Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina (Russian: Ната́лья Кири́лловна Нары́шкина; 1 September 1651 – 4 February 1694) was the Tsaritsa of Russia from 1671–1676 as the second spouse of Tsar Alexis I of Russia, and regent of Russia as the mother of Tsar Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) in 1682.
Coming from a Russian noble family of Tatar descent,[1][2][3] daughter of Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin (1623–1691),[4][5] and wife Anna Leontyevna Leontyeva (d. 1706, daughter of Leonty Dimitriyevich Leontyev and spouse Praskovya Ivanovna Rayevskaya who died in 1641), she was brought up in the house of the great Western-leaning boyar Artamon Matveyev.[6] She was given a freer and more Western-influenced upbringing than most Russian women of the time.
In March 1669, Tsar Alexis Mikhailovich's first wife, Tsarina Maria Miloslavskaya, died during the birth of what would have been her fourteenth child.[7] Despite their number, few of Alexis and Maria's children were healthy. Within six months of her death there were only two surviving sons, Feodor and Ivan, both of whom were weak or disabled.[7] Alexis, supported by the Russian public, although not by the family of Maria, decided to remarry in the hope of producing more potential heirs.[7] The tsar arranged an inspection of women he considered eligible in early 1670,[8] Natalya was added to this inspection following an encounter with the tsar at the home of her adoptive father, Artamon Matveyev.[9] Alexis was impressed by Natalya's beauty,[9] and selected her to be his bride without needing to go ahead with a planned second inspection.[8] Maria's family made an attempt to halt the marriage by alleging that Matveyev had used magic herbs on Alexis to deceive him regarding Natalya's beauty.[8] These claims were investigated but eventually dismissed,[8] and the couple married on 1 February 1671.[10]
Alexis and Natalya had a happy marriage, spending much of their time together in various palaces and villas around Moscow.[11] The couple's first child, the future emperor Peter the Great, was born in May 1672,[12] followed by daughters Natalya and Theodora.[13] The custom at that time was for the consort of the Tsar to maintain a low-key lifestyle, deferring in all matters to her husband and carrying out work in the household.[14] Natalya, having been raised in a liberal western-inspired household, resented this and succeeded in gradually attaining more freedoms throughout her time as Tsaritsa, such as being allowed to ride in an open carriage and appearing in church without a veil.[15] She loved dancing and visited diplomatic events, also she became the first woman to visit a theatre play.[16]
She became widowed in 1676; a son from the Tsar's previous marriage ascended the throne as Feodor III. Feodor and his brother Ivan treated their stepmother with affection, always referring to her as "Mama".
When Feodor died in 1682, her 10-year-old son became tsar. She became regent, with her foster father Artamon Matveyev who was called back from exile, as advisor. However, during the revolt of the Streltsy on 15 May 1682, two of her brothers and Matveyev were killed and her biological father Kyril Naryshkin was forced to become a monk in a monastery. Feodor's elder sister, Sofia Alekseyevna, replaced her as regent.