Джеймс Л. Холлоуэй мл.

Джеймс Л. Холлоуэй мл.
Адмирал Джеймс Л. Холлоуэй-младший.
Псевдоним (ы)	Лорд Джим Джентльмен Джим Лорд Плюшботтом Виски Джим
Родившийся	(1898-06-20)20 июня 1898 г., Форт-Смит, Арканзас, США.
Умер	11 января 1984 г. (1984-01-11)(85 лет) Фоллс-Черч, Вирджиния, США
Верность	Соединенные Штаты
Сервис / филиал	ВМС США
Годы службы	1918–1959 гг.
Классифицировать	Адмирал
Команды проведены	Военно-морские силы США, Восточная Атлантика и Средиземноморье
Битвы / войны	Первая мировая война Вторая мировая война Ливанский кризис 1958 года
Награды	Медаль за выдающиеся заслуги на флоте Почетный легион (2)
связи	Генерал-майор Джонсон Хагуд (тесть) Адмирал Джеймс Л. Холлоуэй III (сын) Контр-адмирал Лоуренс Хейворт-младший (зять) Астронавт Уолли Ширра (пасынок)
Другая работа	Губернатор, Дом ВМС США

Джеймс Лемюэль Holloway младший (20 июня 1898 - 11 января 1984) был четыре звезды адмиралом в ВМС США , который служил в качестве смотрителя Военно - морской академии США от 1947-1950; в 1953–1957 гг. - начальником отдела кадров ВМФ ; и в качестве главнокомандующего всеми военно-морскими силами Соединенных Штатов в Восточной Атлантике и Средиземном море с 1957 по 1959 год, в этом качестве он руководил американской интервенцией в Ливане в 1958 году . Как основатель плана Холлоуэя, он отвечал за создание современного корпуса подготовки офицеров морского резерва .

Холлоуэй был отцом четырехзвездного адмирала и начальника военно-морских операций адмирала Джеймса Л. Холлоуэя III . По состоянию на 2019 год ^[update]они являются единственными отцом и сыном, которые оба служат четырехзвездными адмиралами военно-морского флота США, находясь на действительной службе, в отличие от повышения до этого звания посмертно или после выхода на пенсию . ^[1]

Ранняя карьера [ править ]

Холлоуэй родился 20 июня 1898 года в Форт-Смит, штат Арканзас, в семье будущего столетнего Джеймса Лемуэля Холлоуэя-старшего и бывшей Мэри Джордж Лиминг. ^[2] В 1904 году его семья переехала в Даллас, штат Техас , где он был студентом футбольного клуба и членом команды дебатов в Средней школе Ок-Клифф , которую он окончил в 1915 году. Не удалось найти место назначения в США. Военная академия в Вест-Пойнте, штат Нью-Йорк , его первоначальные амбиции, он вместо этого сдал вступительные экзамены в Военно-морскую академию США в Аннаполисе, штат Мэриленд, и поступил в Военно-морскую академию в качестве специалиста.гардемарин в 1915 году. Он закончил учебу в июне 1918 года , он был последним в ускоренном классе 1919 года, занял 149-е место из 199 ^[3], а позже утверждал, что ему удалось избежать исключения из Академии только потому, что его класс закончил досрочно из-за мировой войны. I. «Я знал, что упаду на механику». ^[4]

Первая мировая война [ править ]

Вступивший в строй 7 июня 1918 года, Холлоуэй был назначен на эсминец Monaghan , действовавший из Бреста, Франция, в составе группы эсминцев, которым было поручено патрулирование немецких подводных лодок в европейских водах. Он почти сразу произвел плохое впечатление. «Они никогда не говорили мне о нехватке места на эсминцах. Мой багаж заполнил всю кают-компанию. Из-за этого я был очень непопулярным молодым офицером». ^[3] Тем не менее в сентябре он получил звание лейтенанта (младшие классы).

В январе 1919 года Холлоуэй был назначен на линкор « Флорида» , поездка включала службу в качестве помощника и лейтенанта флага контр-адмирала Фредерика Б. Бассетта-младшего. В качестве помощника адмирала Холлоуэй посетил Бразилию , Аргентину и Уругвай, когда Флорида несла госсекретаря. Бейнбридж Колби и его группа в дипломатическом круизе в порты Южной Америки и Карибского бассейна в 1920 году. ^[2]

Межвоенный период [ править ]

В августе 1921 года Холлоуэй был назначен на дежурство на эсминце, ненадолго командуя эсминцем Wainwright, прежде чем служить старшим помощником эсминца McCormick до июня 1922 года, когда он был повышен до лейтенанта и назначен старшим офицером эсминца Truxtun на два года плавания. служба на Дальнем Востоке с Азиатским флотом . По возвращении в США в июле 1924 года он служил инструктором в Военно-морской академии на факультете артиллерийского и артиллерийского вооружения с августа 1924 по июнь 1926 года под руководством Генри Б. Уилсона и Луи М. Нултона . ^{[2] [5]}

В 1926 году Холлоуэй начал двухлетнее турне на борту линкора « Западная Вирджиния» , в течение которого он получил несколько ведомственных наград за «вклад в эффективность артиллерийского орудия» и имел под своим командованием самую высокую оценку 16 дюймов (410 мм) орудийной башни в мире. ВМФ, установивший рекорд по стрельбе по стрельбе, который оставался неизменным в течение нескольких лет. ^[2]

С августа 1928 года по июнь 1930 года Холлоуэй был помощником и лейтенантом по флагу в штабе контр-адмирала Харриса Лэнинга , начальника штаба боевого флота и впоследствии командующего второй дивизией линкоров. Он оставался помощником Лэнинга в течение первых двух лет следующего назначения адмирала в качестве президента Военно-морского колледжа в Ньюпорте, штат Род-Айленд , а затем с июня 1932 года по май 1933 года выполнял обязанности помощника артиллериста на борту линкора « Невада» . В мае 1933 года он снова был назначен помощником и лейтенантом по флагу ныне вице-адмиралу Лэнингу, командующему разведывательным отрядом крейсеров . В июне он был произведен в лейтенанты. ^{[2] [5]}

В июне 1934 года Холлоуэй начал год командовать эсминцем Hopkins , флагманом командующего третьей эскадрильей на Тихоокеанском флоте . ^[2] «Я сделал красавицу из Хопкинсов . Я воспитал ее внешностью и артиллерией. Мой друг, первый лейтенант Лэнгли , помог мне. Этот мальчик давал мне дополнительные 200 галлонов краски каждый месяц. Я сделал ее похожей на яхту ". ^{[3] [5]}

Холлоуэй был переведен в военно-морское ведомство в июне 1935 года и проработал три года в артиллерийском отделении учебного дивизиона флота, затем был штурманом линкора Айдахо с 1938 по июль 1939 года, когда он принял командование грузовым кораблем « Сириус» и получил повышение. в звании полноправного командира.

Вторая мировая война [ править ]

В сентябре 1939 года Холлоуэй стал начальником штаба контр-адмирала Хейна Эллиса, командира Атлантической эскадры , в которой Холлоуэй руководил расширением и развертыванием Атлантической эскадры для операций по патрулированию нейтралитета после начала Второй мировой войны в Европе.

В октябре 1940 года Холлоуэй был назначен начальником артиллерийского отдела Управления подготовки флота в офисе начальника военно-морских операций, где он служил во время нападения японцев на Перл-Харбор . ^[2] «В те недели после нападения мы были заняты, как птичьи собаки. Трудно описать, насколько возросла рабочая нагрузка. Мы прекратили все рутинные вычисления тренировочных и соревновательных упражнений, за которые отвечала служба подготовки флота, и мы пошел на ускорение производства и улучшение характеристик оружия ».

В течение нескольких недель после нападения Холлоуэй был одним из трех дежурных офицеров, отобранных для дежурства в военно-морском департаменте, чередуя четырехчасовые смены с капитаном Като Д. Гловером-младшим и командующим Форрестом П. Шерманом . «Однажды ночью мы получили сообщение, что у Нью-Йорка был дирижабль . Я устроил чрезвычайную ситуацию на всем Восточном побережье». Предполагаемый вражеский дирижабль оказался сбившимся с курса американским дирижаблем, но начальство Холлоуэя все равно одобрило его решение. «После того, что произошло в Перл-Харборе, в случае сомнений мы отправились в общие помещения ». ^[6]

Операция Факел [ править ]

Холлоуэй подал заявку на немедленную морскую службу после нападения на Перл-Харбор, и 20 мая 1942 года он принял на себя командование десятой эскадрильей эсминцев (Desron 10), недавно построенной и недавно принятой в состав Атлантического флота. Получив звание капитана в июне, в ноябре он руководил Десроном-10 в проверке высадки в Касабланке на начальных этапах операции «Факел» , вторжения союзников в Северную Африку. Как один из трех основных командиров эсминцев в этой операции, он получил почетную ленту ВМФ.со следующей цитатой: «Холлоуэй не позволил многочисленным подводным лодкам противника в этом районе вести эффективный торпедный огонь и своим агрессивным боевым духом и мужественным руководством внес существенный вклад в решительную победу над противником». ^{[2] [3] [5]}

DD-DE Shakedown Task Force [ править ]

Получив репутацию «необычайной способности проявлять энтузиазм, а также организовывать», он был освобожден от командования Desron 10 8 апреля 1943 года ^[7], чтобы возглавить новую задачу по выгонке эсминцев и эскортных эскортных эсминцев (DD-DE). Силы, которые были организованы на Бермудских островах, для систематической подготовки недавно построенных эсминцев и эсминцев эскортного сопровождения до того, как они присоединятся к Атлантическому флоту.

Прибыв на Бермуды 13 апреля на борту эсминца « Хамул» , Холлоуэй быстро создал эффективную арену для тренировки необученных экипажей для операций в море. Когда новые корабли прибыли на Бермудские острова, их офицеры и солдаты высадились для обучения на борту Хамула и на берегу, в то время как их суда прошли осмотр и ремонт силами оперативной группы. Затем корабли возвращались в море для отработки тактики и использования своего оборудования днем ​​и в темноте против буксируемых надводных целей и «ручных» подводных лодок. Персонал оперативной группы занимался всем ремонтом и логистикой, позволяя командирам сосредоточиться исключительно на обучении своих экипажей.

Сначала учебная программа Холлоуэя включала только эскорт эсминцев и несколько канонерских лодок, но его «Бермудский колледж» был настолько успешным, что в сентябре он был расширен, чтобы охватить все недавно построенные эсминцы, и в конечном итоге будет распространен также на канадские и британские суда. К моменту его освобождения 14 ноября 99 эсминцев сопровождения и 20 эсминцев уже закончили программу, а еще 25 кораблей проходили обучение. Период вытеснения был сокращен с шести до восьми недель бессистемной подготовки до четырех недель для эсминцев сопровождения и пяти недель для эсминцев при значительно более высоком качестве подготовки. ^[8] За этот успех Холлоуэй был награжден Легионом Заслуг., в цитировании которого он высоко оценил то, что он «создал эффективную организацию, передав флоту компетентные морские суда и тщательно обученный персонал. Его заметные успехи в выполнении этого важного задания и его навыки в сотрудничестве с другими командами жизненно способствовали эффективному преследованию война." ^[2]

Бюро военно-морского персонала [ править ]

Холлоуэй стал директором по обучению в Бюро военно-морского персонала в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, 15 ноября 1943 г. ^[7], где он получил вторую награду за то, что «объединил различные программы в одну эффективную организацию с бюро в центре всей политики. Его умелое руководство и дальновидность во многом способствовали успешному расширению программы военно-морской подготовки в этот решающий год войны ". ^[2] Чистая эффективность Холлоуэя в этой роли работала против него, когда его просьба о морской службе была отклонена министром ВМФ Джеймсом В. Форрестолом., который постановил, что Холлоуэй должен продолжить тренировочную работу, «там, где вы достигаете своего пика». В конце 1944 года Форрестол наконец уступил и освободил Холлоуэя для службы на Тихоокеанском театре военных действий. ^[3]

USS Iowa [ править ]

Холлоуэй принял на себя командование линкором « Айова» , флагманом 7-й дивизии линкоров, в ноябре 1944 года. Под его командованием в том же месяце Айова участвовал в атаках на Лусон , сбив много вражеских самолетов, и участвовал в ударах по территории Японии с марта по 2006 год Июль 1945 года. За командование Айовой во время этих операций он получил Золотую Звезду вместо второго Легиона Заслуг со следующей цитатой: «Его корабль был флагманом нескольких важных ударных сил и сил прикрытия ... Холлоуэй оказал выдающуюся службу. в ходе интенсивных действий и своим блестящим руководством и выдающимся мастерством внес существенный вклад в нанесение значительного и дорогостоящего ущерба противнику ». ^{[2][9] [10]}

Холлоуэй управлял своим линкором с характерным чутьем, вспоминал контр-адмирал Ральф Кирк Джеймс, который 25 декабря 1944 года был офицером технического обслуживания, ответственным за ремонт поврежденных кораблей в Манусе, когда Айова прибыл на эту базу для устранения проблем с валом валов. вверх по гавани с этим большим линкором, самым большим из всех, что я видел, и я нервничал все больше и больше ». Встревоженный, Джеймс предупредил Холлоуэя, чтобы он снизил скорость перед входом в сухой док. «О нет, - сказал [Холлоуэй] ... Он поставил корабль примерно на полпути в сухой док, когда приказал установить полную скорость за кормой.« Айова »затряслась, как проклятый эсминец, и остановилась именно там, где должна была находиться ». К сожалению, обратная промывка от реверсирования двигателя снесла опорные блоки сухого дока из-под корабля, и Джеймсу и его команде пришлось потратить дополнительные три часа на переустановку блоков. до того, как Айова успел пристыковаться. После этого Джеймс обнаружил седую полосу в своих волосах. «Я могу сказать вам момент, когда она родилась: когда Холлоуэй наложил на меня свой скоростной трюк с дроссельной заслонкой» ^[11].

Несмотря на то, что он был капитаном главного надводного корабля ВМС США, Холлоуэй признал, что военно-морская авиация стала доминирующей. Вскоре после того , как он принял командование Айовой , он написал срочное письмо своему сыну, лейтенанту Джеймсу Л. Холлоуэю III , который пошел по стопам своего отца в качестве младшего офицера на эсминце, чтобы посоветовать молодому лейтенанту отказаться от своей многообещающей карьеры на эсминце. Надводный флот должен как можно скорее стать военно-морским летчиком . «Войну на Тихом океане выигрывают авианосцы. Будущее ВМС США - за морской авиацией». Лейтенант Холлоуэй сразу же подал заявку на летную подготовку и стал капитаном атомного авианосца « Энтерпрайз» , главного авиационного корабля своего времени.^[12]

Демобилизация [ править ]

Получив звание контр-адмирала, Холлоуэй стал командующим учебным командованием Тихоокеанского флота 8 августа 1945 года. ^[7] Он был отстранен от этого командования менее чем через два месяца, 26 сентября, чтобы взять на себя послевоенную демобилизацию ВМФ . ^[5]

Контр-адмирал Уильям М. Фехтелер, Помощник начальника военно-морского персонала, проинформировал Холлоуэя о том, что демобилизация в Тихом океане была «совершенно хаотичной», и приказал Холлоуэю взять на себя ответственность за эту работу с наспех созданным титулом помощника начальника военно-морского персонала по демобилизации. Холлоуэй немедленно провел быструю инспекционную поездку по демобилизационным центрам Западного побережья и пришел к выводу, что самая большая проблема заключалась в нехватке персонала в приемных пунктах, где не хватало персонала для обработки документов для потока возвращающихся военнослужащих. Чтобы облегчить это узкое место, Холлоуэй пополнил штат демобилизационного центра йоменами, клерками и всеми, кто мог читать форму. Однако после того, как репатрианты из Тихоокеанского региона были обработаны и выписаны, их по-прежнему нужно было доставлять по суше из портов высадки на западном побережье в свои дома.подавляющее большинство из них были расположены к востоку отСкалистые горы . Холлоуэй заменил своего подчиненного Говарда «Рэда» Йегера на посту директора по железнодорожным перевозкам военно-морского флота, а Йегер работал с Ассоциацией американских железных дорог над сборкой необходимого подвижного состава с нуля. «Я думаю, что они достигли уровня тележки Toonerville», - вспоминал Холлоуэй. ^[13]

Под непосредственным руководством Холлоуэя задача по демобилизации более трех миллионов человек была завершена к 1 сентября 1946 года. ^[2] Он получил Благодарственную грамоту за свои навыки администратора и получил официальную похвалу за умелое руководство и надзор за демобилизацией личного состава ВМФ. строить планы. ^[9]

Holloway resisted pressure from various dignitaries to speed the homecoming of favored constituents. When a member of the United States Senate brought in a friend to ask a favor, Holloway appealed to the senator's better nature: "I look to you, Senator, to help me maintain my probity." Said Holloway later, "No Congressman ever failed to react to such a plea."^[3]

Holloway Plan[edit]

While directing the navy's demobilization, Holloway also chaired an influential board that laid the foundation for the postwar Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC). Named for its chairman, the Holloway Board was charged with "the development of the proper form, system, and method of education of officers in the postwar United States Navy." Its members included Williams College president James P. Baxter III, Illinois Institute of Technology president Henry T. Heald, Cornell University provost Arthur S. Adams, Rear Admiral Felix L. Johnson, Rear Admiral Stuart H. Ingersoll, Captain Charles D. Wheelock, Captain John P. W. Vest, Commander Charles K. Duncan, and Commander Douglas M. Swift. The report of the Holloway Board became known as the Holloway Plan, and it dramatically expanded the avenues by which officer candidates could enter the regular Navy.^[7]

Described as one of the most attractive educational opportunities ever offered, the Holloway Plan broke the Naval Academy's monopoly as a source for naval officers by offering students at fifty-two colleges and universities the same opportunities for a commission in the regular Navy and free education at government expense that were provided to Naval Academy midshipmen, without requiring a hard-to-obtain Congressional appointment. In return for a three-year service commitment,^{[clarification needed]} the federal government paid for officer candidates to obtain undergraduate degrees at accredited institutions, commissioning them upon graduation into the Naval Reserve. Unlike previous reservists, NROTC graduates could transfer their commissions into the regular Navy, allowing them to compete on the same basis as Naval Academy graduates. NROTC was intended to provide about half of the Navy's new officers every year, with the other half coming from the Naval Academy. There were two main tracks: the standard four-year course for line officers, and a seven-year Naval Aviation College Program (NACP) for naval aviators.^[14][15]

Submitted to Congress for approval, the Holloway Plan spent the summer of 1946 stagnating as draft legislation in the House Naval Affairs Committee. Finally, with only two months before colleges were scheduled to begin their autumn classes, Holloway made a pilgrimage to the Georgia farm of committee chairman Carl Vinson, and the bill was placed on the House Calendar the following week. It passed by unanimous vote and was signed into law by President Harry S. Truman on August 13, 1946.^[5][16]

During its early years, critics complained that the Holloway Plan was a waste of taxpayer money because many reservists enrolled in the program only for the free college education, and quit the Navy after serving the minimum three-year commitment. Holloway himself anticipated that NROTC graduates would be less committed to a naval career than Naval Academy graduates, given that "The Naval Academy is an undergraduate institution which no man should enter unless he wishes to make the Navy a life career." He was convinced that Annapolis remained the surer but tougher path to a successful Navy career, but argued that the Navy should not risk "putting all our eggs in one basket insofar as methods of initial [officer] procurement are concerned." Annapolis loyalists objected that if NROTC graduates were given the same career opportunities and chances for promotion as Naval Academy graduates, there would be no advantage to attending the Naval Academy and the quality of its midshipmen would plummet because the better officer candidates could opt for an easy commission at a civilian university that lacked the rigor of Naval Academy discipline. A popular Annapolis chant went: "Keep your car, keep your gal, keep your pay—be an officer the 'Holloway'!" Officers in the fleet quipped: "Did you get your commission the hard way or the Holloway?"^{[3][15][16][17]}

Nevertheless, the Holloway Plan quickly became a popular and effective program, and within five years its major features had been copied by the Army and the Air Force.^[18] Early Holloway Plan alumni included future astronaut Neil A. Armstrong and future four-star admiral George E.R. Kinnear II.^[19]

Forty years later, Holloway's son was responsible for interviewing the eminent lawyers, businessmen, and government officials who applied for membership in the exclusive Metropolitan Club of the City of Washington between 1988 and 1992. "I was truly amazed at the number of these prospective members who asked if I were any relation to the admiral who founded the Holloway Plan," recalled the younger Holloway, by then a famous admiral in his own right. "When I answered yes, they would tell me that they wouldn't be sitting there today if it weren't for the Holloway Plan....It had put them through college—schools like Princeton, Duke University, Caltech, and Stanford. After the Korean War and Vietnam, the opportunities were so great on the outside that many of them left the service and became quite successful in their civilian careers."^[18]

Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy[edit]

On January 15, 1947, Holloway became the 35th superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, succeeding Vice Admiral Aubrey W. Fitch.^[20] At 48, Holloway was the youngest superintendent in fifty years, having been handpicked by Secretary of the Navy Forrestal to implement the academic changes suggested by the Holloway Board, which had recommended that the Naval Academy curriculum move away from rote recitation and continuous crams "to give a stronger emphasis to basic and general education, rendering more fundamental and less detailed instruction in strictly naval material and techniques."^[17]

In his first year as superintendent, Holloway revised the curriculum to promote a balanced program of mutually supporting courses, including a newly expanded leadership course on human relations problems, for which half of the textbook was written by psychology experts from Johns Hopkins University and the other half by Holloway himself.^[3][21] He also procured modern equipment for the ordnance, gunnery, and marine engineering departments and instituted annual faculty symposia to "explore and confirm methods employed in both education and training."^[22] Midshipmen were thoroughly indoctrinated "in all aspects of naval aviation" as a graduation requirement.^[2]

To compensate for the increased academic expectations, Holloway loosened the regulations restricting midshipman activities, allowing first classmen to own cars, go on leave every other weekend, store civilian clothing in dormitory rooms, and stay up until 11:00 PM every night. Some of these liberties were later revoked by Holloway's successor, Vice Admiral Harry W. Hill.^[21][23] The first class was also delegated greater responsibility for student governance, and attempted to purge "flagrant violations of mature personal dignity" from midshipman hazing rituals, with mixed success.^[22]

Despite his energetic reforms and personal popularity among the midshipmen, Holloway's three-year tour as superintendent ultimately was too brief to reverse the Naval Academy's entrenched cultural bias against academic achievement.^[24] A more durable legacy was the series of yawl races Holloway initiated to promote seamanship and competitive sailing, dubbed the Holloway trophy races after the award for the winning midshipman skipper.^[25] Holloway also addressed the dismal living conditions of the enlisted men based at the Academy by upgrading their quarters from trailer parks to a village of Wherry housing units on the north shore of the Severn River. He declared that a midshipman's first lesson must be concern for enlisted men's welfare and that Annapolis of all places must set the example.^[3]

Educational unification[edit]

Throughout his career, Holloway vigorously defended the Naval Academy's special role as the preeminent source of naval officers in the U.S.

As chairman of the Holloway Board, Holloway helped fend off proposals to downgrade the importance of Annapolis by converting the Academy into a two-year postgraduate school for students who had already completed at least three years of college, a plan that would double the number of officers that could be produced by halving the time spent at the Academy. The Holloway Board also rejected another proposal, popular among local politicians, to expand enrollment by establishing satellite Naval Academies in other coastal cities. "It was deemed wiser that the Naval Academy at Annapolis, with its history and traditions, be the single institution representing...the ultimate in personal and professional standards, and a principal binding force...in the Navy as a whole."^[21]

In January 1947, less than two weeks after becoming Academy superintendent, Holloway rebuffed a proposal by Army Chief of Staff Dwight D. Eisenhower to essentially unify the Naval Academy with the United States Military Academy at West Point. Eisenhower believed the curricula of West Point and Annapolis should be as close to identical as possible and proposed a full-scale exchange program in which West Point cadets and Annapolis midshipmen would each spend their third year at the other service's academy. Holloway's bluntly phrased rejection drove a furious Eisenhower to complain to Chief of Naval Operations Chester W. Nimitz that Holloway considered his idea "the ultimate in ridiculousness."^[26]

In March 1949, Holloway was the junior member of the Stearns-Eisenhower Board, convened to consider the topic of educational unification among the services. Chaired by University of Colorado president Robert Stearns, the board was initially inclined to recommend that officer candidates from all services study the same core academic curriculum at a single unified academy, as favored by the new Secretary of Defense, Louis Johnson, with Annapolis and West Point being reduced to specialized training campuses. To everyone's surprise, Holloway persuaded the other members to adopt the diametrically opposite recommendation that the existing service academy system be not only preserved but expanded by adding a new service academy for the Air Force.^[27]

In 1954, Holloway's loyalty to the Naval Academy landed him in professional trouble for the only time in his career. Testifying before a congressional committee in favor of the proposed creation of the United States Air Force Academy, Holloway declared that he was sick and tired of sending Naval Academy graduates to the Air Force and admitted that he did everything possible to prevent such "desertions." Called to account by an infuriated Deputy Secretary of Defense Roger M. Kyes, Holloway stood by his words. "What's wrong with that?" he demanded. "We don't want our boys going to the Air Force. We teach them things we don't want used against us later."^[28]

Chief of Naval Personnel[edit]

After completing his tour as superintendent in 1950, Holloway served 30 months as Commander, Battleship-Cruiser Force, Atlantic (COMBATCRULANT) before being promoted to vice admiral on February 2, 1953, and appointed chief of the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BuPers). He served as Chief of Naval Personnel from 1953–1957, longer than any other BuPers chief in 75 years. Charged by statute with the selection and assignment of all naval personnel, his hiring philosophy was, "We should get the best people we can for these jobs and make them play over their heads."^[3][10][29]

As Chief of Naval Personnel, Holloway managed a variety of personnel issues arising from the end of the Korean War, such as promotions for returned prisoners of war and improvement of housing facilities,^[30] as well as the desegregation of the Navy. He abolished the policy of separate recruitment of black and white sailors that had tended to channel white recruits into mainstream branches but relegate black recruits to menial commissary and steward functions.^[31]

"Keeps a taut ship," remarked contemporaries at the Pentagon, but also "keeps a tight lip," despite a reputation for florid speech and unusually lengthy prepared statements before Congressional committees.^[9] For example, when asked by a House Appropriations subcommittee whether it was Navy policy to promote personnel on discharge even if they had been discharged because of Communist affiliations, a charge Senator Joseph R. McCarthy had leveled against the Army, Holloway replied, "It is not. I am not saying that in criticism of anyone else...Sometimes, in the best of families, the right hand does not know what the left hand doeth. But it is certainly not the policy in the Navy, and it is one we abjure."^[32]

Hyman G. Rickover[edit]

Holloway was an early ally of Rear Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the controversial father of the Navy's nuclear propulsion program. To induce promising line officers to submit to the rigors of nuclear training, Rickover insisted that only nuclear-qualified officers be allowed to command a nuclear vessel. Holloway agreed with Rickover's concept, and allowed Rickover to screen the candidate pool from which BuPers would select officers for nuclear training. Rickover retained this absolute control over nuclear candidate selection until his retirement in 1982.^[33]

In June 1953, Rickover faced mandatory retirement after being passed over by the rear admiral selection board, and Holloway was one of the few flag officers to push for his promotion.^[3]

Well, they passed him over, and there was a hell of a roar on the Hill. I talked to [Senator] Henry Jackson, whom I know very well, and he said, "Admiral, I know he's probably obnoxious to a lot of people, but that fellow's got a following." And I said, "I ... agree with you." So I went to Bob Anderson, the Secretary of the Navy, and I said, "There is machinery in the law which is very strict about the promotion and the Secretary can't dictate, but there is a way that you can write in a precept a certain qualification that you want, and we can write it so strongly that they can't accept anybody but Rickover." So I wrote a precept for a board of 6 line [officers] and 3 EDOs and ... tied it up so that the qualification was such that only Rickover could qualify.^[34]

Rickover was promoted to rear admiral by the next selection board in July. "This is the end of the selection system," mourned one of Holloway's friends. "No, it isn't," Holloway replied. "It isn't the end...because we've used a law to promote him...to make the will of the Secretary felt. When we're too hidebound and reactionary, there's room in the law for the Secretary to get his way. If you don't do that, you'd have a special law in Congress which would really be the end of the selection system."^[34] Only a couple of weeks later, Congress proved Holloway's point by attaching a provision to the annual defense appropriations bill that promoted Brigadier General Robert S. Moore to major general, after the Army had refused to advance him through the normal system.^[35] "This sort of thing is what we must guard against," complained General Herbert B. Powell, Holloway's counterpart in the personnel section of the Army staff at the time. "We must follow the system set up and prescribed by law.”^[36]

Commander in Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean[edit]

On October 26, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower named Holloway to succeed Admiral Walter F. Boone as Commander in Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (CINCNELM),^[37] Holloway assumed command in November 1957,^[9] and was promoted to full admiral on January 1, 1958.^[29] with additional duty as Commander, Subordinate Command U.S. Atlantic Fleet (COMSCOMLANTFLT), and later as U.S. Commander Eastern Atlantic (USCOMEASTLANT).^[38] As CINCNELM, Holloway commanded all U.S. naval forces in Europe, including the Sixth Fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Charles R. Brown.^[9]

In November 1957, the Joint Chiefs of Staff instructed Holloway to establish a specified command, the first in Eisenhower's defense reorganization program. In the event of an emergency in the Middle East, he was to transfer his flag from London to the Mediterranean as Commander in Chief, Specified Command, Middle East (CINCSPECOMME).^[39]

Lebanon crisis of 1958[edit]

On July 14, 1958, the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq was overthrown by a military coup d'état. Fearing that he would be next, Lebanese president Camille Chamoun appealed for American military aid within 48 hours to settle domestic unrest in his own country, invoking the Eisenhower Doctrine, which stated that the United States would intervene upon request to stabilize countries threatened by international communism. Holloway, who happened to be serving on a Selection Board in Washington at the time, promptly met with Chief of Naval Operations Arleigh A. Burke, who warned that a deployment order was imminent but that commitments in East Asia precluded any reinforcements from the Seventh Fleet. Retorted Holloway, "I don't need any help. I can take over all of the Lebanon if you say the word." As one of Burke's few remaining peers in the Navy, Holloway took the opportunity to tease the CNO. "But I've already had another proposition....From some Britisher. He thinks, if there's action, I should go up and take the port of Tripoli to protect their oil installations there." The famously mercurial Burke cursed him out.^[40]

At 6:23 p.m. on July 14, President Eisenhower ordered that the American intervention force begin to arrive at Beirut by 9:00 a.m. on July 15, when he planned to announce the intervention on national television. Burke relayed the order to Holloway at 6:30 p.m., adding, "Join your flagship now. Sail all Sixth Fleet eastward." Holloway had been given less than fifteen hours to establish a beachhead. He immediately flew back to his London headquarters, where he stopped just long enough to assemble his staff and activate Operation Bluebat, a preplanned scenario for suppressing a coup d'état in Lebanon, before flying on to Beirut.^[3][41][42]

On July 15, only four minutes behind schedule, the first wave of Marines landed on a tourist beach near Beirut. In one of the most colorful episodes in Marine Corps history,^[43] a delighted crowd of curious spectators and bikini-clad sunbathers waved and cheered as a battalion of Marines waded ashore in full battle gear and stormed the beach. Soft drink vendors and ice cream carts appeared playing nickelodeon music while small boys swam out to the landing craft and offered to help the Marines carry their equipment. After herding the civilians out of the way, the Marines secured the landing site and seized Beirut International Airport. Holloway flew into the airport from London at 4:00 a.m. on July 16 and boarded his flagship Taconic in time to supervise the next wave of landings, which he summarized for Burke in one word: "Flawless."^{[3][42][43][44]}

At 10:30 a.m. on July 16, as the Marines prepared to move into Beirut, it was discovered that Lebanese Army tanks had blocked the road from the airport, with orders to prevent the Marines from entering the city. Holloway raced to the scene, arriving at the roadblock at the same time as the American ambassador to Lebanon, Robert M. McClintock, and the general in chief of the Lebanese Army, General Fuad Chehab. Adjourning to a nearby schoolhouse for an impromptu conference, they devised a compromise whereby the Lebanese Army would escort the Marines into the city. Holloway insisted that they start moving right away, "tootey-sweetey".^[3][43]

This done, [the Marine] battalion moved out once more, but this time with Lebanese jeeps at intervals in the American column, the whole being led by two official cars containing the American ambassador to Lebanon, the general in chief of the Lebanese Army, the American task force commander, the commander of the Fast Carrier Strike Force, and the commander of the Marine task force. It was one of the more unusual politico-military processions in American history, and its progress marked the passing of the crisis of the American intervention in Lebanon.^[45]

"We were really sitting on a powder keg," Holloway said later, "but fortunately there were no incidents. We just got in a car—Ambassador McClintock and I—and led the column straight through."^[3] Once the column entered the city, Chehab departed and Holloway "assumed personal tactical command," directing individual units to their respective billeting areas in the city—"my first and last experience in field officer grade with land forces."^[43][46]

On July 17, Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert D. Murphy arrived in Beirut as President Eisenhower's personal representative, charged with resolving the political situation. Conferring daily with Holloway, Murphy quickly concluded that the decision to intervene had been based on faulty assumptions. "We agreed that much of the conflict concerned personalities and rivalries of a domestic nature, with no relation to international issues." In particular, Holloway and Murphy felt that the insurrection had nothing to do with international communism and that Chamoun's presidency was doomed for purely domestic reasons. Murphy decided that the only solution was to elect a new president who would ask that the American forces be removed as soon as possible. He brokered a deal between the dissident factions to allow a new presidential election, which General Chehab won on July 31.^[47][48]

With the Lebanese government nominally stabilized, Holloway was directed on August 5 to begin planning a withdrawal schedule, which he submitted for approval on August 11. The first Marine battalion began reembarking immediately. United Nations diplomat Rajeshwar Dayal observed the Marines' departure, "a process which seemed more difficult of accomplishment than the landing. It was evident that the gallant Admiral Holloway, sceptical from the start about the wisdom of the whole exercise, felt an infinite sense of relief at the prospect of an early departure." President Chehab took office on September 23 and a unity government was formed on October 23. The last American troops left Lebanon two days later.^[49][50]

In the end, Operation Bluebat sent nearly 15,000 American troops to Lebanon from commands in Europe and the continental United States, including 6,100 Marines and 3,100 Army airborne troops armed with nuclear artillery; the 76 ships of the Sixth Fleet; and a 200-plane Composite Air Task Force based out of Incirlik Air Base, Turkey. The intervention forces remained in Lebanon for 102 days, at a cost of over $200 million, acting as an urban security force and losing only one American soldier to hostile fire.^[3][51]

Holloway professed satisfaction with the near-perfect outcome. "The proof of the pudding is in the eating. The operation would appear to stand as an unqualified success."^[46] Nevertheless, Operation Bluebat came to be viewed as a case study in how not to plan an operation. According to one history, "Virtually every official report opens with the caveat that had Operation Bluebat been opposed, disasters would have occurred, and argues that problems encountered during the operation's course could have been solved well before the order to execute was given."^[52]

Holloway inadvertently created one of these problems himself when he ordered Major General David W. Gray to establish an Army base in a large olive grove just east of the airport. Said Gray, "I asked, 'Isn't that private property? Whom should I see about it?' I shall never forget [Holloway's] answer. Waving his arms in characteristic fashion, he replied, 'Matter of military necessity. Send the bills to the Ambassador.' Of course, it didn't work out exactly that way...."^[53] It turned out that the olive grove was the largest in Lebanon and vital to the local economy, but the Lebanese women who harvested the olives refused to enter the grove while American troops were present, risking the loss of the entire crop and severe unemployment.^[54] Holloway wryly observed that when his forces finally departed, they left behind a constitutionally elected president, a united army, peace in the area, and "a few legal beagles to pay for damage to the olive groves."^[55]

Holloway's superiors on the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) introduced complications of their own, recalled Gray. "One day I walked in on Admiral Holloway to find him sputtering. He said, 'Do you know what I just told the JCS? I am sixty-years old, I have thirty-five years of service, I have a physical infirmity that will allow me to retire tomorrow, and I will do it if you don't leave me alone and let me do my job.'"^[56]

Retirement[edit]

Holloway was relieved as CINCNELM by Admiral Robert L. Dennison in March 1959.^[38] Returning to Washington for his well-attended retirement ceremony a month later, Holloway declared that he definitely would not follow the example of other high-ranking military retirees in that he was actually going to retire, not start a second career in business.^[57] After his retirement from the Navy, he served as Governor of the United States Naval Home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1964 until 1966.^[58]

In later life, he moved to Carl Vinson Hall, a Navy retirement home in McLean, Virginia. He died on January 11, 1984, of an aortic aneurysm at Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church, Virginia.^[59]

Personal life[edit]

Holloway was a husky, round-faced man with blue eyes and brown hair who stood six feet tall, weighed 190 pounds, and spoke in a light southern drawl.^[2][9] He was nicknamed "Lord Jim," as much for his reputation as a strict disciplinarian as for the aristocratic affectations that TIME Magazine dubbed "a suave, diplomatic air that sometimes spills over into pomposity":

In civvies he sports a Malacca cane. He is something of a connoisseur of wines. He interlards his conversation with phrases out of Dickens or Thackeray, loves to write what he calls "erudite letters" (favorite word: vouchsafe). "If he will ever be known for any command, it will be for his command of the English language," said one officer who served on his staff, and Holloway adds to the impression when he tells his officers, in a neo-British accent, to "go bird-dog this thing," or "go with the speed of a deer and do it," or "let's get our tails over the dashboard on this thing." His Navy nickname is "Gentleman Jim." His press nickname is "Lord Jim." His private Navy nickname is "Lord Plushbottom."^[3]

United Nations diplomat Rajeshwar Dayal described Holloway as "a gentleman to the core" during his interactions with the United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) in 1958. "He was a man of impressive presence and courtly ways and fully deserved his sobriquet of 'Lord Jim'....We found him a charming and engaging personality and a man of his word."^[60] Major General David W. Gray, who commanded the Army contingent during the initial stages of the Lebanon intervention, recalled:

My first meeting with Adm. James Holloway was some experience. I had asked to brief him on our plan for Jordan and was shown to his office. He was reclining on a sofa and remained that way throughout the session. When I would make a particular point, he would exclaim, 'Atta boy,' or 'That's it. Give'm hell' — a one-man cheering section, so to speak. It was quite the most incredible briefing I ever gave. I learned later that he suffered from some ailment at the time, which required him to take these rest sessions. He impressed me as a 'big picture' type, not too interested in details, but I left his office feeling that here was a man for whom you would make that extra effort and take that extra step."^[61]

Holloway was widely admired within the Navy, although he was identified so strongly as being a deskbound staff officer that when he assumed operational command of Operation Bluebat in 1958, other officers joked, "Oh, he's finally gone to sea."^[9] Los Angeles Times columnist Bill Henry observed, "When President Eisenhower announced that our leader of United States forces in the Middle East would be an officer named Adm. Holloway, there was a sort of 'Who dat?' reaction. James Lemuel Holloway Jr. has not been a dashing, spectacular figure. He has, however, compiled a steady record of uncanny ability as an organizer which has overshadowed a fine combat record in two world wars."^[62]

While chief of the Bureau of Personnel, Holloway summarized his philosophy to a group of young naval officers: "You men probably do not think of it in this way, but I do. To be commissioned in the Navy, you had to be appointed by the President with the approval of Congress. This is the procedure and requirement for the seating of a Supreme Court judge or an ambassador. This is why a naval officer must have his chin out at all times."^[3] Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr., a lieutenant commander in BuPers from 1953–1955, remembered Holloway as "the superior who most impressed me when I was a young officer."^[63]

Family[edit]

Holloway married the former Jean Gordon Hagood, daughter of U.S. Army Major General Johnson Hagood, of Charleston, South Carolina, on May 11, 1921. They had two children: son James Lemuel Holloway III, who also attained the rank of four-star admiral as Chief of Naval Operations from 1974–1978; and daughter Jean Gordon Holloway, whose husband, Rear Admiral Lawrence Heyworth Jr., was the first commanding officer of the aircraft carrier America and briefly served as the 45th superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy.^[2]

Holloway's wife Jean died of cancer in October 1956 after a three-year illness. After her death, he remarried to the former Josephine Cook Kenny, widow of a Navy captain who had served with him in BuPers, on January 16, 1958.^[3][9] Stepdaughter Josephine Cook Fraser married Mercury Seven astronaut Walter M. Schirra Jr.^[64]

Holloway's father, James Lemuel Holloway Sr., served as superintendent of schools in Fort Smith, Arkansas before entering Washington University in 1900 for training in osteopathy, which he practiced in Dallas, Texas for forty years. In 1952, at the age of 92, Holloway Sr. wrote to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to inquire whether Holloway Jr. was falling short in his performance of duty as a rear admiral such that he might not be promoted to vice admiral; if so, he wanted to give his son some helpful advice. President Harry S. Truman wrote back to assure the worried father that his son was not neglecting his duties.^[65]

In 1960, Holloway Sr. celebrated his centennial in Dallas, having seen his son achieve the rank of four-star admiral. Fourteen years later, Holloway Jr. would see his own son achieve the same rank when Holloway III was sworn in as Chief of Naval Operations in 1974. (James Lemuel Holloway IV, son of Holloway III, died in a car accident in 1964.^[66])

As of 2008, Holloway Jr. and Holloway III remain the only father and son to both serve as four-star admirals in the U.S. Navy while on active duty;^[67] the other two four-star admirals who fathered four-star sons were either promoted to that rank posthumously, in the case of Admiral John S. McCain Sr., or upon retirement, in the case of Admiral David W. Bagley.

In his memoirs, Holloway III complained that "there has often been a tacit presumption that my father was in a position to advance my career as I gained seniority in the Navy. On the contrary, as a retired officer he had little or no influence over his own future, much less mine."^[68] As an example of this presumption, when President Richard M. Nixon approved Holloway III's nomination to succeed Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr. as Chief of Naval Operations, Zumwalt believed that Nixon acquiesced mainly to avoid overruling the recommendation of his secretary of defense, but that, "In addition, and I really think this was a factor, Mr. Nixon remembered Jimmy's father from his own period of naval service."^[69]

Awards[edit]

Holloway's decorations included the Legion of Merit, awarded for organizing the DD-DE Shakedown Task Force of the Atlantic Fleet operational training command, with Gold Star in lieu of a second award for commanding the battleship Iowa in the Pacific theater; the Navy Commendation Ribbon, awarded for leading Destroyer Squadron 10 during the landings at Casablanca, with star in lieu of a second ribbon for serving as director of training in the Bureau of Naval Personnel; the Victory Medal with Destroyer Clasp; the American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp; the American Campaign Medal; the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with star; the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with stars; the World War II Victory Medal; and the Philippine Liberation Medal.^[2][9] He was appointed Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold by the government of Belgium.^[10]

Holloway received the honorary degrees of Doctor of Laws from Muhlenberg College in 1944, and later from the University of Notre Dame;^[9] and Doctor of Humane Letters from Villanova College in 1948.^[70]

The Admiral James L. Holloway Jr. Award is presented annually by the Navy League of the United States to the outstanding NROTC midshipman in the nation, and consists of an engraved watch and a certificate.^[71] The RADM James L. Holloway Jr. Trophy honors the Naval Academy midshipman who has contributed the most to Varsity Offshore J/24 sailing through his leadership, dedication to the team, and sailing skills.^[72]

Holloway recorded an oral history that is archived at the Columbia University Oral History Research Office.^[73]

Dates of rank[edit]

• Midshipman – 1915 (class rank 149/199)
• Ensign – June 7, 1918
• Lieutenant, Junior Grade – September 21, 1918
• Lieutenant – June 3, 1922
• Lieutenant Commander – June 30, 1933
• Commander – July 1, 1939
• Captain – June 17, 1942
• Rear Admiral – September 4, 1945
• Vice Admiral – February 2, 1953
• Admiral – January 1, 1958

Sources:^[3][5][29]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• Current Biography, Bronx, New York: H.W. Wilson Company, 1947
• Who's Who In America, 32, Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1962–1963
• Bivens, Arthur Clark (2004), From Sailboats to Submarines, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: InfinityPublishing.com, p. 91, ISBN 978-0-7414-2152-4
• Clarfield, Gerard H. (1999), Security with Solvency: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Shaping of the American Military Establishment, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, ISBN 978-0-275-96445-0
• Dayal, Rajeshwar (1998), A Life of Our Times, New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited, ISBN 978-81-250-1546-8
• Forney, Todd A. (2004), The Midshipman Culture and Educational Reform: The U.S. Naval Academy, 1946–76, Newark: University of Delaware Press, ISBN 978-0-87413-864-1
• Francis, Patricia B.; Ives, Burdett L. (2003), The Brown Shoes: Personal Histories Of Flying Midshipmen And Other Naval Aviators Of The Korean War Era, Turner Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1-56311-858-6
• Gelfand, H. Michael (2006), Sea Change at Annapolis: The United States Naval Academy, 1949–2000, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-0-8078-3047-5
• Gray, Major General David W. (August 1984), The U.S. Intervention in Lebanon, 1958: A Commander's Reminiscence, CSI Reprints, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, ISBN 978-1-4289-1688-3
• Holloway, Adm. James L. III (2007), Aircraft Carriers At War: A Personal Retrospective of Korea, Vietnam, and the Soviet Confrontation, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1-59114-391-8
• Isenberg, Michael T. (1993), Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press
• Jones, Ken; Kelley, Hubert Jr. (1962), Admiral Arleigh (31-Knot) Burke: The Story of a Fighting Sailor, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Chilton Books, ISBN 1-55750-018-5
• MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1981), Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965, Defense Studies Series, Government Printing Office
• Mason, John T. Jr. (1986), The Pacific War Remembered: An Oral History Collection, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-522-1
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (2002), History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943 – May 1945, Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-252-07061-7
• Murphy, Robert (1964), Diplomat Among Warriors, New York: Pyramid Books, ISBN 0-8371-7693-X
• Polmar, Norman; Allen, Thomas B. (1982), Rickover: Controversy and Genius - A Biography, New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., ISBN 0-671-52815-7
• Puryear, Edgar F. Jr. (2005), American Admiralship: The Art of Naval Command, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-7603-3220-7
• Rose, Lisle A. (2007), Power at Sea: A Violent Peace, 1946–2006, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, ISBN 978-0-8262-1703-5
• Shulimson, Jack (1966), Marines In Lebanon 1958, Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps
• Spiller, Roger J. (January 1981), "Not War But Like War": The American Intervention in Lebanon, Leavenworth Papers, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, ISBN 978-1-4289-1599-2
• Stillwell, Paul (1981), Air Raid, Pearl Harbor!: Recollections of a Day of Infamy, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-87021-086-0
• Wade, Gary H. (October 1984), Rapid Deployment Logistics: Lebanon, 1958, Research Survey, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, archived from the original on 2008-09-15, retrieved 2008-10-14
• Zumwalt, Elmo R. Jr. (1976), On Watch: A Memoir, New York, New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., ISBN 0-8129-0520-2

External resources[edit]

• James L. Holloway Papers at Syracuse University
• TIME Magazine cover, August 4, 1958
• United States Naval Aviation: The Brown Shoes Project – The Holloway Plan
• McClintock, Robert (October 1962), "The American Landing in Lebanon", U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, pp. 64–79 (includes photo of Holloway and Ambassador McClintock negotiating with General Chehab at the roadblock near Beirut)