Бирмингем ( / б ɜːr м ɪ ŋ ə м / ( слушать ) [3] [4] [5] BUR -ming-əm ) является город и муниципальный район в Уэст - Мидлендс , Англия. Это второй по величине город, городской район и мегаполис в Англии и Соединенном Королевстве, [b] с населением около 1,1 миллиона человек в пределах города, 2,9 миллиона жителей в городских районах и 4,3 миллиона жителей в мегаполисах. [6] Собственно городсамый густонаселенный английский район местного самоуправления . [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Бирмингем обычно называют Вторым городом Соединенного Королевства . [14] [15]
Бирмингем | |
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По часовой стрелке сверху: центр города с юга; Ратуша Бирмингема ; Церковь Св. Мартина и универмаг Selfridges на Булл-Ринг ; Джозеф Чемберлен Мемориал Часовая башня в университете Бирмингема ; Собор Святого Филиппа ; библиотека Бирмингема | |
Псевдонимы:
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Девиз (ы): Вперед | |
Показано в округе Уэст-Мидлендс | |
Координаты: 52 ° 28′48 ″ с.ш., 01 ° 54′09 ″ з.д. / 52,48000 ° с.ш.1,90250 ° з.Координаты : 52 ° 28′48 ″ с.ш., 01 ° 54′09 ″ з.д. / 52,48000 ° с.ш.1,90250 ° з. | |
Суверенное государство | Великобритания |
Страна | Англия |
Область, край | западное Средиземье |
Церемониальный округ | западное Средиземье |
Исторический округ |
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Урегулирование | c. 600 |
Сеньориальный р-н | 1166 |
Муниципальный район | 1838 г. |
Статус города | 14 января 1889 г. |
Столичный р-н | 1 апреля 1974 г. |
Административный штаб | Дом Совета , Площадь Виктории |
Правительство | |
• Тип | Столичный р-н |
• Тело | Бирмингемский городской совет |
• Лидерство | Лидер и кабинет |
• Исполнительный | Труд |
• Лидер | Ян Уорд (лаборатория) |
• Лорд-мэр | Мохаммед Азим [1] |
• Исполнительный директор | Крис Нейлор (временный) |
Область | |
• Город | 103,4 квадратных миль (267,8 км 2 ) |
• Городской | 231,2 квадратных миль (598,9 км 2 ) |
Ранг области | 145-й |
Высота | 460 футов (140 м) |
Население (середина 2019 г.) | |
• Город | 1,141,816 |
• Классифицировать | 2-е место в Англии и Великобритании [а] |
• Плотность | 11,040 / кв. Миль (4262 / км 2 ) |
• Городской | 2 897 303 ( 3-й ) |
• Метро | 3,683,000 ( 2-й ) |
Демоним (ы) | Брамми |
Часовой пояс | UTC + 0 (время по Гринвичу ) |
• Лето ( DST ) | UTC + 1 ( британское летнее время ) |
Почтовый индекс | B |
Код (а) города | 0121 |
Код ISO 3166 | GB-BIR |
Полиция | Полиция Уэст-Мидлендса |
Пожарно-спасательная служба | Пожарная служба Уэст-Мидлендс |
Скорая помощь | Служба скорой помощи Уэст-Мидлендс |
Справочник по сетке ОС | SP066868 |
Автомагистрали |
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Международные аэропорты | Бирмингем ( BHX ) |
Крупные железнодорожные вокзалы |
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ВВП | 121,1 миллиарда долларов США [2] ( 2-й ) |
- На душу населения | 31 572 долл. США [2] |
Советники | 120 |
Депутаты | Список
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Веб-сайт | www .birmingham .gov .uk |
Бирмингем, расположенный в графстве и регионе Уэст-Мидлендс в Англии, примерно в 100 милях (160 км) от центра Лондона , является одним из крупнейших городов Соединенного Королевства и считается социальным, культурным, финансовым и коммерческим центром Мидлендса. . Что характерно, Бирмингем имеет только небольшие реки, протекающие через него, в основном река Тейм и ее притоки река Реа и река Коул - одна из ближайших основных рек - Северн , примерно в 20 милях (32 км) к западу от центра города .
Местечко в Уорикшире в средневековый период, Бирмингем вырос в 18- м веке Мидлендс Просвещения и последующей промышленной революции , которая пила достижения в области науки, техники и экономического развития, производя ряд инноваций , которые заложены многие основы современного промышленного общество . [16] К 1791 году он был провозглашен «первым промышленным городом в мире». [17] Отличительный экономический профиль Бирмингема с тысячами небольших мастерских, практикующих широкий спектр специализированных и высококвалифицированных профессий, поощрял исключительный уровень творчества и инноваций и обеспечивал экономическую основу для процветания, которое продлилось до последней четверти 20-го века. . Паровой двигатель Вт был изобретен в Бирмингеме. [18]
Полученный в результате высокий уровень социальной мобильности также способствовал развитию культуры политического радикализма, который под руководством Томаса Этвуда до Джозефа Чемберлена должен был дать ему политическое влияние, не имеющее аналогов в Великобритании за пределами Лондона, и ключевую роль в развитии британской демократии. [19] С лета 1940 года по весну 1943 года Бирмингем подвергся сильным бомбардировкам немецких люфтваффе в ходе так называемой Бирмингемской блиц-атаки . Ущерб, нанесенный городской инфраструктуре, в дополнение к преднамеренной политике сноса и нового строительства планировщиками, привел к обширной регенерации города в последующие десятилетия.
В экономике Бирмингема сейчас доминирует сектор услуг . [20] Город - крупный международный коммерческий центр, а также важный транспортный, розничный, конференц-центр. Его столичная экономика является второй по величине в Соединенном Королевстве с ВВП 121,1 млрд долларов (2014 г.) [2], а пять университетов [21] делают его крупнейшим центром высшего образования в стране за пределами Лондона. [22] главные культурные учреждения Бирмингема - Бирмингемский симфонический оркестр , в Бирмингеме Королевского балета , в Бирмингеме репертуарного театра , в библиотеке Бирмингема и Barber институте изобразительных искусств - пользуются международной репутацией, [23] и города живой и влиятельные народные искусства , музыка , литературные и кулинарные сцены. [24] В городе пройдут Игры Содружества 2022 года . [25] Бирмингем - четвертый по посещаемости город Великобритании среди иностранных туристов. [26]
Этимология
Название Birmingham происходит от староанглийского Beormingahām , [27] то есть дом или урегулирование Beormingas - племя или клан , чье имя буквально означает «народ Beorma» и который может быть сформированы ранними единицами англо-саксонской администрации. [28] Беорма , в честь которой было названо племя, мог быть его лидером во время англосаксонского поселения, общим предком или мифическим номинальным главой племени. Названия мест, оканчивающиеся на -ingahām , характерны для основных поселений, основанных на ранних этапах англосаксонской колонизации области, что позволяет предположить, что Бирмингем, вероятно, существовал не позднее начала 7-го века. [29] Окружающие поселения с названиями, оканчивающимися на -tūn (ферма), -lēah ( вырубка лесов), -worð (огораживание) и -field (открытая территория), вероятно, будут вторичными поселениями, созданными более поздним расширением англосаксов. население, [30] в некоторых случаях возможно на более ранних британских сайтах. [31]
История
Доисторические и средневековые
Имеются свидетельства ранней человеческой деятельности в районе Бирмингема, датируемой примерно 8000 г. до н.э. [32], с артефактами каменного века, предполагающими сезонные поселения, ночные охотничьи группы и лесные мероприятия, такие как вырубка деревьев. [33] Множество сожженных курганов, которые все еще можно увидеть вокруг города, указывают на то, что современные люди впервые интенсивно заселили и возделывали эту территорию в период бронзового века , когда значительный, но кратковременный приток населения произошел между 1700 г. до н.э. и 1000 г. до н.э., возможно, вызвано конфликтом или иммиграцией в окрестностях. [34] Во время римского завоевания Британии в 1 веке лесная страна Бирмингемского плато образовала барьер для наступающих римских легионов [35], которые построили большой форт Метчли в районе современного Эджбастона в 48 году нашей эры. [36] и сделал его центром сети римских дорог . [37]
Развитие Бирмингема в значительный городской и коммерческий центр началось в 1166 году, когда лорд поместья Питер де Бермингем получил чартер на проведение рынка в своем замке , а затем построил запланированный рыночный город и сеньориальный квартал внутри. его владение или поместье вокруг места, которое стало ареной для боя быков . [38] Это сделало Бирмингем основным торговым центром Бирмингемского плато в то время, когда экономика области быстро расширялась, а рост населения в национальном масштабе приводил к расчистке, возделыванию и заселению ранее маргинальных земель. [39] В течение столетия после чартера Бирмингем превратился в процветающий городской центр купцов и ремесленников. [40] К 1327 году он был третьим по величине городом в Уорикшире [41], положение, которое он сохранял в течение следующих 200 лет.
Ранний модерн
Основные управляющие институты средневекового Бирмингема, включая Гильдию Святого Креста и владычество семьи Бирмингемов, рухнули между 1536 и 1547 годами, [42] оставив городу необычайно высокую степень социальной и экономической свободы и положив начало периоду. перехода и роста. [43] К 1700 году население Бирмингема увеличилось в пятнадцать раз, и город стал пятым по величине в Англии и Уэльсе. [44]
Важность производства изделий из железа для экономики Бирмингема была признана еще в 1538 году и быстро росла в течение столетия. [45] Не менее важной была роль города как центра торговцев железом, которые организовывали финансы, поставляли сырье, торговали и продавали продукцию отрасли. [46] К 1600-м годам Бирмингем сформировал торговый центр сети кузниц и печей, простирающейся от Южного Уэльса до Чешира [47], и его торговцы продавали готовые промышленные товары даже в Вест-Индии . [48] Эти торговые связи дали металлистам Бирмингема доступ к гораздо более широким рынкам, позволив им диверсифицироваться от низкоквалифицированных профессий, производящих основные товары для местной продажи, к более широкому кругу специализированных, высококвалифицированных и более прибыльных видов деятельности. [49]
К моменту Гражданской войны в Англии из- за бурного роста экономики Бирмингема, его растущего населения и, как следствие, высокого уровня социальной мобильности и культурного плюрализма , в нем возникли новые социальные структуры, сильно отличающиеся от структур в более устоявшихся регионах. [50] Отношения строились на прагматических коммерческих связях, а не на жестком патернализме и почтении феодального общества , а лояльность к традиционным иерархиям установленной церкви и аристократии была слабой. [50] Репутация города как политического радикализма и его сильные симпатии к парламенту привели к тому, что он подвергся нападению со стороны сил роялистов в битве при Бирмингеме в 1643 году, [51] и превратился в центр пуританства в 1630-х годах [50] и как убежище для Нонконформисты 1660-х гг. [52]
В 18 веке эта традиция свободного мышления и сотрудничества переросла в культурный феномен, ныне известный как Просвещение Мидлендса . [53] Город превратился в известный центр литературной , музыкальной , художественной и театральной деятельности; [54] и его ведущие граждане - особенно члены Лунного общества Бирмингема - стали влиятельными участниками распространения философских и научных идей среди интеллектуальной элиты Европы. [55] Тесные отношения между ведущими мыслителями Бирмингема Просвещения и его основными производителями [56] - в таких людях, как Мэтью Бултон и Джеймс Кейр, часто фактически были одними и теми же людьми [57], - сделали обмен знаниями между чистыми наука и практический мир производства и технологий. [58] Это создало «цепную реакцию инноваций» [59], сформировав стержневую связь между предыдущей научной революцией и последующей промышленной революцией . [60]
Индустриальная революция
Взрывчатое расширение промышленного Бирмингема началось раньше , чем из текстильных изделий городов в Северной Англии , [61] и было обусловлено различными факторами. Вместо экономии за счет масштаба низкооплачиваемой неквалифицированной рабочей силы, производящей единичный товар, такой как хлопок или шерсть, в крупных, механизированных производственных единицах, промышленное развитие Бирмингема было построено на адаптируемости и творчестве высокооплачиваемой рабочей силы с сильным разделение труда , практика широкого спектра квалифицированных специализированных специальностей и производство постоянно диверсифицирующейся номенклатуры продукции в условиях высокой предпринимательской экономики небольших, часто частных мастерских. [62] Это привело к исключительному уровню изобретательности: в период с 1760 по 1850 годы, когда произошла промышленная революция, жители Бирмингема зарегистрировали в три раза больше патентов, чем в любом другом британском городе. [63]
Спрос на капитал для обеспечения быстрого экономического роста также привел к тому, что Бирмингем превратился в крупный финансовый центр с обширными международными связями. [64] Lloyds Bank был основан в городе в 1765 году, [65] и Ketley's Building Society , первое строительное общество в мире , в 1775 году. [66] К 1800 году в Уэст-Мидлендсе было больше банковских офисов на душу населения, чем в любом другом регионе Великобритании. , включая Лондон. [64]
Инновации в Бирмингеме 18-го века часто принимали форму постепенных небольших улучшений существующих продуктов или процессов [67], но также включали важные разработки, которые лежали в основе возникновения индустриального общества . [16] В 1709 году обученный в Бирмингеме Авраам Дарби I переехал в Колбрукдейл в Шропшире и построил первую доменную печь, которая успешно выплавляла железную руду с коксом , изменив качество, объем и масштабы производства чугуна . [68] В 1732 году Льюис Пол и Джон Вятт изобрели роликовое прядение , «одну новаторскую идею первостепенной важности» в развитии механизированной хлопковой промышленности . [69] В 1741 году они открыли первую в мире хлопковую фабрику в Верхнем монастыре Бирмингема. [70] В 1746 году Джон Робак изобрел процесс свинцовой камеры , позволивший крупномасштабное производство серной кислоты , [71] а в 1780 году Джеймс Кейр разработал процесс массового производства щелочи , [72] вместе ознаменовав рождение современная химическая промышленность . [73] В 1765 году Мэтью Бултон открыл мануфактуру в Сохо , впервые применив объединение и механизацию под одной крышей ранее отдельных производственных операций с помощью системы, известной как «рациональное производство». [74] Поскольку это крупнейшее производственное предприятие в Европе , это символизировало появление заводской системы . [75]
Наиболее значимыми, однако, было развитие в 1776 году в двигатель промышленного производства пара с помощью Джеймса Уатта и Мэтью Болтон . [76] Впервые освободив производственные мощности человеческого общества от ограниченной доступности рук, воды и животных, это, возможно, стало поворотным моментом всей промышленной революции и ключевым фактором роста производительности во всем мире в следующих областях: век. [77]
Регентство и викторианский
Бирмингем поднялся на национальную политическую известность в кампании за политические реформы в начале 19 - го века, с Томасом Этвуд и Бирмингемского политического союза вывести страну на грань гражданской войны в течение дней мая , что предшествовало прохождение к Закону Великой реформы в 1832. [78] Собрания Союза на Ньюхолл-Хилл в 1831 и 1832 годах были крупнейшими политическими собраниями, которые Британия когда-либо видела. [79] Лорд Дарем , составивший закон, писал, что «страна обязана реформой Бирмингему и спасением от революции». [80] Эта репутация человека, который в 1832 году «пошатнул ткань привилегий» в 1832 году, побудила Джона Брайта сделать Бирмингем платформой для своей успешной кампании за Второй закон о реформе 1867 года, который расширил право голоса на городской рабочий класс. [81]
Инновационные традиции Бирмингема продолжались и в 19 веке. Бирмингем был конечной станцией для двух первых в мире железнодорожных линий дальнего следования: 82-мильной железной дороги Гранд-Джанкшн в 1837 году и 112-мильной железной дороги Лондона и Бирмингема в 1838 году. [82] Школьный учитель Бирмингема Роуленд Хилл изобрел почтовую марку и создал первую современную универсальную почтовую систему в 1839 году. [83] Александр Паркс изобрел первый искусственный пластик в Ювелирном квартале в 1855 году. [84]
К 1820-м годам была построена обширная система каналов , открывшая доступ к природным ресурсам и топливу для промышленности. В викторианскую эпоху население Бирмингема быстро выросло до более чем полумиллиона [85], и Бирмингем стал вторым по величине населенным пунктом в Англии. Бирмингем получил статус города в 1889 году королевой Викторией . [86] Джозеф Чемберлен , мэр Бирмингема, а затем член парламента, и его сын Невилл Чемберлен , который был лорд-мэром Бирмингема, а затем премьер-министром Великобритании, являются двумя наиболее известными политическими фигурами, жившими в Бирмингеме. В 1900 году город основал свой университет . [87]
20 век и современность
Город сильно пострадал от бомбардировок во время " Бирмингемского блица " Второй мировой войны . Город также стал ареной двух научных открытий, которые сыграли решающую роль в исходе войны. [88] Отто Фриша и Пайерлс впервые описан как практическое ядерное оружие может быть построена в Фриша-Пайерлса меморандум 1940, [89] В том же году , что магнетрон полость , ключевой компонент радара , а позже микроволновые печи , было изобретен Джоном Рэндаллом и Генри Бутом . [90] Подробности этих двух открытий, а также схема первого реактивного двигателя, изобретенного Фрэнком Уиттлом в соседнем Регби , были доставлены в Соединенные Штаты миссией Тизард в сентябре 1940 года в единственном черном ящике, позже описанном официальным лицом. Американский историк как «самый ценный груз, когда-либо доставленный к нашим берегам». [91]
В 1950-х и 1960-х годах город сильно перестроили. [92] Это включало строительство больших поместья из высотных домов, таких как Касл Вейл . Bull Ring была реконструирована и станции New Street была переработана. За десятилетия после Второй мировой войны этнический состав Бирмингема значительно изменился, поскольку он получил волны иммиграции из Содружества Наций и за его пределами. [93] Население города достигло пика в 1951 году и составляло 1113 000 жителей. [85]
21 человек был убит и 182 получили ранения в результате серии взрывов бомб в 1974 году, которые предположительно были совершены Временной ИРА . Взрывы были самыми ужасными террористическими актами в Англии до терактов в Лондоне в 2005 году [94] и состояли в том, что бомбы были заложены в двух пабах в центре Бирмингема. Были осуждены шесть человек , которые позже стали известны как «Бирмингемская шестерка» и приговорены к пожизненному заключению, но через 16 лет они были оправданы Апелляционным судом . [95] Осуждения теперь считаются одной из самых ужасных ошибок британского правосудия за последнее время. Истинных исполнителей терактов еще предстоит арестовать. [96] [97] [98]
Бирмингем оставался самым процветающим провинциальным городом Великобритании вплоть до 1970-х годов [99] с доходами домохозяйств, превышающими даже доходы Лондона и Юго-Востока [100], но его экономическое разнообразие и способность к возрождению снизились в течение десятилетий, последовавших за мировой войной. II как центральное правительство стремилось ограничить рост города и рассредоточить промышленность и население в застойных областях Уэльса и Северной Англии . [101] Эти меры препятствовали «естественному самовосстановлению предприятий в Бирмингеме, в результате чего он был перегружен старыми и немощными», [102] и город стал все более зависимым от автомобильной промышленности . Спада в начале 1980 - х годов увидел крах экономики Бирмингема, с беспрецедентным уровнем безработицы и вспышки социальных беспорядков в городских районах. [103]
В последнее время многие части Бирмингема были преобразованы, с перепланировке торгового центра Bullring , [104] строительство новой библиотеки Бирмингема (крупнейшей публичной библиотеки в Европе) и регенерации старых промышленных районах , таких как Бриндлиплейс , Почтовый ящик и Международный конференц-центр . Восстановлены старые улицы, здания и каналы, убраны пешеходные переходы метрополитена и рационализирована Внутренняя кольцевая дорога . В 1998 году в Бирмингеме прошел 24-й саммит «большой восьмерки» . В городе пройдут Игры Содружества 2022 года . [105]
Правительство
Городской совет Бирмингема является крупнейшим местным органом власти в Европе, с точки зрения численности населения он охватывает 101 советника, представляющих 77 округов по состоянию на 2018 год. [106] Его штаб-квартира находится в здании Совета на площади Виктория . По состоянию на 2018 год[Обновить], совет имеет большинство лейбористов и возглавляется Яном Уордом. [107] Лейбористы заменили предыдущий статус отсутствия общего контроля на выборах в мае 2012 года. [108] 3 июня 1896 года Бирмингем был удостоен чести и достоинства лорда-мэра Патентной грамоты. [109]
По состоянию на 2020 год десять избирательных округов Бирмингема представлены в Палате общин.[Обновить]двумя депутатами от консерваторов и восемью депутатами от лейбористской партии . [110]
Первоначально часть Уорикшира , Бирмингем расширился в конце 19 - начале 20 веков, поглотив части Вустершира на юге и Стаффордшира на севере и западе. Город поглотил Саттон Колдфилд в 1974 году и стал столичным районом в новом округе Уэст-Мидлендс . [111] В апреле 2016 года был сформирован правительственный орган высшего уровня, Объединенное управление Уэст-Мидлендса . WMCA обладает переданными полномочиями в области транспорта, планирования развития и экономического роста. Властью управляет мэр , избираемый прямым голосованием , как и мэр Лондона . [112]
География
Бирмингем расположен в центре региона Уэст-Мидлендс в Англии на плато Бирмингем - области относительно высокой земли, находящейся на высоте от 500 до 1000 футов (150 и 300 метров) над уровнем моря и пересекаемой главным водоразделом Великобритании с севера на юг между бассейны рек Северн и Трент . К юго-западу от города лежат Лики-Хиллз , [113] Клент-Хиллз и Уолтон-Хилл , которые достигают 315 м (1033 футов) и имеют обширный вид на город. Бирмингем дренируется только небольшими реками и ручьями, в первую очередь рекой Тейм и ее притоками Коул и Реа .
Город Бирмингем образует агломерацию с преимущественно жилым районом Солихалл на юго-востоке и с городом Вулверхэмптон и промышленными городами Черной страны на северо-западе, которые образуют Застроенный район Уэст-Мидлендс площадью 59 972 га. (600 км 2 ; 232 кв. Мили). Вокруг него находится столичный район Бирмингема - район, с которым он экономически тесно связан благодаря поездкам на работу, - который включает в себя бывшую столицу Мерсии Тамворт и кафедральный город Личфилд в Стаффордшире на севере; промышленный город Ковентри и города Уорикшира Нунитон , Уорик и Лимингтон-Спа на востоке; и города Вустершира Реддич и Бромсгроув на юго-западе. [114]
Большая часть территории, сейчас занимаемой городом, изначально была северной частью древнего Арденского леса , прежнее присутствие которого все еще чувствуется в густом дубовом покрове города и в большом количестве районов, таких как Мозли , Солтли , Ярдли. , Stirchley и Hockley с именами, оканчивающимися на «-ley»: в древнеанглийском - lēah, что означает «лесная поляна». [115]
Геология
В Бирмингеме доминирует Бирмингемский разлом, который по диагонали проходит через город от Ликки-Хиллз на юго-западе, проходя через Эджбастон и Булл-Ринг , до Эрдингтона и Саттон-Колдфилда на северо-востоке. [116] К югу и востоку от разлома почва в основном более мягкая Мерсийский аргиллит , перемежающийся слоями гальки Бантера и пересеченный долинами рек Тейм , Реа и Коул и их притоками. [117] К северу и западу от разлома, на высоте от 150 до 600 футов (46 и 183 метра) над окружающей местностью и под большей частью центра города, лежит длинный гребень из более твердого песчаника Кёупер . [118] [119] Основная порода Бирмингема была заложена в пермский и триасовый периоды. [116]
Климат
Бирмингем имеет умеренный морской климат , как и большая часть Британских островов, со средней максимальной температурой летом (июль) около 21,3 ° C (70,3 ° F); а зимой (январь) около 6,7 ° C (44,1 ° F). [120] Между 1971 и 2000 годами самый теплый день в году в среднем был 28,8 ° C (83,8 ° F) [121], а самая холодная ночь обычно опускалась до -9,0 ° C (15,8 ° F). [122] Около 11,2 дней в году температура поднималась до 25,1 ° C (77,2 ° F) или выше [123], а 51,6 ночи сообщали о морозе. [124] Самая высокая зарегистрированная температура, установленная в августе 1990 года, составляла 34,9 ° C (94,8 ° F). [125]
Как и большинство других крупных городов, Бирмингем имеет значительный эффект городского острова тепла . [126] Во время самой холодной ночи, зарегистрированной 14 января 1982 года, температура упала до -20,8 ° C (-5,4 ° F) в аэропорту Бирмингема на восточной окраине города, но всего -12,9 ° C (8,8 ° F) в Эджбастоне , недалеко от центра города. [127]
Бирмингем - снежный город по сравнению с другими крупными мегаполисами Великобритании из-за его внутреннего расположения и сравнительно большой высоты. [127] Между 1961 и 1990 годами в аэропорту Бирмингема в среднем ежегодно лежал 13,0 дней снега [128] по сравнению с 5,33 в лондонском Хитроу . [129] Снежные дожди часто проходят через город через ущелье Чешир на северо-западных направлениях, но могут также исходить из Северного моря с северо-восточных воздушных потоков. [127]
Экстремальные погодные условия случаются редко, но известно, что в городе случаются торнадо . 23 ноября 1981 года, во время рекордной по всей стране вспышки торнадо , два торнадо приземлились в пределах города Бирмингема - в Эрдингтоне и Селли-Оук - при этом шесть торнадо коснулись границ округа Уэст-Мидлендс . [130] Совсем недавно в июле 2005 года на юге города произошел разрушительный торнадо , повредивший дома и предприятия в этом районе. [131]
Месяц | Янв | Фев | Мар | Апр | Может | Июн | Июл | Авг | Сен | Октябрь | Ноя | Декабрь | Год |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Рекордно высокая ° C (° F) | 15,0 (59,0) | 18,1 (64,6) | 23,7 (74,7) | 25,5 (77,9) | 26,7 (80,1) | 31,6 (88,9) | 35,0 (95,0) | 34,9 (94,8) | 28,4 (83,1) | 28,0 (82,4) | 18,1 (64,6) | 15,7 (60,3) | 35,0 (95,0) |
Средняя высокая ° C (° F) | 6,6 (43,9) | 7,0 (44,6) | 9,7 (49,5) | 12,1 (53,8) | 15,8 (60,4) | 18,6 (65,5) | 21,4 (70,5) | 21,0 (69,8) | 17,8 (64,0) | 13,7 (56,7) | 9,5 (49,1) | 7,3 (45,1) | 13,4 (56,1) |
Среднесуточное значение ° C (° F) | 3,9 (39,0) | 4,0 (39,2) | 6,1 (43,0) | 7,8 (46,0) | 11,0 (51,8) | 13,9 (57,0) | 16,5 (61,7) | 16,1 (61,0) | 13,5 (56,3) | 10,0 (50,0) | 6,5 (43,7) | 4,7 (40,5) | 9,5 (49,1) |
Средняя низкая ° C (° F) | 1,1 (34,0) | 0,9 (33,6) | 2,4 (36,3) | 3,5 (38,3) | 6,2 (43,2) | 9,2 (48,6) | 11,5 (52,7) | 11,2 (52,2) | 9,1 (48,4) | 6,3 (43,3) | 3,4 (38,1) | 2,0 (35,6) | 5,5 (41,9) |
Рекордно низкая ° C (° F) | -20,8 (-5,4) | -13,6 (7,5) | -11,6 (11,1) | -6,6 (20,1) | -3,8 (25,2) | -0,8 (30,6) | 1,2 (34,2) | 2,2 (36,0) | -1,8 (28,8) | -6,8 (19,8) | -8,6 (16,5) | -18,5 (-1,3) | -20,8 (-5,4) |
Среднее количество осадков, мм (дюймы) | 64,2 (2,53) | 48,4 (1,91) | 49,8 (1,96) | 44,3 (1,74) | 50,3 (1,98) | 59,9 (2,36) | 46,4 (1,83) | 60,2 (2,37) | 56,0 (2,20) | 54,8 (2,16) | 58,9 (2,32) | 67,0 (2,64) | 662,7 (26,09) |
Среднее количество дней с осадками (≥ 1,0 мм) | 12.0 | 9,7 | 11.1 | 8,4 | 9,3 | 9.0 | 7,4 | 8.9 | 8,6 | 10.1 | 10,3 | 10,8 | 115,9 |
Средние снежные дни | 6 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 24 |
Средняя относительная влажность (%) | 85 | 84 | 80 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 78 | 80 | 83 | 84 | 86 | 80 |
Среднее количество солнечных часов в месяц | 49,7 | 60,0 | 101,5 | 129,2 | 178.0 | 186.2 | 181.0 | 166.8 | 134.3 | 97.2 | 64.2 | 46.9 | 1,395 |
Source 1: KNMI[d][132] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (Relative humidity, snow days and sun 1961–1990)[133] |
Climate data for Birmingham (Winterbourne)[e], elevation: 140 m (459 ft), 1981–2010 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average high °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) | 7.1 (44.8) | 9.8 (49.6) | 12.7 (54.9) | 16.0 (60.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 21.3 (70.3) | 20.8 (69.4) | 17.8 (64.0) | 13.6 (56.5) | 9.5 (49.1) | 6.9 (44.4) | 13.5 (56.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) | 4.1 (39.4) | 6.4 (43.5) | 8.5 (47.3) | 11.6 (52.9) | 14.5 (58.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 16.3 (61.3) | 13.8 (56.8) | 10.2 (50.4) | 6.7 (44.1) | 4.3 (39.7) | 9.7 (49.5) |
Average low °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | 2.9 (37.2) | 4.2 (39.6) | 7.1 (44.8) | 10.0 (50.0) | 12.1 (53.8) | 11.8 (53.2) | 9.7 (49.5) | 6.8 (44.2) | 3.8 (38.8) | 1.6 (34.9) | 6.1 (43.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 73.2 (2.88) | 51.4 (2.02) | 55.8 (2.20) | 61.9 (2.44) | 61.3 (2.41) | 65.6 (2.58) | 63.8 (2.51) | 66.7 (2.63) | 68.1 (2.68) | 82.7 (3.26) | 74.8 (2.94) | 79.7 (3.14) | 804.9 (31.69) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.9 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 11.8 | 131.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 54.5 | 73.7 | 107.7 | 149.3 | 177.6 | 181.3 | 193.7 | 180.2 | 139.5 | 104.5 | 64.0 | 52.3 | 1,478.3 |
Source: Met Office[134] Meteo Climat[135] |
Climate data for Birmingham | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily daylight hours | 8.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 12.4 |
Average Ultraviolet index | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3.1 |
Source: Weather Atlas[136] |
Environment
There are 571 parks within Birmingham[137] – more than any other European city[138] – totalling over 3,500 hectares (14 sq mi) of public open space.[137] The city has over six million trees,[138] and 250 miles (400 kilometres) of urban brooks and streams.[137] Sutton Park, which covers 2,400 acres (971 ha) in the north of the city,[139] is the largest urban park in Europe and a national nature reserve.[137] Birmingham Botanical Gardens, located close to the city centre, retains the regency landscape of its original design by J. C. Loudon in 1829,[140] while the Winterbourne Botanic Garden in Edgbaston reflects the more informal Arts and Crafts tastes of its Edwardian origins.[141]
Several green spaces within the borough are designated as green belt, as a portion of the wider West Midlands Green Belt. This is a strategic local government policy used to prevent urban sprawl and preserve greenfield land. Areas included are the aforementioned Sutton Park; land along the borough boundary by the Sutton Coldfield, Walmley and Minworth suburbs; Kingfisher, Sheldon, Woodgate Valley country parks; grounds by the Wake Green football club; Bartley and Frankley reservoirs; and Handsworth cemetery with surrounding golf courses.[142]
Birmingham has many areas of wildlife that lie in both informal settings such as the Project Kingfisher and Woodgate Valley Country Park and in a selection of parks such as Lickey Hills Country Park, Pype Hayes Park & Newhall Valley, Handsworth Park, Kings Heath Park, and Cannon Hill Park, the latter also housing the mini zoo, Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park.[143]
Демография
The 2012 mid-year estimate for the population of Birmingham was 1,085,400. This was an increase of 11,200, or 1.0%, since the same time in 2011. Since 2001, the population has grown by 99,500, or 10.1%. Birmingham is the largest local Authority area and city in the UK outside of London. The population density is 10,391 inhabitants per square mile (4,102/km2) compared to the 976.9 inhabitants per square mile (377.2/km2) for England. Based on the 2011 UK Census, Birmingham's population is projected to reach 1,160,100 by 2021, an increase of 8.0%. This compares with an estimated rate of 9.1% for the previous decade.[145]
The West Midlands conurbation had a population of 2,441,00 (2011 est.,), and 2,762,700 people live in the West Midlands (county) (2012 est.,).
According to figures from the 2011 UK Census, 57.9% of the population was White (53.1% White British, 2.1% White Irish, 2.7% Other White), 4.4% of mixed race (2.3% White and Black Caribbean, 0.3% White and Black African, 1.0% White and Asian, 0.8% Other Mixed), 26.6% Asian (13.5% Pakistani, 6.0% Indian, 3.0% Bangladeshi, 1.2% Chinese, 2.9% Other Asian), 8.9% Black (2.8% African, 4.4% Caribbean, 1.7% Other Black), 1.0% Arab and 1.0% of other ethnic heritage.[147] 57% of primary and 52% of secondary pupils are from non-White British families.[148]
238,313 Birmingham residents were born overseas, of these, 44% (103,682) have been resident in the UK for less than ten years. Countries new to the twenty most reported countries of birth for Birmingham residents since 2001 include; Iran, Zimbabwe, the Philippines and Nigeria. Established migrants outnumbered newer migrants in all wards except for, Edgbaston, Ladywood, Nechells and Selly Oak.
In Birmingham, 60.4% of the population was aged between 16 and 74, compared to 66.7% in England as a whole.[149] There are generally more females than males in each single year of age, except for the youngest ages (0–18) and late-30s and late-50s. Females represented 51.6% of the population whilst men represented 48.4%. The differences are most marked in the oldest age group reflecting greater female longevity, where more women were 70 or over.[150] The bulge around the early 20s is due largely to students coming to the city's universities. Children around age ten are a relatively small group, reflecting the decline in birth rates around the turn of the century. There is a large group of children under the age of five reflecting high numbers of births in recent years. Births are up 20% since 2001, increasing from 14,427 to 17,423 in 2011.
In 2011, of all households in Birmingham, 0.12% were same-sex civil partnership households, compared to the English national average of 0.16%.[151]
25.9% of all households owned their accommodation outright, another 29.3% owned their accommodation with a mortgage or loan. These figures were below the national average.[152]
45.5% of people said they were in very good health which was below the national average. Another 33.9% said they were in good health, which was also below the national average. 9.1% of people said their day-to-day activities were limited a lot by their health which was higher than the national average.[152]
The Birmingham Larger Urban Zone, a Eurostat measure of the functional city-region approximated to local government districts, has a population of 2,357,100 in 2004.[153] In addition to Birmingham itself, the LUZ includes the Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull and Walsall, along with the districts of Lichfield, Tamworth, North Warwickshire and Bromsgrove.[154]
Religion
Christianity is the largest religion within Birmingham, with 46.1% of residents identifying as Christians in the 2011 Census.[155] The city's religious profile is highly diverse: outside London, Birmingham has the United Kingdom's largest Muslim, Sikh and Buddhist communities; its second largest Hindu community; and its seventh largest Jewish community.[155] Between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, the proportion of Christians in Birmingham decreased from 59.1% to 46.1%, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 14.3% to 21.8% and the proportion of people with no religious affiliation increased from 12.4% to 19.3%. All other religions remained proportionately similar.[156]
St Philip's Cathedral was upgraded from church status when the Anglican Diocese of Birmingham was created in 1905. There are two other cathedrals: St Chad's, seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham and the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God and St Andrew. The Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Midlands is also based at Birmingham, with a cathedral under construction. The original parish church of Birmingham, St Martin in the Bull Ring, is Grade II* listed. A short distance from Five Ways the Birmingham Oratory was completed in 1910 on the site of Cardinal Newman's original foundation. There are several Christadelphian meeting halls in the city and the Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Group has its headquarters in Hall Green.
The oldest surviving synagogue in Birmingham is the 1825 Greek Revival Severn Street Synagogue, now a Freemasons' Lodge hall. It was replaced in 1856 by the Grade II* listed Singers Hill Synagogue. Birmingham Central Mosque, one of the largest in Europe, was constructed in the 1960s.[157] During the late 1990s Ghamkol Shariff Masjid was built in Small Heath.[158] The Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha Sikh Gurdwara was built on Soho Road in Handsworth in the late 1970s and the Buddhist Dhammatalaka Peace Pagoda near Edgbaston Reservoir in the 1990s. Winners' Chapel also maintains physical presence in Digbeth.
Экономика
Birmingham grew to prominence as a centre of manufacturing and engineering. The Gun Quarter is a district of the city that was, for many years, a centre of the world's gun-manufacturing industry. The first recorded gun maker in Birmingham was in 1630, and locally made muskets were used in the English Civil War. The Gun Quarter is an industrial area to the north of the city centre, bounded by Steelhouse Lane, Shadwell Street, and Loveday Street, specialising in the production of military firearms and sporting guns. Many buildings in the area are disused but plans are in place for redevelopment including in Shadwell Street and Vesey Street.[160][161]
The economy of Birmingham is dominated by the service sector, which accounted for 88% of the city's employment in 2012.[20] Birmingham is the largest centre in Great Britain for employment in public administration, education and health;[162] and after Leeds the second-largest centre outside London for employment in financial and other business services.[163] The wider metropolitan economy is the second-largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121.1 billion (2014 estimate, PPP).[2] Major companies headquartered in Birmingham include the engineering company IMI plc; including the wider metropolitan area, the city has the largest concentration of major companies outside London and the South East.[164] With major facilities such as the National Exhibition Centre and International Convention Centre, Birmingham attracts 42% of the UK's total conference and exhibition trade.[165]
In 2012, manufacturing accounted for 8% of the employment in Birmingham, a figure below the average for the UK as a whole.[20] Major industrial plants in the city include Jaguar Land Rover in Castle Bromwich and Cadbury in Bournville, with large local producers also supporting a supply chain of precision-based small manufacturers and craft industries.[166] More traditional industries also remain: 40% of the jewellery made in the UK is still produced by the 300 independent manufacturers of the city's Jewellery Quarter,[167] continuing a trade first recorded in Birmingham in 1308.[41]
Year | GVA (£ million) | Growth (%) |
---|---|---|
2010 | 20,795 | 2.1% |
2011 | 21,424 | 3.0% |
2012 | 21,762 | 1.6% |
2013 | 22,644 | 4.1% |
2014 | 23,583 | 4.2% |
2015 | 24,790 | 5.2% |
Birmingham's GVA was estimated to be £24.8 billion in 2015, economic growth accelerated each successive year between 2013 and 2015, and with an annual growth of 4.2% in 2015, GVA per head grew at the second-fastest rate of England's eight "Core Cities". The value of manufacturing output in the city declined by 21% in real terms between 1997 and 2010, but the value of financial and insurance activities more than doubled.[169] With 16,281 start-ups registered during 2013, Birmingham has the highest level of entrepreneurial activity outside London,[170] while the number of registered businesses in the city grew by 8.1% during 2016.[171] Birmingham was behind only London and Edinburgh for private sector job creation between 2010 and 2013.[172]
Economic inequality in Birmingham is greater than in any other major English city, exceeded only by Glasgow in the United Kingdom.[173] Levels of unemployment are among the highest in the country, with 10% of the economically active population unemployed (June 2016).[174] In the inner-city wards of Aston and Washwood Heath, the figure is higher than 30%. Two-fifths of Birmingham's population live in areas classified as in the 10% most deprived parts of England, and overall Birmingham is the most deprived local authority in England in terms of income and employment deprivation.[175] The city's infant mortality rate is high, around 60% worse than the national average.[176] Meanwhile, just 49% of women have jobs, compared to 65% nationally,[176] and only 28% of the working-age population in Birmingham have degree level qualifications in contrast to the average of 34% across other Core Cities.[177]
According to the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey, Birmingham was placed 51st in the world, which was the second-highest rating in the UK. The city's quality of life rating has continued to improve over the years and Birmingham was ranked 49th in the world in the 2019 survey. This is the first time it has featured in the top 50.[178] The Big City Plan of 2008 aims to move the city into the index's top 20 by 2026.[179] An area of the city has been designated an enterprise zone, with tax relief and simplified planning to lure investment.[180]
According to 2019 property investment research, Birmingham is rated as the number one location for "The Best Places To Invest in Property in the UK". This was attributed to a 5% increase in house prices and local investment into infrastructure.[181]
Культура
Music
The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra's home venue is Symphony Hall. Other notable professional orchestras based in the city include the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, the Royal Ballet Sinfonia and Ex Cathedra, a Baroque chamber choir and period instrument orchestra. The Orchestra of the Swan is the resident chamber orchestra at Birmingham Town Hall,[182] where weekly recitals have also been given by the City Organist since 1834.[183]
The Birmingham Triennial Music Festivals took place from 1784 to 1912. Music was specially composed, conducted or performed by Mendelssohn, Gounod, Sullivan, Dvořák, Bantock and Edward Elgar, who wrote four of his most famous choral pieces for Birmingham. Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius had its début performance there in 1900. Composers born in the city include Albert William Ketèlbey and Andrew Glover.
Jazz has been popular in the city since the 1920s,[184] and there are many regular festivals such as the Harmonic Festival, the Mostly Jazz Festival and the annual International Jazz Festival.
Birmingham's other city-centre music venues include Arena Birmingham (previously known as the National Indoor Arena and the Barclaycard Arena), which was opened in 1991, O2 Academy on Bristol Street, which opened in September 2009 replacing the O2 Academy in Dale End, the CBSO Centre, opened in 1997, HMV Institute in Digbeth and the Bradshaw Hall at the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire.
During the 1960s, Birmingham was the home of a music scene comparable to that of Liverpool.[185] It was "a seething cauldron of musical activity", and the international success of groups such as The Move, The Spencer Davis Group, The Moody Blues, Traffic and the Electric Light Orchestra had a collective influence that stretched into the 1970s and beyond.[185] The city was a centre for early heavy metal music,[186] with pioneering metal bands from the late 1960s and 1970s such as Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, and half of Led Zeppelin having come from Birmingham. The next decade saw the influential metal bands Napalm Death and Godflesh emerge from the city. Birmingham was the birthplace of modern bhangra in the 1960s,[187] and by the 1980s had established itself as the global centre of bhangra culture,[188] which has grown into a global phenomenon embraced by members of the Indian diaspora worldwide from Los Angeles to Singapore.[187] The 1970s also saw the rise of reggae and ska in the city with such bands as Steel Pulse, UB40, Musical Youth, The Beat and Beshara, expounding racial unity with politically leftist lyrics and multiracial line-ups, mirroring social currents in Birmingham at that time.
Other popular bands from Birmingham include Duran Duran, Fine Young Cannibals, Felt, Broadcast, Ocean Colour Scene, The Streets, The Twang, King Adora, Dexys Midnight Runners, and Magnum. Musicians Jeff Lynne, Ozzy Osbourne, Tony Iommi, Bill Ward, Geezer Butler, John Lodge, Roy Wood, Joan Armatrading, Toyah Willcox, Denny Laine, Sukshinder Shinda, Apache Indian, Steve Winwood, Jamelia, Oceans Ate Alaska, Fyfe Dangerfield and Laura Mvula all grew up in the city.
Since 2012 the Digbeth-based B-Town indie music scene has attracted widespread attention, led by bands such as Peace and Swim Deep, with the NME comparing Digbeth to London's Shoreditch, and The Independent writing in 2012 that "Birmingham is fast becoming the best place in the UK to look to for the most exciting new music."[189]
Theatre and performing arts
Birmingham Repertory Theatre is Britain's longest-established producing theatre,[191] presenting a wide variety of work in its three auditoria on Centenary Square and touring nationally and internationally.[192] Other producing theatres in the city include the Blue Orange Theatre in the Jewellery Quarter; the Old Rep, home stage of the Birmingham Stage Company; and @ A. E. Harris, the base of the experimental Stan's Cafe theatre company, located within a working metal fabricators' factory. Touring theatre companies include the politically radical Banner Theatre, the Maverick Theatre Company and Kindle Theatre. The Alexandra Theatre and the Birmingham Hippodrome host large-scale touring productions, while professional drama is performed on a wide range of stages across the city, including the Crescent Theatre, the Custard Factory, the Old Joint Stock Theatre, the Drum in Aston and the mac in Cannon Hill Park.
The Birmingham Royal Ballet is one of the United Kingdom's five major ballet companies and one of three based outside London.[193] It is resident at the Birmingham Hippodrome and tours extensively nationally and internationally. The company's associated ballet school – Elmhurst School for Dance in Edgbaston – is the oldest vocational dance school in the country.[194]
The Birmingham Opera Company under artistic director Graham Vick has developed an international reputation for its avant-garde productions,[195] which often take place in factories, abandoned buildings and other found spaces around the city.[196] More conventional seasons by Welsh National Opera and other visiting opera companies take place regularly at the Birmingham Hippodrome.[197]
The first dedicated comedy club outside of London, The Glee Club, was opened in The Arcadian Centre, city centre, in 1994, and continues to host performances by leading regional, national and international acts.
Literature
Literary figures associated with Birmingham include Samuel Johnson who stayed in Birmingham for a short period and was born in nearby Lichfield. Arthur Conan Doyle worked in the Aston area of Birmingham whilst poet Louis MacNeice lived in Birmingham for six years. It was whilst staying in Birmingham that American author Washington Irving produced several of his most famous literary works, such as Bracebridge Hall and The Humorists, A Medley which are based on Aston Hall, as well as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle .
The poet W. H. Auden grew up in the Harborne area of the city and during the 1930s formed the core of the Auden Group with Birmingham University lecturer Louis MacNeice. Other influential poets associated with Birmingham include Roi Kwabena, who was the city's sixth poet laureate,[198] and Benjamin Zephaniah, who was born in the city.
The author J. R. R. Tolkien was brought up in the Kings Heath area of Birmingham.[199] The award-winning political playwright David Edgar was born in Birmingham,[200] and the science fiction author John Wyndham spent his early childhood in the Edgbaston area of the city.[201]
Birmingham has a vibrant contemporary literary scene, with local authors including David Lodge, Jim Crace, Jonathan Coe, Joel Lane and Judith Cutler.[202] The city's leading contemporary literary publisher is the Tindal Street Press, whose authors include prize-winning novelists Catherine O'Flynn, Clare Morrall and Austin Clarke.[203]
Art and design
The Birmingham School of landscape artists emerged with Daniel Bond in the 1760s and was to last into the mid 19th century.[204] Its most important figure was David Cox, whose later works make him an important precursor of impressionism.[205] The influence of the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists and the Birmingham School of Art made Birmingham an important centre of Victorian art, particularly within the Pre-Raphaelite and Arts and Crafts movements.[206] Major figures included the Pre-Raphaelite and symbolist Edward Burne-Jones; Walter Langley, the first of the Newlyn School painters;[207] and Joseph Southall, leader of the group of artists and craftsmen known as the Birmingham Group.
The Birmingham Surrealists were among the "harbingers of surrealism" in Britain in the 1930s and the movement's most active members in the 1940s,[208] while more abstract artists associated with the city included Lee Bank-born David Bomberg and CoBrA member William Gear. Birmingham artists were prominent in several post-war developments in art: Peter Phillips was among the central figures in the birth of Pop Art;[209] John Salt was the only major European figure among the pioneers of photo-realism;[210] and the BLK Art Group used painting, collage and multimedia to examine the politics and culture of Black British identity. Contemporary artists from the city include the Turner Prize winner Gillian Wearing and the Turner Prize shortlisted artists Richard Billingham, John Walker Roger Hiorns and conceptual artist Dr Pogus Caesar his work has been acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum, National Portrait Gallery, Wolverhampton Art Gallery and Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery.[211]
Birmingham's role as a manufacturing and printing centre has supported strong local traditions of graphic design and product design. Iconic works by Birmingham designers include the Baskerville font,[212] Ruskin Pottery,[213] the Acme Thunderer whistle,[214] the Art Deco branding of the Odeon Cinemas[215] and the Mini.[216]
Museums and galleries
Birmingham has two major public art collections. Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery is best known for its works by the Pre-Raphaelites, a collection "of outstanding importance".[217] It also holds a significant selection of old masters – including major works by Bellini, Rubens, Canaletto and Claude – and particularly strong collections of 17th-century Italian Baroque painting and English watercolours.[217] Its design holdings include Europe's pre-eminent collections of ceramics and fine metalwork.[217] The Barber Institute of Fine Arts in Edgbaston is one of the finest small art galleries in the world,[218] with a collection of exceptional quality representing Western art from the 13th century to the present day.[219]
Birmingham Museums Trust runs other museums in the city including Aston Hall, Blakesley Hall, the Museum of the Jewellery Quarter, Soho House and Sarehole Mill. The Birmingham Back to Backs are the last surviving court of back-to-back houses in the city.[220] Cadbury World is a museum showing visitors the stages and steps of chocolate production and the history of chocolate and the company. The Ikon Gallery hosts displays of contemporary art, as does Eastside Projects.
Thinktank is Birmingham's main science museum, with a giant screen cinema, a planetarium and a collection that includes the Smethwick Engine, the world's oldest working steam engine.[221] Other science-based museums include the National Sea Life Centre in Brindleyplace, the Lapworth Museum of Geology at the University of Birmingham and the Centre of the Earth environmental education centre in Winson Green.
Nightlife and festivals
Nightlife in Birmingham is mainly concentrated along Broad Street and into Brindleyplace. Although in more recent years Broad Street has lost its popularity due to the closing of several clubs; the Arcadian now has more popularity in terms of nightlife. Outside the Broad Street area are many stylish and underground venues. The Medicine Bar in the Custard Factory, hmv Institute, Rainbow Pub and Air are large clubs and bars in Digbeth. Around the Chinese Quarter are areas such as the Arcadian and Hurst Street Gay Village, that abound with bars and clubs. Summer Row, The Mailbox, O2 Academy in Bristol Street, Snobs Nightclub, St Philips/Colmore Row, St Paul's Square and the Jewellery Quarter all have a vibrant night life. There are a number of late night pubs in the Irish Quarter.[222] Outside the city centre is Star City entertainment complex on the former site of Nechells Power Station.[223]
Birmingham is home to many national, religious and spiritual festivals including a St. George's Day party. The Birmingham Tattoo is a long-standing military show held annually at the National Indoor Arena. The Caribbean-style Birmingham International Carnival takes place in odd numbered years. The UK's largest two-day Gay Pride is Birmingham Pride (LGBT festival), which is typically held over the spring bank holiday weekend in May.[224][225] The streets of Birmingham's gay district pulsate with a carnival parade, live music, a dance arena with DJs, cabaret stage, women's arena and a community village. Birmingham Pride takes place in the gay village. From 1997 until December 2006, the city hosted an annual arts festival ArtsFest, the largest free arts festival in the UK at the time.[226] The city's largest single-day event is its St. Patrick's Day parade (Europe's second largest, after Dublin).[227] Other multicultural events include the Bangla Mela and the Vaisakhi Mela. The Birmingham Heritage Festival is a Mardi Gras style event in August. Caribbean and African culture are celebrated with parades and street performances by buskers.
Other festivals in the city include the Birmingham International Jazz Festival, "Party in the Park",[228] originally a festival hosted by local and regional radio stations which died down in 2007 and has now been brought back to life as an unsigned festival for regional unsigned acts to showcase themselves in a one-day music festival for the whole family. Birmingham Comedy Festival (since 2001; 10 days in October), which has been headlined by such acts as Peter Kay, The Fast Show, Jimmy Carr, Lee Evans and Lenny Henry. The biennial International Dance Festival Birmingham started in 2008, organised by DanceXchange and involving indoor and outdoor venues across the city. Since 2001, Birmingham has also been host to the Frankfurt Christmas Market. Modelled on its German counterpart, it has grown to become the UK's largest outdoor Christmas market and is the largest German market outside of Germany and Austria,[229] attracting over 3.1 million visitors in 2010[230] and over 5 million visitors in 2011.[231]
The Nowka Bais is a Bengali boat racing festival which takes place annually in Birmingham. It is a leading cultural event in the West Midlands, United Kingdom attracting not only the Bangladeshi diaspora but a variety of cultures.[232] It is also the largest kind of boat race in the United Kingdom.[233]
Food and drink
Birmingham's development as a commercial town was originally based around its market for agricultural produce, established by royal charter in 1166. Despite the industrialisation of subsequent centuries this role has been retained and the Birmingham Wholesale Markets remain the largest combined wholesale food markets in the country,[234] selling meat, fish, fruit, vegetables and flowers and supplying fresh produce to restaurateurs and independent retailers from as far as 100 miles (161 km) away.[235]
Birmingham is the only city outside London to have five Michelin starred restaurants: Simpson's in Edgbaston, Carters of Moseley, and Purnell's, Opheem and Adam's in the city centre.[236]
Birmingham based breweries included Ansells, Davenport's and Mitchells & Butlers.[237] Aston Manor Brewery is currently the only brewery of any significant size. Many fine Victorian pubs and bars can still be found across the city, whilst there is also a plethora of more modern nightclubs and bars, notably along Broad Street.[238]
The Wing Yip food empire first began in the city and now has its headquarters in Nechells.[239] The Balti, a type of curry, was invented in the city, which has received much acclaim for the 'Balti Belt' or 'Balti Triangle'.[240] Famous food brands that originated in Birmingham include Typhoo tea, Bird's Custard, Cadbury's chocolate and HP Sauce.
There is also a thriving independent and artisan food sector in Birmingham, encompassing microbreweries like Two Towers,[241] and collective bakeries such as Loaf.[242] Recent years have seen these businesses increasingly showcased at farmers markets,[243] popular street food events[244] and food festivals including Birmingham Independent Food Fair.[245][246]
Entertainment and leisure
Birmingham is home to many entertainment and leisure venues, including Europe's largest leisure and entertainment complex Star City as well as Europe's first out-of-city-centre entertainment and leisure complex Resorts World Birmingham owned by the Genting Group. The Mailbox which caters for more affluent clients is based within the city.
Architecture
Birmingham is chiefly a product of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries; its growth began during the Industrial Revolution. Consequently, relatively few buildings survive from its earlier history and those that do are protected. There are 1,946 listed buildings in Birmingham and thirteen scheduled ancient monuments.[247] Birmingham City Council also operate a locally listing scheme for buildings that do not fully meet the criteria for statutorily listed status.
Traces of medieval Birmingham can be seen in the oldest churches, notably the original parish church, St Martin in the Bull Ring. A few other buildings from the medieval and Tudor periods survive, among them the Lad in the Lane[248] and The Old Crown, the 15th century Saracen's Head public house and Old Grammar School in Kings Norton[249] and Blakesley Hall.
A number of Georgian buildings survive, including St Philip's Cathedral, Soho House, Perrott's Folly, the Town Hall and much of St Paul's Square. The Victorian era saw extensive building across the city. Major civic buildings such as the Victoria Law Courts (in characteristic red brick and terracotta), the Council House and the Museum & Art Gallery were constructed.[250] St Chad's Cathedral was the first Roman Catholic cathedral to be built in the UK since the Reformation.[251] Across the city, the need to house the industrial workers gave rise to miles of redbrick streets and terraces, many of back-to-back houses, some of which were later to become inner-city slums.[252]
Postwar redevelopment and anti-Victorianism resulted in the loss of dozens of Victorian buildings like New Street station and the old Central Library, often replaced by brutalist architecture.[253] Sir Herbert Manzoni, City Engineer and Surveyor of Birmingham from 1935 until 1963, believed conservation of old buildings was sentimental and that the city did not have any of worth anyway.[254] In inner-city areas too, much Victorian housing was demolished and redeveloped. Existing communities were relocated to tower block estates like Castle Vale.[255]
In a partial reaction against the Manzoni years, Birmingham City Council is demolishing some of the brutalist buildings like the Central Library and has an extensive tower block demolition and renovation programme. There has been much redevelopment in the city centre in recent years, including the award-winning[256] Future Systems' Selfridges building in the Bullring Shopping Centre, the Brindleyplace regeneration project, the Millennium Point science and technology centre, and the refurbishment of the iconic Rotunda building. Funding for many of these projects has come from the European Union; the Town Hall for example received £3 million in funding from the European Regional Development Fund.[257]
Highrise development has slowed since the 1970s and mainly in recent years because of enforcements imposed by the Civil Aviation Authority on the heights of buildings as they could affect aircraft from the Airport (e.g. Beetham Tower).[258]
Demonymy and identity
People from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the city's nickname of "Brum", which originates from the city's old name, Brummagem, which in turn is thought to have derived from "Bromwich-ham".[259][260] The Brummie accent and dialect are particularly distinctive.
Транспорт
Partly due to its central location, Birmingham is a major transport hub on the motorway, rail and canal networks.[261]
Roads
The city is served by the M5, M6, M40, and M42 motorways, and possibly the most well known motorway junction in the United Kingdom: Spaghetti Junction, a colloquial name for the Gravelly Hill Interchange.[262] The M6 passes through the city on the Bromford Viaduct, which at 3.5 miles (5.6 km) is the longest bridge in the UK.[263] Birmingham is planning a Clean Air Zone from 1 June 2021, which will charge polluting vehicles to travel into the city centre.[264]
Air
Birmingham Airport, located 6 miles (9.7 km) east of the city centre in the neighbouring borough of Solihull, is the seventh busiest airport by passenger traffic in the UK and the third busiest outside the London area, after Manchester and Edinburgh. It is a major base for Ryanair[265] and TUI Airways.[266] Airline services operate from Birmingham to many destinations in Europe, Africa, the Americas, Middle East, and Asia.[267]
Public transport
Birmingham New Street is the busiest railway station in the UK outside London, both for passenger entries/exits and for passenger interchanges.[268] It is the national hub for CrossCountry, the most extensive long-distance train network in Britain,[269] and a major destination for Avanti West Coast services from London Euston, Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley.[270] Birmingham Moor Street and Birmingham Snow Hill form the northern termini for Chiltern Railways express trains running from London Marylebone.[271] Local and regional services are operated from all of Birmingham's stations by West Midlands Trains.[272] The under construction Curzon Street railway station will be the terminus for trains to the city on High Speed 2, the first phase of which will open around 2030.[273]
The National Express headquarters are located in Digbeth, in offices above Birmingham Coach Station, which forms the national hub of the company's coach network. The bus division is based in Bordesley Green, just outside the City Centre.
Birmingham's local public transport network is co-ordinated by Transport for West Midlands. The network includes: the busiest urban rail system in the UK outside London, with 122 million passenger entries and exits per annum;[274] the UK's busiest urban bus system outside London, with 300.2 million passenger journeys per annum;[275] and the West Midlands Metro, a light rail system that operates between Library in Central Birmingham and Wolverhampton via Bilston, Wednesbury and West Bromwich.[276] Bus routes are mainly operated by National Express West Midlands, which accounts for over 80% of all bus journeys in Birmingham, though there are around 50 other, smaller registered bus companies.[277] The number 11 outer circle bus route, which operates in both clockwise and anti-clockwise directions around the outskirts of the city, is the longest urban bus route in Europe, being over 26 miles (42 km) long[278] with 272 bus stops.[279]
There is currently no underground system in Birmingham; it is the largest city in Europe not to have one. In recent years, ideas of an underground system have started to appear, but none so far have been planned in earnest primarily due to the ongoing expansion of the West Midlands Metro tram network being viewed as a higher priority.[280]
Canals
An extensive canal system still remains in Birmingham from the Industrial Revolution. The city has more miles of canal than Venice, though the canals in Birmingham are a less prominent and essential feature due to the larger size of the city and the fact that few of its buildings are accessed by canal.[281] The canals are mainly used today for leisure purposes,[282] and canalside regeneration schemes such as Brindleyplace have turned the canals into a tourist attraction.[283][284][285]
Образование
Further and higher education
Birmingham is home to five universities: Aston University, University of Birmingham, Birmingham City University, University College Birmingham and Newman University.[286] The city also hosts major campuses of the University of Law and BPP University, as well as the Open University's West Midlands regional base.[287] In 2011 Birmingham had 78,259 full-time students from all over the world aged 18–74 resident in the city during term time, more than any other city in the United Kingdom outside London.[288] Birmingham has 32,690 research students, also the highest number of any major city outside London.[289]
The Birmingham Business School, established by Sir William Ashley in 1902, is the oldest graduate-level business school in the United Kingdom.[290] Another top business school in the city includes Aston Business School, one of fewer than 1% of business schools globally to be granted triple accreditation,[291] and Birmingham City Business School. Royal Birmingham Conservatoire, part of Birmingham City University, offers professional training in music and acting.
Birmingham is an important centre for religious education. St Mary's College, Oscott is one of the three seminaries of the Catholic Church in England and Wales;[292] Woodbrooke is the only Quaker study centre in Europe;[293] and Queen's College, Edgbaston is an ecumenical theological college serving the Church of England, the Methodist Church and the United Reformed Church.
Birmingham Metropolitan College is one of the largest further education colleges in the country,[294] with fourteen campuses spread across Birmingham and into the Black Country and Worcestershire.[295] South & City College Birmingham has nine campuses spread throughout the city.[296] Bournville College is based in a £66 million, 4.2 acre campus in Longbridge that opened in 2011.[297] Fircroft College is a residential college based in a former Edwardian mansion in Selly Oak, founded in 1909 around a strong commitment to social justice, with many courses aimed at students with few prior formal qualifications.[298] Queen Alexandra College is a specialist college based in Harborne offering further education to visually impaired or disabled students from all over the United Kingdom.[299]
Primary and secondary education
Birmingham City Council is England's largest local education authority, directly or indirectly responsible for 25 nursery schools, 328 primary schools, 77 secondary schools[300] and 29 special schools.[301] and providing around 3,500 adult education courses throughout the year.[302] Most of Birmingham's state schools are community schools run directly by Birmingham City Council in its role as local education authority (LEA), although there are also voluntary aided schools within the state system. Since the 1970s, most secondary schools in Birmingham have been 11-–-16/18 comprehensive schools, while post GCSE students have the choice of continuing their education in either a school's sixth form or at a further education college.
King Edward's School, Birmingham, founded in 1552 by King Edward VI, is one of the oldest schools in the city, teaching GCSE and IB, with alumni including J R R Tolkien, author of the Lord of the Rings books and The Hobbit.[303][304] Independent schools in the city include the Birmingham Blue Coat School, King Edward VI High School for Girls and Edgbaston High School for Girls. Bishop Vesey's Grammar School was founded by Bishop Vesey in 1527.[305]
Общественные услуги
In Birmingham libraries, leisure centres, parks, play areas, transport, street cleaning and waste collection face cuts among other services. Albert Bore, leader of Birmingham City Council called on the government to change radically how local services are funded and provided. It is claimed government cuts to local authorities have hit Birmingham disproportionately.[306] Child protection services within Birmingham were rated "inadequate" by OFSTED for four years running between 2009 and 2013, with 20 child deaths since 2007 being investigated.[307] In March 2014 the government announced that independent commissioner would be appointed to oversee improvements to children's services within the city.[308]
Library services
The former Birmingham Central Library, opened in 1972, was considered to be the largest municipal library in Europe.[309] Six of its collections were designated by the Arts Council England as being "pre-eminent collections of national and international importance", out of only eight collections to be so recognised in local authority libraries nationwide.[310] A new Library of Birmingham in Centenary Square, replacing Central Library, was opened on 3 September 2013. It was designed by the Dutch architects Mecanoo and has been described as "a kind of public forum ... a memorial, a shrine, to the book and to literature".[311] This library faces cuts, due to reduced funding from Central government.[312]
There are 41 local libraries in Birmingham, plus a regular mobile library service.[313] The library service has 4 million visitors annually.[314] Due to budget cuts, four of the branch libraries risk closure whilst services may be reduced elsewhere.[312]
Emergency services
Law enforcement in Birmingham is carried out by West Midlands Police, whose headquarters are at Lloyd House in the city centre. With 87.92 recorded offences per 1000 population in 2009–10, Birmingham's crime rate is above the average for England and Wales, but lower than any of England's other major core cities and lower than many smaller cities such as Oxford, Cambridge or Brighton.[315] Fire and rescue services in Birmingham are provided by West Midlands Fire Service and emergency medical care by West Midlands Ambulance Service.
Healthcare
There are several major National Health Service hospitals in Birmingham. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, adjacent to the Birmingham Medical School in Edgbaston, is one of the largest teaching hospitals in the United Kingdom with over 1,200 beds. It is a major trauma centre offering services to the extended West Midlands region and houses the largest single-floor critical care unit in the world, with 100 beds.[316] The hospital has the largest solid organ transplantation programme in Europe as well as the largest renal transplant programme in the United Kingdom and it is a national specialist centre for liver, heart and lung transplantation, as well as cancer studies. It is the home of the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine for military personnel injured in conflict zones.[317]
Other general hospitals in the city include Heartlands Hospital in Bordesley Green, Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield and City Hospital in Winson Green. There are also many specialist hospitals, such as Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham Dental Hospital, and the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital.
Birmingham saw the first ever use of radiography in an operation,[318] and the UK's first ever hole-in-the-heart operation was performed at Birmingham Children's Hospital.
Water supply
The Birmingham Corporation Water Department was set up in 1876 to supply water to Birmingham, up until 1974 when its responsibilities were transferred to Severn Trent Water. Most of Birmingham's water is supplied by the Elan aqueduct,[319] opened in 1904; water is fed by gravity to Frankley Reservoir, Frankley, and Bartley Reservoir, Bartley Green, from reservoirs in the Elan Valley, Wales.[320]
Energy from waste
Within Birmingham the Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant, a large incineration plant built in 1996 for Veolia,[321] burns some 366,414 tonnes of household waste annually and produces 166,230 MWh of electricity for the National Grid along with 282,013 tonnes of carbon dioxide.[322]
Спорт
Birmingham has played an important part in the history of modern sport. The Football League – the world's first league football competition – was founded by Birmingham resident and Aston Villa director William McGregor, who wrote to fellow club directors in 1888 proposing "that ten or twelve of the most prominent clubs in England combine to arrange home-and-away fixtures each season".[323] The modern game of tennis was developed between 1859 and 1865 by Harry Gem and his friend Augurio Perera at Perera's house in Edgbaston,[324] with the Edgbaston Archery and Lawn Tennis Society remaining the oldest tennis club in the world.[325] The Birmingham and District Cricket League is the oldest cricket league in the world,[326] and Birmingham was the host for the first ever Cricket World Cup, a Women's Cricket World Cup in 1973.[327] Birmingham was the first city to be named National City of Sport by the Sports Council.[328] Birmingham was selected ahead of London and Manchester to bid for the 1992 Summer Olympics,[329] but was unsuccessful in the final selection process, which was won by Barcelona.[330]
Today, the city is home of two of the country's oldest professional football teams: Aston Villa F.C., which was founded in 1874 and plays at Villa Park; and Birmingham City F.C., which was founded in 1875 and plays at St Andrew's. Rivalry between the clubs is fierce and the fixture between the two is called the Second City derby.[331] Aston Villa currently play in the Premier League while Birmingham City currently play in the Championship. West Bromwich Albion also draw support within the Birmingham area, being located at The Hawthorns just outside the city boundaries in Sandwell.
Warwickshire County Cricket Club play at Edgbaston Cricket Ground, which also hosts test cricket and one day internationals and is the largest cricket ground in the United Kingdom after Lord's.[332] Edgbaston was the scene of the highest ever score by a batsman in first-class cricket, when Brian Lara scored 501 not out for Warwickshire in 1994.[333]
Birmingham is also home to professional Rugby Union clubs such as Birmingham Moseley and Birmingham & Solihull.[334][335] The city also has a Rugby League club, the Birmingham Bulldogs.[336] The city is also home to one of the oldest American football teams in the BAFA National Leagues, the Birmingham Bulls.
Two major championship golf courses lie on the city's outskirts. The Belfry near Sutton Coldfield is the headquarters of the Professional Golfers' Association[337] and has hosted the Ryder Cup more times than any other venue.[338] The Forest of Arden Hotel and Country Club near Birmingham Airport is also a regular host of tournaments on the PGA European Tour, including the British Masters and the English Open.[339]
The AEGON Classic is, alongside Wimbledon and Eastbourne, one of only three UK tennis tournaments on the WTA Tour.[340] It is played annually at the Edgbaston Priory Club, which in 2010 announced plans for a multimillion-pound redevelopment, including a new showcase centre court and a museum celebrating the game's Birmingham origins.[341]
The Alexander Stadium in Perry Barr is the headquarters of UK Athletics,[342] and one of only two British venues to host fixtures in the elite international IAAF Diamond League.[343] It is also the home of Birchfield Harriers, which has many international athletes among its members. The National Indoor Arena hosted the 2007 European Athletics Indoor Championships and the 2003 and 2018 World Indoor Championships, as well as hosting the annual Aviva Indoor Grand Prix – the only British indoor athletics fixture to qualify as an IAAF Indoor Permit Meeting[344] – and a wide variety of other sporting events.
Professional boxing, hockey, skateboarding, stock-car racing, greyhound racing and speedway also takes place within the city.
Since 1994 Birmingham has hosted the All England Open Badminton Championships at Arena Birmingham.[345]
Commonwealth Games
Birmingham will host the 2022 Commonwealth Games. The Games are expected to take place between 27 July and 7 August 2022. Birmingham has a wealth of existing sports venues, arenas and conference halls that are ideal for hosting sport during the Games. Alexander Stadium, which will host the ceremonies and athletics, will be renovated and the capacity will be increased to 40,000 seats. The 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham are expected to generate a £526 million boost to the West Midlands regional economy.[346] The official handover to Birmingham took place at the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony on 15 April 2018.[347]
СМИ
Birmingham has several major local newspapers – the daily Birmingham Mail and the weekly Birmingham Post and Sunday Mercury, all owned by Reach plc. Forward is a freesheet produced by Birmingham City Council, which is distributed to homes in the city. Birmingham is also the hub for various national ethnic media, lifestyle magazines, digital news platforms, and the base for two regional Metro editions (East and West Midlands).
Birmingham has three mainstream digital-only news publishers, I Am Birmingham, Birmingham Updates and Second City.
Birmingham has a long cinematic history; The Electric on Station Street is the oldest working cinema in the UK.[348] Birmingham is the location for several British and international film productions including Felicia's Journey of 1999, which used locations in Birmingham that were used in Take Me High of 1973 to contrast the changes in the city.[349]
The BBC has two facilities in the city. The Mailbox, in the city centre, is the national headquarters of BBC English Regions[350] and the headquarters of BBC West Midlands and the BBC Birmingham network production centre. These were previously located at the Pebble Mill Studios in Edgbaston. The BBC Drama Village, based in Selly Oak, is a production facility specialising in television drama.[351]
Central/ATV studios in Birmingham was the location for the recording of various programmes for ITV, including Tiswas and Crossroads, until the complex was closed in 1997,[352] and Central moved to its current Gas Street studios. Central's output from Birmingham now consists of only the West and East editions of the regional news programme Central Tonight.
The city is served by numerous national and regional radio stations, as well as hyperlocal radio stations. These include Free Radio Birmingham and Greatest Hits West Midlands, Capital Birmingham, Heart West Midlands, Absolute Radio, Smooth Radio. The city has a community radio scene, with stations including Big City Radio, New Style Radio, Brum Radio, Switch Radio, Scratch Radio, Raaj FM, and Unity FM.
The Archers, the world's longest running radio soap, is recorded in Birmingham for BBC Radio 4.[353] BBC Birmingham studios additionally produce shows for BBC Radio WM and BBC Asian Network in the city.
Известные люди
Международные отношения
Birmingham has nine sister cities;[354]
- Lyon, France (since 1951)[355][356]
- Frankfurt am Main, Germany (since 1966)[357]
- Milan, Italy (since 1974)[358]
- Changchun, China (since 1983)
- Leipzig, Germany (since 1992)[359]
- Chicago, United States (since 1993)
- Johannesburg, South Africa (since 1997)
- Guangzhou, China (since 2006)
- Nanjing, China (since 2007)
Birmingham was twinned with Zaporizhzhia, in Ukraine, in the late Soviet Union period. This is noted in Ukrainian[360] and in Birmingham public records.[361]
Смотрите также
- Honorary Freedom of the City of Birmingham
- List of countries by national capital, largest and second-largest cities
Заметки
- ^ Largest when not counting Greater London.
- ^ Although Birmingham is de facto the second-largest city, it is technically the largest "city proper" in the UK, because the London region (estimated population 8,546,761) has never been granted "city status" by the UK government, and both the City of London and the City of Westminster have smaller populations than Birmingham. See the list of UK cities (sort by Population column).
- ^ Weather station is located 7 miles (11 km) from the Birmingham city centre.
- ^ Data calculated from raw monthly long term data for BHX.
- ^ Weather station is located 2 miles (3 km) from the Birmingham city centre.
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- Hodder, Mike (2004). Birmingham: the hidden history. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-3135-8.
- Holt, Richard (1986). The early history of the town of Birmingham, 1166–1600. Dugdale Society Occasional Papers. Oxford: Printed for the Dugdale Society by D. Stanford, Printer to the University. ISBN 0-85220-062-5.
- Hopkins, Eric (1989). Birmingham: The First Manufacturing Town in the World, 1760–1840. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79473-6.
- Jones, Peter M. (2008). Industrial Enlightenment: Science, technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-7770-8.
- Leather, Peter (2001). A brief history of Birmingham. Studley: Brewin Books. ISBN 1-85858-187-7.
- Thorpe, H. (1950), "The Growth of Settlement before the Norman Conquest", in Kinvig, R. H.; Smith, J. G.; Wise, M. J. (eds.), Birmingham and its Regional Setting: A Scientific Survey, S. R. Publishers Limited (published 1970), pp. 87–97, ISBN 978-0-85409-607-7
- Uglow, Jenny (2011) [2002]. The Lunar Men: The Inventors of the Modern World 1730–1810. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-26667-8. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
- Upton, Chris (1993). A History of Birmingham. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 0-85033-870-0.
- Ward, Roger (2005). City-state and nation: Birmingham's political history, 1830–1940. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 1-86077-320-6.
Внешние ссылки
- Birmingham City Council
- Visitbirmingham.com - Tourism website for Birmingham
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