Тандер-Бей - город в округе Тандер-Бей , Онтарио , Канада. Это самый густонаселенный муниципалитет в Северо-Западном Онтарио и второй по численности населения (после Большого Садбери ) муниципалитет в Северном Онтарио ; его население составляет 107 909 человек по данным переписи населения Канады 2016 года. Расположен на озере Верхнее , столичная область Тандер-Бей с населением 121 621 человек состоит из города Тандер-Бей, муниципалитетов Оливер Пайпунж и Нибинг , поселков Шунии , Конми ,О'Коннор и Гиллис , а также коренные народы Форт-Уильяма .
Тандер-Бей | |
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Город ( одноярусный ) | |
Город Тандер-Бей | |
Логотип | |
Псевдоним (ы): «Ворота Канады на запад» , «Ти-Бэй», «Лейкхед» или «Лейкхед» [1] | |
Девиз (ы): Превосходный по своей природе / Ворота на Запад | |
Тандер-Бей Расположение Тандер-Бей | |
Координаты: 48 ° 22′56 ″ с.ш., 89 ° 14′46 ″ з.д. / 48,38222 ° с.ш.89,24611 ° з.д.Координаты : 48 ° 22′56 ″ с.ш. 89 ° 14′46 ″ з.д. / 48,38222 ° с.ш.89,24611 ° з.д. | |
Страна | Канада |
Провинция | Онтарио |
Округ | Район Тандер-Бей |
CMA | Тандер-Бей |
Поселился | 1683 г. как Форт Каминистигоян |
Слияние | 1 января 1970 г. |
Избирательные округа Федеральные | Тандер-Бей - Верхний север / Тандер-Бей - Рейни-Ривер |
Провинциальный | Тандер-Бей - Верхний север / Тандер-Бей - Атикокан |
Правительство [3] [4] | |
• Тип | Муниципальное управление |
• Мэр | Билл Мауро |
• Городской менеджер | Норм Гейл [2] |
• Правление | Городской совет Тандер-Бей |
• депутаты | Пэтти Хайду ( либерал ) Маркус Повловски ( либерал ) |
• МПП | Майкл Гравелл ( OLP ) Джудит Монтейт-Фаррелл ( ONDP ) |
Область [5] [6] [7] | |
• Город ( одноуровневый ) | 447,5 км 2 (172,8 квадратных миль) |
• Земля | 328,24 км 2 (126,73 квадратных миль) |
• Воды | 119,0 км 2 (45,9 квадратных миль) 26,6% |
• Городской | 179,38 км 2 (69,26 квадратных миль) |
• Метро | 2556,37 км 2 (987,02 квадратных миль) |
Высота [8] | 199 м (653 футов) |
Население ( 2016 ) [5] [6] [7] | |
• Город ( одноуровневый ) | 107 909 ( 50-е ) |
• Плотность | 330,1 / км 2 (855 / кв. Миль) |
• Городской | 93 952 ( 33-е ) |
• Плотность города | 569,9 / км 2 (1476 / кв. Миль) |
• Метро | 121 621 ( 33-е ) |
• Плотность метро | 47,6 / км 2 (123 / кв. Миль) |
Демоним (ы) | Гром Байер |
Часовой пояс | UTC − 5 ( EST ) |
• Лето ( DST ) | UTC-4 ( EDT ) |
Зона прямой сортировки | P7A - P7G, P7J - P7K |
Код (а) города | 807 |
Карта НТС | 052A06 |
Код GNBC | FCWFX |
ВВП (Тандер-Бей CMA ) | 6,0 млрд канадских долларов (2016 г.) [9] |
ВВП на душу населения (Thunder Bay CMA ) | 49 177 канадских долларов (2016) |
Веб-сайт | www .thunderbay .ca |
Европейское поселение в этом регионе началось в конце 17 века с французского торгового центра пушнины на берегу реки Каминистикия . [10] Он превратился в важный транспортный узел, а его порт стал важным звеном в транспортировке зерна и других продуктов из западной Канады через Великие озера и морской путь Святого Лаврентия на восточное побережье. Лесное хозяйство и производство играли важную роль в экономике города. В последние годы они сократились, но на смену им пришла « экономика знаний », основанная на медицинских исследованиях и образовании. Тандер-Бей - это место, где находится Региональный научно-исследовательский институт здравоохранения Тандер-Бей.
Город получил свое название от огромного Тандер-Бей в истоках Верхнего озера, известного на французских картах 18-го века как Бэ-дю-Тоннер ( Грозовой залив). [10] Город часто называют «Lakehead» или «Canadian Lakehead» из-за его расположения в конце навигации Великих озер на канадской стороне границы. [11]
История
До 1900 г.
Европейское поселение в Тандер-Бей началось с двух французских меховых торговых постов (в 1683 и 1717 годах), которые впоследствии были заброшены (см. Форт-Уильям, Онтарио ). В 1803 году находящаяся в Монреале компания North West Company основала Форт-Уильям в качестве перевалочного пункта в центре континента . Форт процветал до 1821 года, когда Северо-Западная компания объединилась с Компанией Гудзонова залива , и Форт-Уильям больше не был нужен. [ необходима цитата ]
К 1850-м годам провинция Канады начала проявлять интерес к своей западной оконечности. Открытие меди на полуострове Кевинау в Мичигане вызвало спрос в стране на места добычи на канадских берегах озера Верхнее. В 1849 году франкоязычные иезуиты создана Миссия де l'Иммакулэ зачатию (Миссия Непорочного Зачатия) на Kaministiquia для евангелизации в оджибве . Провинция Канады заключила договор Робинсона в 1850 году с оджибва озера Верхнее. В результате для них был отведен индийский заповедник к югу от реки Каминистикия. В 1859–1860 годах Департамент земель короны обследовал два поселка (Нибинг и Пайпунж) и городской участок Форт-Уильям на предмет европейско-канадского поселения. [ необходима цитата ]
Другое поселение появилось в нескольких милях к северу от Форт-Уильяма после строительства федеральным департаментом общественных работ дороги, соединяющей озеро Верхнее с колонией Ред-Ривер . Работой руководил Саймон Джеймс Доусон (см. Порт-Артур, Онтарио ). Это хранилище общественных работ или строительный штаб получил свое первое название в мае 1870 года, когда полковник Гарнет Уолсли назвал его « Пристанью принца Артура». Он был переименован в Порт-Артур Канадской тихоокеанской железной дорогой (CPR) в мае 1883 года. [12]
Прибытие CPR в 1875 году вызвало длительное соперничество между городами, которое не прекратилось до их объединения в 1970 году. До 1880-х годов Порт-Артур был гораздо более многочисленным сообществом. CPR в сотрудничестве с компанией Гудзонова залива предпочел восточный Форт-Уильям, расположенный в нижнем течении реки Каминистикия, где находились посты торговли мехом. Спровоцированный длительным налоговым спором с Порт-Артуром и захватом локомотива в 1889 году, CPR переместил всех своих сотрудников и помещения в Форт-Уильям. Крах добычи серебра после 1890 года подорвал экономику Порт-Артура. Там была экономическая депрессия, а Форт-Уильям процветал.
20 век
В эпоху сэра Уилфрида Лорье Тандер-Бей начал период необычайного роста, основанного на улучшении доступа к рынкам через трансконтинентальную железную дорогу и развитии западного бума пшеницы . CPR дважды пересекла линию Виннипег – Тандер-Бей. Канадская Северная железная дорога установлены объекты в Порте - Артуре. Гранд Транк Тихоокеанская железная дорога началась строительством своих объектов на Вильяме миссии Форта в 1905 году, и федеральное правительство начало строительство Национальной трансконтинентальной железной дороги . Строительство зерновых элеваторов резко возросло по мере увеличения объемов отгрузки зерна в Европу. Оба города влезли в долги по выплате премий обрабатывающим предприятиям.
Тандер-Бей был первым городом в мире, который 1 июля 1908 года ввел летнее время. [13] [14]
К 1914 году в городах-побратимах была современная инфраструктура (канализация, питьевое водоснабжение, уличное освещение, электрическое освещение и т. Д.). И Форт-Уильям, и Порт-Артур были сторонниками муниципальной собственности. Еще в 1892 году Порт-Артур построил первую в Канаде муниципальную электрическую железную дорогу. Оба города отвергли канадскую канадскую канадскую канадскую канадскую канадскую компанию Bell в 1902 году, чтобы создать свои собственные муниципальные телефонные системы.
Бум закончился в 1913–1914 годах, усугубившись началом Первой мировой войны . Экономика военного времени возникла с производством боеприпасов и кораблестроением. Мужчины из городов присоединились к 52, 94 и 141 батальонам Канадского экспедиционного корпуса .
Занятость на железных дорогах пострадала, когда федеральное правительство взяло на себя управление Национальной трансконтинентальной железной дорогой и Подразделением озера Верхнее из Большого Магистрального Магистра в 1915 году и Канадской Северной железной дорогой в 1918 году. В 1923 году они были объединены с другими государственными железными дорогами и сформировали Канадские национальные железные дороги . CNR закрыл многие объекты Северной железной дороги Канады в Порт-Артуре. Он открыл верфи Neebing в городке Neebing в 1922 году. К 1929 году население двух городов восстановилось до довоенного уровня.
Лесная промышленность играет важную роль в экономике Thunder Bay с 1870 - х годов. В 1880-х годах Герман Фингер основал в этом районе компанию Pigeon River Lumber , а также построил железную дорогу Ганфлинт и озеро Верхнее , но к 1919 году он распустил лесозаготовительную компанию и переместил свои операции в Пас. [15] Бревна и пиломатериалы были отправлены. в первую очередь в США. В 1917 году в Порт-Артуре была основана первая целлюлозно-бумажная фабрика. За ним последовала мельница в Форт-Уильяме в 1920 году. В итоге работало четыре мельницы.
Производство возобновилось в 1937 году, когда завод Canada Car and Foundry Company (открытый для производства военно-морских кораблей и железнодорожных вагонов в конце Первой мировой войны) вновь открылся для производства британских самолетов. Завод, который в настоящее время находится в ведении Bombardier Transportation , оставался опорой послевоенной экономики. Она производит лесозаготовительное оборудование и транспортное оборудование для городских транспортных систем, таких как Transit Commission Торонто и GO Transit .
Слияние
1 января 1970 года город Тандер-Бей был образован в результате слияния городов Форт-Уильям , Порт-Артур и географических поселков Нибинг и Макинтайр. [10] Его название было результатом референдума, проведенного ранее 23 июня 1969 года, чтобы определить новое название объединившихся Форт-Уильям и Порт-Артур. Должностные лица обсуждали имена, которые должны быть внесены в бюллетень, принимая предложения от жителей, включая «Лейкхед» и «Лейкхед». Поскольку голоса разделились между двумя похожими именами , «Тандер-Бей» преобладала с узким множеством . Итоговым результатом стал «Тандер-Бей» с 15 870, «Лейкхед» с 15 302 и «Лейкхед» с 8 377. [16]
Было больше разногласий по поводу выбора названия для объединенного города, чем по поводу того, следует ли объединяться. Голосовое меньшинство населения отдало предпочтение "Озеру". [17] Было много дискуссий о других городах мира, в названиях которых используется определенный артикль . Этот район до и после объединения часто назывался «Озером» из-за его географического положения. Его считали «головной частью» судоходства на Великих озерах и «железнодорожной головкой».
Расширение автомагистралей, начавшееся с Трансканадского шоссе и завершившееся открытием автомагистрали 17 (соединяющей Солт-Сент-Мари с Тандер-Бей в 1960 году), значительно снизило железнодорожную и судоходную деятельность с 1970-х и 80-х годов. Судоходство по морскому пути Святого Лаврентия было заменено грузовым автотранспортом по автомагистралям. Перевозки зерна по Великим озерам на восток существенно сократились в пользу транспортировки в порты Тихоокеанского побережья. В результате были закрыты и снесены многие элеваторы. Река Каминистикия была заброшена промышленностью и судоходством. [ необходима цитата ]
Сегодня
Тандер-Бей стал региональным центром обслуживания Северо-Западного Онтарио, где представлено большинство провинциальных департаментов. Лейкхедский университет , созданный благодаря лоббированию местных бизнесменов и профессионалов, оказался важным активом. Еще одно учреждение высшего уровня - Колледж Конфедерации . Те же предприниматели и специалисты , которые помогли привлечь в университет и колледж были движущей силой (ы) за политическое объединение Форт - Уильям и Порт - Артура в 1970 году [ править ]
География
Город имеет площадь 328,48 квадратных километров (126,83 квадратных миль), которая включает в себя бывшие города Форт-Уильям и Порт-Артур, а также бывшие поселки Нибинг и Макинтайр. Город отражает образцы поселений 19 века и разрастается. Закрепивший западную часть города участок Форт-Уильям-Таун, обследованный в 1859–1860 гг., В 1888 г. был назван КПР Западным Форт-Уильямом (или Вестфортом). Земля, прилегающая к низовьям реки Каминистикия, стала жилым и центральным деловым районом города Форт-Уильям. Большой необитаемый район, примыкающий к рекам Нибинг и Макинтайр, который стал известен как Интерсити, отделял Форт Уильям от жилого и центрального делового района Порт-Артура. На крайнем востоке города часть городка Макинтайр была присоединена к городу Порт-Артур в 1892 году, образуя то, что позже стало известно как район реки Карент. [ необходима цитата ]
Бывшая секция Порт-Артура более типична для Канадского щита , с пологими холмами и очень тонкой почвой, лежащей на коренной породе с множеством обнаженных обнажений. Тандер-Бей , давший название городу, находится примерно в 22,5 км от центра Порт-Артура до мыса Громовой на вершине Спящего гиганта . Бывшая секция Форт-Уильям занимает плоские аллювиальные земли вдоль реки Каминистикия. В дельте реки находятся два крупных острова: остров Миссии и остров Маккеллар. С 1970 года в центральных деловых районах Форт-Уильям и Порт-Артур произошел серьезный упадок. Бизнес и правительство переехали в новые застройки в районе Интерсити. Также наблюдается значительный рост жилого фонда в прилегающих районах бывших поселков Нибинг и Макинтайр. [ необходима цитата ]
Климат
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The Thunder Bay area experiences a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) and a continental subarctic (Dfc) influence in northeastern areas of the city (including that affected by Lake Superior), but not necessarily falling in this zone.[18][19] This results in warmer summer (or cooler) temperatures and warmer winter temperatures for an area extending inland as far as 16 km. The average daily temperatures range from 17.7 °C (63.9 °F) in July to −14.3 °C (6.3 °F) in January. The average daily high in July is 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) and the average daily high in January is −8.0 °C (17.6 °F).[20] On 10 January 1982, the local temperature in Thunder Bay dropped to −36.3 °C (−33.3 °F), with a wind speed of 54 km (34 mi) per hour for a wind chill temperature that dipped to −58 °C (−72.4 °F).[21][22] As a result, it holds Ontario's record for coldest day with wind chill.[22] The highest temperature ever recorded in Thunder Bay was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) on 7 August 1983.[23] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) on 31 January 1996.[24]
The city is quite sunny, with an average of 2,121 hours of bright sunshine each year, ranging from 268.1 hours in July to 86.2 hours in November.[20] Winters are comparatively dry with the snowfall being very limited and temperatures much colder than in Houghton, Michigan, on the U.S. side of the lake, where the climate is marked by heavy lake-effect snow. Thunder Bay has more of a continental climate in comparison.
Climate data for Thunder Bay Airport, 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1877−present[a] | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high humidex | 9.2 | 15.4 | 22.9 | 29.7 | 38.7 | 43.1 | 46.2 | 45.4 | 41.2 | 32.3 | 21.7 | 11.8 | 46.2 |
Record high °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) | 15.5 (59.9) | 23.8 (74.8) | 28.3 (82.9) | 35.2 (95.4) | 39.0 (102.2) | 40.0 (104.0) | 40.3 (104.5) | 34.1 (93.4) | 28.3 (82.9) | 21.7 (71.1) | 12.2 (54.0) | 40.3 (104.5) |
Average high °C (°F) | −8 (18) | −5 (23) | 0.6 (33.1) | 9.2 (48.6) | 16.2 (61.2) | 20.6 (69.1) | 24.3 (75.7) | 23.3 (73.9) | 17.7 (63.9) | 9.9 (49.8) | 1.4 (34.5) | −5.5 (22.1) | 8.7 (47.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −14.3 (6.3) | −11.3 (11.7) | −5.1 (22.8) | 3.0 (37.4) | 9.2 (48.6) | 13.9 (57.0) | 17.7 (63.9) | 16.9 (62.4) | 11.7 (53.1) | 4.5 (40.1) | −3.2 (26.2) | −10.8 (12.6) | 2.7 (36.9) |
Average low °C (°F) | −20.6 (−5.1) | −17.7 (0.1) | −10.7 (12.7) | −3.2 (26.2) | 2.2 (36.0) | 7.1 (44.8) | 11.1 (52.0) | 10.4 (50.7) | 5.5 (41.9) | −0.9 (30.4) | −7.7 (18.1) | −16 (3) | −3.4 (25.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −43.2 (−45.8) | −40.6 (−41.1) | −36.7 (−34.1) | −23.3 (−9.9) | −8.9 (16.0) | −3.9 (25.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | −1.1 (30.0) | −8.3 (17.1) | −15.6 (3.9) | −30.6 (−23.1) | −39.6 (−39.3) | −43.2 (−45.8) |
Record low wind chill | −58.2 | −54.0 | −42.7 | −32.0 | −16.2 | −5.8 | 0.0 | −4.0 | −10.8 | −20.6 | −40.0 | −51.0 | −58.2 |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 26.3 (1.04) | 20.5 (0.81) | 31.3 (1.23) | 52.9 (2.08) | 67.0 (2.64) | 83.5 (3.29) | 87.0 (3.43) | 89.5 (3.52) | 73.1 (2.88) | 64.3 (2.53) | 53.1 (2.09) | 35.2 (1.39) | 683.7 (26.92) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.39 (0.02) | 2.9 (0.11) | 16.1 (0.63) | 36.6 (1.44) | 66.3 (2.61) | 83.5 (3.29) | 87.0 (3.43) | 89.5 (3.52) | 72.0 (2.83) | 55.3 (2.18) | 30.7 (1.21) | 6.2 (0.24) | 546.5 (21.52) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 36.5 (14.4) | 21.2 (8.3) | 18.2 (7.2) | 10.3 (4.1) | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.1 (0.4) | 9.4 (3.7) | 26.5 (10.4) | 38.9 (15.3) | 162.9 (64.1) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 12.0 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 11.5 | 13.8 | 12.9 | 12.3 | 13.7 | 12.9 | 12.1 | 12.4 | 142.9 |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.57 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 7.1 | 11.0 | 13.8 | 12.9 | 12.3 | 13.5 | 11.0 | 4.7 | 1.2 | 90.7 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 12.9 | 9.6 | 8.4 | 4.0 | 0.50 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.27 | 3.4 | 9.7 | 13.9 | 62.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 109.6 | 126.7 | 159.8 | 213.0 | 259.0 | 262.0 | 268.1 | 255.9 | 163.8 | 125.4 | 86.2 | 91.2 | 2,120.5 |
Percent possible sunshine | 40.1 | 44.2 | 43.4 | 52.0 | 55.0 | 54.5 | 55.2 | 57.6 | 43.2 | 37.2 | 31.0 | 35.0 | 45.7 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Source: Environment Canada[20][25][26][27][28][29][30] Extremes 1877–1941,[31] CBC [32] and Weather Atlas[33] |
Преступление
From 2012 to 2014, and again from 2016 to 2019, Thunder Bay had the highest per-capita rate of homicide among Canadian cities.[34] Winnipeg had previously held this distinction between 2007 and 2011.[35][36] In 2014, the per-capita rate of homicides in Thunder Bay was more than double the 2012 rate, and was over 2.5 times higher than the city with the next highest rate.[37] However, between 2014 and 2015, the crime rate decreased by 6%. This was the second highest decrease in any major Canadian city, behind only Moncton, New Brunswick.[38]
Окрестности
Thunder Bay is composed of two formerly separate cities: Port Arthur and Fort William. Both still retain much of their distinct civic identities, reinforced by the buffering effect of the Intercity area between them. Port Arthur and Fort William each have their own central business districts and suburban areas. Some of the more well-known neighbourhoods include the Bay and Algoma area, which has a large northern European population centred around the Finnish Labour Temple and the Italian Cultural Centre; Simpson-Ogden and the East End, two of the oldest neighbourhoods in Fort William located north of Downtown Fort William; Intercity, a large business district located between Fort William and Port Arthur; Current River, the northernmost neighbourhood of Port Arthur; and Westfort, the oldest settlement in Thunder Bay. Within city limits are some small rural communities, such as Vickers Heights and North McIntyre, which were located in the former townships of Neebing and McIntyre, respectively.
Правительство и политика
The city is governed by a mayor and twelve councillors. The mayor and five of the councillors are elected at large by the whole city. Seven councillors are elected for the seven wards: Current River Ward, McIntyre Ward, McKellar Ward, Neebing Ward, Northwood Ward, Red River Ward, and Westfort Ward.[39]
Thunder Bay is represented in the Canadian Parliament by Marcus Powlowski, and Patty Hajdu, both members of the Liberal Party of Canada, and in the Ontario Legislature by Michael Gravelle of the Ontario Liberal Party and Judith Monteith-Farrell on the Ontario New Democratic Party.
City symbols
- Sleeping Giant
A large formation of mesas on the Sibley Peninsula in Lake Superior which resembles a reclining giant has become a symbol of the city. Sibley peninsula partially encloses the waters of Thunder Bay, and dominates the view of the lake from the northern section of the city (formerly Port Arthur). The Sleeping Giant also figures on the city's coat of arms and the city flag.
- Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Thunder Bay, Ontario, is a combination of the coats of arms of both Port Arthur and Fort William, with a unifying symbol—the Sleeping Giant—at the base of the arms.[40]
- Corporate logo
The city logo depicts a stylized thunderbird, called Animikii, a statue of which is located at the city's Kaministiquia River Heritage Park.[41] The slogan, Superior by Nature, is a double play on words reflecting the city's natural setting on Lake Superior.[40]
- City flag
Thunder Bay's flag was created in 1972, when mayor Saul Laskin wanted to promote the city by having a distinctive flag. The city held a contest, which Cliff Redden won. The flag has a 1:2 ratio and depicts a golden sky from the rising sun behind the Sleeping Giant, which sits in the blue waters of Lake Superior. The sun is represented by a red maple leaf, a symbol of Canada. Green and gold are Thunder Bay's city colours.[40]
Sister cities
Thunder Bay has five sister cities on three continents,[42] which are selected based on economic, cultural and political criteria.
- Seinäjoki, Finland, since 1974
- Little Canada, Minnesota, United States, since 1977
- Duluth, Minnesota, United States, since 1980
- Gifu, Japan, since 2007
- Jiaozuo, China, since 2017[43]
Экономика
Labour force[44] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Rate | Thunder Bay | Ontario | Canada |
Employment | 56.0% | 59.9% | 60.2% |
Unemployment | 7.7% | 7.4% | 7.7% |
Participation | 60.7% | 64.7% | 65.2% |
As of: Census 2016 |
As the largest city in Northwestern Ontario, Thunder Bay is the region's commercial, administrative and medical centre. Many of the city's largest single employers are in the public sector. The City of Thunder Bay, the Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, the Lakehead District School Board and the Government of Ontario each employ over 1,500 people.[45] Resolute Forest Products is the largest private employer, employing over 1,500 people.[46]
Bombardier Transportation operates a 553,000 square feet (51,400 m2) plant in Thunder Bay which manufactures mass transit vehicles and equipment, employing approximately 800 people.[46] The plant was built by Canadian Car and Foundry to build railway box cars in 1912, began building passenger railcar and transit cars from 1963 onwards[47][48] Bombardier acquired the facility from UTDC in 1992, which had acquired it from Cancar in 1984.
Employment by Occupation, 2016[44] | ||
---|---|---|
Occupation | Thunder Bay | Ontario |
Management | 8.1% | 11.3% |
Business, Finance and Administration | 14.4% | 16.1% |
Natural and Applied Sciences | 6.2% | 7.4% |
Health | 10.0% | 6.4% |
Education, Law, and Government | 14.5% | 11.9% |
Art, Culture, Recreation, and Sport | 2.3% | 3.2% |
Sales and Services | 30.7% | 23.4% |
Trades, Transport and Equipment Operators | 15.0% | 13.3% |
Natural Resources and Agriculture | 1.9% | 1.6% |
Manufacturing and Utilities | 2.5% | 5.2% |
Lack of innovation by traditional industries, such as forest products, combined with high labour costs have reduced the industrial base of Thunder Bay by close to 60%. The grain trade has declined because of the loss of grain transportation subsidies and the loss of European markets. The gradual transition from shipping by train and boat to shipping by truck, and the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement have ended Thunder Bay's privileged position as a linchpin in Canadian east–west freight-handling trade. As a result, the city has lost its traditional raison d'être as a break-bulk point. However, in recent years shipments through the port of Thunder Bay have stabilized, and it remains an important part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway.[49]
In an effort to rejuvenate its economy, the city has been actively working to attract quaternary or "knowledge-based" industries, primarily in the fields of molecular medicine and genomics.[50][51] The city is home to the western campus of the Northern Ontario School of Medicine, the first medical school to open in Canada in a generation.[52] The city also has a law school.[53]
Инфраструктура
Transportation
Thunder Bay receives air, rail and shipping traffic due to its prime location along major continental transportation routes. The municipally owned Thunder Bay Transit operates 17 routes across the city's urban area. The city is served by the Thunder Bay International Airport, the fourth busiest airport in Ontario by aircraft movements.[54] The main highway through the city is Highway 11/17, a four-lane highway designated as the Thunder Bay Expressway.
The city is an important railway hub, served by both the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railway. Passenger rail service to Thunder Bay ended on 15 January 1990, with the cancellation of Via Rail's southern transcontinental service.[55]
Harbour
Thunder Bay has been a port since the days of the North West Company, which maintained a schooner on Lake Superior. The Port of Thunder Bay is the largest outbound port on the St. Lawrence Seaway System,[56] and the sixth-largest port in Canada.[52] The Thunder Bay Port Authority manages Keefer Terminal, built on a 320,000 square metre site on Lake Superior.
Medical centres and hospitals
Thunder Bay has one major hospital, the Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre. Other health care services include the St. Joseph's Care Group, which operates long-term care centres such as the Lakehead Psychiatric Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Hogarth Riverview Manor. The Northern Ontario School of Medicine has a campus at Lakehead University. The city is also home to a variety of smaller medical and dental clinics.
Демография
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1881 | 1,965 | — |
1891 | 4,874 | +148.0% |
1901 | 7,211 | +47.9% |
1911 | 27,719 | +284.4% |
1921 | 35,427 | +27.8% |
1931 | 46,095 | +30.1% |
1941 | 55,011 | +19.3% |
1951 | 66,108 | +20.2% |
1956 | 77,600 | +17.4% |
1961 | 92,490 | +19.2% |
1966 | 104,539 | +13.0% |
1971 | 108,411 | +3.7% |
1976 | 111,476 | +2.8% |
1981 | 112,486 | +0.9% |
1986 | 112,272 | −0.2% |
1991 | 113,946 | +1.5% |
1996 | 113,662 | −0.2% |
2001 | 109,016 | −4.1% |
2006 | 109,140 | +0.1% |
2011 | 108,359 | −0.7% |
2016 | 107,909 | −0.4% |
Sources:[57][58][59][5] |
According to the 2016 Census, there were 107,909 people residing in Thunder Bay on 10 May 2016, of whom 48.8% were male and 51.2% were female. Residents 19 years of age or younger accounted for approximately 19.9% of the population. People aged by 20 and 39 years accounted for 25.0%, while those between 40 and 64 made up 35.1% of the population. The average age of a Thunder Bayer in May 2016 was 43.3, compared to the average of 41.0 for Canada as a whole.[60]
Between the censuses of 2011 and 2016, Thunder Bay's population decreased by 0.1%, compared to an increase of 4.6% for Ontario and 5.0% for Canada. The population density of the city of Thunder Bay averaged 328.6 people per square kilometre. The total population has been stagnant or declining since amalgamation in 1970.
A further 13,712 people lived in Thunder Bay's Census Metropolitan Area, which apart from Thunder Bay includes the municipalities of Neebing and Oliver Paipoonge, the townships of Conmee, Gillies, O'Connor and Shuniah, and the aboriginal community of Fort William First Nation.[61]
- Ethnicity
Selected ethnic origins, 2016[62] | |
---|---|
Ethnic origin | Population |
English | 32,825 |
Canadian | 27,850 |
Scottish | 25,425 |
Irish | 22,115 |
French | 19,405 |
Italian | 16,610 |
Ukrainian | 16,085 |
Indigenous | 15,670 |
Finnish | 13,565 |
German | 13,015 |
Polish | 8,395 |
Swedish | 5,360 |
Visible minorities | 4,790 |
multiple responses included |
According to the census, Thunder Bay was home to 13,565 people of Finnish descent,[62] the highest concentration of people of Finnish origin in Canada. Thunder Bay has a large Indigenous population representing 13.2% of the population, while visible minorities represent 4% of the population.[62]
- Mother-tongue language (2016)[63]
Language | Population | Pct (%) |
---|---|---|
English | 90,135 | 86.1% |
Italian | 2,815 | 2.7% |
French | 2,405 | 2.3% |
Finnish | 1,635 | 1.6% |
Ojibwe | 920 | 0.9% |
Polish | 830 | 0.8% |
Oji-Cree | 660 | 0.7% |
- Religion
The 2001 census states that 82% of Thunder Bay residents belonged to a Christian denomination: 39.8% of the total population affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, 39.5% were Protestant, and 2.6% followed other Christian denominations, mostly Eastern Orthodox. Those who followed other religions made up less than 1% of the population, while the remaining 17% were non-religious or did not respond.
Достопримечательности для посетителей
Thunder Bay's main tourist attraction is Fort William Historical Park, a reconstruction of the North West Company's Fort William fur trade post as it was in 1815, which attracts 100,000 visitors annually.[64] The marina in downtown Port Arthur, an area known as The Waterfront District, draws visitors for its panoramic view of the Sleeping Giant and the presence of various water craft. The marina, known as Prince Arthur's landing also includes recreational trails along the lake, playground, harbour cruises, helicopter tours, the Alexander Henry (a retired Canadian Coast Guard icebreake), splash pad (summer), skating rink (winter), and art gallery, gift shop, numerous restaurants, and a newly opened Delta Hotel and conference centre. There are several small surface amethyst mines in the area, some of which allow visitors to search for their own crystals.[65] A 2.74 m (9 ft) statue of Terry Fox is situated at the Terry Fox Memorial and Lookout on the outskirts of the city near the place where he was forced to abandon his run. Other tourists attractions are listed below:
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Образование
Thunder Bay has 38 elementary schools, three middle schools, eight secondary schools, two private schools, and an adult education facility. The city also has several other private for-profit colleges and tutoring programmes. Post-secondary institutions in Thunder Bay include Confederation College and Lakehead University.
The Lakehead District School Board is the largest school board in the city, with 22 elementary schools, 3 high schools and a centre for adult studies. The Thunder Bay Catholic District School Board is the second largest, with 16 elementary schools, three middle schools and two high schools. Conseil scolaire de district catholique des Aurores boréales operates one elementary and one high school in Thunder Bay, and an additional six schools throughout the Thunder Bay District.
Культура
The city of Thunder Bay was declared a "Cultural Capital of Canada" in 2003.[66] Throughout the city are cultural centres representing the diverse population, such as the Finnish Labour Temple, Scandinavia House, the Italian Cultural Centre, the Polish Legion, and a wide variety of others.
The shag, a combination shower and stag held to celebrate the engagement of a couple,[67] and the Persian, a cinnamon bun pastry with pink icing, both originated in the city.[68][69]
Thunder Bay is served by the Thunder Bay Public Library, which has four branches.
Events in the city include Thunder Pride, an LGBTQ pride parade held since 2010, and the annual Canadian Lakehead Exhibition.
The arts
Thunder Bay is home to a variety of music and performance arts venues. The Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1960, is the only professional orchestra between Winnipeg and Toronto, and has 31 full-time and up to 30 extra musicians presenting a full range of classical music.[70] New Music North is vital to the contemporary classical music scene in the city by offering intriguing and novel contemporary chamber music concerts.[71] The largest professional theatre is Magnus Theatre. Founded in 1971, it offers six stage plays each season and is located in the renovated Port Arthur Public School on Red River Road. The Thunder Bay Community Auditorium, which seats 1500, is the primary venue for various types of entertainment.
The Vox Popular Media Arts Festival, established in 2005, is an independent film festival that features local, national, and international films with the theme of "Films for the People." The festival is held in early October at 314 Bay Street in the historic Finnish Labour Temple.[72] Thunder Bay is also home to the North of Superior Film Association (NOSFA). Established in 1992, the NOSFA features monthly screenings of international and Canadian films at the Cumberland Cinema Centre, and organized the annual Northwest Film Fest film festival that attracts several thousand patrons.[73] Two of Thunder Bay's festivals were included in the 2018 list of the 100 best festival compiled by Festivals and Events Ontario: Teddy Bears Picnic and Live on the Waterfront, the former also being recognized as best promotional campaign and sponsor of the year.[74]
The Northwestern Ontario Writers Workshop (NOWW), founded in 1997, is the largest of several writing groups based in Thunder Bay. Its mission is "to encourage and promote the development of the writers and literature of Northwestern Ontario".[75] NOWW does this through a number of activities including regular workshops, monthly readings (summer excepted), an eWriter in Residence program, and other events designed to help and inspire writers in the region. NOWW also hosts an annual LitFest in May which includes an awards presentation to the winners of its international annual writing contest.[76] Past contest judges include a Who's Who of Canadian writers such as Heather O'Neill, Michael Christie, Jane Urquhart, and Liz Howard.
Museums and galleries
The Thunder Bay Art Gallery, which was founded in 1976, specializes in the works of First Nations artists, having a collection of national significance. The Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, founded in 1908, presents local and travelling exhibitions and houses an impressive collection of artifacts, photographs, paintings, documents and maps in its archives. The City of Thunder bay also houses the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame, and the Thunder Bay Military Museum (housed within the O'Kelley Armoury on Park Street).
Thunder Bay has two recognized Federal Heritage buildings on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings:
- Ordnance Store (recognized 1997)[77]
- Park Street Armoury (recognized 1994)[78]
Both are part of HMCS Griffin.
Places of worship
Thunder Bay has many places of worship supported by people of a variety of faiths, reflecting the cultural diversity of the population.[79] A sample:
- Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church – Ukrainian Orthodox. The original wooden church, built by Ukrainian Orthodox families in 1911/1912, was almost destroyed by fire in 1936. The current church was built on the same site and opened in 1937. It has decorative gold domes that are characteristic of Ukrainian churches of the Bukovina area, with Orthodox crosses atop the domes.[80]
- Calvary Lutheran Church was established in 1958 as a mission congregation of the Minnesota North District (USA).
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The church has a family history library open to anyone to research their genealogy.
- Elim Community Christian Centre. Pentecostal Church located in Current River area of the city which is now named Refreshing Waters Community Church.
- Evangel Church. Contemporary Pentecostal church with a strong emphasis on children, youth and (with their convenient location next to Lakehead University) young adults.
- First-Wesley United Church. The current Wesley United Church was preceded by a much smaller structure, Grace Methodist Church, which was built in 1891 and had a capacity of 100 people. The current Gothic 1,025 seat sanctuary was constructed in 1910.
- Hilldale Lutheran Church. Offers services in both English and Finnish. The church has an intimate atmosphere and wonderful acoustics, and is frequently used for musical performances.[81]
- Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church. Founded in 1918, the church moved to its present building in 1991. The church is active in providing non-profit housing for needy families.
- Hope Christian Reformed Church. Services are recorded so that anyone with an internet connection may listen.
- Kitchitwa Kateri Anamewgamik. Roman Catholic communal church geared to Native culture and teachings. A drop-in centre provides coffee and serves soup & bannock.
- Lakehead Unitarian Fellowship. This Unitarian Universalist community includes Christians, Buddhists, Pagans, Theists, Non-theists, Humanist-agnostics, and Atheists. They welcome and celebrate the presence and participation of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons.
- Redwood Park Church Contemporary member of the Christian Missionary Alliance. Runs an outreach at the old building on Edward street with a food bank and a clothing store.
- Saalem Church. Pentecostal church with services in both English and Finnish.
- Shaarey Shomayim Congregation – Jewish Synagogue. This egalitarian community has the only mikvah between Winnipeg and Toronto.
- Shepherd of Israel Congregation – Messianic Jewish. Affiliated with Evangelical movement.
- St. Agnes Church. Roman Catholic Church. Founded in 1885, the new St. Agnes Church and Hall was dedicated on 6 June 1982. St. Vincent de Paul Society operates a food bank out of this church.
- St Stephen the Martyr Anglican Church. Provides a food cupboard for the Current River area.
- St. John the Evangelist Anglican Church. Founded in 1872, the current building was erected in 1884.
- St. Patrick's Cathedral – Roman Catholic. The old St. Patrick's Church was built in 1893. In 1963 it was replaced by the current cathedral on the same site.
- St Paul's Anglican Church. Historic, stately parish built in the English Gothic style.
- St. Anthony's Parish - Roman Catholic. Located in The John-Jumbo area of Port Arthur.
- Thunder Bay Masjid - Muslim Mosque
Спорт и отдых
Thunder Bay's proximity to the wilderness of the Boreal Forest and the rolling hills and mountains of the Canadian Shield allow its residents to enjoy very active lifestyles. The city has hosted several large sporting events including the Summer Canada Games in 1981, the Nordic World Ski Championships in 1995, the Continental Cup of Curling in 2003, and the World Junior Baseball Championship in 2010 & 2017.[citation needed]
Recreational facilities
Thunder Bay enjoys many recreational facilities. The city operates fifteen neighbourhood community centres, which offer various sporting and fitness facilities as well as seasonal activities such as dances. The city also operates six indoor ice rinks and 84 seasonal outdoor rinks,[82] two indoor community pools and three seasonal outdoor pools as well as a portable pool and two maintained public beaches, several curling sheets, and three golf courses, among others.[83] Listed below are some of the city's major facilities.
Multi-use facilities
Municipal ice rinks and indoor pools
| Golf courses[84]
Ski hills
Cross-country skiing facilities
|
Sports teams
Club | Sport | League | Venue |
---|---|---|---|
Thunder Bay North Stars | Ice hockey | Superior International Junior Hockey League | Fort William Gardens |
Lakehead Thunderwolves | Basketball | Ontario University Athletics | C.J. Sanders Fieldhouse |
Lakehead Thunderwolves | Baseball | National Club Baseball Association Div 2 (USA) | Baseball Central |
Lakehead Thunderwolves | Ice Hockey | Ontario University Athletics | Fort William Gardens |
Lakehead Thunderwolves | Volleyball | Ontario University Athletics | C.J. Sanders Fieldhouse |
Thunder Bay Border Cats | Baseball | Northwoods League | Port Arthur Stadium |
Thunder Bay Chill | Soccer | USL League Two | Fort William Stadium |
Thunder Bay is also home to the National Development Centre – Thunder Bay, an elite cross-country ski team that attracts many of Canada's best Junior and U-23 skiers.
Sport events
- Thunder Bay 10 mile road race
- 2010 World Junior Baseball Championship
- 2017 18U Baseball World Cup
СМИ
Thunder Bay has one daily newspaper, The Chronicle-Journal, which has a circulation of approximately 28,000 and has coverage of all of Northwestern Ontario.[85] The Chronicle Journal publishes a free weekly called Spot every Thursday, focusing on entertainment. There are two weekly newspapers: Thunder Bay's Source, a weekly newspaper operated by Dougall Media, and Canadan Sanomat, a Finnish-language weekly newspaper. Lakehead University has a student newspaper called The Argus, which is published weekly during the school year.[86] The city publishes a bi-monthly newsletter to citizens titled yourCity, which is also available online in a PDF format, by electronic subscription and RSS feed.[87]
Television
Three English-language stations supply Thunder Bay with free digital over-the-air television. Programming from the Global and CTV networks is provided by a locally owned twinstick operation branded as Thunder Bay Television, and the city receives TVOntario on channel 9. CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé are available only on cable and satellite in the area.
The cable provider in Thunder Bay is Shaw; although locally owned TBayTel has been granted a licence by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to compete in the cable TV market.[88] The community channel on Shaw Cable is branded as Shaw TV, and airs on cable channel 10.
WBKP TV channel 5, the CW affiliate in Calumet, Michigan, can be received in Thunder Bay with an outdoor roof antenna and a digital-capable television or receiver.
Radio
Thunder Bay is home to 12 radio stations, all of which broadcast on the FM band.
There are four commercial radio stations based in the city — Rock 94 and 91.5 CKPR, owned by Dougall Media, the parent company of Thunder Bay Television and Thunder Bay's Source, and 99.9 The Bay and Country 105, owned by Acadia Broadcasting. One additional station, Energy 103/104, targets the Thunder Bay market from transmitters in Kaministiquia and Shuniah. The city receives CBC Radio One as CBQT-FM and CBC Radio 2 as CBQ-FM, at 88.3 FM and 101.7 FM respectively. The French Première Chaîne is available as a repeater of Sudbury-based CBON-FM on 89.3 FM. Lakehead University operates a campus radio station, CILU-FM, at 102.7 FM, and CJOA-FM 95.1 broadcasts Christian-oriented programming and is run by a local non-profit group. Thunder Bay Information Radio CKSI-FM is broadcast 24/7 on 90.5 and is also the city's emergency radio station.
Известные люди
Смотрите также
- Synergy North
Примечания и ссылки
- Thorold J. Tronrud and A. Ernest Epp (1995) Thunder Bay: From Rivalry to Unity, Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, ISBN 0-920119-20-4
- ^ "Canada's Gateway to the West". Port of Thunder Bay. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ Smith, Jamie. "Norm Gale appointed city manager at city council meeting Monday," TB News Watch (11 January 2016). Retrieved 10 January 2016.
- ^ City Hall, Thunder Bay City Council. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
- ^ Municipal Code, by-law 218-2003. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
- ^ a b c "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Thunder Bay, City". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Thunder Bay [Census metropolitan area]". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Thunder Bay [Population centre]". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
- ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000". Thunder Bay A, Ontario: Environment Canada. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
- ^ a b c Brief History of Thunder Bay, City of Thunder Bay. Retrieved 5 June 2007.
- ^ Tronrud, Thorold J; Epp, Ernest A.; and others. (1995). "Introduction" Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Thunder Bay: From Rivalry to Unity, p. vii, Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society ISBN 0-920119-22-0
- ^ F.B. Scollie, "Falling into Line : How Prince Arthur's Landing Became Port Arthur," Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society Papers and Records, XIII (1985) 8–19.
- ^ "Time to change your clocks – but why?". Northern Ontario Travel. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ Daylight Saving Time, retrieved 8 October 2018
- ^ Nicholson, Karen (February 2000). "The Lumber Industry in Manitoba" (PDF). Manitoba Culture, Heritage, Tourism and Sport - Historic Resources Branch. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- ^ About Thunder Bay, pp. 2. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
- ^ "The City of Thunder Bay" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- ^ Peel, Murray C. "World Map of Koppen-Geiger climate classification". The University of Melbourne. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "Interactive Canada Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map". plantmaps.com. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- ^ a b c "Thunder Bay A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
- ^ "Thunder Bay Airport Hourly Data Report for January 10, 1982". Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
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Notes
- ^ Climate data was recorded at Port Arthur from July 1877 to July 1941, and at Thunder Bay Airport from August 1941 to present.
Внешние ссылки
- City of Thunder Bay