Roselius, Aapo (2006). Amatöörien sota. Rintamataisteluiden henkilötappiot Suomen sisällissodassa 1918. Helsinki: Prime Minister's Office of Finland. pp. 31–51. ISBN 978-952-53549-2-8.
- ^ Lahtinen 2016
- ^ Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
- ^ "Amazon". Uboat.net. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ "UB 106". Uboat.net. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Adolf Ritter von Tutschek". theaerodrome.com. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
- ^ Franks, N. (2000). Nieuport Aces of World War 1. Osprey. ISBN 9781855329614. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
- ^ Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, ISBN 0-87021-026-2, p. 215
- ^ Kantolahti, Erkki (10 March 2008). "Länkipohjan taistelu 16.3.1918" (in Finnish). Längelmäen kehitys ry. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "UWA 1918 election study".
- ^ "Second All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets". Leksika.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Лексика - українські енциклопедії та словники. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
- ^ "Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar - Västergötlands Fotbollförbund" (in Swedish). Swedish Football Association. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
- ^ Nohlen & Stöver 2010. p. 1164
- ^ Laws Passed by the ... Legislature of the State of Texas. Telegraph Office, 1918. 222. "Approved March 18, 1918. Became a law March 18, 1918. Creating the Sugar Land Independent School District"
- ^ Knopf, Robert (2 August 1999). The Theater and Cinema of Buster Keaton. Princeton University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-691-00442-6. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ Barnett, Andrew (2007). Sibelius. Yale University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0300111590.
- ^ "Grorud IL's historikk" (in Norwegian). Grorud IL. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ Fisher, Alan W. (1978). The Crimean Tatars. p. 121.
- ^ "SS Linz". Wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
- ^ Te ARa Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Disasters and Mishaps - The Raetihi Conflagration
- ^ Nerdrum, Johan (1986). Fugl fønix: En beretning om Det Norske Luftfartselskap (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. p. 31. ISBN 82-05-16663-3.
- ^ "Club Desportivo Fierense Historia". Club Desportivo Fierens (in Portuguese). Club Desportivo Fierens. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ Soldatenko, Valerii (4–10 December 2004). Донецко-Криворожская республика — иллюзии и практика национального нигилизма [Donets-Krivoy Rog Republic - the illusions and practice of national nihilism]. Zerkalo Nedeli (in Russian). 49 (524). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
- ^ "Yochow". Uboat.net. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ George W. Egerton, Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations (The University of North Carolina Press, 1978), pp. 37-38
- ^ Budreau, Lisa M., DPhil, MA; Prior, Richard M. , Lt. Col Army Nurse Corps, eds. (2008). Answering The Call: The U.S. Army Nurse Corps, 1917–1919: A commemorative Tribute to Military Nursing in world War I. Government Publishing Office. p. 205. ISBN 9780160869365.
- ^ Edmonds, J. E.; Davies, C. B.; Maxwell-Hyslop, R. G. B. (1995) [1935]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents, by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 162–187. ISBN 0-89839-219-5.
- ^ Woodward, David (2006). Hell in the Holy Land: World War 1 in the Middle East. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 164–165.
- ^ Railway Administration Act of 1918, Pub. L. 65-107, 40 Stat. 451. Approved 1918-03-21.
- ^ Huddleston, Eugene L. (2002). Uncle Sam's Locomotives: The USRA and the Nation's Railroads. Indiana University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-253-34086-3.
- ^ Vines, Margaret. "Bowser, Sir John (1856–1936)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 10 May 2013 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ Garden, Donald S. (1986). "Lawson, Sir Harry Sutherland Wightman (1875 - 1952)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 8 July 2013 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers, United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, London: Putnam, 1976, ISBN 0-370-10054-9, p. 424
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 116
- ^ "The Club - Our History". Club Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca. Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ Edmonds 1935, pp. 271-299.
- ^ Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Volume 2 Part II. Maps by A. F. Becke. London: H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 333–334. OCLC 256950972.
|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ "Skansen Bridges". trondheim.com. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
- ^ Miller, Henry W. (1930). Cape, Jonathan; Smith, Harrison (eds.). The Paris Gun: The Bombardment of Paris by the German Long Range Guns and the Great German Offensive of 1918. New York. p. 723.
- ^ Edmonds 1935, pp. 323-328.
- ^ Edmonds 1935, pp. 269–270.
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 334
- ^ Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 337. ISBN 9781442252813.
- ^ Jalonen (2014). "Battle of Tampere".
- ^ Steinmeyer, Jim (2006). The Glorious Deception: The Double Life of William Robinson, Aka Chung Ling Soo, the Marvelous Chinese Conjurer. Da Capo Press. p. 390. ISBN 0-7867-3653-4.
- ^ "'Shanewis,' Indian Opera, Captivates". The New York Times. March 24, 1918. p. 19.
- ^ Edmonds 1935, pp. 438–439.
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 329
- ^ Jalonen (2014). "Battle of Tampere".
- ^ "Capt. Trollope". Flight. X (485): 407. 11 April 1918. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
- ^ "Partenope (rin)". Uboat.net. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ Editorial (24 March 2005). "Belarusian Language Society greets nation on forthcoming BNR (Belarusian National Republic) anniversary". Charter'97 Press Center. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ^ Edmonds 1935, pp. 470–492.
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 337
- ^ Jäske, Eros (1991). "Vapaussodan ajoilta". Rautu ja rautulaiset III: Historiaa ja kansanelämää. Mikkeli: Rautulaisten pitäjäseura. pp. 395–398. ISBN 952-90322-1-8.
- ^ Vainio, Seppo (2008). Saksalaiset Suomen sisällissodassa 1918. Vantaa: Seppo Vainio. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-952-92425-5-9.
- ^ "Mexican raiders strike Texas ranch". Retrieved 27 November 2014.
- ^ New York Times: "Arrest Karl Muck as an Enemy Alien," March 26, 1918, accessed January 13, 2010
- ^ Stewart, Jack. "The Original Dixieland Jazz Band's Place in the Development of Jazz." New Orleans International Music Colloquium, 2005.
- ^ Edmonds 1935, pp. 536-544.
- ^ Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts, and John S. D. Eisenhower, World War I: A Student Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2005), p. 587
- ^ Woodward, David R. Field Marshal Sir William Robertson Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998, ISBN 0-275-95422-6, pp. 187-189
- ^ Jalonen (2014). "Battle of Tampere".
- ^ Moberly, F.J. (1923). Official History of the War: Mesopotamia Campaign, Imperial War Museum. ISBN 1-870423-30-5
- ^ Lettens, Jan; Racey, Carl (9 February 2011). "SS Lady Cory-Wright [+1918]". WreckSite. wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: U 61". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ^ Pearson, Henry G. (1923). "Statement of Private Holder 1919". A Business Man in Uniform. The Early Birds of Aviation, Inc. Retrieved 26 October 2012. pp. 198-201 and Apprendix I
- ^ Hall, Ruth (1977). Passionate Crusader. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 140–141.
- ^ Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 100. Accessed September 3, 2012.
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 338-339
- ^ Edmonds 1935, pp. 518-519.
- ^ ""Arrowsmith" List – Part 1 Destroyer Prototypes through "River" class". Retrieved 1 Jun 2013.
- ^ Kilduff, Peter, The Red Baron: Beyond the Legend, London: Cassell, 1994, ISBN 0-304-35207-1, pp. 16-17
- ^ Blumberg, Arnold, "The First Ground-Pounders," Aviation History, November 2014, pp. 42-43.
- ^ Trimble, William F. Wings for the Navy: A History of the Naval Aircraft Factory, 1917-1956. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990. p. 413
- ^ Edmonds, J. E.; Davies, C. B.; Maxwell-Hyslop, R. G. B. (1995) [1937]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: March–April: Continuation of the German Offensives. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents, by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 27–28, 64–75. ISBN 0-89839-223-3.
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 340-342
- ^ Jalonen (2014). "Battle of Tampere".
- ^ Commissar and Mullah: Soviet-Muslim Policy from 1917 to 1924, Glenn L. Roberts, Universal-Publishers, 2007, p.178
- ^ Vainio 2008, pp. 10–11
- ^ Auger, Martin F. "On the Brink of Civil War: The Canadian Government and the Suppression of the 1918 Quebec Easter Riots" Canadian Historical Review 89/4 (2008), p. 9
- ^ "Sanlam - Our History". Sanlam.co.za. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "Progressive Silent Film List: The Whispering Chorus". silentera.com. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 340-342
- ^ Ratgauzer, Iakov A. (1927). Революция и гражданская война в Баку, 1917–1918. Красный Восток. p. 143.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- ^ Edmonds 1937, pp. 87–137.
- ^ "No. 30648". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 April 1918. p. 4968.
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 344-345
- ^ Auger 2008, pp. 15-17
- ^ Norman Frank: Sopwith Camel aces of World War I, Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 52, Oxford 2003, ISBN 1-84176-534-1, p. 87
- ^ Podnieks, Andrew; Hockey Hall of Fame (2004). Lord Stanley's Cup. Triumph Books. pp. 12, 50. ISBN 1-55168-261-3.
- ^ "Founders". About Us. CNIB. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
- ^ ""Historical Timeline", CNIB". Archived from the original on 2017-12-10. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
- ^ Chronology: 1879-1931, Thomas A. Edison Papers, Rutgers University
- ^ Editors (25 October 1918). "Clocks Change Tomorrow" (PDF). The New York Times Company. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2015.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 345
- ^ Alstatdt, Audrey L. (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. Hoover Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8179-9182-1.
- ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1972). The Baku Commune. Princeton University Press. pp. 217–221. ISBN 978-0-691-05193-2.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- ^ Auger 2008, pp. 15-17
- ^ Jäske 1991, pp. 395–398
- ^ "Celtic". Uboat.net. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
- ^ Series 1, Paris Headquarters and Supply Section, Volume 21 History of American Aviation Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
- ^ "National Film Registry". Library of Congress. Retrieved 14 December 2011.