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For other uses, see Naturism (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Naturalism or Nature worship.

A group of Florida Young Naturists (2014)

Naturism is a lifestyle of non-sexual social nudity, and the cultural movement which advocates for and defends that lifestyle. Both may also be referred to as nudism. Though the two terms are largely interchangeable, nudism emphasizes the practice of nudity, whereas naturism highlights an attitude favoring harmony with nature and respect for the environment, into which that practice is integrated.[1] That said, naturists come from a range of philosophical and cultural backgrounds; there is no single naturist ideology.

Ethical or philosophical nudism has a long history, with many advocates of the benefits of enjoying nature without clothing. At the turn of the 20th century, organizations emerged to promote social nudity and to establish private campgrounds and resorts for that purpose. Since the 1960s, with the acceptance of public places for clothing-optional recreation, individuals who do not identify themselves as naturists or nudists have been able to casually participate in nude activities. Nude recreation opportunities vary widely around the world, from isolated places known mainly to locals to officially-designated nude beaches and parks.

Definition and lexicology[edit]

The XIV Congress of the International Naturist Federation (INF) held at Agde, France, in 1974 defined naturism as:[2]

...a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for the environment.

Many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations advocate that the practice of social nudity should not be linked with sexual activity. Some recent studies show that naturism can help grow self-esteem,[3] and thus have a positive impact on having a well-balanced sexuality, too. For various social, cultural, and historical reasons, the lay public, the media, and many contemporary naturists and their organisations have or present a simplified view of the relationship between naturism and sexuality. Current research has begun to explore this complex relationship.[4]

The International Naturist Federation explains:[1][a]

Each country has its own kind of naturism, and even each club has its own special character, for we too, human beings, have each our own character which is reflected in our surroundings.

The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically.[b] Naturism and nudism have the same meaning in the United States,[6] but there is a clear distinction between the two terms in Great Britain.[c][further explanation needed]

In naturist parlance, the terms "textile" or "textilist" refer to non-naturist persons, behaviours or facilities (e.g. "the textile beach starts at the flag", "they are a mixed couple – he is naturist, she is textile"). "Textile" is the predominant term used in the UK ("textilist" is unknown in British naturist magazines, including H&E naturist), although some naturists avoid using this term due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations. "Textilist" is said to be used interchangeably with "textile", but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for textile.[8]

Naturist places and events[edit]

See also: Nude recreation

Some naturists only practice naturism at special events, some only at private clubs or designated beaches, and some only at home. Most, however, will practice their chosen lifestyle wherever and whenever it is convenient and appropriate.[citation needed]

Naturist facilities[edit]

See also: Naturist resort and Nude recreation
People bathing naked after the World Naked Bike Ride in Brighton, 2017

At naturist organised events or venues, clothing is usually optional. At naturist swimming pools or sunbathing places, however, complete nudity is expected (weather permitting). This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are usually required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations.[9]

Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' naturist club is one that owns its own facilities. Non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, or rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site.[10]

Families bathing nude at a hot spring in Taiwan

The international naturist organizations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs.[1] Nudist colony is no longer a favored term, and can be used by naturists to address landed clubs that have rigid non-inclusive membership criteria.

A holiday centre is a facility that specializes in providing apartments, chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers. A center is run commercially, and visitors are not members and have no say in the management. Most holiday centers expect visitors to hold an INF card (that is, to belong to an INF-affiliated organization), but some have relaxed this requirement, relying on the carrying of a trade card. Holiday centers vary in size. Larger holiday centres may have swimming pools, sports pitches, an entertainment program, kids' clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some holiday centres allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets, and generations of the same families may visit each year.[6] Holiday centres are more tolerant of clothing than members-only clubs; total nudity is usually compulsory in the swimming pools and may be expected on the beaches, while on the football pitches, or in the restaurants in the evening, it is rare.[6]

A naturist resort is, to a European, a private property with accommodation and facilities where naturism is the norm. Centre Helio-Marin in Vendays Montalivet, Aquitaine, France (the first naturist resort, established in 1950); the naturist village of Charco del Palo on Lanzarote, Canary Islands; Vera Playa in Spain;[11] and Vritomartis Resort[12] in Greece are examples.

In US usage, a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre.[13] Freikörperkultur (FKK)—literally translated as 'free body culture'—is the name for the general movement in Germany. The abbreviation is also recognised outside of Germany and can be found on informal signs indicating the direction to a remote naturist beach.[citation needed]

Nude beaches[edit]

A group of naturists at a nude beach in Crimea, 2008
Main article: Nude beach

In some European countries, such as Denmark,[14] all beaches are clothing optional, while in others like Germany (and experimentally in France)[15] there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks (e.g., in Munich[16] and Berlin).[17] Beaches in some holiday destinations, such as Crete, are also clothing optional, except some central urban beaches.[18] There are two centrally located clothes-optional beaches in Barcelona.[19] Sweden allows nudity on all beaches.[20]

In a survey by The Daily Telegraph, Germans and Austrians were most likely to have visited a nude beach (28%), followed by Norwegians (18%), Spaniards (17%), Australians (17%), and New Zealanders (16%). Of the nationalities surveyed, the Japanese (2%) were the least likely to have visited a nude beach.[21] This result may indicate the lack of nude beaches in Japan; however, the Japanese are open with regard to family bathing nude at home and at onsens (hot springs).[22]

Festival naturism[edit]

From Woodstock to Edinburgh, and Nambassa in the southern hemisphere, communal nudity can be seen at music and counterculture festivals.[citation needed]

The Nambassa hippie festivals held in New Zealand in the late 1970s were examples of non-sexual naturism. Of the 75,000 patrons who attended the 1979 Nambassa three-day festival, an estimated 35% of attendees spontaneously chose to remove their clothing,[23] preferring complete or partial nudity.[24]

Naturist couple at the Nambassa festival, New Zealand, 1981

Some nudist festivals are held to celebrate particular days of the year, and activities may include nude bodypainting. One example is the Neptune Day Festival held in Koktebel, Crimea, to depict mythological events.[25] Another is the Festival Nudista Zipolite organized by the Federación Nudista de México (Mexican Nudist Federation) held annually since 2016 on the first weekend of February.[26]

A few camps organize activities in the nude, such as oil wrestling[27] by camp Gymnasium.[28]

Naked participant at Burning Man 2016 posing[29] as Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man


Summer naturism[edit]

Naturism tends to be more common during the warmer summer months. Some regions host first-time naturists and people who have recently started to practice the naturist lifestyle.[30]One study noted that some of these people are seasonal naturists who wear clothes during other times of the year.[31]

History[edit]

Main article: Nudity in History
See also: Timeline of non-sexual social nudity

Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many cultures and in all time periods.[32] In modern Western society, social nudity is most frequently encountered in the contexts of bathing, swimming and in saunas, whether in single-sex groups, within the family, or with mixed-sex friends, but throughout history and in many contemporary tropical cultures, nudity is a norm at many sports events and competitions.[33]

The first known use of the word naturisme occurred in 1778. A French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734–1781), used the term to advocate nudism as a means of improving the hygiène de vie or healthy living.[34]

The earliest known naturist club in the western sense of the word was established in British India in 1891. The Fellowship of the Naked Trust was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower who was a District and Sessions Judge for the Bombay Civil Service. The commune was based in Matheran and had just three members at the beginning: Crawford and two sons of an Anglican missionary, Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood.[35] The commune fell apart when Crawford was transferred to Ratnagiri; he died soon after in 1894.[36]

Max Koch's Freilicht, 1897

In 1902, a series of philosophical papers was published in Germany by Dr. Heinrich Pudor under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham, who coined the term Nacktkultur. In 1906 he went on to write a three-volume treatise with his new term as its title, which discussed the benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing.[37] Richard Ungewitter (Nacktheit, 1906, Nackt, 1908, etc.) proposed that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh air bathing, and then adding the nudist philosophy, contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view.[37] Major promoters of these ideas included Adolf Koch and Hans Suren. Germany published the first journal of nudism between 1902 and 1932.[38]

The wide publication of those papers, and others, contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude. The first organized club for nudists on a large scale, Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park), was opened near Hamburg in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman.[37]In 1919, German doctor Kurt Huldschinsky discovered that exposure to sunlight helped to cure rickets in many children, causing sunlight to be associated with improved health.[39]

Naturist family on Lake Senftenberg in 1983

In France in the early 20th century, the brothers Gaston and André Durville, both physicians, studied the effects of psychology, nutrition, and environment on health and healing. They became convinced of the importance of natural foods and the natural environment on human well-being and health. They named this concept in French: naturisme. The profound effect of clean air and sunlight on human bodies became evident to them and so nudity became a part of their naturism.[40]

Naturism became a more widespread phenomenon in the 1920s in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and other European countries and spread to the United States where it became established in the 1930s.[citation needed]

By 1951, the various national federations united to form the International Naturist Federation.[9] Some naturists preferred not to join clubs, and after 1945, pressure arose to designate beaches for naturist use. From the middle of the 20th century, with changing leisure patterns, commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected the same – or better – standards of comfort and amenity offered to non-naturists. More recently, naturist holiday options have expanded to include cruises.[37]

In the early 21st century many organised clubs saw a decline in attendance by young people, which worried many naturists about the future of the movement. The clubs' aging memberships may have put younger people off joining in a vicious circle of decline. A rise in social conservatism, re-asserting a nudity taboo, may have also contributed to the decline. However, since tolerance for nudity in general is increasing over time,[41] and is higher among younger generations,[42] an alternative hypothesis is that younger naturists no longer feel they need to join a club or visit a resort in order to practise naturism.[43] Active recruitment of younger members is being pursued by some organisations.[44] The phenomenon varies by country, with, for example, naturism in France experiencing steady growth in a younger demographic during the 2010s.[45]

Writers[edit]

Naturism was part of a literary movement [fr] in the late 1800s (see the writings of André Gide) that also influenced the art movements of the time, specifically Henri Matisse and other Fauve painters. This movement was based on the French concept of joie de vivre, the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life.[46]

  • Heinrich Pudor wrote on methods to improve social hygiene in his book Nackende Menschen und Jauchzen der Zukunft (Naked people and the future of Mankind) and then Nacktkultur (Nude Culture). It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity.[41]
  • Paul Zimmermann opened the Freilicht Park in Lübeck which was open to those who subscribed to Nacktkultur principles.[41]
  • Richard Ungewitter wrote Die Nacktheit (Nakedness) which sold 90,000 copies, prescribed a similar Utopian lifestyle, where everyone would be nude, eat only vegetables and abstain from alcohol and tobacco. In his Utopia, everyone was to be Germanic with blue eyes and blonde hair.[41]
  • Adolf Koch, a left-wing primary-school teacher, sought to use social nudity to free the people from "authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters: parental authority, paternalism of the church, the mass media and organs of law and order."[citation needed] He used Organic-Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s. In 1932 there were about 100,000 Germans involved with naturism, of which 70,000 were in Koch's Körperschülen schools.[41]
  • Hans Surén taught nude gymnastics to soldiers for five years, and on being forced to leave the army, he wrote (in 1924) Mensch und die Sonne (Men and the Sun) which ran to 61 reprints.[41]
  • American writers Walt Whitman[47] and Henry David Thoreau[citation needed] both wrote of nudity within the natural environment.

Health[edit]

Naturist activities can have positive psychological benefits including greater life satisfaction, more positive body image, and higher self-esteem.[3] Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health.[48]

Religion[edit]

Main article: Nudity in religion
See also: Gymnosophist, Gymnosophy, American Gymnosophical Association, and Christian naturism

Christian naturism includes various members associated with most denominations. Although beliefs vary, a common theme is that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events regarding the Garden of Eden, and that God was displeased with Adam and Eve for covering their bodies with fig leaves.[49]

Europe[edit]

Main article: List of social nudity places in Europe

In most European countries, nudity is not explicitly forbidden. Whether it is tolerated on beaches which are not marked as official nudist beaches varies greatly. The only country with substantially different laws is Denmark, where beach nudity is explicitly allowed on all beaches, except for two in the far west of the country.[50]

Belgium[edit]

Organized naturism in Belgium began in 1924 when engineer Joseph-Paul Swenne founded the Belgian League of Heliophilous Propaganda (usually abbreviated to Hélios) in Uccle near Brussels. This was followed four years later by De Spar, founded by Jozef Geertz and hosted on the country estate of entrepreneur Oswald Johan de Schampelaere. Belgian naturism was influenced in equal part by French naturism and German Freikörperkultur.[51] Today Belgian naturists are represented by the Federatie van Belgische Naturisten (FBN).[52]

Croatia[edit]

Woman on the beach at Valalta, Croatia

Croatia is world-famous for naturism, which accounts for about 15% of its tourism industry. It was also the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts.[53] During a 1936 Adriatic cruise, King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson stopped at a beach on the island of Rab where King Edward obtained a special permission from the local government to swim naked, thereby designating it the world's first official nude beach.[54]

Finland[edit]

Finnish Sauna (1802)

In Finnish culture, nudism is considered to be a relatively normal way to live. It is not uncommon to see entire families spending time together naked. Families may be naked while bathing in a sauna, swimming in a pool, or playing on a beach, and it's not unusual to see children playing naked in a family yard for example. Nudity as a whole is considered less taboo than in many other countries.[55]

France[edit]

Main article: Naturism in France
Randonue in Les Concluses, Gard, 2008

Marcel Kienné de Mongeot is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920. His family had suffered from tuberculosis, and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks. In 1926 he started the magazine Vivre intégralement (later called Vivre) and the first French naturist club, Sparta Club, at Garambouville, near Evreux. The court action that he initiated established that nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened.[9]

Drs. André and Gaston Durville bought 70 hectares (170 acres) on the Île du Levant where they established the village of Héliopolis, which was open to the public. In 1925 Dr François Fougerat de David de Lastours wrote a thesis on heliotherapy, and in that year opened the Club gymnique de France. In 1936 the naturist movement was officially recognised.[9]

Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs, but they left after disagreements and in 1944 founded the Club du Soleil with members in 84 cities. Four years later they founded the Fédération Française de Naturisme (FFN); in 1949 they started the magazine, Vie au Soleil; and in 1950 they opened the CHM Montalivet, the world's first naturist holiday centre, where the INF was formed.[9]

Germany[edit]

Main article: Naturism in Germany
See also: Freikörperkultur
Naked woman on a market street in Germany, 2005

German naturism was part of the Lebensreform movement and the Wandervogel youth movement of 1896, from Steglitz, Berlin, which promoted ideas of fitness and vigour. At the same time, doctors of the Natural Healing Movement were using heliotherapy, treating diseases such as tuberculosis, rheumatism, and scrofula with exposure to sunlight.[41]

Nacktkultur, a term coined in 1903 by Heinrich Pudor, connected nudity, vegetarianism and social reform, and was practised in a network of 200 members clubs.[56] The movement gained prominence in the 1920s by offering a health giving life-style with Utopian ideals. Germany published the first naturist journal between 1902 and 1932,[38] but it became politicised by radical socialists who believed it would lead to classlessness and a break down of society. It eventually became associated with pacificism.[57]

In 1926, Adolf Koch established a school of naturism in Berlin, encouraging a mixing of the sexes, open air exercises, and a programme of "sexual hygiene". In 1929 the Berlin school hosted the first International Congress on Nudity.[56]

After World War II, East Germans were free to practice naturism, chiefly at beaches rather than clubs (private organizations were regarded as potentially subversive). Naturism became a large element in DDR politics. The Proletarische Freikörperkulturbewegung subsection of the Workers Sports Organisation had 60,000 members.[41] Since reunification there are many clubs, parks and beaches open to naturists,[1] though nudity has become less common in the former eastern zone.[58] Germans are typically the most commonly seen visitors at nude beaches in France and around Europe.[59]

Greece[edit]

Public nudity is prohibited in Greece and there are no official nude beaches.[60] There are, however, numerous unofficial nude beaches especially on the islands frequented by tourists, like Crete,[61] Mykonos or Karpathos, and also on smaller islands like Skopelos or Skiathos[62] where nudity is tolerated, usually at the more remote ends or secluded areas of beaches.[63]

On the other hand, toplessness is not illegal and is widely practiced by locals and tourists alike as there are no cultural taboos against it.[64]

Italy[edit]

Public nudity is generally prohibited in Italy as a civil offence and can be punished with high fines (see the German Wikivoyage), with the exception of the official naturist beaches and places where there's a tradition of naturist attendance, as shown by a recent absolution sentence.[65] Furthermore, in the recent decade, some regions have created laws to help the naturist tourism industry,[66] and actually there are thirteen official naturist beaches in all Italy, where nudity is officially guaranteed by administrative acts. On all other public beaches in Italy, police can potentially impose substantial fines.[67] On the other hand, female toplessness has been officially legalized (in a nonsexual context) in all public beaches and swimming pools throughout the country (unless otherwise specified by region, province or municipality by-laws) on March 20, 2000, when the Supreme Court of Cassation (through sentence No. 3557) has determined that the exposure of the nude female breast, after several decades, is now considered a "commonly accepted behavior", and therefore, has "entered into the social costume".[68]

Netherlands[edit]

The oldest Dutch naturist association is Zon en Leven ("Sun and Life"), founded in 1946 with the aim of promoting healthy physical and mental development and a natural way of life.[69] The national association is Naturisten Federatie Nederland (NFN), which in 2017 adopted the new brand name Bloot Gewoon! ("Simply Naked") in an effort to become more accessible to casual naturists and strengthen the acceptance of nude recreation.[70]

In general, Dutch people are very tolerant of beach nudity, as long as it does not impact on others, or involve inappropriate staring or sexual behaviour. Topless sunbathing is permitted on most beaches except where prohibited by signage.[71]

Portugal[edit]

Main article: Naturism in Portugal

The Federação Portuguesa de Naturismo (Portuguese Naturist Federation) or FPN was founded on 1 March 1977 in Lisbon.[72] In the 21st century, naturism is considered a tolerated practice, whereas there are many officially-designated nudist beaches.[73]

Poland[edit]

Nude men at the Przystanek Woodstock festival, 2014

In today's Poland naturism is practiced in number of the seaside and inland beaches. Most Polish beaches are actually clothing-optional rather than naturist. One such beach is Międzyzdroje-Lubiewo.[74]

Spain[edit]

Nudist man and textile woman on a beach in Spain

Public nudity in Spain is not illegal since there is no law banning its practice. Spanish legislation foresees felony for exhibitionism but restricts its scope to obscene exposure in front of children or mentally impaired individuals, i.e. with sexual connotation.[75][clarification needed] There are, however, some municipalities (like San Pedro del Pinatar) where public nudity has been banned by means of by-laws. Other municipalities (like Barcelona, Salou, Platja de Palma and Sant Antoni de Portmany) have used similar provisions to regulate partial nudity, requiring people to cover their torsos on the streets. Some naturist associations have appealed these by-laws on the grounds that a fundamental right (freedom of expression, as they understand nudism to be self-expression) cannot be regulated with such a mechanism. Some courts have ruled in favour of nudist associations.[76] Nudism in Spain is normally practised by the seaside, on beaches or small coves with a tradition of naturism. In Vera (Andalusia), there is a wide residential area formed by nudist urbanisations. Nudist organisations may organise some activities elsewhere in inner territory.

Legal provisions regarding partial nudity (or toplessness) are analogous to those regarding full nudity, but social tolerance towards toplessness is higher. The law does not require women to cover their breasts in public swimming, or on any beach in Spain.[77] The governments of the municipalities of Galdakao and L'Ametlla del Vallès legalized female toplessness on their public pools in March 2016 and June 2018, respectively.[78]

United Kingdom[edit]

Main article: British Naturism
See also: List of social nudity places in Europe § United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the first official nudist club was established in Wickford, Essex, in 1924. According to Michael Farrar, writing for British Naturism, the club adopted the name "Moonella Group" from the name of the owner of the ground and called its site The Camp. Moonella, who was still living in 1965 but whose identity remains to be discovered, had inherited a house with land in 1923 and made it available to certain members of the New Gymnosophy Society. This society was founded a few years before by H.C. Booth, M.H. Sorensen and Rex Wellbye under the name of the English Gymnosophical Society. It met for discussions at the Minerva Cafe at 144 High Holborn in London, the headquarters of the Women's Freedom League. Those who were permitted to join the Moonella Group were carefully selected, and the club was run by a leadership of the original members, all of whom had club names to preserve their anonymity. The club closed in 1926 because of construction on adjacent land.[79]

By 1943 there were a number of "sun clubs", and together they formed the British Sun Bathers Association, or BSBA. In 1954 a group of clubs unhappy with the way the BSBA was being run split to form the Federation of British Sun Clubs, or FBSC. In 1961, the BSBA Annual Conference agreed that the term nudist was inappropriate and should be discarded in favour of naturist.[79] The two organisations rivalled each other before eventually coming together again in 1964 as the Central Council for British Naturism, or CCBN. This organisation structure has remained much the same but it is now called British Naturism, which is often abbreviated to BN.[79]

The first official nude beach was opened at Fairlight Glen in Covehurst Bay near Hastings in 1978 (not to be confused with Fairlight Cove, which is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the east), followed later by the beaches at Brighton and Fraisthorpe. Bridlington opened in April 1980.[79]

Oceania[edit]

See also: List of social nudity places in Oceania

Australia[edit]

Naturist swimmers in Australia

Australia's first naturist club was founded in Sydney in 1931 by the French-born anarchist and pacifist Kleber Claux.[80] In 1975, the southern half of Maslin Beach, south of Adelaide, was declared Australia's first official nude beach.[81] The beach is almost 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long, so the area reserved for nude bathing is away from other beach users.

New Zealand[edit]

Main article: Naturism in New Zealand

Nudist clubs (called sun clubs) were established in Dunedin and Auckland in early 1938; the Auckland Sun Group went into recess shortly afterwards due to the outbreak of World War II. In 1958 the allied nudist clubs of New Zealand established the New Zealand Sunbathing Association, later renamed the New Zealand Naturist Federation. The Federation includes 17 affiliated clubs with a total membership (in 2012) of 1,600 people. In 2016 the Federation, in conjunction with Tourism New Zealand, hosted the World Congress of the International Naturist Federation at the Wellington Naturist Club, marking the second time the Congress had ever been held in the Southern Hemisphere.[82]

Outside formal naturist organizations, social nudity is practised in a variety of contexts in New Zealand culture. It is a feature of many summer music festivals, including Convergence,[83] Kiwiburn, Luminate,[84] Rhythm & Vines, and Splore,[85] in a tradition going back to Nambassa in the late 1970s.[86] It is also associated with the culture of rugby, most prominently in the nude rugby match held in Dunedin each winter from 2002 to 2014 (and sporadically thereafter) as pre-match entertainment for the first professional rugby game of the season,[87] and in the mock public holiday "National Nude Day", an event in which viewers of the TV2 talk show SportsCafe were invited – chiefly by former rugby player Marc Ellis, the show's most irrepressibly comic presenter – to send in photos and video of themselves performing daily activities in the nude.[88]

While a large proportion of New Zealanders are tolerant of nudity, especially on beaches,[42] there remains a contingent who consider it obscene.[89] Naturists who engage in casual public nudity, even in places where this is lawful, risk being reported to police by disapproving people.[90] Legally, nudity is permissible on any beach where it is "known to occur",[91] in consequence of which New Zealand has no official nude beaches. The indecent exposure provision of the Summary Offences Act is, in practice, reserved for cases of public sexual gratification,[92] but public nudity may still be prosecuted under the "offensive behaviour" provision.[93]

North America[edit]

Canada[edit]

See also: List of social nudity places in North America § Canada
Nudist hiker in British Columbia

In Canada individuals around the country became interested in nudism, skinny-dipping, and physical culture in the early part of the 20th century. Sunbathing & Health, a magazine targeted toward Canadian naturists and which occasionally carried local news, began publication after 1940. There were scattered groups of naturists in several cities during the 1930s and 1940s, and some of these groups attracted enough interest to form clubs on private land.[10] The most significant clubs were the Van Tan Club, formed in 1939, which is still operating in North Vancouver, BC.,[10] and the Sun Air Club, in Ontario.

Canadians who served in the military during the Second World War met like-minded souls from across the country, and often visited clubs while in Europe. They were a ready pool of recruits for post-war organizers. A few years later, the wave of post-war immigration brought many Europeans with their own extensive experience, and they not only swelled the ranks of membership, but often formed their own clubs, helping to expand nudism from coast to coast.[10]

Most clubs eventually united in the Canadian Sunbathing Association, which affiliated with the American Sunbathing Association in 1954. Several disagreements between eastern and western members of the CSA resulted in its division into the Western Canadian Sunbathing Association (WCSA) and the Eastern Canadian Sunbathing Association (ECSA) in 1960. The ECSA endured much in-fighting over the next fifteen years, which led to its official demise in 1978. The WCSA changed its name to the American Association for Nude Recreation – Western Canadian Region, a region of the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR), which itself was formerly known as the ASA.[10]

In 1977 the Fédération québécoise de naturisme (FQN) was founded in Quebec by Michel Vaïs, who had experienced European naturism at Montalivet. In 1985 the Federation of Canadian Naturists (FCN) was formed with the support of the FQN. In 1988 the FQN and FCN formed the FQN-FCN Union as the official Canadian representative in the International Naturist Federation.[10]

Mexico[edit]

View of the far west end of Zipolite Beach, Oaxaca, Mexico

Federación Nudista de México[26] is a members organization with both individual and organization members. It promotes social nudity in Mexico, and it is recognized by the International Naturist Federation as the official national naturist organization in that country.

As of 2016, Playa Zipolite is Mexico's first and only legal public nude beach.[94] A free beach and unofficially nudist for more than 50 years,[95] this beach is reputed to be the best place for nudism in the country. The numerous nude sunbathers, and the long tradition, make it safe for nudism and naturism. Annually since 2016, on the first weekend of February, Zipolite has hosted Festival Nudista Zipolite[96] that in 2019 attracted 7,000-8,000 visitors.[97]

United States[edit]

See also: American Association for Nude Recreation and List of social nudity places in the United States
Florida Young Naturists

Kurt Barthel founded the American League for Physical Culture in 1929 and organized the first nudist event. In about 1930 they organized the American Gymnosophical Association. Barthel founded America's first official nudist camp, Sky Farm in New Jersey, in May, 1932.[98] Around 1932, the AGA established the Rock Lodge Club as a nudist facility in Stockholm, New Jersey and Ilsley Boone, a Dutch Reformed minister, formed the Christian naturism movement. Naturism began to expand nationwide.[99] Nudism venues were alcohol-free until 1970.[100]

The American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR) is the national naturist organization. Arnd Krüger compared nudists in Germany and the United States and came to the conclusion that in Germany the racial aspects (Zuchtwahl) were important for the breakthrough (e.g. the Commanding General of the Army served as patron for nudists events), while in the U.S. nudism was far more commercial and had thus more difficulties.[101]

In 2008, Florida Young Naturists held their first Naked Bash, which has been repeated multiple times per year and has grown into one of the largest young naturist gatherings in the world.[102]

In 2009, a campaign to promote Nudism in the United States occurred with an effort by the AANR to record the largest simultaneous Skinny Dip at several U.S. Clubs and beaches, which occurred on July 11 of that year.[103]

In 2010, a new organization formed called Young Naturists and Nudists America, which was mostly focused around the younger generation, as well as social issues, such as body image.[104] Young Naturists and Nudists America closed in 2017.[105]

Asia[edit]

Sunrise on the beach, Taitung County, Taiwan

Indonesia[edit]

In the seventies, nudity on Bali's remote and deserted beaches was common, but with the massive growth of tourism this practice has disappeared. In 2002, nudity was declared illegal on Petitenget Beach, the last beach in Seminyak that tolerated discreet nudity. Individuals began to practice nudity in private villas and resorts. Laki Uma Villa, the first naturist facility to open, was for gay men only. Bali au Naturel, the first adult-only nudist resort for both genders, opened its doors in 2004. It subsequently expanded from 3 to 15 rooms and added two more swimming pools.

Indonesia has an underground naturist community who defy the laws against public nudity.[106]

Thailand[edit]

Nudism was successfully introduced in 2012 by The Thailand Naturist Association in Pattaya (Chan Resort), and five more nudist resorts have been created across Thailand: Barefeet Resort in Bangkok, Lemon Tree in Phuket, Oriental Village in Chiangmai, Phuan Naturist Village in Huay Yai, and Peace Blue Naturist resort in Phukett, all members of the Naturist Association of Thailand and other international naturist organizations.

Naturist media[edit]

Magazines[edit]

Magazines published by, for or purportedly about naturists can be grouped:

  • Magazines published by an "official" national organisation, such as BN (British Naturism), Going Natural/Au naturel (FCN/FQN), Nude & Natural Magazine (The Naturist Society), gonatural (New Zealand Naturist Federation).
  • Independent magazines published for naturists, such as Naturally, H&E naturist and TAN (acronym of The Australian Naturist).
  • Magazines that print photographs only or primarily of young female professional models, which are disapproved of by many naturists and non-naturists alike.

Magazines in the second and, occasionally, third groups feature naturist editorial and advertising. While some naturists argue over which magazines belonged in which of these categories, these views may change as publishers and editors change. Many clubs and groups have benefited from magazines which, while not exclusively or even predominantly naturist in character, made naturist information available to many who would not otherwise have been aware of it.[10] The information and advertising provided online, along with the wide availability of free online porn, has meant the disappearance of old-style "skin" magazines presenting significant glamour content masquerading as, or alongside, naturist content. Naturist magazines have to appeal strongly to naturists to succeed; they cannot sit on the fence between naturism and glamour. Some naturists feel that the worthwhile editorial content in some magazines is not a fair balance for the disapproved-of photographic content.[10]

Photography, films and videos[edit]

A publicity photo showing a mature naturist couple making tea. North America

Although photographing others when they are nude in a public place may not violate their rights to privacy, individuals retain the personality rights to their own image in many countries. If so, recognizable photographs of any person cannot be published without a permission.

Some naturist clubs have been willing to allow filming by the media on their grounds, though content that proved not to be of genuine naturism can end up being parodied by the media as the norm.[107]

Some commercial 'naturist' DVDs are dominated by imagery of naked children. Such material can be marketed in ways that appear to appeal directly to paedophile inclinations, and ownership of these DVDs (and their earlier video cassette incarnations) has resulted in successful British prosecutions for possession of indecent images of children.[108] One case was appealed, unsuccessfully, to the European Court of Human Rights.[109] The precedents set by the court cases mean that possession in Britain of any naturist image of a child is, potentially, grounds for prosecution.

Photo shoots, including major high-profile works by Spencer Tunick, are done in public places including beaches.[110]

See also[edit]

  • Breastfeeding in public
  • List of social nudity organizations
  • List of places where social nudity is practised
  • Naked party
  • Nude recreation
  • Nude swimming (Skinny dipping)
  • Timeline of non-sexual social nudity
  • Young Naturists America
  • Streaking
  • Topfreedom
  • Toplessness

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ The Hannover based Bund für freies Lebensgestaltung wrote: "Naturism is a new lifestyle caring for the body, the soul and the spirit in society. We live the ideal of freedom, conscious of its limits, taking up our responsibility. The expression of our will is nudity, our admission of sincerity".
  2. ^ In his book, Cinema Au Naturel,[5] author Mark Storey states, "two related terms that we will continually run across are nudist and naturist. Although, the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical, they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other. In America people who believe that it is physically, socially, emotionally, and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as "nudists". In Europe such people more often than not refer to themselves as "naturists".
  3. ^ The English version of the Agde definition was translated differently in Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97.[7] Naturism (American "nudism") is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and the environment.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Choin 2002.
  2. ^ Deschênes 2016, p. 2.
  3. ^ a b West 2018.
  4. ^ Smith & King 2009.
  5. ^ Storey 2003, p. 13.
  6. ^ a b c Montananaturist.org.
  7. ^ Anon 1997.
  8. ^ SNS 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e Descamps 1987.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Woycke 2003.
  11. ^ VeraPlaya 2006.
  12. ^ Schneider 2009, p. 41.
  13. ^ TerraCotta 2011.
  14. ^ SNP 2012.
  15. ^ Guardian 2017a.
  16. ^ ganz-muenchen.
  17. ^ ActiveNaturists 2015a.
  18. ^ ActiveNaturists 2014.
  19. ^ ActiveNaturists 2012.
  20. ^ Mapes 2019.
  21. ^ Bridge 2014.
  22. ^ JapanToday 2012.
  23. ^ Nambassa 2011.
  24. ^ Jones & Broadley 1979.
  25. ^ Jenison 2016; Club 2015.
  26. ^ a b FNdM.
  27. ^ Eleftheriou-Smith 2016.
  28. ^ ActiveNaturists 2015b.
  29. ^ αNaturist 2016.
  30. ^ McLellan 2007.
  31. ^ Casler 1964.
  32. ^ ActiveNaturists 2015c.
  33. ^ ActiveNaturists 2015d.
  34. ^ Planchon 1778: "Le naturisme est la doctrine qui consiste à laisser agir la nature plutot que d'intervenir de manière artificielle".
  35. ^ Kulkarni 2010.
  36. ^ Farrar 2005.
  37. ^ a b c d Buchy 2005.
  38. ^ a b Kennedy 2013.
  39. ^ Evans 2014.
  40. ^ Baubérot 2004.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h Anderson 2000.
  42. ^ a b NZHerald 2008.
  43. ^ Haskell Smith 2015.
  44. ^ Glaister 2007; Briggs 2013; Connolly 2019.
  45. ^ Renou 2017; le dauphiné 2018.
  46. ^ Harrison & Perry 1993.
  47. ^ Whitman 1883.
  48. ^ Veltheim 1994.
  49. ^ Johnson 2000.
  50. ^ NaturistNet 2012.
  51. ^ Peeters, Van Molle & Wils 2011.
  52. ^ FBN.
  53. ^ Euro-POI 2011.
  54. ^ Thomas 2017.
  55. ^ Mapes 2014; Terp 2012; Duner 1942; Woycke 2003; White 1991.
  56. ^ a b Toepfer 1997.
  57. ^ Hau 2003.
  58. ^ Guardian 2017b.
  59. ^ Krien 2007.
  60. ^ Postcards 2017; GTP 2013.
  61. ^ Greek Islands US.
  62. ^ Zikakou 2014.
  63. ^ Regula 2019.
  64. ^ Τσεμπερλιδου 2014; TheToc 2015.
  65. ^ ANITA 2019.
  66. ^ Patti 2015.
  67. ^ NTV 2017.
  68. ^ Corte Suprema di Cassazione 2004.
  69. ^ NFN.
  70. ^ NFN 2017.
  71. ^ NLTourism 2014.
  72. ^ FPN 2017; FPN 2021.
  73. ^ TimeOut 2020.
  74. ^ Ciazela & Roszak 2018.
  75. ^ BOE 1995.
  76. ^ EuropaPress 2011; Digital 2014.
  77. ^ PARÍS 2017.
  78. ^ Andueza 2016; Publico 2018.
  79. ^ a b c d BNTimeLine 2011.
  80. ^ Cockington 2005, pp. 74-78.
  81. ^ Steel 1975.
  82. ^ Cook 2013; NZNF 2018; NatLibNZ 2020.
  83. ^ Convergence 2021.
  84. ^ Todd 2019.
  85. ^ NZHerald 2018.
  86. ^ Nambassa 2015.
  87. ^ Goosselink 2016.
  88. ^ Stuff 2009; NZonScreen 2005; NZa2z 2020.
  89. ^ Andelane 2020.
  90. ^ Hudson 2019.
  91. ^ Ceramalus v Police, AP No 76/91 (High Court of New Zealand 5 July 1991).
  92. ^ FreeBeaches 1995.
  93. ^ Ceramalus v Police, AP No 131/95 (High Court of New Zealand 27 October 1995).
  94. ^ FNdM 2016; Ditzian 2017; Storey 2010.
  95. ^ TomZap 2021.
  96. ^ Clarín 2018.
  97. ^ Imparcial 2019.
  98. ^ Ellensberg 1932.
  99. ^ M. 2020; FCN 2013; Lupin 2012; NEF 1966.
  100. ^ AANR 2010.
  101. ^ Krüger 1992, p. 343.
  102. ^ Freyman 2013.
  103. ^ Wreck Beach 2020.
  104. ^ Fallon 2015.
  105. ^ NatCorn 2017.
  106. ^ BBC 2017.
  107. ^ Edwards 2006.
  108. ^ Independent 2007; 4IE 2007; BBC 2007.
  109. ^ O'Carroll v the United Kingdom, ECHR CaseLaw (European Court of Human Rights 2005-03-15) ("the Court unanimously Declares the application inadmissible.").
  110. ^ NJ 2011.

References[edit]

Books[edit]

  • Anon (1997). Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97. Moorland Publishing Company, Limited. ISBN 978-90-6716-833-5.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Baubérot, Arnaud (2004). Histoire du naturisme: Le mythe du retour à la nature (in French). Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes. pp. Chapter XII. Naturism, between regeneration and leisure p. 281–307. doi:10.4000/books.pur.22872. ISBN 978-2-7535-0020-4.
  • Choin, Mireille (2002). World Handbook Naturisme 2002 - 2003. International Naturist Federation. ISBN 978-90-5583-833-2.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Cockington, James (2005). Banned: Tales from the Bizarre History of Australian Obscenity. ABC Books. ISBN 978-0-7333-1502-2.
  • Descamps, Marc-Alain (1987). Vivre nu: psychosociologie du naturisme. Trismégiste. ISBN 978-2-86509-026-6.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Duner, Paul (1942). A Year and a Day. L. Drummond. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  • Harrison, Charles; Perry, Gillian (1993). Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction: The Early Twentieth Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05516-0.
  • Hau, Michael (2003). The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History, 1890-1930. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31974-2.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Jones, Judith; Broadley, Colin (1979). Nambassa: A New Direction. A. H. & A. W. Reed. ISBN 978-0-589-01216-8.
  • Kennedy, Hubert (13 September 2013). Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: the youth movement, the gay movement, and male bonding before Hitler's rise. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-99203-5.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Krüger, Arnd (1992). "Zwischen Sex und Zuchtwahl. Nudismus und Naturismus in Deutschland und Amerika". In Norbert Finzsch & Hermann Wellenreuther (ed.). Liberalitas: Festschrift für Erich Angermann zum 65. Geburtstag. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-05656-4.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Peeters, Evert; Van Molle, Leen; Wils, Kaat, eds. (2011). "Ch. 1: The Performance of Redemption: Asceticism and Liberation in Belgian Lebensreform". Beyond Pleasure: Cultures of Modern Asceticism (NED - New edition, 1 ed.). Berghahn Books. pp. 21–41. ISBN 978-1-84545-773-0. JSTOR j.ctt9qd2zc.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  • Planchon, Jean Baptiste Luc (1778). La naturisme, ou La nature considérée dans les maladies & leur traitement conforme à la doctrine & à la pratique d'Hippocrate et de ses sectateurs. Tournay: Varlé.
  • Schneider, Andreas (2009). Kreta (in German). DuMont Reiseverlag. ISBN 978-3-7701-7231-3.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Storey, Mark (1 January 2003). Cinema Au Naturel: A History of Nudist Film. Naturist Education Foundation, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-9740844-0-4.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91827-6.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • White, Linda (1991). "Ch. 9: Specialty Vacations: Meeting People Who Share Your Interests" (Paperback). The independent woman's guide to Europe. Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Pub. p. 95. ISBN 9781555910877. Retrieved 27 February 2021. Check |archive-url= value (help)
  • Whitman, Walt (1883). "A Sun-Bath-Nakedness". Specimen Days and Collect. Glasgow: Wilson & McCormick. pp. 103–104. p. 104: Somehow I seem'd to get identity with each and every thing around me, in its condition. Nature was naked, and I was also. It was too lazy, soothing, and joyous-equable to speculate about.
  • Woycke, James Edward (2003). Au Naturel: The History of Nudism in Canada (Paperback). Federation of Canadian Naturists. ISBN 9780968233238. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  • Cook, Hera (5 September 2013). "Story: Naturism". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

Journal articles[edit]

  • B., J. B. (1935). "Criminal Law and Procedure: Indecent Exposure: Nudism". Michigan Law Review. 33 (6): 936–942. doi:10.2307/1281779. ISSN 0026-2234. JSTOR 1281779.
  • Barcan, Ruth (2001). "'The Moral Bath of Bodily Unconsciousness': Female nudism, bodily exposure and the gaze". Continuum. 15 (3): 303–317. doi:10.1080/10304310120086795. ISSN 1030-4312. S2CID 145127932.
  • Barcan, Ruth (2004). ""Regaining what Mankind has Lost through Civilisation:" Early Nudism and Ambivalent Moderns". Fashion Theory. 8 (1): 63–82. doi:10.2752/136270404778051870. ISSN 1362-704X. S2CID 194179019.
  • Bell, D.; Holliday, R. (2000). "Naked as Nature Intended". Body & Society. 6 (3–4): 127–140. doi:10.1177/1357034X00006003007. ISSN 1357-034X. S2CID 144220703.
  • Buchy, Philip Edward (2005), A Nudist Resort, thesis for MA, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Department of Architecture, retrieved 29 November 2007CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Bullough, Vern L. (1997). "In memory of William Hartman". Journal of Sex Research. 34 (4): 427–428. doi:10.1080/00224499709551910. ISSN 0022-4499.
  • Casler, Lawrence (1964). "Some Sociopsychological Observations in a Nudist Camp: A Preliminary Study". The Journal of Social Psychology. 64 (2): 307–323. doi:10.1080/00224545.1964.9919569. PMID 14239003 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  • Cleminson, Richard (2004). "Making sense of the body: anarchism, nudism and subjective experience". Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 81 (6): 697–716. doi:10.1080/1475382042000272256. ISSN 1475-3820. S2CID 143076783.
  • Crosby, Donald A. (2003). "Naturism as a Form of Religious Naturalism". Zygon. 38 (1): 117–120. doi:10.1111/1467-9744.00484. ISSN 0591-2385.
  • Daley, Caroline (2005). "From bush to beach: nudism in Australasia". Journal of Historical Geography. 31 (1): 149–167. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2004.03.020. ISSN 0305-7488.
  • de Vries, Bouke (2018). "The Right to be Publicly Naked: A Defence of Nudism". Res Publica. 25 (3): 407–424. doi:10.1007/s11158-018-09406-z. ISSN 1356-4765. S2CID 149854925.
  • Downs, J. F. (1966). "Social Nudism in America. Fred Ilfeld, Jr., Roger Lauer". American Anthropologist. 68 (1): 260–262. doi:10.1525/aa.1966.68.1.02a00600. ISSN 0002-7294.
  • Kerin, Rani (2006). "'Natives Allowed to Remain Naked': An Unorthodox Approach to Medical Work at Ernabella Mission". Health and History. 8 (1): 80–99. doi:10.2307/40111530. ISSN 1442-1771. JSTOR 40111530.
  • Lempa, Heikki (2012). "Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900–1940 (review)". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 21 (2): 350–352. doi:10.1353/sex.2012.0032. ISSN 1535-3605. S2CID 142870375.
  • Makarova, Veronika (2013). "Doukhobor 'freedom seeker' nudism: Exploring the sociocultural roots". Culture and Religion. 14 (2): 131–145. doi:10.1080/14755610.2012.706228. ISSN 1475-5610. S2CID 145269278.
  • Martin, Richard (1991). "The Deceit of Dress: Utopian Visions and the Arguments against Clothing". Utopian Studies (4): 79–84. JSTOR 20718951.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • McLellan, Josie (2007). "State socialist bodies: East German nudism from ban to boom". The Journal of Modern History. 79 (1): 48–79. doi:10.1086/517544. ISSN 0022-2801. S2CID 144281349 – via University of Chicago Press Journals.
  • Morris, N. J. (2009). "Naked in nature: naturism, nature and the senses in early 20th century Britain". Cultural Geographies. 16 (3): 283–308. doi:10.1177/1474474009105049. ISSN 1474-4740. S2CID 145366617.
  • Schrank, S. (2012). "Naked Houses: The Architecture of Nudism and the Rethinking of the American Suburbs". Journal of Urban History. 38 (4): 635–661. doi:10.1177/0096144211434988. ISSN 0096-1442. S2CID 145688769.
  • Shaffer, M. S. (2008). "Marguerite S. Shaffer on the Environmental Nude". Environmental History. 13 (1): 126–139. doi:10.1093/envhis/13.1.126-a. ISSN 1084-5453. JSTOR 25473196.
  • Smith, Glenn; King, Michael (2009). "Naturism and sexuality: Broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing". Health & Place. 15 (2): 439–446. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.08.002. ISSN 1353-8292. PMID 18926761.
  • Warren, H. C. (1933). "Social nudism and the body taboo". Psychological Review. 40 (2): 160–183. doi:10.1037/h0073466. ISSN 0033-295X.
  • Weinberg, Martin S. (1965). "Sexual Modesty, Social Meanings, and the Nudist Camp". Social Problems. 12 (3): 311–318. doi:10.2307/798936. ISSN 0037-7791. JSTOR 798936.
  • Weinberg, Martin S. (1966). "Becoming a nudist". Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes. 21 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1080/00332747.1966.11023450. PMID 27820889.
  • West, Keon (1 March 2018). "Naked and Unashamed: Investigations and Applications of the Effects of Naturist Activities on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction". Journal of Happiness Studies. 19 (3): 677–697. doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9846-1. ISSN 1573-7780. S2CID 9153791 – via Springer.
  • Woodall, Ellen E. (2003). "The American Nudist Movement: From Cooperative to Capital, the Song Remains the Same". The Journal of Popular Culture. 36 (2): 264–284. doi:10.1111/1540-5931.00006. ISSN 0022-3840.
  • The Bulletin. AANR. March 2010. p. 6. Missing or empty |title= (help)

Newspaper articles[edit]

  • Steel, Ian (14 February 1975). "Govt. makes bathing in nude legal at Maslins". Advertiser. p. 1. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  • "Nudism moves into New Jersey skeeter district". Ellensberg Daily Record. 2 August 1932. Retrieved 6 March 2021.


Websites[edit]

  • αNaturist (27 November 2016). "camp Gymnasium at Burning Man 2016". Active Naturists. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
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  • Anderson, Howard (2000), Why be a naturist: Statistics, archived from the original on 19 December 2008, retrieved 24 April 2012CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Andueza, Asier (24 March 2016). "Galdakao modifica la normativa para legalizar el 'topless' en sus piscinas" [Galdakao modifies the regulations to legalize 'topless' in its pools]. EL CORREO.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021. El Gobierno local retirará la prohibición expresa de esta práctica de la ordenanza que regula el uso de las instalaciones descubiertas
  • Bridge, Adrian (17 July 2014). "Germans Most Likely to Go Nude". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  • Briggs, Bill (5 August 2013). "Naked truth: Aging nudists seek new skin in the game". CNBC. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  • Ciazela, Jakub; Roszak, Sandra (1 January 2018). "Naturists of the Lubiewo resort, Międzyzdroje, Poland – characteristics and motivations". ResearchGate. Bogucki. pp. 97–111. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  • Club, Naked (23 September 2015). "Nudist Neptune Festival 2014 in Crimea". Vimeo. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  • Connolly, Kate (8 August 2019). "The naked truth: is naturism dying out in Germany?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  • Corte Suprema di Cassazione (26 February 2004). "ATTI CONTRARI ALLA PUBBLICA DECENZA - ESPOSIZIONE DEL CORPO NUDO SULLA PUBBLICA SPIAGGIA - COSTITUISCE VIOLAZIONE ALL'ART. 726 C.P." [ACTS CONTRARY TO PUBLIC DECENT - EXPOSURE OF THE NAKED BODY ON THE PUBLIC BEACH - CONSTITUTES VIOLATION OF ART. 726 C.P.]. www.giustizia.it (in Italian). Ministero della Giustizia. Archived from the original on 26 February 2004. Retrieved 1 March 2021. [...] diversamente da quella del seno nudo femminile, che ormai da vari lustri è comportamento comunemente accettato ed entrato nel costume sociale [...]
  • Deschênes, Stéphane (4 January 2016). "The Official INF-FNI Definition of Naturism" (PDF). INF-FNI. International Naturist Federation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  • Ditzian, Danielle (30 April 2017). "What it was like to stay at the Nude Hotel in Zipolite, Mexico". NZ Herald. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021. Zipolite is a small, little-known town on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It not only boasts being the only legal nude beach in Mexico, but is often likened to a town stuck in the 1960s. With the entire beach being clothing optional, it is unlike anywhere else I have ever had the pleasure of visiting.
  • Edwards, Adam (10 May 2006). "Stark naked ambition". The Daily Telegraph. London: Sunday Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  • Eleftheriou-Smith, Loulla-Mae (30 November 2016). "Naked ambition: 5 ways to holiday in the nude". The Independent. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  • Evans, Stephen (13 April 2014). "10 inventions that owe their success to World War One". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  • Fallon, Claire (25 June 2015). "Take It Off! The Fine Art Of Getting Naked In A Clothed World". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  • Farrar, Michael (9 November 2005), "The Fellowship of the Naked Trust", British Naturism, ISSN 0264-0406, archived from the original on 28 October 2011, retrieved 14 February 2014CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • FPN (2017). "Who We Are". Portuguese Naturist Federation (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
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  • Freyman, Falyn (11 April 2013). "Top 10 Reasons to Get Totally Nude at the Florida Young Naturists' Naked Spring Bash". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
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  • Higgins, Michelle (27 April 2008). "No Shoes, No Shirt, No Worries". New York Times. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  • Hile, Jennifer (21 July 2004). "The Skinny on Nudism in the U.S." National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
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  • Hughes, Howard; Monterrubio, Juan Carlos; Miller, Amanda (2010). "'Gay' tourists and host community attitudes". International Journal of Tourism Research. 12 (6): 774–786. doi:10.1002/jtr.792. ISSN 1099-2340.
  • Jenison, David (9 March 2016). "deGeneration X: Buck Naked Jazz on a Black Sea Beach". Paste Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  • Johnson, Ian (2000). "What Do The First Three Chapters Of Genesis Teach About Clothing?". Fig Leaf Forum. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  • Krien, Daniela (26 June 2007). "Vlog, Videoblog: Bodo Niemann, Gerhard Riebicke und die Freikörperkultur" [Vlog, video blog: Bodo Niemann, Gerhard Riebicke and nudism]. Amadelio (in German). Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
  • Kulkarni, Vishwas (25 April 2010). "World's first nudist colony was in Thane (and this man proved it)". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
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Further reading[edit]

  • Carr-Gomm, Philip (2013). A brief history of nakedness. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-022-1. OCLC 906832943.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  • Clinard, Marshall B (2019). "Ch. 1: The Example of Nudism.". Sociology of deviant behavior. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage. ISBN 978-1-337-88564-5. OCLC 1019751074.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  • Crick, Malcolm (2016). Resplendent sites, discordant voices: sri lankans and international tourism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-138-99728-8. OCLC 953428622.
  • Harp, Stephen L. (2011). "Demanding Vacation au naturel : European Nudism and Postwar Municipal Development on the French Riviera". The Journal of Modern History. 83 (3): 513–543. doi:10.1086/660365. ISSN 0022-2801. JSTOR 10.1086/660365. S2CID 144401533. Retrieved 20 March 2021 – via University of Chicago Press Journals.
  • Hartman, William E. (1991). Nudist society : the controversial study of the clothes-free naturist movement in America (Rev. and updated ed.). Los Angeles: Elysium Growth Press. ISBN 1-55599-041-X. OCLC 23940079.
  • Hoffman, Brian S (2015). Naked: a cultural history of American nudism. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4465-9. OCLC 951103647.
  • Monterrubio, Juan Carlos; Jaurand, Emmanuel (5 May 2014). "Les sociétés locales face au tourisme nudiste: Résultats d'une enquête qualitative sur la côte pacifique du Mexique". Téoros (in French) (published 2009). 28 (2): 83–92. doi:10.7202/1024811ar. ISSN 1923-2705.
  • Parmelee, Maurice (2012). Nudism in modern life. Muller Press. ISBN 978-1-4474-5626-1. OCLC 935087781.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  • Theobald, William F (2005). "Ch. 7: Alternative tourism: a comparative analysis of meaning and impact". Global tourism (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4175-4459-2. OCLC 56731935.CS1 maint: date and year (link)


External links[edit]

  • International Naturist Federation
  • Federatie van het Belgisch Naturisme (FBN)
  • Federación Nudista de México (FNM)
  • Naturist Living Show
  • Naturism at Curlie
  • UK Crown Prosecution Service - Nudity in Public
  • Federazione Naturista Italiana