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На 4 - й Ланкашир Артиллерийские добровольцев , позже переименован в 4 - й Западный Ланкашир бригады , известный как «The Old 4», был неполный блок из британской армии «s Королевской артиллерии основана в Ливерпуле в 1859 году служил на Западном фронте во время Первая мировая война , один из ее участников выиграл Крест Виктории в Камбре . В период между мировыми войнами подразделение впервые применило методы механической тяги. Во время Второй мировой войны он сформировал три полка, которые участвовали в боях в Дюнкерке , в Восточной Африке , на Крите , в Тобруке.(где был захвачен один из его полков), в Бирме и в последних кампаниях в Италии и Северо-Западной Европе . Так продолжалось в послевоенной Территориальной армии до 1973 года.

Добровольческий отряд [ править ]

Происхождение [ править ]

Энтузиазм к добровольческому движению после паники вторжением в 1859 году привел к созданию многих подразделений, состоящих из солдат, занятых неполный рабочий день, желающих пополнить регулярную британскую армию в случае необходимости. [1] [2] Одним из первых и крупнейших таких подразделений был 4-й Ланкаширский артиллерийский добровольец , созданный ливерпульским судовладельцем Джеймсом Уолтером и набирающий своих новобранцев из клерков и офисного персонала фирм в этом городе. Шестьсот добровольцев прошли 22 ноября 1859 года из казарм Берчфилд в Сент-Джордж-холл в Ливерпуле , чтобы принести присягу на верность. Подразделение официально появилось 5 декабря, и его первая штаб-квартира (штаб-квартира) находилась вОфис Ливерпульской и Лондонской страховой компании на Дейл-стрит , с магазином в частном доме на 51-Солсбери-стрит. Первым командиром (КО) был подполковник Джеймс Борн (назначен 7 января 1860 г.), местный торговец и владелец угольной шахты, который также был подполковником Королевского артиллерийского ополчения Ланкашира . Корпус состоял из бригады из восьми рот, именуемых батареями с 1861 года. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] »

К 1862 году 4-й ланкаширский АВ принял на работу 50–60 механиков «высшего класса», чтобы дополнить клерков из среднего класса первоначальных новобранцев. [11] В 1861 году оружейный магазин подразделения был перемещен на Мейсон-стрит, 49, а к 1872 году его штаб-квартира находилась на Мейсон-стрит, 52, где находился большой склад. В 1880 году он был на Мейсон-стрит № 21, 23 и 25, а к 1890 году - на Хайгейт-стрит, 22, Эдж-Хилл, Ливерпуль . [7] [8]

Когда Добровольческий корпус был объединен в 1880 году, подразделению было предложено более старшее число, но оно предпочло сохранить гордое название «4-я бригада». [4] [6] [7] [9]

Добровольная артиллерия с переоборудованной РМЛ 64-фунтовой в 1895 году.

Оборудование [ править ]

4-й Ланкаширский АВК начал свою стрелковую стрельбу, используя стулья, печную трубу и швабры, а затем перешел к деревянным моделям. В сентябре 1861 года Военное министерство (ВО) приказало, чтобы подразделение было оснащено восемью 24-фунтовыми орудиями. Это оружие было непригодным для использования и, по всей видимости, поступило только год спустя. WO отказалось поставлять платформы для перемещения, поэтому майор Джордж Мелли (который стал командующим в 1863 г.) имел два орудия, установленных на подвижных лафетах и ​​платформах для перемещения, и представил их подразделению. Организация под названием Mount Vernon Green Syndicate предоставила подразделению деньги на покупку четырех латунных 9-фунтовых полевых орудий без лафетов и передков. Снаряжение менялось на протяжении истории корпуса: в 1878 году у него было восемь 24-фунтовых и два 32-фунтовых гладкоствольных дульнозарядных (СБМЛ) орудия на вертикальных лафетах и ​​одно40-фунтовый нарезной казенник Armstrong (RBL). В 1885 году он обладал дополнительным нарезным дульным заряжателем (RML) на 64 фунта, переоборудованным из расточенного 8-дюймового орудия и оснащенным внутренним А-образным стволом. [12]

16-фунтовая пушка RML укомплектована добровольцами-артиллеристами в 1897 году.

АВК предназначались для использования в качестве гарнизонной артиллерии, укомплектованной стационарной обороной, но некоторые из первых подразделений укомплектовали полумобильные «позиционные батареи» гладкоствольных полевых орудий, запряженных сельскохозяйственными лошадьми. Однако WO отказался платить за содержание полевых орудий, и эта концепция умерла в 1870-х годах. Он был возрожден в 1888 году, когда некоторые батареи добровольцев были реорганизованы в «позиционную артиллерию» с 16-фунтовыми орудиями RML для работы вместе с бригадами добровольческой пехоты. 4-й Ланкаширский АВК был выпущен с четырьмя такими орудиями в 1889 году, и эксперимент оказался настолько успешным, что в течение трех лет у корпуса было четыре таких батареи. [4] [12] [13] [14]

Королевская гарнизонная артиллерия [ править ]

В 1882 году все АВК были присоединены к одной из территориальных гарнизонных дивизий Королевской артиллерии (РА), а 4-й Ланкаширский дивизион стал частью Ланкаширской дивизии. В 1889 году структура была изменена, и корпус вошел в состав Южной дивизии. В 1899 году РА была разделена на отдельные полевые и гарнизонные части, и все артиллерийские добровольцы были приписаны к Королевской гарнизонной артиллерии (RGA). В 1902 году их названия были изменены, Ливерпульское подразделение стало 4-й Ланкаширской Королевской Гарнизонной Артиллерией (Добровольцы) , обозначенной как тяжелая артиллерия. В следующем году позиционные батареи были переименованы в тяжелые батареи. [3] [4] [8] [14] [10]

В 1900 году 4-й ланкаширский штаб основал постоянную штаб-квартиру в The Grange, на углу Edge Lane и Botanic Road в Ливерпуле. Это был большой старый фермерский дом, к которому отряд пристроил большой крытый сарай для бурения. [7] [8]

Территориальная сила [ править ]

Когда добровольцы были включены в новые территориальные силы (TF) в рамках реформ Холдейна 1908 года, [15] [16] подразделение было переведено в Королевскую полевую артиллерию (RFA), и в качестве старшего подразделения Западного Ланкашира ему было предложено название I (или 1-я) бригада Западного Ланкашира. И снова она выбрала IV (или 4-ю) Западно-Ланкаширскую (гаубичную) бригаду со следующей организацией: [3] [4] [7] [8] [9] [10] [17] [18] [19 ] ]

Тренировка территориальных артиллеристов с 5-дюймовой гаубицей перед Первой мировой войной.

IV Западно-Ланкаширская (гаубичная) бригада, РФА

  • Штаб-квартира: The Grange, Edge Lane, Ливерпуль
  • 7-я Ланкаширская (H) батарея
  • 8-я Ланкаширская (H) батарея
  • 4-я колонна боеприпасов Западного Ланкашира (H)

Подразделение входило в состав Западно-Ланкаширского дивизиона TF . Каждая его батарея была оснащена четырьмя 5-дюймовыми гаубицами . [20] [21] [22] [23]

Первая мировая война [ править ]

Мобилизация [ править ]

Когда 4 августа 1914 года разразилась война, IV West Lancashire Bde находился в своем ежегодном тренировочном лагере в Ларкхилле под командованием подполковника С. Хейвуда Мелли, четвертого члена его семьи, который им командовал. Бригаде было немедленно приказано вернуться в Ливерпуль для мобилизации. [20] [21] [22] [24] [25] Мобилизационное оборудование было дефицитным для всех подразделений: IV West Lancs решили проблему нехватки тягловых животных, реквизировав трамвайных лошадей с трамвая для лошадей Дуглас-Бей на острове Мэн . [26]

TF был предназначен для службы на дому, но 10 августа ее члены были приглашены добровольно работать за границей. Так поступила почти вся бригада IV West Lancs. 15 августа 1914 г. WO издало инструкции отделить тех мужчин, которые записались только на домашнюю службу, и сформировать их в резервные части. Новобранцы также прибывали, и 31 августа было санкционировано формирование резерва или подразделения 2-й линии для каждого подразделения 1-й линии, где 60% или более мужчин добровольно пошли на службу за границу. Названия этих блоков 2-й линии будут такими же, как и у оригинала, но будут отличаться префиксом «2 /». Таким образом, из новобранцев создавались дублирующие батареи, бригады и дивизии, копирующие отправляемые за границу формирования ТФ. [25] [27] [28]

4,5-дюймовая гаубица хранится в Королевском артиллерийском музее .

1 / IV Бригада Западного Ланкашира [ править ]

Сразу после мобилизации бригада перебралась в лагерь Аллертон для тренировок. 26 октября он отправился с дивизией Западного Ланкашира в Кент и был расквартирован в деревнях около Севеноукса . В период с ноября 1914 по апрель 1915 года все пехотные части дивизии были отправлены для усиления британских экспедиционных сил (BEF), сражавшихся на Западном фронте . Колонны боеприпасов бригады были поглощены дивизионной колонной боеприпасов в Игтэме , которую затем отправили для подкрепления войск в Египте . Остальная часть артиллерии дивизии затем присоединилась ко 2-й Западно-Ланкаширской дивизии., который формировался вокруг Кентербери . 1 / IV Bde переехал в Thanington Without в мае. [21] [22] [29] [30]

В сентябре 1915 года бригада была перевооружена современными 4,5-дюймовыми гаубицами (старые 5-дюймовые гаубицы были переданы ее 2-й линейной части), и ей было приказано отправиться за границу с остальной частью 1-й дивизионной артиллерии Западного Ланкашира, которая должна была стать дивизионная артиллерия 2-й канадской дивизии . Бригада высадилась в Саутгемптоне 28 сентября. Пушки и лошади были на борту лайнера Elder Dempster, а люди - на борту пакетбота SS Mona's Queen на острове Мэн . На следующий день они высадились в Гавре . [21] [22] [23] [28] [30] [31]

Западный фронт [ править ]

Бригада взяла старые позиции пушки в Kemmel секторе линии, с BDE HQ в Locre , 1 / седьмую BTY в Vierstraat и 1/8 - BTY в Lindenhoek у подножия Мон Kemmel . Бригада произвела первые выстрелы 7 октября, хотя боезапас был ограничен до 50 выстрелов на батарею в неделю. Бригада оставалась в этом «тихом» секторе, получив лишь несколько раненых, до 12 декабря, когда она была переведена в резерв около Сен-Омера, а затем 3 января 1916 года перебралась в Пон-Реми в секторе Соммы. Дивизия Западного Ланкашира (ныне 55- я дивизия). (1-й Западный Ланкашир) Дивизия реформировалась во Франции, и ее бывшие части сосредоточились в Пон-Реми. [21][22] [23] [32] [33]

18-фунтовая пушка хранится в Императорском военном музее .

1 / IV West Lancs Bde был доведен до трех батарей 9 февраля, когда B (H) Bty присоединился к LXXXV Bde ( добровольцы «армии Китченера » из 18-й (восточной) дивизии ) и стал C (H) Bty. Затем в мае 1916 года полевая артиллерия BEF была реорганизована: 1 / IV West Lancs Bde получил номер CCLXXVIII Bde (278 Bde), а 15 мая его батареи стали A, B и C. Затем эти три батареи были распределены между другими бригадами дивизионной артиллерии, так что каждая имела по батарее D (гаубиц): A (1/7 Ланкаширского полка) отправился в CCLXXVI (1 / II West Lancs), B (1/8) в CCLXXV (1 / I West Lancs) и C в CCLXXVII (1 / III West Lancs). В CCLXXVIII они были заменены батареями D соответствующих бригад, что дало следующую организацию:[10] [18] [21] [22] [23] [34] [35]

CCLXXVIII бригада, РФА

  • A Bty - бывший D / CCLXXV
  • B Bty - бывший D / CCLXXVI
  • C Bty - бывший D / CCLXXVII

Эти три батареи были недавно сформированы в составе соответствующих бригад, и каждая была оснащена четырьмя 18-фунтовыми орудиями . [21] [23]

Сомма [ править ]

С февраля 55-я дивизионная артиллерия была развернута в долине Кринчон, тихом секторе, но 20 июля бригады двинулись на юг, чтобы принять участие в битве на Сомме . Они вступили в бой 1 августа в районе Марикур-Вуд напротив деревни Гиймон, когда линия фронта находилась под сильным немецким обстрелом. Батареям были выделены участки земли, лишенные какого-либо укрытия или укрытия, за исключением нескольких захваченных немецких землянок . В течение двух недель стрельба велась практически непрерывно, артиллерийские отряды работали посменно, а артиллеристы отводили их от повозок. Наблюдательные пункты (ОП) на позициях пехоты были очень опасными, и один офицер передового наблюдения (FOO) был убит, когда добирался до своего ОП. [36]

55-я дивизия начала свою первую атаку на Гийемона на рассвете 8 августа при поддержке дивизионной артиллерии, которая открыла новый заградительный огонь . Однако центр атаки был задержан, и заградительный огонь пришлось вернуть. В конце концов атака провалилась с большими потерями, как и ее возобновление на следующее утро, когда пехота продвигалась без предварительной бомбардировки, но прикрывалась ползучим огнем. 12 августа дивизия предприняла еще одну неудачную атаку на Гийемон. 15 августа артиллерия ненадолго остановилась, но вернулась в боевые действия в начале сентября, когда произошли бои на Сомме: битвы при Гиймоне (4–6 сентября) и Гинчи.(9 сентября). Последнее было послеобеденной атакой после того, как полевая артиллерия произвела умышленный обстрел утром, после чего последовал уже знакомый ползучий заградительный огонь. Атака была успешной лишь частично, но дивизия увидела лучшие результаты в атаке на Гёдекур во время битвы при Морвале.(25 сентября). На этот раз пехота держалась близко к своему огневому рубежу и легко взяла свои первые и вторые цели. Они повторили свой успех два дня спустя, взяв несколько упорных немецких опорных пунктов, и отступающий противник был пойман дивизионной артиллерией, что также прервало немецкую контратаку. Потери в артиллерийской бригаде в августе были в основном связаны с несчастными случаями, такими как преждевременные взрывы неисправных боеприпасов, а в сентябре они были сконцентрированы на линиях фургонов, которые бомбили каждую ночь. Орудия перегрузили 28 сентября и переместили на выступ Ипра . [21] [37] [38]

В октябре 1916 г. произошла дальнейшая реорганизация дивизионной артиллерии: бригада была разделена между двумя другими, чтобы довести их до шести орудий в каждой; затем Btys A и B были отнесены к CCLXXV и CCLXXVII Bdes соответственно. CCLXXVIII (ранее 1 / IV West Lancashire) Bde затем прекратил свое существование. Бывшие 1/7 и 1/8 ланкаширские бригады продолжали служить со своими новыми бригадами до конца войны. [18] [21] [22] [23]

Виктория Кросс [ править ]

30 ноября 1917 года сержант Сирил Эдвард Горли из D (H) / CCLXXVI Bty (бывший 1/7 Lancashire Bty) выиграл Крест Виктории (VC). [a] Родился в Ливерпуле и получил образование в Ливерпульском университете. В мае 1914 года он вступил в IV бригаду Западного Ланкашира, а в 1916 году перешел со своей батареей в CCLXXVI Bde. Он уже получил Военную медаль (MM) в Ипре, а затем 30 августа. В ноябре его отправили занять передовую секцию 4,5-дюймовых гаубиц на ферме Литтл Приэль во время битвы при Камбре.. Несмотря на то, что противник находился в пределах 400 ярдов (370 м) от фронта и фланга секции и имея в тылу снайперов, Горли умудрялся держать в бою одно орудие весь день, ведя огонь по сторонам противника на виду у всех на виду. Каждый раз, когда его подразделение выбивалось из орудий, он возвращался назад, неся боеприпасы и сам закладывая ружье, которому помогал сначала один, а затем другой из отряда. Когда противник продвинулся вперед, он вытащил свое орудие из ямы и выстрелил в пулемет на расстоянии 500 ярдов (460 м), выбив его прямым попаданием. С наступлением темноты он успешно вывел оружие. Горли был награжден VC, а ряд других артиллеристов из его отряда выиграли MM. [40] [41] [39] [42]

Колонка боеприпасов [ править ]

В то время как дивизия Западного Ланкашира дислоцировалась в Кенте в 1915 году, колонны боеприпасов бригады были поглощены дивизионной колонной боеприпасов (DAC), а солдаты 1 / IV West Lancs Bde сформировали 4-ю секцию. В мае 1915 года DAC был отправлен в Египет, где был присоединен к 42-й (Восточный Ланкашир) дивизии, но сохранил свое первоначальное название. Находясь в Египте, DAC послал подкрепление батареям 42-й дивизии, сражавшимся у Галлиполи , с отрядом 4- й дивизии, служившим на мысе Хеллес для дежурства боеприпасов. Первая активная служба DAC в целом была во время турецкого наступления на Суэцкий канал в июле и августе 1916 года, которое потерпело поражение в битве при цыганах.. Когда в феврале 1917 года 42-я дивизия была отправлена ​​на Западный фронт, DAC Западного Ланкашира остался в Египте, чтобы сформировать боевое подразделение восточных войск, организованное для ведения боевых действий в пустыне и поддерживавшее 52-ю (равнинную) , 53-ю (валлийскую) и 54-ю (восточно-английскую) дивизии . Он прошел через Синайскую пустыню как раз вовремя, чтобы принять участие во Второй битве при Газе , а затем служил в этой роли до конца войны, сохранив свое первоначальное название. На всем протяжении 4-го отделения укомплектовывались бойцами его первоначальной 4-й бригады. [43]

2 / IV Бригада Западного Ланкашира [ править ]

2-я дивизионная артиллерия Западного Ланкашира (позже 57-я (2-я Западный Ланкашир) ) страдала от нехватки вооружения и техники, что серьезно задерживало ее обучение. Одной из бригад полевой артиллерии даже пришлось позаимствовать старые карабины у « Lad's Brigade» Престон- Черч . Артиллеристы тренировались как могли в лагере Уитон . В итоге в июле 1915 года каждая бригада получила по два 15-фунтовых орудия Mk I (без прицелов). Наконец, в сентябре батареи 2-й линии смогли присоединиться к остальной части дивизии в Кенте, и 2 / IV Bde заняли 5-дюймовые гаубицы из своей 1-й линии, отправлявшиеся во Францию. [28] [44]

Теперь можно было начать серьезную подготовку, которая была ускорена в январе 1916 года, когда 2 / IV Bde получили современные 4,5-дюймовые гаубицы. В июле 1916 года дивизионная артиллерия была реорганизована по тем же принципам, что и во Франции: 2 / IV West Lancs Bde была разбита до того, как успела утвердить присвоенный ей номер (CCLXXXVIII или 288) и 2/7-й и 2/8-й ланкаширский. батареи были рассредоточены по другим бригадам. [18] [28] [44]

Межвоенный [ править ]

Осенью 1919 года, вскоре после того, как демобилизованные вернулись домой, майор Эдвард Хемелрик (один из довоенных офицеров бригады) призвал бывших членов «Старой четверки» посетить концерт, на котором их бывший командир подполковник С. Хейвуд Мелли призвал их присоединиться к новой Территориальной армии (ТА), когда она была создана для замены TF. 21 мая 1920 года Хемелрик попросил командир 55-й (Западная Ланка) дивизии сформировать новую среднюю артиллерийскую бригаду из бывшей 4-й гаубичной бригады Западного Ланка и двух тяжелых батарей бывшей Ланкаширской тяжелой бригады Королевской гарнизонной артиллерии . Она должна была быть обозначена как 4-я средняя бригада Западного Ланкашира (RGA) и состояла из двух конных батарей по шесть штук в каждой.6-дюймовые гаубицы и две тяговые батареи, одна из шести 6-дюймовых гаубиц и одна из 60-фунтовых орудий . Набор сотрудников начался хорошо, но был прерван, когда на случай неприятностей во время угольной забастовки в апреле 1921 года были сформированы Силы обороны . Подполковнику Хемелрику было предложено поднять 4,5-дюймовую батарею гаубиц, которая заняла Грандж и пять постоянных инструкторов бригады. Батарея Сил обороны была выведена из строя после ее 90-дневного срока службы, а набор и обучение для бригады ТА возобновились. [3] [10] [18] [45]

В ноябре 1921 года, в рамках изменения нумерации TA, бригада была официально обозначена как 59-я средняя бригада, но после года представлений от Hemelryk и West Lancs TA Association по поводу потери своего титула 'Old 4th', она была изменена. в 59-ю (4-ю Западную Ланкашир) среднюю бригаду, RGA со следующей организацией: [3] [8] [10] [18] [46] [47]

  • RHQ в Grange
  • 233 (Западный Ланкашир) Средний Bty
  • 234 (Западный Ланкашир) Medium Bty (гаубица)
  • 235 (Западный Ланкашир) Medium Bty (гаубица)
  • 236 (Западный Ланкашир) Medium Bty (гаубица)

(Позже только 236 Bty были обозначены как «гаубицы».) [8] Бригада была обозначена как «армейские войска» в районе 55-й дивизии (Западный Ланкашир). [47] RGA была включена в состав Королевской артиллерии (RA) в 1924 году, а в 1938 году RA изменила стандартное обозначение подразделения с «бригады» на «полк». [8] [18] В 1933 году Спрингвудский кадетский батальон стал 59-й (4-й Западный Ланс) кадетской батареей, входившей в состав бригады и которой командовал один из ее офицеров. [48]

WO решило использовать конную тягу только для средней артиллерии TA в мирное время, но у подполковника Хемелрика были другие идеи, и к ежегодному лагерю в Ларкхилле в 1923 году все батареи буксировались сельскохозяйственными тракторами Fordson . Сервисный центр Ford на Эдж-лейн продемонстрировал, что два из этих тракторов могут без посторонней помощи восстановить сильно выброшенное орудие. К 1927 году бригада также буксировала на тракторах вагоны общего назначения. В следующем году 60-фунтовые машины буксировали тракторами Latil, а 6-дюймовые гаубицы - шестиколесными грузовиками Morris , а в марте 1929 года бригада была полностью механизирована, что позволило сэкономить на людях . [49]

Батареи бригады регулярно показывали отличные результаты в стрельбе в тренировочных лагерях и в соревнованиях Национальной артиллерийской ассоциации, проводимых раз в два года на Кубке короля. Это завершилось в 1935 году, когда 236 Bty под командованием капитана Филипа Туси выиграли кубок с 6-дюймовыми гаубицами, несмотря на участие в финале стрельбы и движения против полевых батарей, вооруженных удобной 18-фунтовой пушкой. 59-я (4-я Западная Ланка) была первой средней бригадой, выигравшей Кубок Короля, и сохранила кубок с рекордным отрывом в 1937 году [50].

Вторая мировая война [ править ]

Мобилизация [ править ]

TA был увеличен вдвое после Мюнхенского кризиса 1938 года, когда существующие подразделения разделились, чтобы сформировать дубликаты до начала Второй мировой войны . 59-й средний полк реорганизован в мае 1939 г. в следующем составе: [18] [51] [52]

59-й (4-й Западный Ланкашир) средний полк, RA [10] [53] [54]

  • RHQ в Grange, подполковник HC Servaes (CO с декабря 1936 г.) [8]
  • 235 (Западный Ланкашир) Med Bty
  • 236 (Западный Ланкашир) Med Bty

68-й (4-й Западный Ланкашир) средний полк, RA [54] [55] [56]

  • RHQ в Грин-Лейн, Ливерпуль, подполковник HK Dimoline , MBE , (ранее командир (OC) 233 Bty) [8]
  • 233 (Западный Ланкашир) Med Bty
  • 234 (Западный Ланкашир) Med Bty

К настоящему времени батареи состояли из восьми 60-фунтовых или 6-дюймовых гаубиц. [57] [58] Оба полка мобилизованы в Западном командовании . [52] [53] [55]

59-й (4-й Западный Ланкс) средний полк [ править ]

Эффективный 59-й Med Rgt был выбран в качестве одного из первых подразделений нового британского экспедиционного корпуса . TA был мобилизован 26 августа, и полк сосредоточился в Тарпорли , к 2 сентября, за день до этого , к нему присоединились отряд Королевского корпуса связи (RCS) и Отряд легкой помощи (LAD) Королевского армейского артиллерийского корпуса. была объявлена ​​война. Наряду с современными тракторами Scammell для его колесных орудий 1918 года выпуска, он был снабжен коллекцией реквизированных гражданских грузовиков и фургонов. Передовая группа отправилась во Францию ​​24 сентября, а через два дня транспорт и оборудование отправились в Ньюпорт, чтобы сесть на пакетбот острова Мэн.СС Бен-мой-Кри . 3 октября личный состав вылетел в Саутгемптон . 5 октября полк сосредоточился под командованием подполковника Серва у Лаваля, где он перешел в состав 2-го корпуса и двинулся в район Лилля . [53] [54] [57] [59] [60] [61]

Битва за Францию [ править ]

6-дюймовая гаубица на осмотре во Франции, 1940 год. (Эта версия имеет полностью пневматические шины).

По прибытии RHQ и 235 Bty заняли Херрин, а 236 Bty были в Чеми ; они оставались в этих деревнях всю зиму 1939–1940 гг., посылая рабочие группы копать ямы с оружием в Аске у бельгийской границы и продолжая обучение. 1 марта полк перебрался в пригород Fives Lille и заменил стальные орудийные колеса на цельнолитые резиновые шины. В ночь с 9 на 10 мая люфтваффе совершил налет на Лилль, а на следующий день началась битва за Францию с немецкого вторжения в Нидерланды. BEF ответил, выполнив заранее подготовленный план D , продвинувшись в Бельгию, чтобы занять оборону вдоль реки Дайл.. By 15 May the regiment was with II Corps on the Dyle Front, preparing positions at Bethem to cover Louvain.[62][63]

However, the Panzers of the Wehrmacht's Army Group A had broken through the Ardennes and threatened the BEF's flank, so on 16 May it began to withdraw to the River Escaut, before the regiment had the chance to occupy the Berthem positions. On 20 May, 59th Med Rgt came into action at Templeuve-en-Pévèle, where the batteries were shelled and suffered their first casualties. On 22 May they pulled back to previously-constructed gun pits covering the River Marcq at Flers. On 26 May the regiment retreated along roads jammed with refugees through Ploegsteert to Neuve Eglise, then next day to Killem-Linde. Here it came under the command of 1st Division (Maj-Gen Harold Alexander) and was ordered to destroy unwanted vehicles, and to spike the guns if they could not be got across the canal into the BEF's perimeter round Dunkirk. However, by pushing on, the regiment got all its guns into Dunkirk, the only medium regiment that achieved this.[64][65]

The regiment was deployed near Ghyvelde, with the batteries either side of a canal, linked by a footbridge; 235 Bty was personally deployed by Maj-Gen Alexander. The batteries fired off a lot of spare ammunition, though OPs were difficult to find in the flat country. 236 Battery came under fire, but shifted 200 yards (180 m) to the flank, while Germans continued to shell their old position. Early on 31 May the regiment was ordered to thin out, leaving just the gun detachments and signallers while the remainder went into Dunkirk to join the evacuation (Operation Dynamo) that was under way. 235 Battery came out of action when its gun positions were inundated by seawater entering the breached dykes; 236 Bty remained in action until 10.00 on 1 June. Then the guns were spiked, the sights removed, and the Scammells driven into the canals, while the exhausted gun detachments made their way to Malo-les-Bains. They waded out to the small boats and were transferred to a Royal Navy minesweeper. The CO, Lt-Col Servaes, had become separated on the road, and was one of the last to leave.[66][67]

Home defence[edit]

The men returning from Dunkirk were scattered all over England, but 59th Med Rgt soon concentrated at Larkhill and then moved to Wimborne Minster to dig defences and prepare to defend the town with just 40 rifles and three hired trucks. On 5 July the regiment left to take up home defence roles in Eastern Command, RHQ and 235 Bty at Great Dunmow under XI Corps and 236 Bty at Whittlesford under II Corps. By September, RHQ was at Leiston under 55th (West Lancashire) Division and the batteries were deployed with 235 in defences between Lowestoft and Felixstowe and 236 in the GHQ Line of pillboxes along the Rivers Cam and Ouse, a front of 100 miles (160 km) to a depth of by 80 miles (130 km). It was equipped with a variety of obsolete equipment including 4-inch naval guns, 6-pounder naval guns cut down for service in World War I tanks, 6-inch mortars and Lewis guns. On 24 July Lt-Col Servaes was promoted to Brigadier to command the medium artillery in VIII Corps, and on 24 September the regiment provided a cadre to train 902 Home Defence Battery.[54][68]

The regiment continued in Eastern Command in late 1940.[69][70] It concentrated at Cambridge in January 1941, where it received four 6-inch howitzers on loan. In March it moved to the South Coast, where it came under IV Corps, affiliated to 55th Division.[71] With RHQ at Battle Abbey School, it prepared gun pits and OPs, although it only had five Mk I 60-pdrs and one 75 mm gun. Its LAD was withdrawn in August. In October the regiment moved to the Cotswolds, 235 Bty at Moreton-in-Marsh and 236 at Stow-on-the-Wold, where it was re-equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers and Quad gun tractors. In December the regiment moved to County Durham in Northern Command, with RHQ at Beamish Hall, 235 Bty at Stanley and 236 Bty at Annfield Plain.[72] In June the following year it moved to Yorkshire, first to Stamford Bridge and Scrayingham and then in August to Selby and Riccall.[73]

By now the regiment was 100 men below strength after sending away training cadres and drafts for units overseas; in July 1942 it was ordered to send another draft of four officers and 150 other ranks to the Middle East, which deprived it of many of its most experienced men. At the end of 1942 it was ordered to undertake the training of a war-formed infantry battalion, 9th Bn, Essex Regiment, to convert it into 11th Medium Regiment, RA. This was done by cross-posting half of the personnel of each regiment for three months. 59th Medium Rgt was stationed at Hunmanby, with 11th Med Rgt five miles away at Rudston. They were re-equipped with the new 5.5-inch medium gun.[74]

In May 1943 the reunited regiment moved to Kent, where it joined 3rd Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA), part of 21st Army Group training for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). RHQ was quartered at Hildenborough, 235 Bty at Crockham Hill, and 236 Bty at Four Elms. As well as training, it also acted as a demonstration regiment: in Exercise Breachmine it showed that accurate intensive fire by medium artillery could clear safe lanes through minefields. In another exercise it demonstrated a 'crash action', getting from column of route to firing the first round in 2.5 minutes, to prove that a specialised infantry gun was not required. In May 1944 all space in southern England was required for the concentration of the 'Overlord' assault troops, so the regiment moved to Alnmouth and the practice ranges at Redesdale. It was also issued with M3 Half-track OP vehicles.[53][54][75][76][77][78]

Normandy[edit]

The regiment moved to its concentration area at Worthing on 9 June, then to the assembly area at Wanstead Flats, finally embarking aboard two LSTs at Victoria Hard in the Port of London on 25 June. It landed at La Valette on 28 June and concentrated at Lantheuil. The regiment fired its first rounds on 2 July in support of a Canadian attack on Carpiquet Airfield, and supported I Corps in the two-day battle for Caen (Operation Charnwood). On 10 July it moved to Colleville, where it was under fire and on 15 July a direct hit on a gun position killed the second-in-command (Maj W.K Crawford), the OC 235 Bty (Maj Arthur Toosey, brother of Philip) and an entire gun detachment (11 in all). Next day an OP was hit on Hill 112 with further casualties. It stayed for a month in these positions, before moving on 5 August to support the Canadian advance up the River Orne, then firing into the Falaise Pocket as the break-out from the Normandy beachhead began. There followed rapid movements across Northern France and Belgium. Regimental OP parties crossed the Seine with the assault troops of 15th (Scottish) Division, advanced in tanks with 7th Armoured Division, and then the regiment operated as 'Crawforce' (under the CO, Lt-Col D.I. Crawford) with heavy, medium, and anti-tank guns under command. The regiment reached Antwerp Airport with 53rd (Welsh) Division by 11 September.[79]

North West Europe[edit]

'Crawforce', now '59th Med Rgt Group', moved east to support 15th (S) Division at Gheel, where its fire broke up a strong counter-attack against the bridgehead over the Meuse–Escaut Canal.[80][81] During Operation Market Garden the regiment operated in XXX Corps' 'corridor' with virtually no infantry cover against German troops on the flank, while firing on targets such as Best on the Wilhelmina Canal to assist the advance. Reaching St Oedernrode on 29 September the regiment deployed just off the Nijmegen road under shellfire. It stayed there until 8 October, then crossed Nijmegen Bridge and spent 10 days in 'the island' on the far bank under 3 AGRA supporting 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, and driving off a counter-attack launched against nearby US troops.[82]

On 22 October the regiment took part in Operation Pheasant to clear the approaches to 's-Hertogenbosch, sending forward five OPs in tanks to accompany the attack. The three-day operation led to ammunition shortages. On 30 October the regiment was rushed east to Udenhout, where it was engaged in firing to demolish enemy OPs in church towers. It then operated with 3 AGRA supporting XII Corps in clearing the area towards the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) at Venlo. Near Venlo a single gun was ordered on a 'roving' mission, but took a wrong turning into enemy territory and the whole detachment was killed or captured; the regiment also suffered casualties from incoming fire. Already 38 men short, it was now told that every artillery regiment had to supply a draft of 24 gunners to reinforce the infantry. 59th Medium Rgt took part in the massive artillery concentration to clear Blerick (Operation Guildford). Further operations were halted by winter weather.[83][84]

5.5-inch guns of 236 Bty, 59th Medium Rgt, firing at dawn before XII Corps' attack at Sittard, 16 January 1945.

The lull was broken on 22 December when the regiment was rushed to a position north of Louvain due to the German breakthrough in the Ardennes (the Battle of the Bulge). On 29 December it moved near Namur and then on 2 January 1945 began a difficult move into the Ardennes as part of 4 AGRA in support of XXX Corps' advance against the northern edge of the 'Bulge'. After the crisis was over, the regiment was moved north to Sittard to support XII Corps against Roermond in Operation Blackcock on 16 January. Next it moved another 70 miles (110 km) to join the artillery preparation for Operation Veritable to clear the Reichswald. The 59th opened fire at 05.00 on 8 February and continued firing all day (roughly 250 rounds per gun). Following the advancing troops along the forest tracks was a serious problem for the gun tractors and ammunition lorries. Once the regiment closed up to the Maas there were for a time no troops between the guns and the enemy across the river, the gunners having to prepare their own defences.[85]

Germany[edit]

On 24 February the regiment crossed the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) and moved to Bedburg to come under command of 2 Canadian AGRA for Operation Blockbuster, for which 500 rounds per gun had been stockpiled. By the night of 6/7 March the regiment had advanced to the Hochwald Gap, but at dawn found itself under observation from enemy positions. It came under shellfire and suffered casualties while digging in, but did some accurate counter-battery (CB) firing. On 19 March RHQ moved a short distance to its assigned position for Operation Plunder, the assault crossing of the Rhine. The batteries moved in secretly on 23 March, leaving dummy guns at their old positions. The regiment was in close support for 227th (Highland) Brigade of 15th (S) Division, with OPs accompanying 10th Battalion Highland Light Infantry and 2nd Bn Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. The bombardment started at 18.00 on 23 March and 15th (S) Division began its assault crossing at 02.00 on 24 March. Although some of 227th Bde's troops were landed in the wrong places, the OPs landing on the far back were able to call down effective fire on targets to their front. The guns ceased fire while the airborne forces passed overhead to drop in Operation Varsity, then resumed, breaking up counter-attacks and supporting the advance to link up with the airborne forces across the Issel. On 28 March the regiment crossed the Rhine at Xanten and supported an attack on Bocholt.[86][87]

5.5-inch guns of 235 and 236 Btys firing in support of the Rhine crossing, 21 March 1945.

21st Army Group could not support all its troops in the pursuit across North Germany, and on 29 March 59th Medium Regiment was 'grounded'. It re-crossed the Rhine and was rested for two weeks. On 13 April, under the command of 9 AGRA, it crossed the Rhine once more and moved into Germany to begin battlefield clearance and occupation duties. On 28 April the scattered regiment was concentrated and sent forward to support the troops on the Elbe. It fired for the last time (eight rounds per gun) on 2 May, and the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath followed two days later.[88]

The regiment was then used for occupation duties in the Harburg, Hamburg, area, later at Bochum, mounting guards, supervising German working parties engaged on reconstruction, and distributing aid to the displaced persons camps. Demobilisation proceeded through 1945, the guns were handed in during January 1946, and on 1 March the regiment was placed in suspended animation.[18][89]

68th (4th West Lancs) Medium Regiment[edit]

On its formation in April 1939, this new regiment established its HQ at Green Lane, Liverpool, and commenced training. On mobilisation it moved to Tattenhall in Cheshire for advanced training with 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division, but transport was scarce, and the guns had to be towed by steam lorries belonging to a flour mill. However, the progress of the regiment was so good that it was soon required to spin off a second duplicate, 73rd Medium Regiment, which absorbed a cadre of six officers and 53 trained other ranks from the 68th in January 1940. The 68th also sent drafts of trained men to other regiments, including 18 to a heavy anti-aircraft regiment in the Orkneys.[90][91][92]

In March 1940 the regiment left 59th Division and moved to Melksham in Wiltshire to join IV Corps. It fired its guns for the first time at a practice camp at Redesdale in May. On return to Melksham the regiment was ordered to join II Corps with the BEF in France, but this was overtaken by the Dunkirk evacuation, and the regiment spent its time operating a reception area for the returned troops. 68th Medium Rgt then took part in home defence training exercises until 3 September when it received orders for the Middle East. It embarked on the SS Oropesa at Liverpool with eight 6-inch howitzers and eight new 4.5-inch guns[b]and sailed on 8 October. The Oropesa berthed at Port Tewfik at Suez on 16 November, and the regiment went into camp at Almaza, near Cairo. The regiment began to prepare for service in the Sudan.[55][95]

234 (West Lancs) Medium Battery[edit]

4.5-inch Mk I gun of D Trp, 234 Bty, supporting the Australians at Bardia, 24 December 1940.

On 18 December, 234 Bty was unexpectedly detached and sent with its 4.5-inch guns (at that stage the only ones in the Middle East) to the Western Desert, its vehicles still painted in Sudan camouflage. It was attached to the 60-pdrs of 7th Med Rgt for the Battle of Bardia, which opened with a surprise barrage on 3 January 1941. The long-range 4.5-inch guns were designed for CB fire and an Australian gunnery officer described the barrage: 'Then well to the rear came the frightening sound of the British 4.5-inch Long Toms and the 6-inch howitzers ... on counter-battery tasks'. 7th Medium Rgt and 234 Bty suffered a number of casualties from Italian return fire, but 6th Australian Division launched its attack and secured all its objectives and thousands of prisoners by 08.30. Phase 2 began the next day, and after three days' fighting the force had captured Bardia and 40,000 Italian prisoners.[93][94][96][97]

The British force moved on rapidly to Tobruk, for the capture of which 234 Bty came under the command of 64th (London) Medium Rgt which had arrived with its own 4.5-inch battery, its 6-inch howitzer battery having joined 68th (4th West Lancs) in the Sudan. Again, the 6th Australian Division attacked (on 21 January) behind a heavy barrage with concentrations on the Italian gun positions, and the garrison surrendered on the afternoon of 22 January.[93][98][99] Next, 234 Bty was attached to 2/1st Field Rgt, Royal Australian Artillery, as the pursuit headed for Derna and Benghazi. The battery made a fast move of 120 miles (190 km), but due to supply and road difficulties, it was still too late for the Battle of Beda Fomm. While preparing for the next bound forward to Tripoli, the battery was again unexpectedly ordered back to Cairo. Leaving its 4.5s with 7th Med Rgt, it was armed with 6-inch howitzers and attached to 64th (London) Med Rgt.[93][100]

After refitting, the battery embarked as part of the reinforcements being sent to the Greek campaign. On arrival at Piraeus on 20 March, the Greek Air Force repainted the guns and vehicles in appropriate camouflage, then the battery moved north. At Kozani, the battery (less C Trp) was detached under Greek command, while the rest of 64th Med Rgt continued to Edessa. Once the German invasion began, the Greek forces blew up the road at Kozani and withdrew, so 234 Bty rejoined 64th Med Rgt covering the Florina gap at Vevi, where C Trp was firing effectively on the advancing Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler motorised infantry regiment. Before D Trp could get into action the regiment was ordered back behind the Aliakmon Line, where it fired a few shells, then 234 Bty with one troop of 64th Med Rgt's other battery went back via Thermopylae to the coast. Here it was ordered to destroy its guns and embark the personnel for Crete. C Troop followed later, having had a difficult journey with 64th Med Rgt under air attack, and frequently halting to return fire.[93][101][102][103]

C and D Troops were reunited at Suda Bay on Crete, where a week later they were re-equipped with old Italian guns captured in North Africa: five 100mm howitzers for C Trp and four 75mm guns for D Trp. They were then moved by tank landing craft, to join 14th Infantry Brigade at Heraklion, with 400 rounds per gun but no transport and only enough men to work the guns and signals; the remainder of the battery stayed at Suda Bay with 64th Med Rgt. At Heraklion the battery dug gun pits and slit trenches under frequent air attack. The guns defended a perimeter, with C Trp facing west and D Trp east. A few days later one of 64th Med Rgt's troops arrived, bringing the number of guns up to 13. The German airborne assault on Crete began on 20 May. The gunners at Heraklion were able to deal with the paratroopers who landed nearby, but isolated pockets of Germans in the fields around the battery position sniped at the gunners all day and the next day, causing a few casualties until 2nd Battalion Leicestershire Regiment drove them out, supported by fire from C Trp. However, largescale parachute landings at Maleme had secured a bridgehead for the Germans, who steadily captured the rest of the island. On 25 May attacks on Heraklion from the west were neutralised with the help of artillery fire – 234 Bty firing about 500 rounds. On 28 May the gunners saw more German troops being flown in and 14th Bde was ordered to leave that night. 234 Battery's men made their way in small parties to Sphakia on the south coast and were evacuated aboard HMS Kimberley and HMS Orion. Orion was damaged by bombs on the way to Egypt, and a large number of 234 Bty were killed.[54][104][105][106][107]

East Africa[edit]

The rest of 68th (4th West Lancs) Med Rgt (RHQ and 233 Bty) had arrived at Khartoum in the Sudan on 31 December 1940. It then moved to Gedaref and came under 5th Indian Division. On 12 January the regiment moved up to Dora and began moving sections around at night, firing a few shots and moving again, to deceive the Italians as to the number of guns facing them. Soon afterwards the Italian frontier force retreated into Eritrea and 68th Med Rgt was part of the pursuit force with 29th Indian Infantry Brigade, the first engagement occurring on 26 January. The force advanced by way of Teseney, Keru and Aicota to Barentu, which took from 30 January to 4 February to capture, then via Agordat until it reached the strong Keren position where the Italians made a stand. Shortly after arrival, 212 Bty of 64th (London) Med Rgt joined the regiment, which acted as Corps Troops supporting both 4th and 5th Indian Divisions.[55][54][108][109][110][111][112]

The force was already engaged at Keren, having taken 'Cameron Ridge', but the Italian positions above the Dongolaas Gorge were strong and the Battle of Keren dragged on for seven weeks. 212 Battery's 60-pdrs were the most powerful and longest-ranged guns in the battle, but their flat trajectory was a disadvantage in hill country, where the 6-inch howitzers of 233 Bty were needed to reach targets behind crests. Observation from the foot of the hills was poor and cover for the guns was scarce. The regiment's RA and RCS signallers suffered heavy casualties in keeping the telephone lines open. FOOs also had heavy casualties, and in some cases had to lead attacks by infantry who had lost their officers. Obturating rings for the guns ran out, and the LAD had to improvise them from suet.[113][114][115][116]

On 10 February the two batteries took part in a heavy concentration on the Sanchil–Porcuta heights, but the attack failed, as did a second concentration and attack at Acqua Col the following day. This forced a pause until reinforcements and supplies could be brought up. Meanwhile, single guns of 212 Bty were used to 'snipe' enemy mountain guns. At 07.00 on 15 March an artillery concentration on the Sanchil massif preceded a renewed attack, in which 11th Indian Infantry Brigade managed to seize Hog's Back and gain the first OP on the high ground. A night attack by 9th Indian Infantry Brigade on Fort Dologorodoc followed, with the final assault carried out among the falling 60-pdr shells. Progress towards Sanchil the following night was so slow that the infantry were left behind by their artillery barrage and the attack was called off. There were several more days of bitter fighting, but with OPs on the captured heights, Italian counter-attacks could now be destroyed by artillery fire. On 25 March the railway tunnel and gorge were forced, and by 27 March the Keren position had fallen.[117][118][119]

Western Desert[edit]

While 233 Bty remained with the pursuit force, RHQ and 212 Bty were ordered back to Egypt with 4th Indian Division. They were sent straight into the Western Desert Campaign, taking up positions in the Bagugh[check spelling] Box facing the Germans at Halfaya Pass. Lieutenant-Colonel Dimoline and RHQ acted as divisional HQ RA, while 212 Bty and a detachment of 233 Bty were under 31st Field Rgt. Each night a Troop went out beyond the wire and minefields into No man's land, firing 40–50 rounds of harassing fire before returning. On 15 May Western Desert Force (WDF) launched Operation Brevity to take the pass; although 22nd Guards Brigade took its first objective it was driven off by a German counter-attack. 4th Indian Divisional HQ was nearly overrun, and the augmented 212 Bty fought a rearguard action – 'perhaps one of the few that were fought in the war by a medium battery'. The motorised infantry detailed to escort the battery back were not prepared to slow to the speed of towed medium guns, so the gunners had to use small arms. It lost two guns, but these were soon recaptured.[120][121][122]

Shortly afterwards the regiment was sent back to rest in the Alexandria area with British Troops in Egypt. It was rejoined by 233 and 234 Btys from Eritrea and Crete, and transferred 8 x 6-inch howitzers to re-equip 211 Bty of 64th (London) Med Rgt. The regiment's main role was to lay out defences for Alexandria.[55][123][124][125]

On 31 October the regiment rejoined 4th Indian Division in the WDF, now renamed Eighth Army, at Sidi Hamish. Operation Crusader began on 21 November and the division advanced to Fort Capuzzo and Sidi Omar, where it established itself among the 'Omars', a series of mounds that had previously been entrenched by the Italians. The regiment utilised the good fields of fire from this position, and 233 and 234 Btys both had their first anti-tank shoots, using 6-inch howitzers and 4.5-inch guns against Panzers. The gunners lay down as the tanks approached until at 400 yards (370 m) both batteries, a field regiment and a Bofors gun battery all opened up, destroying at least eight tanks. 234 Battery was especially vulnerable, being outside the defences, but got off the last shots as the Germans retired. After a week at the Omars, 68th Med Rgt moved up to support 2nd South African Divisions' operations against Bardia in December 1941 and January 1942, with Lt-Col Dimoline commanding a mixed artillery group consisting of his own regiment with South African and Polish field artillery. At one point 234 Bty guided by an air OP managed to sink an enemy ship at Bardia. Crusader ended when Bardia surrendered on 17 January, with the enemy driven out of Cyrenaica and the Garrison of Tobruk relieved.[55][105][126][127][128][129][c]

68th Medium Rgt was ordered into Tobruk where it dug in and wired up its OPs. During the lull following Crusader, 233 and 234 Btys were on the Gazala Line, running out sniping guns or patrolling Troops during the hours of darkness to fire on known enemy positions, but enemy CB fire was accurate and the gun positions came under frequent air attack. 233 Battery finally replaced its old 6-inch howitzers with US 155mm guns, also of World War I vintage, but with 1,000 yards (910 m) more range. On 29 March Lt-Col Dimoline was promoted to become Commander Royal Artillery (CRA) for 4th Indian Division and was succeeded as CO by Lt-Col P.J.H. Tuck.[131]

On 26/27 May the Axis forces launched an attack round the southern flank of Eighth Army, bringing on the confused Battle of Gazala. D Troop of 234 Bty under Captain Gillespie was sent south to reinforce one of the defensive 'boxes' south of Tobruk, which was overrun. After firing off all its ammunition D Trp got away to towards Egypt. Meanwhile, 233 and the rest of 234 Bty operated on the fringe of the fighting south of Tobruk, having to shift their positions as often as five time a day. Eventually they were drawn back into the Tobruk perimeter. The Germans attacked Tobruk on 20 June against a badly-organised defence. By the end of the day RHQ and a Troop were moved into the north-west corner of the perimeter. The following morning they were informed that the garrison had surrendered. The regiment felt that earlier warning would have allowed many to escape, as the OP parties in the perimeter were in fact able to do. The regiment destroyed its equipment and was marched off into captivity.[55][54][132][133][134]

Lieutenants Kelly and Williams with their OP parties escaped with 3rd Battalion Coldstream Guards which broke out of the Axis encirclement and reached Egypt, where they joined D Trp. This was attached to 64th (London) Med Rgt which had lost one of its own Troops, and eventually was transferred to that regiment, taking part in the Battles of Ruweisat and Alamein. After Alamein Lt Kelly was sent to the UK with four NCOs and gunners as the cadre to reform the regiment.[135]

Reformed[edit]

Matador gun tractor and gun from 68th Medium Regiment, Normandy, 1st July 1944. 'Gazala' has been painted onto the vehicle (IWM B6271)

68th (4th West Lancs) Medium Regiment reformed in Home Forces in February 1943 under the command of Lt-Col Maurice Jones, later Henry Dunn, with Lt Kelly promoted to captain to command C Trp and later to major to command 233 Bty. As early as July 1943 the regiment was assigned to 4 AGRA with Second Army, in 21st Army Group, and it joined the AGRA in Yorkshire in October.[18][55][54][77][136]

In April 1944 the regiment moved into its Overlord concentration area at Colchester and at the beginning of June loaded the vehicles and guns onto two Liberty ships at Tilbury Docks. These sailed on the evening of 5 June and on 8 June (D+1) landed the reconnaissance parties. By D+3 the whole regiment was ashore with its guns positioned in support of I Corps; shortly afterwards it suffered its first casualties. As Army Troops the regiment supported most of the major offensive operations during the Normandy campaign. A particularly intense one was in support of 15th (Scottish), 49th (West Riding) and 11th Armoured Divisions towards Cheux ridge (Operation Epsom). This began with a massive barrage, after which the FOOs rode up in tanks and one was marooned in the middle of a tank battle.[55][54][76][78][137][138]

In July 1944 the regiment was allotted to First Canadian Army, fighting down towards Falaise, and then in the Canadian advance along the French coast. It took part in the capture of Le Havre (Operation Astonia), after which it was 'grounded' while all available fuel was used for 21st Army Group's dash on Brussels and Antwerp. The regiment then supported operations around the Scheldt Estuary and to the west of the Nijmegen corridor. In 1945 it continued to support First Canadian Army across the Rhine and into Northern Germany until VE Day.[139]

68th (4th West Lancs) Medium Rgt served in the occupation forces at Osnabrück and later at Oldenburg until it was placed in suspended animation in 1946.[18][140]

73rd Medium Regiment[edit]

The regiment was formed with a large cadre from 68th (4th West Lancs) Med Rgt in January 1940,[90][91][92] and by the autumn it was serving with its signal section in III Corps in Home Forces.[69][70] In early 1941 it was in Western Command,[71] then it was chosen as part of the reinforcements for the Middle East. It arrived in Egypt in September 1941.[90]

On arrival it was converted into 95th Anti-Tank Regiment, equipped with 2-pounder A/T guns and organised into A, B, C and D batteries rather than the two batteries of a medium regiment.[90][91][92][141][128]

'A' Battery in Burma[edit]

2-pdr Anti-tank gun preserved at the RA Museum.

On 26 December 1941, following the Japanese invasion of Malaya, Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered Gen Auchinleck to send an armoured brigade to the Far East. Auchinleck sent 7th Armoured Brigade Group, including A Bty, 95th A/T Rgt, under Maj R.A. Hemelryk with three Troops each of four 2-pdr guns. The brigade group could not leave Port Suez until the end of January 1942 and was intended for Java, but that island was captured by the Japanese before it was due to arrive in March. Instead it sailed via Ceylon and landed at Rangoon in Burma on 21 February.[90][142][143][144][145][146][147]

The brigade reached the front just after the disastrous Battle of Sittang Bridge (17–23 February), and deployed around Thanatpin, Payagyi and Waw. By 27 February the Japanese were across the Sittang, and the brigade was pulled back to cover the Rangoon–Pegu road at Tharrawaddy. A counter-attack retook Pegu, but on 6 March the brigade was forced back into Pegu, and then formed the rearguard as Rangoon was burned and the British force retired northwards to Tharrawaddy on 9–10 March. There was bitter fighting round Magwe in March. On 19 March Burma Corps ('Burcorps') was formed, with A Bty becoming corps troops. The retreat continued to Prome and then Mandalay, with rearguard actions along the route. On 27 April the Japanese forces closed up to 7th Armoured Bde, which was at Meiktila, covering the retreat of 17th Indian Division across the Ava Bridge at Mandalay. A Battery 'dealt with the few Japanese tanks which were foolish enough to expose themselves', as the 1/7th and 2/5th Gurkha Rifles held off numerous attacks. The force withdrew across the Irrawaddy on the night of 28/29 April. By 3 May the brigade was covering the withdrawal towards Yeu, and finally the remains of Burcorps crossed the Chindwin to safety at Shwegyin during the night of 11/12 May after the rearguard artillery had fired off all their ammunition and destroyed their guns.[145][148][149]

7th Armoured Brigade was sent back to India to rest and reorganise. In August it was ordered to Iraq, where it was to join a new Persia and Iraq Command (Paiforce). On 23 September A Bty sailed for Basra. It left 7th Armoured Brigade on 20 November, and finally returned to its regiment in the Suez Canal Zone in March 1943.[90][142][145][150]

Italy[edit]

95th Anti-Rank Rgt spent most of 1943 and early 1944 with Ninth Army in Palestine, but by mid-1944 it had reverted to its old role and title as 73rd Medium Rgt in Middle East Forces. By October it was serving in Italy with Eighth Army.[91][90][92][141][151]

73rd Medium Rgt was disbanded in September 1945[91]

Prisoners of War[edit]

Lt-Col (later Brig Sir) Philip Toosey

Major Philip Toosey, OC 236 Bty in the King's Cup and during the Battle of France, who then trained 902 Home Defence Bty, was second-in-command of 59th Med Rgt in 1941 when he was selected to command 135th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Rgt in 18th Division. The CRA of the division was 59th Rgt's former CO, Brigadier Servaes. 18th Division was sent to the Far East and was captured at the Fall of Singapore. Toosey became famous for his efforts to relieve the sufferings of the prisoners building bridges on the Burma Railway (later fictionalised in the film The Bridge on the River Kwai). Postwar he commanded 368th Med Rgt and 87 AGRA, and became Brigadier Sir Philip Toosey, DSO. After his death in 1975 the TA barracks on Aigburth Road in Liverpool were named in his honour.[152][153][154][155][156]

Gunner Laurence Holmes of 68th Med Rgt was captured at Tobruk and sent to a PoW camp in Italy. He made five unsuccessful attempts to escape before the Allied invasion of Italy, when the Italian government signed an Armistice and the Italian PoW guards began to desert. On 13 September 1943 Gnr Holmes and some comrades broke out and tried to make their way to the coast. Hearing that the Allies had reached the Sangro, they turned south to try to join them, but were captured by a German patrol, on the north bank of the river on 26 November. On 28 February 1944 Holmes and a comrade broke out from a moving train but were captured the following day by armed Fascists. On 3 March Holmes and two other made another break from a train, but were picked up on the outskirts of Rome, after which he was sent to PoW camps in Germany. Holmes made his ninth and last escape on 9 March 1945 from a PoW column being marched from Nuremberg to Munich. Together with six companions he hid in a haystack and they reached American lines a few days later. Holmes was awarded the Military Medal (MM) for his efforts.[157]

Postwar[edit]

When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, both 4th West Lancs regiments were reformed:[3][10][18][56][54][153][91]

  • 359 (4th West Lancs) Medium Regiment at The Grange, under the command of Lt-Col J.D.R.T. Tilney
  • 368 (4th West Lancs) Medium Regiment at Upper Warwick Street, Liverpool, under the command of Lt-Col Philip Toosey.

Both regiments were in 87 AGRA, the former HQ RA, 55th (West Lancashire) Division) based in Liverpool and commanded by Brigadier D.I. Crawford, 59th Med Rgt's former CO.[158][159][160][161] In 1949 Lt-Col Toosey was promoted to command 87 AGRA, which position he held until 1954.[162][153]

In 1949, 359 Med Rgt began rebuilding its crumbling drill hall at The Grange, and the new building was opened in 1953.[163] In 1955, 368 Med Rgt absorbed 533 (Liverpool Welsh) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Rgt, which became Q (Liverpool Welsh) Med Bty.[18][164][165][166] Then on 31 October 1956, 359 and 368 merged as 359 (4th West Lancs) Med Rgt.[3][10][18][56][160] 87 AGRA was disbanded on 1 May 1961, and some of its personnel were incorporated into 359 Med Rgt.[10][160]

When the TA was reduced into the TAVR in 1967, the regiment merged with 287 (1st West Lancashire) Fd Rgt, 5th Bn King's Regiment (Liverpool) and 1st Bn Liverpool Scottish, to form:[10][18][167][168]

The West Lancashire Regiment

  • RHQ & Q Bty (4th West Lancashire) – from 359 Med Rgt
  • P Bty (1st West Lancashire) – from 287 Fd Rgt
    • A Troop (Lancashire Hussars)
    • B Troop (Liverpool Rifles)
  • R Bty (The King's) – from 5th King's
    • G Troop (The Liverpool Scottish) – from 1st Liverpool Scottish

However, in 1969 the West Lancashire Regiment was reduced to a cadre sponsored by 103 (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Light Air Defence Rgt, with part of Q (4th West Lancs) Bty absorbed into 59 (West Lancashire) Signal Squadron, 33 (Lancashire and Cheshire) Signal Regiment.[10][18][168] In 1973 the remaining cadre was absorbed into 208 (3rd West Lancs) Bty of 103 (LAV) Rgt.[10][18][168]

Uniform and insignia[edit]

55th Division's Red Rose badge

The 600 original Volunteers who marched through Liverpool in November 1859 wore civilian clothes with a red and blue Cockade on the chest. Their first official uniform was a blue Shell jacket with scarlet facings and blue trousers with a red stripe, the headdress being an artillery Busby.[2] The Lancashire AVCs all seem to have worn the same badge on the 'bomb'-shaped busby plume holder and waistbelt clasp: this consisted of a cannon with a pile of cannonballs to the left and a Lancashire rose above, surrounded by a circle bearing the words 'LANCASHIRE VOLUNTEER ARTILLERY' (see above).[4]

All ranks are reported to have worn a Red Rose of Lancaster badge in the 1930s (this was probably the 55th (West Lancashire) Division shoulder patch).[169] From ca 1963 the regiment was authorised to wear as an arm badge the Red Rose with green stem and leaves on a khaki square (formerly the formation badge of 55th (West Lancashire) Division and then of 87 AGRA).[18][158]

Commanding Officers[edit]

The following served as Commanding Officer of 4th Lancashire Artillery Volunteers and its successor units:[8][170]

  • Lt-Col James Bourne, 1860
  • Maj George Melly, 1863
  • Lt-Col T.A. Bushby, 1867
  • Lt-Col Henry H. Hornby, 1869
  • Maj James Walter, 1873
  • Lt-Col W.M. Belcher, 1874 and 1881
  • Capt Sam Lett, 1876
  • Maj William Turner, 1877
  • Lt-Col A.F. Braun, 1896
  • Lt-Col J.G. Williams, 1898
  • Lt-Col H.M. Melly, 1900
  • Lt-Col Albert Melly, VD, 1906
  • Lt-Col S.Heywood Melly, TD, 1914
  • Lt-Col S.P. Morter, DSO, TD, 1916

59th and 359

  • Lt-Col E.V. Hemelryk, DSO, TD, 1921
  • Lt-Col A.C. Tod, OBE, TD, 1925
  • Lt-Col L.M. Synge, TD, 1929
  • Lt-Col V.E. Cotton, OBE, TD, 1933
  • Lt-Col H.C. Servaes, TD, 1936
  • Lt-Col D.I. Crawford, 1940
  • Lt-Col G.F. Lushington, 1945
  • Lt-Col J.D.R.T. Tilney, TD, 1947
  • Lt-Col A.I. Crawford, MC, TD, 1949
  • Lt-Col C.H. Elston, TD, 1952
  • Lt-Col A.S. Eccles, MBE, TD, 1956 (from 368th)
  • Lt-Col H.D. Beazley, TD, 1957

68th and 368

  • Lt-Col H.K. Dimoline, DSO, MBE, TD, 1939
  • Lt-Col P.J.H. Tuck, 1942
  • Lt-Col M. Jones, 1943
  • Lt-Col H.Dunn, DSO, TD, 1944
  • Lt-Col P.D. Toosey, DSO, OBE, TD, 1947
  • Lt-Col J.M. Harrison, TD, 1949
  • Lt-Col N.A.H. Kitchener, OBE, TD, 1952
  • Lt-Col A.S. Eccles, MBE, TD, 1955

Honorary Colonels[edit]

The following served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:[8][10][171]

  • 1867–74: Col James Bourne, former CO
  • 1874–96: Col Henry H. Hornby, one of the original officers and former CO
  • 1896–1914: Col W.M. Belcher, VD, former CO
  • 1914–17: Lt-Gen Edward Bethune, CVO, CB, former GOC West Lancashire Division
  • 1920–42: Lt-Gen Sir Hugh Jeudwine, KCB, KBE, TD, former GOC 55th (West Lancashire) Division
  • 1939–55 (68th/368): Col Sir Alan Tod, CBE, TD, former CO
  • 1951–56 (359): Brig D.I. Crawford, CB, DSO, TD, former CO
  • 1955–? (359): Brig H.C. Servaes, TD, the first new officer commissioned after World War I, and CO 1936–39
  • 1965 (359 and West Lancs Rgt): Brig Sir Philip Toosey, CBE, DSO, TD[168]

Memorials[edit]

The regiment's World War I memorial to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Lines of the 4th West Lancs (How) Brigade and No 4 Section West Lancs DAC was unveiled at The Grange in 1922.[172][173] A World War II Memorial was later added.[174] Both memorials were moved to Brigadier Philip Toosey Barracks in 1980.[175]

On 14 October 1951 the Liverpool Group of Royal Artillery Memorial Homes for disabled gunners were opened in Allerton Road. One of these houses, named The Grange, was paid for by former members of 59th and 68th Med Rgts, and another, Collerton, in memory of Maj W.K. Crawford was paid for by his former employers.[176]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Sergeant Gourley is reputed to be the only Territorial Gunner ever to win the VC;[39] in fact, Sgt William Gosling of the III Wessex Bde, RFA, TF, was also awarded the VC while serving in a trench mortar battery.
  2. ^ These are reported to be 're-lined' 60-pdrs,[93][94] but it is more likely that they were 4.5-inch Mk 1 guns, ie the newly designed gun barrel on a 60-pdr carriage.
  3. ^ Farndale[130] incorrectly identifies the medium guns fighting the Panzers at Sidi Omar as 65th Med Rgt, which was not present in the theatre.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Beckett.
  2. ^ a b c Anon, History, pp. 1–4.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Anon, History, Appendix I.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Litchfield & Westlake, pp. 107–12.
  5. ^ Beckett, p. 63.
  6. ^ a b Beckett, Appendix VIII.
  7. ^ a b c d e Anon, History, p. 11.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Army List.
  9. ^ a b c Lancashire Record Office, Handlist 72.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "4th West Lancs Artillery at Regiments.org". Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
  11. ^ Beckett, p. 74.
  12. ^ a b Anon, History, pp. 5–6.
  13. ^ Beckett, pp. 178–9.
  14. ^ a b Litchfield and Westlake, pp. 3–6.
  15. ^ Dunlop, Chapter 14.
  16. ^ Spiers, Chapter 10.
  17. ^ London Gazette 20 March 1908.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Litchfield, pp. 127–8.
  19. ^ Conrad, British Army 1914.
  20. ^ a b Anon, History, pp. 12–4.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 133–9.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g 55th Division at Long, Long Trail.
  23. ^ a b c d e f "55th Division at Regimental Warpath". Archived from the original on 2009-11-10. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
  24. ^ Anon, History, p. 22.
  25. ^ a b Coop. p. 21.
  26. ^ Anon, History, p. 16.
  27. ^ Anon, History, p. 15.
  28. ^ a b c d Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 1–7.
  29. ^ Anon, History, p. 17.
  30. ^ a b Coop, p. 22.
  31. ^ Anon, History, p. 18.
  32. ^ Anon, History, pp. 20–2.
  33. ^ Coop, p. 23.
  34. ^ Anon, History, p. 23.
  35. ^ Coop, pp. 28–9.
  36. ^ Anon, History, pp. 23–8.
  37. ^ Anon, History, pp. 28–31.
  38. ^ Coop, pp. 31–44.
  39. ^ a b Litchfield, Appendix II.
  40. ^ Anon, History pp. 35–42; Appendix VI.
  41. ^ Coop, p. 173.
  42. ^ Farndale, Western Front, p. 250.
  43. ^ Anon, History, p. 45.
  44. ^ a b 57th Division at Long, Long Trail.
  45. ^ Anon, History, pp. 47–9.
  46. ^ Anon, History, pp. 50–1.
  47. ^ a b Titles & Designations, 1927.
  48. ^ Anon, History, p. 60.
  49. ^ Anon, History, pp. 49–59.
  50. ^ Anon, History, pp. 64–73.
  51. ^ Anon, History, p. 74.
  52. ^ a b Western Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.
  53. ^ a b c d 59 Med Rgt at RA 1939–45.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Med Rgts at British Artillery in WW2.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i 68 Med Rgt at RA 1939–45.
  56. ^ a b c "68th Med Rgt at Regiments.org". Archived from the original on 2006-05-31. Retrieved 2006-05-31.
  57. ^ a b Ellis, France and Flanders, Appendix I.
  58. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, p. 9.]
  59. ^ Anon, History, pp. 76–8.
  60. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, p. 15; Annex A.
  61. ^ Joslen, p. 462.
  62. ^ Anon, History, pp. 78–81.
  63. ^ Ellis, France and Flanders, Chapter III.
  64. ^ Anon, History, pp. 81–3.
  65. ^ Ellis, France and Flanders, Chapter IV.
  66. ^ Anon, History, pp. 83–8.
  67. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, p. 79.
  68. ^ Anon, History, pp. 89–94.
  69. ^ a b Farndale, Years of Defeat, Annex D.
  70. ^ a b Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery, 26 December 1940, TNA files WO 212/4 and WO 33/2365.
  71. ^ a b Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional Units), 25 March 1941, TNA files WO 212/5 and WO 33/2323.
  72. ^ Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional units), 22 October 1941, with amendments, TNA files WO 212/6 and WO 33/1883.
  73. ^ Anon, History, pp. 95–103.
  74. ^ Anon, History, pp. 103–7.
  75. ^ Anon, History, pp. 107–11.
  76. ^ a b (AGRA)s at British Artillery in WW2.
  77. ^ a b Order of Battle of the Forces in the United Kingdom, Part 2: 21 Army Group, 24 July 1943, with amendments, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 212/238.
  78. ^ a b Joslen, p. 463.
  79. ^ Anon, History, pp. 112–26.
  80. ^ Anon, History, pp. 126–8.
  81. ^ Martin, pp. 129–44.
  82. ^ Anon, History, pp. 128–30.
  83. ^ Anon, History, pp. 130–5.
  84. ^ Martin, pp. 214–9.
  85. ^ Anon, History, pp. 135–40.
  86. ^ Anon, History, pp. 140–3.
  87. ^ Martin, pp. 281–300.
  88. ^ Anon, History, pp. 143–5.
  89. ^ Anon, History, pp. 146–50.
  90. ^ a b c d e f g Anon, History, pp. 151–2.
  91. ^ a b c d e f Farndale, Years of Defeat, Annex M.
  92. ^ a b c d "73 Med Rgt at RA 1939–45".
  93. ^ a b c d e Anon, History, pp. 153–6.
  94. ^ a b Farndale, Years of Defeat, pp. 137–8.
  95. ^ Anon, History, pp. 152–3.
  96. ^ Joslen, p. 478.
  97. ^ Playfair, Vol I, pp. 271, 283–7.
  98. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, pp. 138–40.
  99. ^ Playfair, Vol I, pp. 287, 290–3.
  100. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, p. 141.
  101. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, pp. 170–5.
  102. ^ Playfair, Vol I, p. 375.
  103. ^ Playfair, Vol II, pp. 85–105.
  104. ^ Anon, History, pp. 156–8.
  105. ^ a b Farndale, Years of Defeat, Annex F.
  106. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, pp. 176–84.
  107. ^ Playfair, Vol II, pp. 123, 133, 142–3.
  108. ^ Anon, History, pp. 159–61.
  109. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, pp. 149–52; Annex G.
  110. ^ Glover, Appendix.
  111. ^ Joslen, p. 480.
  112. ^ Playfair, Vol I, pp. 430–3.
  113. ^ Anon, History, pp. 161–2.
  114. ^ Glover, pp. 77–9, 116.
  115. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, pp. 152–3.
  116. ^ Playfair, Vol I, pp. 433–4.
  117. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, pp. 153–6.
  118. ^ Glover, pp. 81–2, 111–5, 117–22.
  119. ^ Playfair, Vol I, pp. 435–9.
  120. ^ Anon, History, pp. 162–4.
  121. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, p. 189.
  122. ^ Playfair, Vol II, pp. 160–2.
  123. ^ Anon, History, pp. 159, 164.
  124. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, p. 184.
  125. ^ Joslen, p. 482.
  126. ^ Anon, History, pp. 164–5.
  127. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, pp. 210, 220, 230.
  128. ^ a b Joslen, p. 486.
  129. ^ Playfair, Vol III, pp. 57, 95.
  130. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, p. 220.
  131. ^ Anon, History, pp. 166–7, 169.
  132. ^ Anon, History, pp. 167–8, 170.
  133. ^ Playfair, Vol III, pp. 262–70.
  134. ^ 'List of units captured in Tobruk 21.6.1942', TNA file WO 166/1428.
  135. ^ Anon, History, pp. 168, 170–5.
  136. ^ Anon, History, p. 176.
  137. ^ Anon, History, pp. 177–8.
  138. ^ Martin, pp. 31–8.
  139. ^ Anon, History, pp. 178–9.
  140. ^ Anon, History, p. 179.
  141. ^ a b 95 A/T Rgt at RA 1939–45.
  142. ^ a b Joslen, pp. 158–9.
  143. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, p. 232.
  144. ^ Farndale, Far East, p. 95.
  145. ^ a b c Farndale, Far East, Annex K.
  146. ^ Playfair, Vol III, p. 125.
  147. ^ Woodburn Kirby, Vol I, pp. 261, 356.
  148. ^ Farndale, Far East, pp. 90–105.
  149. ^ Woodburn Kirby, Vol II, pp. 83–93, 157–64, 176–83, 201–10.
  150. ^ Woodburn Kirby, Vol II, p. 249.
  151. ^ Joslen, pp. 467, 485, 487.
  152. ^ Anon, History, pp. 94, 99; Appendix VII.
  153. ^ a b c Davies, p. 187.
  154. ^ Farndale, Far East, p. 68–9; Annex D.
  155. ^ Sainsbury, pp. 166–214.
  156. ^ 'Memories of the Burma Railway' at BBC Liverpool.
  157. ^ Anon, History, Appendix IX.
  158. ^ a b Litchfield, Appendix 5.
  159. ^ Watson, TA 1947.
  160. ^ a b c AGRAs at British Army 1945 on.
  161. ^ Anon, History, pp. 181–5.
  162. ^ Anon, History, pp. 194–5.
  163. ^ Anon, History, pp. 185–6, 190–1.
  164. ^ Anon, History, p. 196.
  165. ^ Liverpool Welsh at Regiments.org.
  166. ^ 520–563 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on.
  167. ^ Litchfield, pp. 120–1.
  168. ^ a b c d "West Lancashire Rgt at Regiments.org". Archived from the original on 2005-12-27. Retrieved 2005-12-27.
  169. ^ Anon, History, p. 61.
  170. ^ Anon, History, p. 63; Appendix III.
  171. ^ Anon, History, Appendix II.
  172. ^ Anon, History, p. 51.
  173. ^ IWM War Memorial Register Ref 2396.
  174. ^ IWM War Memorial Register Ref 2393.
  175. ^ IWM War Memorial Register Ref 2390.
  176. ^ Anon, History, pp. 188–9.

References[edit]

  • Anon, History of the 359 (4th West Lancs.) Medium Regiment R.A. (T.A.) 1859–1959, Liverpool: 359 Medium Regiment, 1959.
  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
  • Ian F.W. Beckett, Riflemen Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, ISBN 0 85936 271 X.
  • Rev J.O. Coop, The Story of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division, Liverpool: Daily Post Printers, 1919/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1843422631.
  • Peter Davies, The Man Behind the Bridge: Colonel Toosey and the River Kwai.
  • Major L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940, London: HM Stationery Office, 1954/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004.
  • Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, ISBN 1-870114-00-0.
  • Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, ISBN 1-85753-080-2.
  • Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Far East Theatre 1939–1946, London: Brasseys, 2002, ISBN 1-85753-302-X.
  • Michael Glover, An Improvised War: The Abyssinian Campaign of 1940–1941, London: Leo Cooper, 1987, ISBN 0-85052-241-2.
  • Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-843424-74-6.
  • Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
  • Norman Litchfield & Ray Westlake, The Volunteer Artillery 1859–1908 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1982, ISBN 0-9508205-0-4.
  • Maj-Gen I.S.O. Playfair, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol I: The Early Successes against Italy (to May 1941), London: HMSO, 1954/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-65-3.
  • Maj-Gen I.S.O. Playfair, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol II: The Germans come to the aid of their Ally (1941), London: HMSO, 1956/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-66-1.
  • Maj-Gen I.S.O. Playfair, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol III: (September 1941 to September 1942) British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb, London: HMSO, 1960 /Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-67-X
  • Lt-Col J.D. Sainsbury, The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 1: The Field Regiments 1920-1946, Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 1999, ISBN 0-948527-05-6.
  • War Office, Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927 (RA sections also summarised in Litchfield, Appendix IV).
  • Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan Vol I, The Loss of Singapore, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-60-2.
  • Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan Vol II, India's Most Dangerous Hour, London: HM Stationery Office, 1958/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-61-0.

External Sources[edit]

  • Mark Conrad, The British Army, 1914 (archive site)
  • British Artillery in World War 2
  • Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register
  • Lancashire Record Office, Handlist 72
  • The Long, Long Trail
  • Orders of Battle at Patriot Files
  • The Regimental Warpath 1914–1918 (archive site)
  • Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)
  • Royal Artillery 1939–1945
  • Graham Watson, The Territorial Army 1947
  • British Army units from 1945 on