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Об обязательной военной службе см. Призыв .
Плакат о вербовке французских морских пехотинцев
Объявление о наборе в ВМС США в Popular Mechanics , 1908 год.

Призыв на военную службу относится к деятельности по привлечению людей и их отбору для прохождения военной подготовки и трудоустройства .

Демография [ править ]

Пол [ править ]

Основная статья: Женщины в армии по странам
См. Также: Женщины в армии , Трансгендеры и военная служба , Женщины в боевых условиях.

Во всем мире подавляющее большинство призывников в государственные вооруженные силы и негосударственные вооруженные группы составляют мужчины. Доля женского персонала в разных странах различается; например, он составляет примерно 3% в Индии [1] 10% в Великобритании [2] 13% в Швеции [3] 16% в США [4] и 27% в Южной Африке. [5]

Хотя многие государства не вербуют женщин для ведения наземного ближнего боя (т. Е. Для ролей, требующих от них убивать противника с близкого расстояния ), в последние годы этот запрет был отменен в некоторых странах , включая более крупные западные военные державы, такие как Франция, Великобритания и НАС. [6] [7]

Согласно исследованиям, проведенным в Великобритании, Канаде и США, по сравнению с мужчинами и женщинами из числа гражданского населения, женщины подвергаются значительно более высокому риску сексуальных домогательств и сексуального насилия . [8] [9] [10]

Некоторые штаты, включая Великобританию, США и Канаду, начали признавать право трансгендеров открыто служить в своих вооруженных силах, хотя это событие натолкнулось на политическое и культурное сопротивление. [11] [12] [13]

Возраст [ править ]

Государственные вооруженные силы устанавливают минимальный и максимальный возраст для призыва. На практике большинство призывников - молодые люди; например, в 2013 году средний возраст солдат армии США, начинающих начальную подготовку, составлял 20,7 года. [4]

Вербовка детей [ править ]

Основная статья: Дети в армии

Согласно Конвенции о правах ребенка , ребенок означает лицо в возрасте до 18 лет.

В соответствии с Римским статутом Международного уголовного суда минимальный возраст, при котором дети могут быть завербованы или призваны на военную службу, составляет 15 лет. [14] государств, ратифицировавших Факультативный протокол к Конвенции о правах ребенка, касающийся участия детей в вооруженных конфликтах. (OPAC) вообще не может призывать детей, но может вербовать детей в возрасте 16 лет и старше при условии, что они не используются для непосредственного участия в боевых действиях. [15]

Исторически сложилось так, что использование детей в военных целях было широко распространено (см. « Дети в вооруженных силах»), но в 21-м веке оно стало сокращаться. [16] По данным Child Soldiers International , по состоянию на 2017 год примерно две трети государств мира обязались ограничить вербовку в армию только взрослыми от 18 лет, и не менее 60 негосударственных вооруженных групп подписали соглашения о прекращении или сокращении использования дети в военных целях. [17] [16] Организация сообщила, что так называемый стандарт Straight 18 - ограничение приема на военную службу только взрослых - стал глобальной нормой с 2001 года [16].

Тем не менее, организация Child Soldiers International также сообщила в 2018 году, что по крайней мере 46 штатов набирали персонал в возрасте до 18 лет. [18] Большинство этих штатов набирали сотрудников с 17 лет, включая Австралию, Китай, Францию, Германию, Саудовскую Аравию и США. Штаты (США); примерно 20 человек набирали сотрудников в возрасте от 16 лет, включая Бразилию, Канаду и Соединенное Королевство (Великобритания). [16]

Большинство государств, которые вербуют детей в возрасте до 18 лет, обязались не использовать их регулярно в военных операциях , ратифицировав договор OPAC . [17] По данным Генерального секретаря ООН , в 2016 году 14 государств по-прежнему вербовали и использовали детей в активных вооруженных конфликтах: Афганистан, Центральноафриканская Республика, Колумбия, Демократическая Республика Конго, Ирак, Мали, Мьянма. , Нигерия, Филиппины, Сомали, Южный Судан, Судан, Сирия и Йемен. [19]

ГСООН также сообщила, что негосударственные вооруженные группы вербуют и используют детей в вооруженных конфликтах в Индии, Пакистане, Палестине, Ливии, Филиппинах и Таиланде. [19]

Межкультурные исследования показывают, что в целом дети и молодые люди привлекаются к военной службе по схожим причинам: война, экономическая мотивация, образование, семья и друзья, политика, идентичность и психосоциальные факторы. [20]

Социально-экономический фон [ править ]

Надежда избежать социально-экономических лишений - одна из основных причин, по которым молодых людей привлекает работа в армии. [20] [21]  Например, после того, как в 1973 году в США был приостановлен призыв на военную службу, «в вооруженные силы непропорционально много мужчин афроамериканцев, мужчин с более низким социально-экономическим статусом, мужчин, которые учились в неакадемических программах средней школы, и мужчин, чьи оценки в средней школе имеет тенденцию быть низким ». [22] Однако исследование 2020 г. предполагает, что Вооруженные силы СШАсоциально-экономический статус личного состава равен или немного выше, чем у гражданского населения, и что наиболее обездоленные социально-экономические группы с меньшей вероятностью будут соответствовать требованиям современных вооруженных сил США. Обнаружено исследование технологических, тактических, операционных и доктринальных изменений, которые привели к изменению спроса на персонал. [23] В качестве показателя социально-экономического положения военнослужащих британской армии , в 2015 году три четверти самых молодых новобранцев обладали навыками грамотности, обычно ожидаемыми от 11-летних или младше, а 7% имели возраст чтения 5–7. [24] В 2017 году кампания вербовки в британской армии была нацелена на семьи со средним годовым доходом в 10 000 фунтов стерлингов. [25]

Recruitment for officers typically draws on upwardly-mobile young adults from age 18, and recruiters for these roles focus their resources on high-achieving schools and universities.[22][26] (Canada is an exception, recruiting high-achieving children from age 16 for officer training.[27])

Outreach and marketing[edit]

Early years[edit]

The process of attracting children and young people to military employment begins in their early years. In Germany, Israel, Poland, the UK, the US, and elsewhere, the armed forces visit schools frequently, including primary schools, to encourage children to enlist once they become old enough to do so.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34] For example, a poster used by the German armed forces in schools reads: "After school you have the world at your feet, make it safer." ["Nach der Schule liegt dir die Welt zu Füßen, mach sie sicherer."][28] In the US, recruiters have right of access to all schools and to the contact details of students,[34] and are encouraged to embed themselves into the school community.[33] A former head of recruitment for the British Army, Colonel (latterly Brigadier) David Allfrey, explained the British approach in 2007:

"Our new model is about raising awareness, and that takes a ten-year span. It starts with a seven-year-old boy seeing a parachutist at an air show and thinking, 'That looks great.' From then the army is trying to build interest by drip, drip, drip."[35]

Popular culture[edit]

Recruiters use action films and videogames to promote military employment. Scenes from Hollywood blockbusters (including Behind Enemy Lines and X-Men: First Class)[36][37] have been spliced into military advertising in the US, for example. In the US and elsewhere, the armed forces commission bespoke videogames to present military life to children and have created the U.S. Army Esports initiative as an outreach program using esports.[38][39]

Military schools and youth organisations[edit]

Many states operate military schools, cadet forces, and other military youth organisations. For example, Russia operates a system of military schools for children from age 10, where combat skills and weapons training are taught as part of the curriculum.[40] The UK is one of many states that subsidise participation in cadet forces, where children from age 12 play out a stylised representation of military employment.[41]

Advertising[edit]

Armed forces commission recruitment advertising across a wide range of media, including television,[42] radio,[43] cinema,[44] online including social media,[45] the press, billboards,[46] brochures and leaflets,[47] and through merchandising.[48]

Public realm[edit]

Recruiters use civic space to promote their military organisation. Among the methods used are recruitment stalls in public spaces, air shows; military amusement parks, such as Patriot Park in Russia; national days, such as the Belgian national day and military parade; and annual armed forces days.

Messaging[edit]

Recruitment marketing seeks to appeal to potential recruits in the following ways:

  • Traditionally masculine associations. Historically and today, recruitment materials frequently associate military life with that of a traditionally masculine warrior, which is officially encouraged as a martial ideal.[49][50][51] For example, Cold War US Army slogans included "Join the army, Be a man" and "The army will make a man out of you";[52] in 2007 a new slogan was introduced: "There’s strong. Then there’s army strong".[53] Similarly, recruiters describe the Israeli infantryman as "discovering all your strengths";[54] the Russian is "beyond fear";[55] and the British is "harder, faster, fitter, stronger".[56]
  • Teamwork and belonging. Some armed forces appeal to potential recruits with the promise of teamwork and camaraderie. An example is the British Army, which introduced the slogan "This is belonging" in 2017.[57]
  • Patriotic service. Some armed forces present military life as a patriotic service. For example, the slogan for the German Bundeswehr is "We. Serve. Germany." ["Wir. Dienen. Deutschland."], and an advertisement for the Israeli Defense Forces encourages potential recruits to "Above all, fight [kravi] for your country, because there is no place better than Israel."[54]
  • Challenge and adventure. Military life is promised to be exciting, including world travel and adventurous training. In 2015, the British Army presentation to schools included prominent images of scuba diving and snowboarding, for example.[58]
  • Education and skills. The armed forces are often presented as a means to learn new skills.[59][57][60] For example, the Swedish armed forces encourage potential recruits with the promise of "education that leads to a job where you can make a difference".[59]

Application process[edit]

Typically, candidates for military employment apply online or at a recruitment centre.

Many eligibility criteria normally apply, which may be related to age, nationality, height and weight (body mass index), medical history, psychiatric history, illicit drug use, criminal record, academic results, proof of identity, satisfactory references, and whether any tattoos are visible. A minimum standard of academic attainment may be required for entry, for certain technical roles, or for entry to train for a leadership position as a commissioned officer. Candidates who meet the criteria will normally also undergo aptitude test, medical examination, psychological interview, job interview and fitness assessment.

Depending on whether the application criteria are met, and depending also on which military units have vacancies for new recruits, candidates may or may not be offered a job in a certain role or roles. Candidates who accept a job offer then wait for their recruit training to begin. Either at or before the start of their training, candidates swear or affirm an oath of allegiance and/or sign their joining papers.

The period between the initial application to swearing the oath may be several weeks or months. During this time many candidates drop out. For example, in 2017 about 1 in 20 applicants to the British Army were eventually enlisted.[61]

Most state armed forces that enlist minors (persons under the age of 18) are required by law to obtain the informed consent of one or both parents or legal guardians before their child's enlistment can take place.[62] In practice, consent is indicated on a form, which parents/guardians sign.

Once enlistment has taken place, recruits are subject to military terms of service and begin their initial training.

Terms of service[edit]

Main article: Military personnel

Recruits enter a binding contract of service, which for full-time personnel typically requires a minimum period of service of several years,[63][24][64] with the exception of a short discharge window, near the beginning of their service, allowing them to leave the armed force as of right.[65] Part-time military employment, known as reserve service, allows a recruit to maintain a civilian job while training under military discipline for a minimum number of days per year. After leaving the armed forces, for a fixed period (between four and six years is normal in the UK and US, for example[65][64]), former recruits may remain liable for compulsory return to full-time military employment in order to train or deploy on operations.

From the point of their enlistment/commissioning, personnel become subject to military law, which introduces offences not recognised by civilian courts, such as disobedience. Penalties range from a summary reprimand to imprisonment for several years following a court martial.[66]

Personnel may be posted to bases in their home country or overseas, according to operational need, and may be deployed from those bases on exercises or operations anywhere in the world.

Perks of military service typically include adventurous training; subsidised accommodation, meals and travel; and a pension. Some armed forces also subsidise recruits' education before, during and/or after military service, subject to conditions such as an obligatory minimum period of formal military employment; examples are the St Jean military college in Canada, the Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College in the UK, and the GI Bill arrangements in the US.

Counter-recruitment[edit]

Main article: Counter-recruitment

Counter-recruitment refers to activity opposing military recruitment, or aspects of it. Among its forms are political advocacy, consciousness-raising, and direct action. The rationale for counter-recruitment activity may be based on any of the following reasons:

  • The view that war is immoral (see pacifism) or that military organizations are a tool of imperialism (see anti-imperialism).
  • Evidence that bullying, harassment and sexual violence are more common in military organizations than elsewhere[67][68][69][10] (see, for example, Women in the military and Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service).
  • Evidence that military training and employment lead to higher rates of mental health and behavioural problems than are usually found in civilian life, particularly after personnel have left the armed forces.[70][71][72][73][74][75][76]
  • Evidence that recruiters capitalise on there being a lack of other career options for socio-economically deprived young people,[20][21][22][25][67][28][77] and obscure the risks of military employment.[78][79][80][81][82][77][67][83][28][30]
  • The fact that some armed forces rely on children aged 16 or 17 to fill their ranks, and evidence that these youngest recruits are most likely to be adversely affected by the demands and risks of military life.[84][83][85][86][87][24]

Armed forces spokespeople have defended the status quo by recourse to the following:

  • The opinion that military organizations provide a valuable public service.
  • Anecdotal evidence that military employment benefits young people.[88]
  • The opinion that duty of care policies protect recruits from harm.[89]

Recruitment slogans and images[edit]

Slogans[edit]

Armed forces have made effective use of short slogans to inspire young people to enlist, with themes ranging from personal development (particularly personal power), societal service, and patriotic duty. For example, as of 2017 current slogans included:

  • 'Army strong.' (US Army).
  • 'Be the Best.' (British Army).
  • 'Dare to be extraordinary.' (Canadian armed forces).
  • 'We. Serve. Germany.' ['Wir. Dienen. Deutschland.'] (German armed forces).
  • 'For me, for others.' ['Pour moi, pour les autres.'] (French Army).
  • 'Join the fight for Israel.' (Israel Defense Forces).
Further information: Slogans of the United States Army

Posters[edit]

A recruitment poster is a poster used in advertisement to recruit people into an organization, and has been a common method of military recruitment.

  • "To Arms! To Arms!" Recruitment poster for Confederate States of America. Floyd County, Virginia, 1862.

  • A World War I recruitment poster featuring Lord Kitchener (British Minister of War)

  • J. M. Flagg's Uncle Sam recruited soldiers for World War I, and was revived in later wars. Based on the Kitchener poster

  • Recruiting poster made by and for the United States Navy c.1917

  • "This Soldier Defends India" - An Indian Army recruitment poster during World War I

  • A Canadian World War I recruitment poster

  • An Australian World War I recruitment poster

  • Recruitment poster for Polish Army in France

  • "Why aren't you in the army?" Volunteer Army recruitment poster during the Russian Civil War featuring Anton Denikin.

  • British Army recruitment poster of the inter-war period

Recruitment centres[edit]

  • A British Military recruitment centre in Oxford

  • A United States Military recruiting station on Times Square, New York City

  • A New Zealand Defence Force recruiting office in Palmerston North, New Zealand

In India[edit]

The Indian Army in World War II with over 2.5 million men was the largest volunteer army in history

From the times of the British Raj, recruitment in India has been voluntary. Using Martial Race theory, the British recruited heavily from selected communities for service in the colonial army.[90] The largest of the colonial military forces the British Indian Army of the British Raj until Military of India, was a volunteer army, raised from the native population with British officers. The Indian Army served both as a security force in India itself and, particularly during the World Wars, in other theaters. About 1.3 million men served in the First World War. During World War II, the British Indian Army would become the largest volunteer army in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in August 1945.[91]

In the United Kingdom[edit]

Further information: Conscription in the United Kingdom and Recruitment in the British Army
British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914

During both world wars and a period after the second, military service was mandatory for at least some of the British population. At other times, techniques similar to those outlined above have been used. The most prominent concern over the years has been the minimum age for recruitment, which has been 16 for many years.[92] This has now been raised to 18 in relation to combat operations. In recent years, there have been various concerns over the techniques used in (especially) army recruitment in relation to the portrayal of such a career as an enjoyable adventure.[93][94]

In the United States[edit]

The American military has had recruiters since the time of the colonies in the 1700s. Today there are thousands of recruiting stations across the United States, serving the Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force. Recruiting offices normally consist of 2–8 recruiters between the ranks of E-5 and E-7. When a potential applicant walks into a recruiting station his or her height and weight are checked and their background investigated. A finger print scan is conducted and a practice ASVAB exam is given to them. Applicants can not officially swear their enlistment oath in the recruiting office. This is conducted at a Military Entrance Processing Station – MEPS.

Wartime recruitment strategies in the US[edit]

Further information: Conscription in the United States
United States Navy recruitment poster from 1918. Note the appeal to patriotism. (Digitally restored).

Prior to the outbreak of World War I, military recruitment in the US was conducted primarily by individual states.[95] Upon entering the war, however, the federal government took an increased role.

The increased emphasis on a national effort was reflected in World War I recruitment methods. Peter A. Padilla and Mary Riege Laner define six basic appeals to these recruitment campaigns: patriotism, job/career/education, adventure/challenge, social status, travel, and miscellaneous. Between 1915 and 1918, 42% of all army recruitment posters were themed primarily by patriotism.[95] And though other themes – such as adventure and greater social status – would play an increased role during World War II recruitment, appeals to serve one's country remained the dominant selling point.

Recruitment without conscription[edit]

In the aftermath of World War II military recruitment shifted significantly. With no war calling men and women to duty, the United States refocused its recruitment efforts to present the military as a career option, and as a means of achieving a higher education. A majority – 55% – of all recruitment posters would serve this end. And though peacetime would not last, factors such as the move to an all-volunteer military would ultimately keep career-oriented recruitment efforts in place.[96] The Defense Department turned to television syndication as a recruiting aid from 1957–1960 with a filmed show, Country Style, USA.

On February 20, 1970, the President's Commission on an All-Volunteer Armed Force unanimously agreed that the United States would be best served by an all-volunteer military. In supporting this recommendation, the committee noted that recruitment efforts would have to be intensified, as new enlistees would need to be convinced rather than conscripted. Much like the post-World War II era, these new campaigns put a stronger emphasis on job opportunity. As such, the committee recommended "improved basic compensation and conditions of service, proficiency pay, and accelerated promotions for the highly skilled to make military career opportunities more attractive." These new directives were to be combined with "an intensive recruiting effort."[97] Finalized in mid-1973, the recruitment of a "professional" military was met with success. In 1975 and 1976, military enlistments exceeded expectations, with over 365,000 men and women entering the military. Though this may, in part, have been the result of a lack of civilian jobs during the recession, it nevertheless stands to underline the ways in which recruiting efforts responded to the circumstances of the time.[98]

Indeed, recommendations made by the President's Commission continue to work in present-day recruitment efforts. Understanding the need for greater individual incentive, the US military has re-packaged the benefits of the GI Bill. Though originally intended as compensation for service, the bill is now seen as a recruiting tool. Today, the GI Bill is "no longer a reward for service rendered, but an inducement to serve and has become a significant part of recruiter's pitches."[99]

While uniformed military recruiters screen and process recruits into the military, advertising agencies design and implement military recruitment strategy, campaigns, and advertisements: As of fiscal year 2020, Young & Rubicam was in charge of this for the Navy,[100] Wunderman Thompson for the Marine Corps,[101] DBB Chicago for the Army,[102] and GSD&M for the Air Force.[103]

Recruiting methods[edit]

Recruitment can be conducted over the telephone with organized lists, through email campaigns and from face to face prospecting. While telephone prospecting is the most efficient, face to face prospecting is the most effective. Military recruiters often set up booths at amusement parks, sports stadiums and other attractions. In recent years social media has been more commonly used.

Controversy[edit]

Main article: Counter-recruitment § Arguments surrounding recruitment

See also[edit]

World War I recruitment posters featured as part of the decor at the Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, as part of understanding the psychological forces behind recruiting efforts

Related military articles[edit]

  • Military service
  • Women in the military
  • Children in the military
  • Transgender people and military service
  • Counter-recruitment
  • Conscription and Impressment
  • Recruit training
  • Military science

Recruitment methods and campaigns[edit]

United States[edit]

  • Conscription in the United States
  • America's Army (recruitment game)
  • Slogans of the United States Army

Other states[edit]

  • UK: Be All You Can Be
  • Canada First Defence Strategy

References[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

Manigart, Philippe. "Risks and Recruitment in Postmodern Armed Forces: The Case of Belgium."Armed Forces & Society, Jul 2005; vol. 31: pp. 559–582.

  • http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/559

Dandeker, Christopher and Alan Strachan. "Soldier Recruitment to the British Army: a Spatial and Social Methodology for Analysis and Monitoring."Armed Forces & Society, Jan 1993; vol. 19: pp. 279–290.

  • http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/279

Snyder, William P. "Officer Recruitment for the All-Volunteer Force: Trends and Prospects."Armed Forces & Society, Apr 1984; vol. 10: pp. 401–425.

  • http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/3/401

Griffith, James. "Institutional Motives for Serving in the U.S. Army National Guard: Implications for Recruitment, Retention, and Readiness."Armed Forces & Society, Jan 2008; vol. 34: pp. 230–258.

  • http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/2/230

Fitzgerald, John A. "Changing Patterns of Officer Recruitment at the U.S. Naval Academy."Armed Forces & Society, Oct 1981; vol. 8: pp. 111–128.

  • http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/8/1/111

Eighmey, John. "Why Do Youth Enlist?: Identification of Underlying Themes."Armed Forces & Society, Jan 2006; vol. 32: pp. 307–328.

  • http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/2/307