A golden bull or chrysobull was a decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, most notably by the Holy Roman Emperors. The term was originally coined for the golden seal (a bulla aurea), attached to the decree, but came to be applied to the entire decree. Such decrees were known as golden bulls in western Europe and chrysobullos logos, or chrysobulls, in the Byzantine Empire (χρυσός, chrysos, being Greek for gold).
Почти восемьсот лет они выпускались в одностороннем порядке, без обязательств со стороны другой стороны или сторон. Однако это в конечном итоге оказалось невыгодным, поскольку византийцы стремились ограничить усилия иностранных держав по подрыву империи. В XII веке византийцы начали вставлять в золотых быков заявления под присягой об обязательствах своих партнеров по переговорам. [ необходима цитата ]
Известные золотые быки включали:
- The Golden Bull of 1082, issued by Alexios I Komnenos to grant Venice merchants with free trading rights, exempt from tax, throughout the Byzantine Empire in return for their defense of the Adriatic Sea against the Normans.[1]
- The Golden Bull of 1136, issued by Pope Innocent II, more commonly known as the Bull of Gniezno.
- The Golden Bull of Sicily, issued in 1212 by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
- The Golden Bull of 1213, issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
- The Golden Bull of 1213, issued by the papacy to recognize its agreement with John Lackland (more commonly known as King John of England).
- The Golden Bull of 1214, issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor to cede all German territories north of the rivers Elbe and Elde to King Valdemar the Victorious of Denmark.
- The Golden Bull of Berne, supposedly issued by Frederick II in 1218, but now considered a forgery.
- The Golden Bull of 1222, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary to confirm the rights of nobility and forced on him in much the same way King John of England was made to sign Magna Carta.
- The Golden Bull of 1224 (the Goldener Freibrief) issued by Andrew to grant certain rights to the Saxon inhabitants of Transylvania.
- The Golden Bull of Rimini (1226), issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
- The Golden Bull of 1242 issued by King Béla IV to proclaim a free royal Borough (a free and royal city) for the inhabitants of Gradec (today's Zagreb) and Samobor in Croatia, during the Mongol invasion of Europe.[2][3]
- The Golden Bull of 1267, issued by King Bela IV of Hungary.
- The Golden Bull of 1348, issued by King Charles I of Bohemia, later Holy Roman Emperor as Charles IV, to confer privileges and immunities on Charles University established by Pope Clement VI in Prague, one of the oldest universities in the world.
- The Golden Bull of 1356 (one of the most famous golden bulls), issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV for promulgation at the Diet of Nuremberg, to define (and to last more than four hundred years) the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.
- The Golden Bull of 1702, issued by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor to establish the Akademia Leopoldina in the Silesian capital of Breslau (present name: Wrocław), the future University of Breslau (Universitas Vratislatensis).
See also[edit]
- Bulla (seal)
- Papal Bull
References[edit]
- ^ Crowley, Roger (2012). City of Fortune: How Venice Ruled the Seas. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1400068203.
- ^ 750th Anniversary of the Golden Bull Granted by Bela IV Archived 2005-04-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ M. Šašić (1998-11-17). "»Zlatna bula« - temelj razvoja Zagreba kroz stoljeća". Vjesnik (in Croatian). Zagreb. Archived from the original on 2009-01-04.
External links[edit]
- Andrew II of Hungary's Golden Bull of 1222
- Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV's Golden Bull of 1356
- Columbia Encyclopedia article on the Golden Bull
- Detailed Information about the Golden Bull
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
