Франкфурт-на-Майне | |
---|---|
Город | |
Координаты: 50 ° 7'N 8 ° 41'E / 50,117 ° N 8,683 ° E Координаты : 50 ° 7'N 8 ° 41'E / 50,117 ° N 8,683 ° E | |
Страна | Германия |
Состояние | Гессе |
Админ. область | Дармштадт |
Округ | Городской округ |
Основан | 1 век |
Подразделения | 16 районов ( Ortsbezirke ) 46 городских районов ( Stadtteile ) |
Правительство | |
• Лорд-мэр (2018–24) | Питер Фельдманн [1] ( СПД ) |
• Правящие партии | ХДС / СПД / Зеленые |
Площадь | |
• Город | 248,31 км 2 (95,87 квадратных миль) |
Высота | 112 м (367 футов) |
численность населения (2020-12-31) [4] | |
• Город | 764 104 |
• Плотность | 3100 / км 2 (8000 / кв. Миль) |
• Городской | 2 319 029 [3] |
• Метро | 5 604 523 [2] |
Часовой пояс | UTC + 01: 00 ( CET ) |
• Лето ( DST ) | UTC + 02: 00 ( CEST ) |
Почтовые индексы | 60306–60599, 65929–65936 |
Телефонные коды | 069, 06101 , 06109 |
Регистрация автомобиля | F |
Веб-сайт | www.frankfurt.de |
Франкфурт , официально Франкфурт -на- Майне ( Немецкий: [fʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam maɪn] ( слушать ) ; Hessian : Frangford я Маа , лит « Франк брод на [а] Main »), является самым густонаселенным городом в немецком государстве в Гессене . Его 763,380 жителей по состоянию на 31 декабря 2019 года делает его пятым по численности населения город в Германии . На реке Майн (а приток на Рейне ), он образует непрерывную агломерациюс соседним городом Оффенбах-на-Майне и его городской территорией с населением 2,3 миллиона человек. [3] [5] Город является сердцем более крупного столичного региона Рейн-Майн с населением 5,5 миллионов человек [2] и является вторым по величине столичным регионом Германии после Рейнско-Рурского региона. Центральный деловой район Франкфурта находится примерно в 90 км (56 миль) к северо-западу от географического центра ЕС в Гадхайме , Нижняя Франкония . Как Франция и Франкония, город назван в честь франков. Франкфурт - крупнейший город в районе франконского диалекта Рейна .
Франкфурт был городом-государством , Вольным городом Франкфурта , на протяжении почти пяти веков и был одним из самых важных городов Священной Римской империи как место имперских коронаций ; он потерял свой суверенитет после краха империи в 1806 году, восстановил его в 1815 году, а затем снова потерял его в 1866 году, когда он был аннексирован (хотя и нейтральным) Королевством Пруссия . Франкфурт является частью земли Гессен с 1945 года. Франкфурт разнообразен в культурном, этническом и религиозном отношении, половина его населения и большинство молодых людей имеют мигрантское прошлое . Четверть населения составляют иностранные граждане, в том числе многиеэкспатрианты .
Франкфурт - это глобальный центр торговли, культуры, образования, туризма и транспорта, который признан «альфа-городом мира» по версии GaWC . Это сайт штаб-квартир многих глобальных и европейских корпораций. Кроме того, аэропорт Франкфурта является самым загруженным в Германии, одним из самых загруженных в Европе и мире, аэропортом с самыми прямыми маршрутами в мире и основным узловым аэропортом Lufthansa , национальной авиакомпании Германии. Франкфурт - один из крупнейших финансовых центров европейского континента, где расположены штаб-квартиры Европейского центрального банка , Deutsche Bundesbank , Франкфуртской фондовой биржи ,Deutsche Bank , DZ Bank , KfW , Commerzbank , несколько облачных и финтех- стартапов [6] и другие институты. Экономическая база дополняется автомобилем, технологиями и исследованиями, услугами, консалтингом, СМИ и творческими отраслями . Франкфуртский DE-CIX - крупнейшая в мире точка обмена данными через Интернет . Messe Frankfurt - одна из крупнейших мировых выставок . Основные ярмарки включают Музыкальную ярмарку и Франкфуртскую книжную ярмарку , крупнейшую в мире книжную ярмарку.
Франкфурт является домом для влиятельных учебных заведений, включая Университет Гете , UAS , FUMPA и аспирантуру, такую как Франкфуртская школа финансов и менеджмента . Его известные культурные центры включают в себя концертный зал Alte Oper , крупнейший в континентальной Европе английского театр и много музеев (например, Museumsufer ансамбля с Штеделями и Liebieghaus , Музеем естественной Senckenberg , Домом Гете и Ширн искусством места в старом городе ).Горизонт Франкфурта формируют одни из самых высоких небоскребов Европы. Город также характеризуется различными зелеными зонами и парками, включая центральный Валланлаген , Городской лес , два крупных ботанических сада ( Пальменгартен и Ботанический сад университета ) и Франкфуртский зоопарк . В спорте город известен как дом первоклассного футбольного клуба Eintracht Frankfurt , хоккейной команды Löwen Frankfurt , баскетбольного клуба Frankfurt Skyliners , Франкфуртского марафона и места проведения Ironman Germany.. Он также был одним из городов-организаторов чемпионатов мира по футболу 1974 и 2006 годов .
Франкфурт является самым крупным финансовым центром в континентальной Европе . Здесь расположены Европейский центральный банк , Deutsche Bundesbank , Франкфуртская фондовая биржа и несколько крупных коммерческих банков.
Франкфуртская фондовая биржа является одним из крупнейших мировых фондовых бирж по рыночной капитализации и составляет более 90 процентов от оборота на немецком рынке.
В 2010 году 63 национальных и 152 международных банка имели свои зарегистрированные офисы во Франкфурте, включая крупнейшие банки Германии, в частности Deutsche Bank , DZ Bank , KfW и Commerzbank , а также 41 представительство международных банков. [7]
Франкфурт считается глобальным городом ( городом альфа-мира), как указано в инвентаризации группы GaWC за 2012 год. [8] Среди глобальных городов он занял 10-е место в рейтинге Global Power City Index 2011 и 11- е место в рейтинге Global City Competitiveness Index 2012 . Среди финансовых центров он занял 8-е место в Индексе развития международных финансовых центров за 2013 год и 9- е место в рейтинге глобальных финансовых центров за 2013 год .
Его центральное расположение в пределах Германии и Европы делает Франкфурт крупным авиационным, железнодорожным и автомобильным транспортным узлом . Аэропорт Франкфурта - один из самых загруженных международных аэропортов в мире по пассажиропотоку и главный узловой транспортный узел немецкого авиаперевозчика Lufthansa . Центральный вокзал Франкфурта - один из крупнейших железнодорожных вокзалов в Европе и самый загруженный узел, которым управляет Deutsche Bahn , немецкая национальная железнодорожная компания, с 342 поездами в день до внутренних и европейских направлений. [9] Франкфуртер-Кройц , развязка автобанов. Рядом с аэропортом находится самая интенсивно используемая транспортная развязка в ЕС, которую ежедневно используют 320 000 автомобилей. [10] В 2011 году кадровая консалтинговая компания Mercer заняла седьмое место во Франкфурте в ежегодном исследовании городов по всему миру «Качество жизни». [11] Согласно исследованию стоимости жизни, проведенному The Economist , Франкфурт - самый дорогой город Германии и 10-й по величине город в мире. [12]
В центре Франкфурта много высотных зданий , образующих линию горизонта Франкфурта . Это один из немногих городов в Европейском союзе (ЕС), который имеет такой горизонт, поэтому немцы иногда называют Франкфурт Майнхэттеном , объединяя местную реку Майн и « Манхэттен ». Другое известное прозвище - Банкфурт . Перед Второй мировой войной город был известен своим уникальным старым городом , самым большим фахверковым старым городом в Европе. Ремер район был позже восстановлен и пользуется популярностью у посетителей , и для таких событий, как рождественские рынки. Остальные части старого города были реконструированы в рамках проекта Dom-Römer с 2012 по 2018 год.
Frankonovurd (в древневерхненемецком ) или Vadum Francorum (в латинском ) были впервые упоминается в письменных записях из 794. имен Это преобразованные в Frankenfort во время Средневековья , а затем к Franckfort и Franckfurth в современной эпохе . По словам историка Дэвида Ганса , город получил название ок. 146 г. н.э. его построил франкский король по имени Зуна, который правил провинцией, тогда известной как Сикамбри . Он надеялся таким образом увековечить имя своей родословной. [13] Название происходит от Franconofurd.из германского племени из Franks ; Фурт ( ср. Английский брод ), где река была достаточно мелкой, чтобы ее можно было пересечь пешком.
К 19 веку название Франкфурт стало официальным написанием. Старое английское написание Франкфурта сейчас редко используется в отношении Франкфурта-на-Майне, хотя более десятка других городов, в основном в Соединенных Штатах, используют это написание (например, Франкфорт, Кентукки ; Франкфорт, Нью-Йорк ; Франкфорт, Иллинойс ).
Суффикс am Main регулярно используется с 14 века. На английском языке полное название города Франкфурт-на-Майне означает «Франкфурт-на-Майне» (произносится как английский mine или немецкий mein ). Франкфурт расположен на древнем броде (нем. Furt ) на реке Майн . Как часть ранней Франконии , жители были ранними франками , поэтому название города показывает его наследие как «брод франков на Майне». [14]
Среди говорящих на английском языке, город широко известен просто как Франкфурт, но немцы иногда называют его своим полным именем , чтобы отличить его от другого (значительно меньше) немецкого города Франкфурт -на- Одере в земле в Бранденбурге на польской границе.
Городской район Бонамес имеет название, вероятно, восходящее к римским временам, которое, как считается, произошло от bona me (n) sa (хороший стол).
Общепринятые сокращения для города, в основном используемые в железнодорожных сообщениях и на дорожных знаках, - это Франкфурт (Майн) , Франкфурт (М) , Франкфурт а. М. , Франкфурт-на-Майне или Франкфурт-на-Майне . Общепринятая аббревиатура названия города - «FFM». Также используется "FRA", код IATA для аэропорта Франкфурта.
Римские поселения были основаны в районе Ремер , вероятно, в первом веке. Нида ( Heddernheim , Praunheim ) также была римской столицей civitas.
Алеманни и франки жили там , а к 794 году Карл Великий председательствовал на императорском собрании и церковном синоде, на котором впервые был упомянут Франконофурд (альтернативные варианты написания заканчиваются на -фурт и -вурд). Это была одна из двух столиц внука Карла Великого, Людовика Немецкого , вместе с Регенсбургом . Людовик основал коллегиальную церковь , переосвященную в 1239 году апостолу Варфоломею, а ныне Франкфуртский собор . [15]
Франкфурт был одним из важнейших городов Священной Римской империи . С 855 года в Ахене избирались и короновались немецкие короли . С 1562 года короли и императоры были коронованы и избраны во Франкфурте по инициативе Максимилиана II . Эта традиция закончилась в 1792 году, когда был избран Франц II . Его коронация была намеренно проведена в День взятия Бастилии , 14 июля, в годовщину штурма Бастилии . Выборы и коронации проходили в соборе Святого Варфоломея , известном как Кайзердом (Императорский собор), или его предшественниках.
Frankfurter Messe (Франкфурт - выставка) впервые упоминается в 1150. В 1240 году император Фридрих II получил императорскую привилегию своим посетителям, подразумевая , что они будут защищены от империи. Ярмарка стала особенно важной, когда аналогичные ярмарки во французском Бокере потеряли свою привлекательность примерно в 1380 году. Книжные ярмарки начались в 1478 году.
В 1372 году Франкфурт стал Рейхсштадтом ( имперским вольным городом ), то есть подчиненным непосредственно императору Священной Римской империи, а не региональному правителю или местному дворянину.
В 1585 году франкфуртские торговцы установили систему обменных курсов для различных валют, которые находились в обращении, чтобы предотвратить мошенничество и вымогательство. В этом и лежали первые корни Франкфуртской фондовой биржи.
Франкфурту удалось сохранить нейтралитет во время Тридцатилетней войны , но он пострадал от бубонной чумы, которую принесли в город беженцы. После войны Франкфурт восстановил свое богатство. В конце 1770-х годов во Франкфурте обосновался директор театра Абель Зейлер , основавший театральную жизнь города. [16]
После Французской революции Франкфурт несколько раз был оккупирован или бомбардировался французскими войсками. Он оставался вольным городом до распада Священной Римской империи в 1805-1806 годах. В 1806 году он стал частью княжества Ашаффенбург под властью Фюрстприма ( принца-примаса ) Карла Теодора Антона Марии фон Дальберга . Это означало, что Франкфурт был включен в Рейнскую конфедерацию . В 1810 году Дальберг принял титул великого герцога Франкфурта . Наполеон намеревался сделать своего приемного сына Эжена де Богарне уже принцем Венеции ("принц Венеции », недавно установленное первородство в Италии), великий герцог Франкфуртский после смерти Дальберга (поскольку последний как католический епископ не имел законных наследников). Великое герцогство оставалось коротким эпизодом, продолжавшимся с 1810 по 1813 год, когда наступила военная волна повернулся в пользу союзников под руководством англо-пруссии, которые свергнули наполеоновский порядок. Дальберг отрекся от престола в пользу Эжена де Богарне, что, конечно, было лишь символическим действием, поскольку последний фактически никогда не правил после крушения французских армий и Франкфурта. захват союзниками.
После окончательного поражения и отречения Наполеона Венский конгресс (1814–1815) распустил Великое герцогство, и Франкфурт стал полностью суверенным городом-государством с республиканской формой правления. Франкфурт вошел в состав недавно созданной Германской Конфедерации (до 1866 г.) как свободный город, став резиденцией ее Бундестага , конфедерального парламента, где номинально председательствующий Габсбургский император Австрии был представлен австрийским «посланником президента».
После злополучной революции 1848 года Франкфурт был резиденцией первого демократически избранного немецкого парламента, Франкфуртского парламента , который собрался во Франкфуртской церкви Паульскирхе (церковь Святого Павла) и был открыт 18 мая 1848 года. В 1849 году учреждение потерпело крах. когда прусский король Фридрих Вильгельм IV заявил, что не примет «корону из сточной канавы». В год своего существования ассамблея разработала общую конституцию объединенной Германии с прусским королем в качестве ее монарха.
Франкфурт потерял независимость после австро-прусской войны в 1866 году, когда Пруссия аннексировала несколько небольших государств, в том числе Вольный город Франкфурт . Прусская администрация включила Франкфурт в свою провинцию Гессен-Нассау . Прусская оккупация и аннексия были восприняты как величайшая несправедливость во Франкфурте, который сохранил свой ярко выраженный западноевропейский, городской и космополитический характер. Ранее независимые города Борнхайм и Боккенхайм были включены в 1890 году.
В 1914 году граждане основали Франкфуртский университет, позже названный Франкфуртским университетом Гете . Это был единственный гражданский фонд университета в Германии; сегодня это один из крупнейших в Германии.
С 6 апреля по 17 мая 1920 года, после военной интервенции с целью подавления восстания в Рур , Франкфурт был оккупирован французскими войсками . [17] Французы утверждали, что статьи 42–44 Версальского мирного договора о демилитаризации Рейнской области были нарушены. [18] В 1924 году Людвиг Ландманн стал первым еврейским мэром города и в последующие годы возглавил его значительную экспансию. В нацистскую эпоху синагоги города были разрушены.
Франкфурт сильно пострадал во время Второй мировой войны (1939–1945). Во время набегов было убито около 5500 жителей, а некогда знаменитый средневековый центр города , к тому времени крупнейший в Германии, был практически полностью разрушен. Он стал полем наземного боя 26 марта 1945 года, когда наступление союзников в Германию было вынуждено взять город в состязательном городском сражении, которое включало нападение на реку. Пятая стрелковая дивизия и шестая танковая дивизия из армии Соединенных Штатов захватили Франкфурт после нескольких дней напряженной борьбы, и он был объявлен в значительной степени обезопасить от 29 марта 1945 года [19]
После окончания войны Франкфурт стал частью недавно основанного штата Гессен, состоящего из старых провинций Гессен (Дармштадт) и прусских провинций Гессен . Город входил в американскую оккупационную зону Германии. Штаб-квартира военного губернатора зоны США (1945–1949) и Верховного комиссара Соединенных Штатов по Германии (HICOG) (1949–1952) находилась в здании IG Farben Building , которое было намеренно оставлено неповрежденным в результате бомбардировки союзников во время войны.
Франкфурт был первоначальным выбором в качестве временной столицы недавно основанного штата Западная Германия в 1949 году. В городе было построено здание парламента, которое никогда не использовалось по назначению (в нем размещались радиостудии Hessischer Rundfunk ). В конце концов, Конрад Аденауэр , первый послевоенный канцлер , предпочел город Бонн по большей части потому, что он находился недалеко от его родного города, но также и потому, что многие другие видные политики выступили против выбора Франкфурта из опасений, что Франкфурт будет принят. в качестве постоянной столицы, тем самым ослабляя поддержку западногерманского населения воссоединения с Восточной Германией.и возможное возвращение столицы Берлину .
Послевоенная реконструкция проходила в простом современном стиле, что изменило архитектурный облик Франкфурта. Несколько знаковых зданий были реконструированы исторически, хотя и в упрощенной форме (например, Ремер , Церковь Святого Павла и Дом Гете ). Коллекция исторически значимых документов Каирской Генизы муниципальной библиотеки была уничтожена в результате бомбардировки. По словам ученого- арабиста и генизца С. Д. Гойтейна , «не сохранились даже списки, указывающие на его содержание». [20]
Конец войны ознаменовал возвращение Франкфурта в качестве ведущего финансового центра Германии, главным образом потому, что Берлин, теперь город, разделенный на четыре сектора , больше не мог соперничать с ним. В 1948 году союзники основали Bank deutscher Länder , предшественника Deutsche Bundesbank . После этого решения было восстановлено больше финансовых институтов, например Deutsche Bank и Dresdner Bank . В 1950-х годах Франкфуртская фондовая биржа вернула себе позицию ведущей фондовой биржи страны.
Франкфурт также вновь стал транспортным центром Германии, а аэропорт Франкфурта стал вторым по загруженности аэропортом в Европе после лондонского аэропорта Хитроу в 1961 году.
В 1970-х годах в городе была создана одна из самых эффективных систем подземного транспорта в Европе. [21] Эта система включает в себя пригородную железнодорожную систему ( S-Bahn ), связывающую отдаленные районы с центром города, и систему подземного легкорельсового транспорта с меньшими автобусами ( U-Bahn ), также способную передвигаться по земле по рельсам.
В 1998 году во Франкфурте был основан Европейский центральный банк , а в 2011 году - Европейское управление страхования и профессиональных пенсий и Европейский совет по системным рискам .
Франкфурт - крупнейший город федеративной земли Гессен на юго-западе Германии.
Франкфурт расположен по обе стороны реки Майн , к юго-востоку от горного хребта Таунус . В южной части города находится Франкфуртский городской лес , крупнейший городской лес Германии. Площадь города составляет 248,31 км 2 (95,87 квадратных миль) и простирается на 23,4 км (14,54 миль) с востока на запад и 23,3 км (14,48 миль) с севера на юг. Центр города находится к северу от реки Майн в районе Альтштадт (исторический центр) и окружающем районе Инненштадт . Географический центр находится в районе Боккенхайм недалеко от Западного вокзала Франкфурта .
Франкфурт - центр густонаселенной столичной области Франкфурт-Рейн-Майн с населением 5,5 миллионов человек. Другими важными городами региона являются Висбаден (столица Гессена ), Майнц (столица земли Рейнланд-Пфальц ), Дармштадт , Оффенбах-на-Майне , Ханау , Ашаффенбург , Бад-Хомбург-фор-дер-Хёэ , Рюссельсхайм , Вецлар и Марбург .
Город разделен на 46 городских округов ( Stadtteile ), которые, в свою очередь, разделены на 121 городской район ( Stadtbezirke ) и 448 избирательных округов ( Wahlbezirke ). 46 городских округов объединяются в 16 районных округов ( Ortsbezirke ), в каждом из которых есть районный комитет и председатель.
Самый большой по численности населения и площади район города - Заксенхаузен , а самый маленький - Альтштадт , исторический центр Франкфурта. Три более крупных городских района (Заксенхаузен, Вестенд и Норденд ) разделены в административных целях на северную ( -Nord ) и южную ( -Süd ) части, соответственно, западную ( -West ) и восточную ( -Ost ) части, но являются обычно рассматривается как один городской район (поэтому часто упоминается только 43 городских района, даже на официальном сайте города). [22]
Некоторые крупные жилые районы часто ошибочно называют городские районы, даже местные жители, как Nordweststadt (часть Niederursel , Heddernheim и Praunheim ), Гольдштейн (часть Schwanheim ), Ридберг (часть Kalbach-Riedberg ) и Europaviertel (часть Gallus ). Bankenviertel ( банковский район ), финансовый район Франкфурта, также не административный район города (он покрывает части западного Innenstadt района южного Вестэнд района и восточного Банхофсвертел район).
Многие городские районы являются пригородами ( Vororte ) или ранее были независимыми городами, такими как Höchst . Некоторые из них, такие как Nordend и Westend, возникли во время быстрого роста города в Gründerzeit после объединения Германии , в то время как другие были сформированы на территории, которая ранее принадлежала другим городским районам, таким как Дорнбуш и Ридервальд .
До 1877 года территория города состояла из современных городских районах Альтштадт , Innenstadt , Bahnhofsviertel , Gutleutviertel , Gallus , Westend , Nordend , Остенде и Заксенхаузен .
Борнхайм был частью административного района под названием Ландкрайс Франкфурт , прежде чем стать частью города 1 января 1877 года, за ним последовал Боккенхайм 1 апреля 1895 года. Зекбах , Нидеррад и Оберрад последовали за ним 1 июля 1900 года. Ландкрайс Франкфурт был окончательно рассредоточен 1 апреля 1910, и , следовательно , Berkersheim , Bonames , Eckenheim , Eschersheim , Ginnheim , Хаузен , Heddernheim , Niederursel , Praunheim , Preungesheimи Редельхайм присоединился к городу. В том же году на территории, ранее принадлежавшей Зекбаху и Остенде, был создан новый городской район Ридервальд .
1 апреля 1928 года город Хёхст стал частью Франкфурта, как и его городские районы Зиндлинген , Унтерлидербах и Цайльсхайм . Одновременно Landkreis Höchst диспергируют с его городов - членов либо вступление во Франкфурте ( Fechenheim , Griesheim , NIED , Schwanheim , Sossenheim ) или присоединения к вновь созданному LANDKREIS в Майн-Таунус .
Дорнбуш стал городским районом в 1946 году. Он был создан на территории, ранее принадлежавшей Эккенхайму и Гиннхейму.
С 1 августа 1972 года, небольшие пригороды Гессе Хархайм , Kalbach , Нидер-Erlenbach и Нидер-Эшбах стали районы , а другие соседние пригороды решили присоединиться к Майн-Таунус, в LANDKREIS Оффенбах , в Kreis Грос-Герау , в Верхний Таунус , Майн-Кинциг или Веттерау .
Берген-Энкхайм был последним пригородом Франкфурта, который 1 января 1977 года стал частью Франкфурта.
Флугафен стал официальным районом города в 1979 году. Он охватывает территорию аэропорта Франкфурта, которая принадлежала Заксенхаузену и соседнему городу Мёрфельден-Вальдорф .
Самый молодой район Франкфурта - Франкфуртер-Берг . Он был частью Bonames до 1996 года.
Кальбах был официально переименован в Кальбах-Ридберг в 2006 году из-за строительства большого жилого дома в районе, известном как Ридберг.
На западе Франкфурт граничит с административным районом ( Landkreis ) Майн-Таунус-Крайс с такими городами, как Хаттерсхайм-на-Майне , Крифтель , Хофхайм-ам-Таунус , Келькхайм , Лидербах-ам-Таунус , Зульцбах , Швальбах-ам-Таунус и Эшборн ; к северо-западу - Хохтаунускрейс со Штайнбахом , Оберурзель (Таунус) и Бад-Хомбург-фор-дер-Хёэ ; к северу - Веттераукрайс с Карбеном иБад-Фильбель ; к северо-востоку - Майн-Кинциг-Крайс с Нидердорфельденом и Майнталом ; к юго-востоку город Оффенбах-на-Майне ; на юге - Крайс-Оффенбах с Ной-Изенбургом, а на юго-западе - Крайс-Грос-Герау с Мёрфельден-Вальдорф , Рюссельсхайм и Кельстербах .
Вместе с этими городами (и некоторыми более крупными близлежащими городами, например, Ханау , Родгау , Драйайх , Ланген ) Франкфурт образует сплошную застроенную городскую территорию под названием Stadtregion Frankfurt, которая не является официальным административным районом. В 2010 году городское население составляло 2,3 миллиона человек, и это 13-й по величине город в ЕС .
Франкфурт имеет УМЕРЕННЫЕ - океанический климат ( Кеппен : CFB ). Его средняя годовая температура составляет 10,6 ° C (51,1 ° F), при этом среднемесячная температура колеблется от 1,6 ° C (34,9 ° F) в январе до 20,0 ° C (68,0 ° F) в июле (данные с 1981 по 2010 г.).
Благодаря своему расположению на северной оконечности долины Верхнего Рейна на юго-западе Германии , Франкфурт является одним из самых теплых и засушливых крупных городов Германии вместе с такими городами, как Дармштадт , Мангейм , Карлсруэ и Фрайбург-им-Брайсгау . Лето во Франкфурте может быть очень теплым по сравнению с остальной частью страны. В период с 1981 по 2010 год во Франкфурте было 52 дня с максимальной температурой более 25 ° C и 13 дней с максимальной температурой более 30 ° C в среднем в год.
Изменение климата увеличивает количество жарких дней. В 2018 году было зарегистрировано 108 дней с максимальной температурой более 25 ° C и 43 дня с максимальной температурой более 30 ° C (по сравнению с 52 и 13 днями в среднем в году в период с 1981 по 2010 год). Общую тенденцию к более высоким температурам можно увидеть при сравнении климатических данных с 1981 по 2010 год с данными с 2010 по 2020 годы. Становится солнечнее, суше и теплее.
Будучи городского острова тепла , Франкфурт иногда страдают от тропических ночей , где температура не опускается ниже 20 ° C в период с мая по сентябрь. Это происходит потому, что плотность города заставляет его накапливать все тепло.
Вегетационного больше по сравнению с остальной частью Германии, таким образом , в результате раннего прихода весны в регионе.
Зимы во Франкфурте, как правило, мягкие или, по крайней мере, не морозные, с небольшой вероятностью снегопада , особенно в январе и феврале, но темные и часто пасмурные. Франкфурт в среднем покрыт снегом от 10 до 20 дней в году. [23] С 1981 по 2010 год температура упала примерно на 70 дней ниже 0 ° C, а суточный максимум оставался ниже 0 ° C в течение примерно 13 дней в году в среднем в период с 1981 по 2010 год. Некоторые дни с минимумом ниже -10 ° C могут встречаться здесь чаще. чем на побережье Северной Германии , но не так часто, как в Баварии или восточной части Германии.
Из-за мягкого климата в регионе недалеко находятся некоторые известные винные регионы, такие как Рейнский Гессен , Рейнгау , Франкония (винодельческий регион) и Бергштрассе (маршрут) . Существует также микроклимат на северном берегу реки Майн, ответственный за пальмы , фиговые деревья , лимонные деревья и южноевропейские растения, растущие в этой области. Район называется «Ницца» (по-немецки город Ницца на юге Франции ) и является одним из самых больших парков со средиземноморской растительностью к северу от Альп . [24]
Климатические данные для аэропорта Франкфурта с 1981 по 2010 гг., Экстремальные периоды с 1949 г. по настоящее время (продолжительность солнечного сияния и количество осадков округлены) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Месяц | Янв | Фев | Мар | Апр | Может | Июн | Июл | Авг | Сен | Октябрь | Ноя | Декабрь | Год |
Рекордно высокая ° C (° F) | 15,9 (60,6) | 19,1 (66,4) | 24,7 (76,5) | 30,3 (86,5) | 33,2 (91,8) | 39,3 (102,7) | 40,2 (104,4) | 38,7 (101,7) | 32,8 (91,0) | 28,0 (82,4) | 19,1 (66,4) | 16,3 (61,3) | 40,2 (104,4) |
Средняя высокая ° C (° F) | 4,2 (39,6) | 5,9 (42,6) | 10,7 (51,3) | 15,4 (59,7) | 20,0 (68,0) | 23,1 (73,6) | 25,5 (77,9) | 25,1 (77,2) | 20,3 (68,5) | 14,6 (58,3) | 8,4 (47,1) | 4,9 (40,8) | 14,8 (58,6) |
Среднесуточное значение ° C (° F) | 1,6 (34,9) | 2,4 (36,3) | 6,4 (43,5) | 10,3 (50,5) | 14,7 (58,5) | 17,8 (64,0) | 20,0 (68,0) | 19,5 (67,1) | 15,2 (59,4) | 10,4 (50,7) | 5,6 (42,1) | 2,5 (36,5) | 10,6 (51,1) |
Средняя низкая ° C (° F) | -1,1 (30,0) | -1,1 (30,0) | 2,1 (35,8) | 4,9 (40,8) | 9,1 (48,4) | 12,3 (54,1) | 14,4 (57,9) | 14,0 (57,2) | 10,5 (50,9) | 6,6 (43,9) | 2,8 (37,0) | -0,1 (31,8) | 6,2 (43,2) |
Рекордно низкая ° C (° F) | -21,6 (-6,9) | -19,6 (-3,3) | -13,0 (8,6) | −7,1 (19,2) | -2,8 (27,0) | 0,1 (32,2) | 2,8 (37,0) | 2,5 (36,5) | -0,3 (31,5) | -6,3 (20,7) | -11,5 (11,3) | -17,0 (1,4) | -21,6 (-6,9) |
Среднее количество осадков, мм (дюймы) | 45 (1,8) | 41 (1,6) | 48 (1,9) | 42 (1,7) | 63 (2,5) | 58 (2,3) | 65 (2,6) | 57 (2,2) | 53 (2,1) | 55 (2,2) | 49 (1,9) | 54 (2,1) | 629 (24,8) |
Средние дождливые дни | 16 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 169 |
Среднее количество солнечных часов в месяц | 50 | 80 | 121 | 178 | 211 | 219 | 233 | 219 | 156 | 103 | 51 | 41 год | 1,662 |
Процент возможного солнечного света | 18 | 29 | 33 | 42 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 51 | 40 | 30 | 19 | 16 | 35 год |
Источник 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst [25] | |||||||||||||
Источник 2: Weather Atlas (данные о солнечном свете) [26] |
Климатические данные для аэропорта Франкфурт февраль 2011 г. - февраль 2021 г. (последние 10 лет) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Месяц | Янв | Фев | Мар | Апр | Может | Июн | Июл | Авг | Сен | Октябрь | Ноя | Декабрь | Год |
Средняя высокая ° C (° F) | 5,3 (41,5) | 6,8 (44,2) | 11,8 (53,2) | 17,4 (63,3) | 20,6 (69,1) | 24,4 (75,9) | 26,7 (80,1) | 26,3 (79,3) | 21,7 (71,1) | 15,5 (59,9) | 9,3 (48,7) | 6,6 (43,9) | 16 (61) |
Среднесуточное значение ° C (° F) | 3,1 (37,6) | 3,5 (38,3) | 7,2 (45,0) | 11,8 (53,2) | 15,1 (59,2) | 19,1 (66,4) | 21,1 (70,0) | 20,7 (69,3) | 16,5 (61,7) | 11,7 (53,1) | 6,7 (44,1) | 4,5 (40,1) | 11,7 (53,1) |
Средняя низкая ° C (° F) | 0,7 (33,3) | 0,1 (32,2) | 2,4 (36,3) | 6,1 (43,0) | 9,6 (49,3) | 13,7 (56,7) | 15,5 (59,9) | 15,1 (59,2) | 11,3 (52,3) | 7,8 (46,0) | 4,0 (39,2) | 2,3 (36,1) | 7,4 (45,3) |
Среднее количество осадков, мм (дюймы) | 42,4 (1,67) | 29,7 (1,17) | 24,8 (0,98) | 30,2 (1,19) | 51,2 (2,02) | 51,9 (2,04) | 43,0 (1,69) | 57,4 (2,26) | 39,6 (1,56) | 36,9 (1,45) | 41,1 (1,62) | 54,3 (2,14) | 502,7 (19,79) |
Средние дождливые дни | 11 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 100 |
Среднее количество солнечных часов в месяц | 44 год | 86 | 153 | 206 | 231 | 224 | 240 | 222 | 182 | 100 | 56 | 34 | 1,777 |
Источник 1: wetteronline.de (данные о высоких и низких температурах, а также о дождливых днях) [27] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: weatheronline.de (sunshine, mean temperature and precipitation data)[28] |
Climate data for Frankfurt | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily daylight hours | 9.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 12.3 |
Average Ultraviolet index | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3.5 |
Source: Weather Atlas [26] |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1387 | 9,600 | — |
1520 | 10,000 | +4.2% |
1750 | 32,000 | +220.0% |
1871 | 91,040 | +184.5% |
1895 | 229,279 | +151.8% |
1905 | 334,978 | +46.1% |
1925 | 467,520 | +39.6% |
1933 | 555,857 | +18.9% |
1939 | 553,464 | −0.4% |
1945 | 357,737 | −35.4% |
1950 | 532,037 | +48.7% |
1961 | 685,682 | +28.9% |
1970 | 669,635 | −2.3% |
1980 | 629,375 | −6.0% |
1985 | 595,348 | −5.4% |
1990 | 644,865 | +8.3% |
1995 | 650,055 | +0.8% |
2000 | 646,550 | −0.5% |
2005 | 651,899 | +0.8% |
2010 | 679,664 | +4.3% |
2015 | 732,688 | +7.8% |
2018 | 753,056 | +2.8% |
2020 | 764,104 | +1.5% |
Largest groups of foreign residents[29] | |
Nationality | Population (30 June 2019) |
---|---|
Turkey | 25,294 |
Croatia | 16,751 |
Italy | 15,120 |
Poland | 12,174 |
Romania | 10,451 |
Serbia | 9,404 |
Bulgaria | 8,509 |
India | 7,412 |
Spain | 7,261 |
Greece | 6,381 |
Morocco | 6,275 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 6,142 |
Afghanistan | 5,114 |
China | 4,662 |
France | 4,609 |
Algeria | 4,087 |
Portugal | 3,991 |
With a population of 763,380 (2019) within its administrative boundaries[30] and of 2,300,000 in the actual urban area,[5] Frankfurt is the fifth-largest city in Germany, after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich and Cologne. Central Frankfurt has been a Großstadt (a city with at least 100,000 residents by definition) since 1875. With 414,576 residents in 1910, it was the ninth largest city in Germany and the number of inhabitants grew to 553,464 before World War II. After the war, at the end of the year 1945, the number had dropped to 358,000. In the following years, the population grew again and reached an all-time-high of 691,257 in 1963. It dropped again to 592,411 in 1986 but has increased since then. According to the demographic forecasts for central Frankfurt, the city will have a population up to 813,000 within its administrative boundaries in 2035[31] and more than 2.5 million inhabitants in its urban area.
During the 1970s, the state government of Hesse wanted to expand the city's administrative boundaries to include the entire urban area. This would have made Frankfurt officially the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin with up to 3 million inhabitants.[32] However, because local authorities did not agree, the administrative territory is still much smaller than its actual urban area.
No | City district (Stadtteil) | Area in km2[33] | Population[34] | Foreign nationals[34] | Foreign nationals in %[34] | Area district (Ortsbezirk) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Altstadt | 0.51 | 3.475 | 1.122 | 32.3 | 01 – Innenstadt I |
2 | Innenstadt | 1.52 | 6.577 | 2.529 | 38.5 | 01 – Innenstadt I |
3 | Bahnhofsviertel | 0.53 | 2.125 | 810 | 38.1 | 01 – Innenstadt I |
4 | Westend-Süd | 2.47 | 17.288 | 3.445 | 19.9 | 02 – Innenstadt II |
5 | Westend-Nord | 1.67 | 8.854 | 2.184 | 24.7 | 02 – Innenstadt II |
6 | Nordend-West | 3.07 | 28.808 | 5.162 | 17.9 | 03 – Innenstadt III |
7 | Nordend-Ost | 1.69 | 26.619 | 5.580 | 21.0 | 03 – Innenstadt III |
8 | Ostend | 5.40 | 26.955 | 7.213 | 26.8 | 04 – Bornheim/Ostend |
9 | Bornheim | 2.66 | 27.184 | 6.240 | 23.0 | 04 – Bornheim/Ostend |
10 | Gutleutviertel | 2.20 | 5.843 | 1.953 | 33.4 | 01 – Innenstadt I |
11 | Gallus | 4.22 | 26.716 | 11.012 | 41.2 | 01 – Innenstadt I |
12 | Bockenheim | 8.04 | 34.740 | 9.034 | 26.0 | 02 – Innenstadt II |
13 | Sachsenhausen-Nord | 4.24 | 30.374 | 6.507 | 21.4 | 05 – Süd |
14 | Sachsenhausen-Süd | 34.91 | 26.114 | 4.847 | 18.6 | 05 – Süd |
15 | Flughafen | 20.00 | 211 | 14 | 6.6 | 05 – Süd |
16 | Oberrad | 2.74 | 12.828 | 3.113 | 24.3 | 05 – Süd |
17 | Niederrad | 2.93 | 22.954 | 6.569 | 28.6 | 05 – Süd |
18 | Schwanheim | 17.73 | 20.162 | 3.532 | 17.5 | 06 – West |
19 | Griesheim | 4.90 | 22.648 | 8.029 | 35.5 | 06 – West |
20 | Rödelheim | 5.15 | 17.841 | 4.863 | 27.3 | 07 – Mitte-West |
21 | Hausen | 1.26 | 7.178 | 2.135 | 29.7 | 07 – Mitte-West |
22/23 | Praunheim | 4.55 | 15.761 | 3.197 | 20.3 | 07 – Mitte-West |
24 | Heddernheim | 2.49 | 16.443 | 3.194 | 19.4 | 08 – Nord-West |
25 | Niederursel | 7.22 | 16.394 | 3.671 | 22.4 | 08 – Nord-West |
26 | Ginnheim | 2.73 | 16.444 | 4.024 | 24.5 | 09 – Mitte-Nord |
27 | Dornbusch | 2.38 | 18.511 | 3.482 | 18.8 | 09 – Mitte-Nord |
28 | Eschersheim | 3.34 | 14.808 | 2.657 | 17.9 | 09 – Mitte-Nord |
29 | Eckenheim | 2.23 | 14.277 | 3.674 | 25.7 | 10 – Nord-Ost |
30 | Preungesheim | 3.74 | 13.568 | 3.442 | 25.4 | 10 – Nord-Ost |
31 | Bonames | 1.24 | 6.362 | 1.288 | 20.2 | 10 – Nord-Ost |
32 | Berkersheim | 3.18 | 3.400 | 592 | 17.4 | 10 – Nord-Ost |
33 | Riederwald | 1.04 | 4.911 | 1.142 | 23.3 | 11 – Ost |
34 | Seckbach | 8.04 | 10.194 | 1.969 | 19.3 | 11 – Ost |
35 | Fechenheim | 7.18 | 16.061 | 5.635 | 35.1 | 11 – Ost |
36 | Höchst | 4.73 | 13.888 | 5.279 | 38.0 | 06 – West |
37 | Nied | 3.82 | 17.829 | 5.224 | 29.3 | 06 – West |
38 | Sindlingen | 3.98 | 9.032 | 2.076 | 23.0 | 06 – West |
39 | Zeilsheim | 5.47 | 11.984 | 2.555 | 21.3 | 06 – West |
40 | Unterliederbach | 5.85 | 14.350 | 3.511 | 24.5 | 06 – West |
41 | Sossenheim | 5.97 | 15.853 | 4.235 | 26.7 | 06 – West |
42 | Nieder-Erlenbach | 8.34 | 4.629 | 496 | 10.7 | 13 – Nieder-Erlenbach |
43 | Kalbach-Riedberg | 6.90 | 8.482 | 1.279 | 15.1 | 12 – Kalbach-Riedberg |
44 | Harheim | 5.02 | 4.294 | 446 | 10.4 | 14 – Harheim |
45 | Nieder-Eschbach | 6.35 | 11.499 | 1.978 | 17.2 | 15 – Nieder-Eschbach |
46 | Bergen-Enkheim | 12.54 | 17.954 | 2.764 | 15.4 | 16 – Bergen-Enkheim |
47 | Frankfurter Berg | 2.16 | 7.149 | 1.715 | 24.0 | 10 – Nord-Ost |
Frankfurt am Main | 248.33 | 679.571 | 165.418 | 24.3 |
According to data from the city register of residents, 51.2% of the population had a migration background as of 2015, which means that a person or at least one or both of their parents was born with foreign citizenship. For the first time, a majority of the city residents had an at least part non-German background.[35] Moreover, three of four children in the city under the age of six had immigrant backgrounds.[36] and 27.7% of residents had a foreign citizenship.[37]
According to statistics, 46.7% of immigrants in Frankfurt come from other countries in the EU; 24.5% come from European countries that are not part of the EU; 15.7% come from Asia (including Western Asia and South Asia); 7.3% come from Africa; 3.4% come from North America (including the Caribbean and Central America); 0.2% come from Australia and Zealandia; 2.3% come from South America; and 1.1% come from Pacific island nations. Because of this the city is often considered to be a multicultural city, and has been compared to New York City, London and Toronto.
Frankfurt was historically a Protestant-dominated city. However, during the 19th century, an increasing number of Catholics moved there. The Jewish community has a history dating back to medieval times and has always ranked among the largest in Germany. Two synagogues operate there. Due to the growing immigration of people from Muslim countries beginning in the 1960s, Frankfurt has a large Muslim community. The Ahmadiyya Noor Mosque, constructed in 1959, is the city's largest mosque and the third-largest in Germany.[38]
As of 2013[update], the largest Christian denominations were Catholicism (22.7% of the population) and Protestantism, especially Lutheranism (19.4%).[39] Estimations put the share of Muslim inhabitants at approximately 12% (2006).[40] According to calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin, the number of Muslim migrants in Frankfurt amounted to about 84,000 in 2011, making up 12.6 percent of the population.[41] A large part of them was from Turkey and Morocco. Over 7,000 inhabitants were affiliated with the Jewish community, amounting to approximately 1% of the population.[42]
This section needs additional citations for verification.(September 2015) |
The current Mayor is Peter Feldmann of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He was elected in 2012 and re-elected in 2018.
The most recent mayoral election was held on 25 February 2018, with a runoff held on 11 March, and the results were as follows:
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Peter Feldmann | Social Democratic Party | 86,823 | 46.0 | 106,699 | 70.8 | |
Bernadette Weyland | Christian Democratic Union | 48,032 | 25.4 | 44,080 | 29.2 | |
Nargess Eskandari-Grünberg | Alliance 90/The Greens | 17,648 | 9.3 | |||
Janine Wissler | The Left | 16,669 | 8.8 | |||
Volker Stein | Independent | 11,218 | 5.9 | |||
Michael Weingärtner | Free Voters | 2,832 | 1.5 | |||
Nico Wehnemann | Die PARTEI | 2,097 | 1.1 | |||
Karsten Schloberg | Independent | 1,585 | 0.8 | |||
Ming Yang | Independent | 938 | 0.5 | |||
Juli Wünsch | Independent | 409 | 0.2 | |||
Felicia Herrschaft | Independent | 340 | 0.2 | |||
Hein Fischer | Independent | 169 | 0.1 | |||
Valid votes | 188,760 | 99.4 | 150,779 | 98.7 | ||
Invalid votes | 1,156 | 0.6 | 2,025 | 1.3 | ||
Total | 189,916 | 100.0 | 152,804 | 100.0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 505,275 | 37.6 | 505,268 | 30.2 | ||
Source: City of Frankfurt am Main |
The Frankfurt am Main city council (Stadtverordnetenversammlung) governs the city alongside the mayor. It is located in the city's medieval town hall, Römer, which is also used for representative and official purposes. The most recent city council election was held on 14 March 2021, and the results were as follows:
Party | Lead candidate | Votes | % | +/- | Seats | +/- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | Martina Feldmayer | 4,894,339 | 24.6 | 9.3 | 23 | 9 | |
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | Nils Kößler | 4,361,942 | 21.9 | 2.2 | 20 | 2 | |
Social Democratic Party (SPD) | Mike Josef | 3,385,017 | 17.0 | 6.8 | 16 | 6 | |
The Left (Die Linke) | Dominike Pauli | 1,572,333 | 7.9 | 0.1 | 7 | 1 | |
Free Democratic Party (FDP) | Annette Rinn | 1,515,646 | 7.6 | 0.1 | 7 | ±0 | |
Alternative for Germany (AfD) | Patrick Schenk | 902,412 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4 | 4 | |
Volt Germany (Volt) | Eileen O'Sullivan | 745,418 | 3.7 | New | 4 | New | |
Citizens for Frankfurt (BFF) | Mathias Mund | 395,905 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 2 | 1 | |
Ecological Left – Anti-Racist List (ÖkoLinX-ARL) | Jutta Ditfurth | 359,304 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 2 | ±0 | |
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) | Nico Wehnemann | 361,932 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 2 | 1 | |
Europe List for Frankfurt (ELF) | Luigi Brillante | 265,914 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1 | ±0 | |
Free Voters (FW) | Eric Pärisch | 162,122 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 1 | ±0 | |
I am a Frankfurter (IBF) | Jumas Medoff | 166,573 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | |
Alliance for Innovation and Justice (BIG) | Haluk Yıldız | 128,846 | 0.6 | New | 1 | New | |
Garden Party Frankfurt am Main (Gartenpartei) | Tilo Schwichtenberg | 126,991 | 0.6 | New | 1 | New | |
Pirate Party Germany (Piraten) | Herbert Förster | 123,772 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1 | ±0 | |
Polish Dialogue Initiative for Frankfurt | Barbara Lange | 88,771 | 0.4 | New | 0 | New | |
The Frankfurters (dFfm) | Bernhard Ochs | 73,026 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 | 1 | |
International Vote Frankfurt (ISF) | Kerry Reddington | 61,772 | 0.3 | New | 0 | New | |
Climate List Frankfurt (Klimaliste) | Beate Balzert | 61,526 | 0.3 | New | 0 | New | |
Free Party Frankfurt (FPF) | Benjamin Klinger | 40,621 | 0.2 | New | 0 | New | |
United Democrats (VD) | André Leitzbach | 30,691 | 0.2 | New | 0 | New | |
The Social Liberals (SL) | Christian Bethke | 18,563 | 0.1 | New | 0 | New | |
Frankfurt Free Voter Group (FFWG) | Thomas Schmitt | 16,587 | 0.1 | New | 0 | New | |
Romanians for Frankfurt (RF) | Ionut-Vlad Plenz | 15,884 | 0.1 | New | 0 | New | |
Party of Humanists (Die Humanisten) | Rüdiger Gottschalk | 11,680 | 0.1 | New | 0 | New | |
Bulgarian Association of Frankfurt (BGF) | Daniela Spasova-Mischke | 11,488 | 0.1 | New | 0 | New | |
Sven Junghans, We Frankfurters (WF) | Sven Junghans | 9,627 | 0.0 | New | 0 | New | |
Valid votes | 221,487 | 96.0 | |||||
Invalid votes | 9,196 | 4.0 | |||||
Total | 230,683 | 100.0 | 93 | ±0 | |||
Electorate/voter turnout | 512,034 | 45.1 | 6.1 | ||||
Source: Statistics Hesse |
For elections to the Hesse State Parliament, Frankfurt am Main is split up into six constituencies. In total 15 delegates represent the city in the Landtag in Wiesbaden. The last election took place in October 2018. Six members of parliament were directly elected in their respective constituencies: Uwe Serke (CDU, Frankfurt am Main I), Miriam Dahlke (Greens, Frankfurt am Main II), Ralf-Norbert Bartel (CDU, Frankfurt am Main III), Michael Boddenberg (CDU, Frankfurt am Main IV), Markus Bocklet (Greens, Frankfurt am Main V) and Boris Rhein (CDU, Frankfurt am Main VI).
Delegates from Frankfurt often serve high-ranking positions in Hessian politics, e.g. Michael Boddenberg is Hessian Minister of Finance and Boris Rhein was elected President of the Landtag of Hesse in 2019.
For federal elections which are held every four years, Frankfurt is split up into two constituencies. In the German federal election 2017, Matthias Zimmer (CDU) and Bettina Wiesmann were elected to the Bundestag by directe mandate in Frankfurt am Main I and Frankfurt am Main II respectively. Nicola Beer (FDP), Achim Kessler (Linke), Ulli Nissen (SPD) and Omid Nouripour (Greens) were elected as well.
Nicola Beer resigned as a member of parliament in 2019 following her election to the European Parliament where she now serves as vice president.
Frankfurt is twinned with:[43]
Frankfurt has friendly relations with:[43]
Römer
Römer, the German word for Roman, is a complex of nine houses that form the Frankfurt city hall (Rathaus). The houses were acquired by the city council in 1405 from a wealthy merchant family. The middle house became the city hall and was later connected with its neighbours. The Kaisersaal ("Emperor's Hall") is located on the upper floor and is where the newly crowned emperors held their banquets. The Römer was partially destroyed in World War II and later rebuilt. The surrounding square, the Römerberg, is named after the city hall.
The former Altstadt (old town) quarter between the Römer and the Frankfurt Cathedral was redeveloped as the Dom-Römer Quarter from 2012 to 2018, including 15 reconstructions of historical buildings that were destroyed during World War II.
Frankfurt Cathedral
Frankfurt Cathedral (Frankfurter Dom) is not a cathedral, but the main Catholic church, dedicated to St. Bartholomew. The Gothic building was constructed in the 14th and 15th centuries on the foundation of an earlier church from the Merovingian time. From 1356 onwards, kings of the Holy Roman Empire were elected in this church, and from 1562 to 1792, Roman-German emperors were crowned there.
Since the 18th century, St. Bartholomew's has been called Dom, although it was never a bishop's seat. In 1867 it was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in its present style. It was again partially destroyed in World War II and rebuilt in the 1950s. Its height is 95 meters. The cathedral tower has a viewing platform open to the public at a height of 66 meters, accessed through a narrow spiral staircase with 386 steps.
St. Paul's Church
St. Paul's Church (Paulskirche) is a national historic monument in Germany because it was the seat of the first democratically elected parliament in 1848. It was established in 1789 as a Protestant church, but was not completed until 1833. Its importance has its roots in the Frankfurt Parliament, which met in the church during the revolutionary years of 1848/49 in order to write a constitution for a united Germany. The attempt failed because the monarchs of Prussia and Austria did not want to lose power. In 1849 Prussian troops ended the democratic experiment by force and the parliament dissolved. Afterwards, the building was used for church services again.
St. Paul's was partially destroyed in World War II, particularly its interior, which now has a modern appearance. It was quickly and symbolically rebuilt after the war; today it is used mainly for exhibitions and events.
Archäologischer Garten Frankfurt
The Archaeological Garden contains small parts of the oldest recovered buildings: an ancient Roman settlement and the Frankfurt Royal Palace (Kaiserpfalz Frankfurt) from the 6th century. The garden is located between the Römerberg and the cathedral. It was discovered after World War II when the area was heavily bombed and later partly rebuilt. The remains were preserved and are now open to the public. From 2013 until 2015 an event building, the Stadthaus ("City house"), has been built on top of the garden, but it remains open to the public free of charge.
Haus Wertheim
Wertheim House is the only timbered house in the Altstadt district that survived the heavy bombings of World War II undamaged. It is located on the Römerberg next to the Historical Museum.
Saalhof
The Saalhof is the oldest conserved building in the Altstadt district and dates to the 12th century. It was used as an exhibition hall by Dutch clothiers when trade fairs were held during the 14th and 15th centuries. The Saalhof was partly destroyed in World War II and later rebuilt. Today it serves as a part of the Historical Museum.
Eiserner Steg
The Eiserner Steg (Iron Bridge) is a pedestrian-only bridge across the Main that connects Römerberg and Sachsenhausen. It was built in 1868 and was the second bridge to cross the river. After World War II, when it was blown up by the Wehrmacht, it was quickly rebuilt in 1946. Today some 10,000 people cross the bridge on a daily basis.
Alte Oper
The Alte Oper is a former opera house, hence the name "Old Opera". The opera house was built in 1880 by architect Richard Lucae. It was one of the major opera houses in Germany until it was heavily damaged in World War II. Until the late 1970s, it was a ruin, nicknamed "Germany's most beautiful ruin". Former Frankfurt Lord Mayor Rudi Arndt called for blowing it up in the 1960s, which earned him the nickname "Dynamite-Rudi". (Later on, Arndt said he never had meant his suggestion seriously.)
Public pressure led to its refurbishment and reopening in 1981. Today, it functions as a famous concert hall, while operas are performed at the "new" Frankfurt Opera. The inscription on the frieze of the Alte Oper says: "Dem Wahren, Schönen, Guten" ("To the true, the beautiful, the good").
Eschenheimer Turm
The Eschenheim Tower (Eschenheimer Turm) was erected at the beginning of the 15th century and served as a city gate as part of late-medieval fortifications. It is the oldest and most unaltered building in the Innenstadt district.
St. Catherine's Church
St. Catherine's Church (Katharinenkirche) is the largest Protestant church, dedicated to Catherine of Alexandria, a martyred early Christian saint. It is located in the city centre at the entrance to the Zeil, the central pedestrian shopping street.
Hauptwache
Although today Hauptwache is mostly associated with the inner-city underground train station of the same name, the name originates from a baroque building on the square above the station. The Hauptwache building was constructed in 1730 and was used as a prison, therefore the name that translates as "main guard-house". Today the square surrounding the building is also called "Hauptwache" (formal: An der Hauptwache). It is situated in the city centre opposite to St. Catherine's Church and houses a famous café.
Central Station
Frankfurt Central Station (Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof), which opened in 1888, was built as the central train station for Frankfurt to replace three smaller train stations in the city centre and to boost the needed capacity for travellers. It was constructed as a terminus station and was the largest train station in Europe by floor area until 1915 when Leipzig Central Station was opened. Its three main halls were constructed in a neorenaissance-style, while the later enlargement with two outer halls in 1924 was constructed in neoclassic-style.
Frankfurter Hof
The Frankfurter Hof is a landmarked hotel in the city centre at Kaiserplatz, built from 1872 to 1876. It is part of Steigenberger Hotels group and is considered the city's most prestigious.
St. Leonhard
St. Leonhard, on the Main close to the bridge Eiserner Steg, is a Catholic late Gothic hall church, derived from a Romanesque style basilica beginning in 1425. It is the only one of nine churches in the Old Town that survived World War II almost undamaged. The parish serves the English-speaking community. The church has been under restoration from 2011 until 2019. [45]
Frankfurt is one of the few European cities with a significant number of skyscrapers, (buildings at least 150 m (492.13 ft) tall). It hosts 17 out of Germany's 18 skyscrapers. Most skyscrapers and high-rise office buildings are located in the financial district (Bankenviertel) near the city centre, around the trade fair premises (Europaviertel) and at Mainzer Landstraße between Opernplatz and Platz der Republik, which connects the two areas.
The 17 skyscrapers are:
Other high-rise buildings include:
For centuries, St. Bartholomeus's Cathedral was the tallest structure. The first building to exceed the 95-metre-high cathedral was not an office building but a grain silo, the 120-metre-high (390 ft) Henninger Turm, built from 1959 to 1961.
The first high-rise building boom came in the 1970s when Westend Gate (then called Plaza Büro Center) and Silberturm were constructed and became the tallest buildings in Germany with a height of 159.3 metres and 166.3 metres, respectively. Around the same time, Frankfurter Büro Center and City-Haus (142.4 metres and 142.1 metres) were constructed at Mainzer Landstraße and Eurotower (148.0 metres) and Garden Tower (127.0 metres; then called Helaba-Hochhaus) were constructed in the financial district.
None of the buildings constructed during the 1980s surpassed Silberturm. The most famous buildings from this decade are the Deutsche Bank Twin Towers at Taunusanlage, both 155.0 metres tall.
The 1990s featured a second wave. Messeturm, built on the trade fair site, reached a height of 256.5 metres and became the tallest building in Europe by 1991. It was overtaken by the 259-metre-high (850 ft) Commerzbank Tower in 1997. Other tall buildings from this decade are Westendstrasse 1 (208.0 metres), Main Tower (200.0 metres) and Trianon (186.0 metres).
In 21st-century Frankfurt, more high-rise buildings and skyscrapers (e.g., Skyper, Opernturm, Tower 185, Seat of the European Central Bank, Taunusturm) emerged, but none have surpassed Commerzbank Tower.
With a large forest, many parks, the Main riverbanks and the two botanical gardens, Frankfurt is considered a "green city": More than 50 percent of the area within the city limits are protected green areas.[50]
This section needs additional citations for verification.(September 2015) |
With more than 30 museums, Frankfurt has one of the largest variety of museums in Europe. Twenty museums are part of the Museumsufer, located on the front row of both sides of the Main riverbank or nearby, which was created on an initiative by cultural politician Hilmar Hoffmann.
Ten museums are located on the southern riverbank in Sachsenhausen between the Eiserner Steg and the Friedensbrücke. The street itself, Schaumainkai, is partially closed to traffic on Saturdays for Frankfurt's largest flea market.
Two museums are located on the northern riverbank:
Not directly located on the northern riverbank in the Altstadt district are:
Another important museum is located in the Westend district:
Other museums are the Dialogmuseum (Dialogue Museum) in the Ostend district, Eintracht Frankfurt Museum at Deutsche Bank Park, the Frankfurter Feldbahnmuseum (Light Railway Museum Frankfurt) in the Gallus district, the Verkehrsmuseum Frankfurt (Transport Museum Frankfurt) in the Schwanheim district, the Hammer Museum in the Bahnhofsviertel district and the Geldmuseum der Deutschen Bundesbank (Money Museum of the German Federal Bank) in the Ginnheim district. The Explora Museum+Wissenschaft+Technik (Explora Museum of Science and Engineering) in the Nordend district was closed in 2016.
Eurodance and Trance music originated in Frankfurt. In 1989 German producers Michael Münzing and Luca Anzilotti (under the pseudonyms Benito Benites and John "Virgo" Garrett III) formed the Snap! project. Snap! songs combined Rap and Soul vocals adding rhythm by using computer technology and mixing electronic sounds, bass and drums. By doing so a new genre was born: Eurodance.[51] In the early 1990s, DJs including Sven Väth and DJ DAG (of Dance 2 Trance) first played a harder, deeper style of acid house that became popular worldwide over the next decade as Trance music. Some of the early and most influential Eurodance, Trance and Techno acts, e.g., La Bouche, Jam and Spoon, Magic Affair, Culture Beat, Snap!, Dance 2 Trance, Oliver Lieb and Hardfloor, and record labels such as Harthouse and Eye Q, were based in the city in the early 1990s.
Frankfurt is home to two major botanical gardens:
Frankfurt offers a variety of restaurants, bars, pubs and clubs. Clubs concentrate in and around the city centre and in the Ostend district, mainly close to Hanauer Landstraße. Restaurants, bars and pubs concentrate in Sachsenhausen, Nordend, Bornheim and Bockenheim.
In electronic music, Frankfurt was a pioneering city in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with renowned DJs including Sven Väth, Marc Trauner, Scot Project and Kai Tracid. One of the main venues of the early Trance music sound was the Omen nightclub from 1988 to 1998. Another popular disco club of the 1980s–1990s and a hotspot for Techno/Trance music was the Dorian Gray, which was located within Terminal 1 at Frankfurt Airport from 1978 to 2000. Further popular venues were the U60311 (1998–2012) and the Coocoon Club in Fechenheim (2004–2012). Notable live music venues of the past include the Sinkkasten Arts Club (1971–2011) and the King Kamehameha Club (1999–2013).
Among the most popular active rock and pop concert venues is the Batschkapp in Seckbach, which opened in 1976 as a center for autonomous and left-wing counter-culture. Further popular active clubs and music venues include the Velvet Club, The Cave, Cooky's, Nachtleben, Silbergold, Zoom, Tanzhaus West and the Yachtclub.
In a 2001 ranking by the University of Liverpool, Frankfurt was rated the richest city in Europe by GDP per capita, followed by Karlsruhe, Paris and Munich.[53]
Frankfurt was voted the 7th in the Mercer Quality of Living Survey by the Mercer Quality of Living Survey (2012),[54] seventh in the Mercer Quality of Living Survey (2010) and 18th at the Economist's World's Most Liveable Cities Survey (2011).[55] According to an annual citizen survey (2010), arranged by the city council, 66 percent inhabitants are satisfied or highly satisfied with the city, while only 6 percent said that they are dissatisfied. Compared to the 1993's survey the number of satisfied inhabitants has grown about 22 percent while the number of dissatisfied inhabitants was reduced by 8 percent. 84 percent of the inhabitants like to live in Frankfurt, 13 percent would rather choose to live somewhere else. 37 percent are satisfied with the public safety (1993: only 9 percent), 22 percent are dissatisfied (1993: 64 percent).[56]
Frankfurt consistently has the highest levels of crime per 100,000 inhabitants in Germany (15.976 crimes per annum in 2008) and is therefore dubbed the German "crime capital".[57] However, this statistic is often criticized[citation needed] because it ignores major factors: It is calculated based on the administrative 680,000-inhabitant figure while the urban area has 2.5 M inhabitants and on weekdays adds another million people[citation needed] (not counting the 53 million passengers passing through the airport each year). The rate for personal safety-relevant crimes such as murder, manslaughter, rape or bodily harm, is 3.4 percent, placing Frankfurt twelfth in the ranking (related to the official 680,000-inhabitant figure) or number 21 (related to the one-million-figure).[58] In 2018, the state of Hesse, where Frankfurt is located, was ranked the third-safest state in Germany.[59]
The city can be accessed from around the world via Frankfurt Airport (Flughafen Frankfurt am Main) located 12 km (7 mi) southwest of the city centre. The airport has four runways and serves 265 non-stop destinations. Run by transport company Fraport it ranks among the world's busiest airports by passenger traffic and is the busiest airport by cargo traffic in Europe. The airport also serves as a hub for Condor and as the main hub for German flag carrier Lufthansa. It is the busiest airport in Europe in terms of cargo traffic, and the fourth busiest in Europe in terms of passenger traffic behind London Heathrow Airport, Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Passenger traffic at Frankfurt Airport in 2018 was 69,510,269 passengers.
A third terminal is being constructed (planned to open in 2023). The third terminal will increase the capacity of the airport to over 90 million passengers per year.[60]
The airport can be reached by car or bus and has two railway stations, one for regional and one for long-distance traffic. The S-Bahn lines S8 and S9 (direction Offenbach Ost or Hanau Hbf) departing at the regional station take 10–15 minutes from the airport to Frankfurt Central Station and onwards to the city centre (Hauptwache station), the IC and ICE trains departing at the long-distance station take 10 minutes to Frankfurt Central Station.
Despite the name, Frankfurt Hahn Airport (Flughafen Frankfurt-Hahn) is situated approximately 120 km (75 mi) from the city in Lautzenhausen (Rhineland-Palatinate). Hahn Airport is a major base for low-cost carrier Ryanair. This airport can only be reached by car or bus. An hourly bus service runs from Frankfurt Central Station, taking just over 2 hours.[61] Passenger traffic at Hahn Airport in 2010 was 3.5 million.
Frankfurt Egelsbach Airport (Flugplatz Frankfurt-Egelsbach) is a busy general aviation airport located south-east of Frankfurt Airport, near Egelsbach.
Frankfurt is a traffic hub for the German motorway (Autobahn) system. The Frankfurter Kreuz is an Autobahn interchange close to the airport, where the Bundesautobahn 3 (A3), Cologne to Würzburg, and the Bundesautobahn 5 (A5), Basel to Hanover, meet. With approximately 320,000 cars passing through it every day, it is Europe's most heavily used interchange. The Bundesautobahn 66 (A66) connects Frankfurt with Wiesbaden in the west and Fulda in the east. The Bundesautobahn 661 (A661) is mainly a commuter motorway that starts in the south (Egelsbach), runs through the eastern part and ends in the north (Oberursel). The Bundesautobahn 648 (A648) is a very short motorway in the western part which primarily serves as a fast connection between the A 66 and the Frankfurt Trade Fair. The A5 in the west, the A3 in the south and the A661 in the north-east form a ring road around the inner city districts and define a Low-emission zone (Umweltzone; established in 2008), meaning that vehicles have to meet certain emission criteria to enter the zone.
The streets of central Frankfurt are usually congested with cars during rush hour. Some areas, especially around the shopping streets Zeil, Goethestraße and Freßgass, are pedestrian-only streets. Car parks are located throughout the city and especially in the city centre.
Frankfurt Central Station (Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof, often abbreviated as Frankfurt (Main) Hbf or F-Hbf) is the largest railway station in Germany by railway traffic. By daily passenger volume, it ranks second together with Munich Central Station (350,000 each) after Hamburg Central Station (450,000). It is located between the Gallus, the Gutleutviertel and the Bahnhofsviertel district, not far away from the trade fair and the financial district. It serves as a major hub for long-distance trains (InterCity, ICE) and regional trains as well as for Frankfurt's public transport system. It is a stop for most of ICE high-speed lines, making it Germany's most important ICE station. ICE Trains to London via the Channel Tunnel were planned for 2013.[62] All Rhine-Main S-Bahn lines, two U-Bahn lines (U4, U5), several tram and bus lines stop there. Regional and local trains are integrated in the Public transport system Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV), the second-largest integrated public transport systems in the world, after Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg.
Frankfurt Airport can be accessed by two railway stations: Frankfurt Airport long-distance station (Frankfurt Flughafen Fernbahnhof) is only for long-distance traffic and connects the airport to the main rail network, with most of the ICE services using the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line. The long-distance station is located outside the actual airport ground but has a connecting bridge for pedestrians to Terminal 1, concourse B. Frankfurt Airport regional station (Frankfurt Flughafen Regionalbahnhof) is for local S-Bahn trains (lines S8, S9) and regional trains. The regional station is located within Terminal 1, concourse B.
Frankfurt's third long-distance station is Frankfurt South station (Frankfurt Südbahnhof, often abbreviated as Frankfurt (Main) Süd or F-Süd), located in Sachsenhausen. It is an important destination for local trains and trams (lines 15, 16 and 18) and the terminal stop for four U-Bahn lines (U1, U2, U3, U8) as well as two S-Bahn lines (S5, S6). Two other S-Bahn lines (S3, S4) also serve the station.
The Frankfurt Trade Fair offers two railway stations: Messe station is for local S-Bahn trains (lines S3-S6) and is located at the centre of the trade fair premises while Festhalle/Messe station is served by U-Bahn line U4 and is located at the north-east corner of the premises.
Two other major railway stations in the city centre are Konstablerwache and Hauptwache, located on each end of the Zeil. They are the main stations to change from east-to-west-bound S-Bahn trains to north-to-south-bound U-Bahn trains. Konstablerwache station is the second-busiest railway station regarding daily passenger volume (191,000) after the central station. The third-busiest railway station is Hauptwache station (181,000).[63][64]
This Station, located in Bockenheim, is served by north-heading Long-Distance ICE trains, multiple regional trains, and four commuter S-Bahn lines (S3, S4, S5, S6). Additionally, it is an important terminal stop for three "Metrobus" lines (M32, M36, M73).
There are three stations for intercity bus services in Frankfurt: one at the south side of the Central Station, one at the Terminal 2 of the airport and another one at Stephanstraße.[65]
The city has two rapid transit systems: the U-Bahn and the S-Bahn, as well as an above-ground tram system. Information about the U- and S-Bahn can be found on the website of the RMV.[66]
Nine S-Bahn lines (S1 to S9) connect Frankfurt with the densely populated Rhine Main Region. Most routes have at least 15-minute service during the day, either by one line running every 15 minutes, or by two lines servicing one route at a 30-minute interval. All lines, except line S7, run through the Frankfurt city tunnel and serve the stations Ostendstraße, Konstablerwache, Hauptwache, Taunusanlage and Frankfurt Central Station. When leaving the city the S-Bahn travels above ground. It provides access to the trade fair (S3, S4, S5, S6), the airport (S8, S9), the stadium (S7, S8, S9) and nearby cities such as Wiesbaden, Mainz, Darmstadt, Rüsselsheim, Hanau, Offenbach am Main, Oberursel, Bad Homburg, Kronberg, Friedberg and smaller towns that are on the way. The S8/S9 runs 24/7.
The U-Bahn has nine lines (U1 to U9) serving Frankfurt and the larger suburbs of Bad Homburg and Oberursel in the north. The trains that run on the U-Bahn are in fact light rail (Stadtbahn) as many lines travel along a track in the middle of the street instead of underground further from the city centre. The minimum service interval is 2.5 minutes, although the usual pattern is that each line runs at 7.5- to 10-minute intervals, which produce between 3- and 5-minute intervals on city centre tracks shared by more than one line.
Frankfurt has ten tram lines (11, 12, 14 to 21), with trams arriving usually every 10 minutes. Many sections are served by two lines, combining to run at 5-minute intervals during rush-hour. Trams only run above ground and serve more stops than the U-Bahn or the S-Bahn.
A number of bus lines complete the Frankfurt public transport system. Night buses replace U-Bahn and tram services between 1:30 am and 3:30 am.[67] The central junction for the night bus service is Konstablerwache in the city centre, where all night bus lines start and end.
Taxicabs can usually be found outside the major S-Bahn and U-Bahn stations, at the central station, the south station, the airport, the trade fair and in the crowded inner-city shopping streets. The common way to obtain a taxi is to either call a taxi operator or to go to a taxi rank. However, although not the norm, one can hail a passing taxi on the street.
Uber ceased operations in Frankfurt on 9 November 2015 after operating in the city for 18 months.[68]
Deutsche Bahn makes bicycles available for hire through their Call a Bike service. The bicycles are stationed all over the city, including at selected railway stations. They can easily be spotted because of their eye-catching silver-red colour. To rent a specific bike, riders either call a service number to get an unlock code or reserve the bike via the smartphone application. To return the bike, the rider locks it within a designated return area (and calls the service number, if not booked via the app).[69]
Nextbike also makes bicycles available for hire in Frankfurt. They are stationed all over the city. These can be spotted with their blue color scheme.
Cycle rickshaws (velotaxis), a type of tricycle designed to carry passengers in addition to the driver, are also available. These are allowed to operate in pedestrian-only areas and are therefore practical for sightseeing.
Frankfurt has a network of cycle routes. Many long-distance bike routes into the city have cycle tracks that are separate from motor vehicle traffic. A number of roads in the city centre are "bicycle streets" where the cyclist has the right of way and where motorised vehicles are only allowed access if they do not disrupt the cycle users. In addition, cyclists are allowed to ride many cramped one-way streets in both directions. As of 2015[update], 15 percent of citizens used bicycles.[70]
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Frankfurt is one of the world's most important financial centres and Germany's financial capital, followed by Hamburg and Stuttgart. Frankfurt was ranked 8th at the International Financial Centers Development Index (2013), 8th at the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index (2008), 9th at the Global Financial Centres Index (September 2013),[71] 10th at the Global Power City Index (2011), 11th at the Global City Competitiveness Index (2012), 12th at the Innovation Cities Index (2011),[72] 14th at the World City Survey (2011) and 23rd at the Global Cities Index (2012).[73]
The city's importance as a financial centre has risen since the eurozone crisis. Indications are the establishment of two institutions of the European System of Financial Supervisors (European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and European Systemic Risk Board) in 2011 and the Single Supervisory Mechanism by which the European Central Bank was to assume responsibility for specific supervisory tasks related to the financial stability of the biggest and most important Eurozone banks.
According to an annual study by Cushman & Wakefield, the European Cities Monitor (2010), Frankfurt has been one of the top three cities for international companies in Europe, after London and Paris, since the survey started in 1990.[74] It is the only German city considered to be an alpha world city (category 3) as listed by the Loughborough University group's 2010 inventory,[75] which was a promotion from the group's 2008 inventory when it was ranked as an alpha minus world city (category 4).[76]
With over 922 jobs per 1,000 inhabitants, Frankfurt has the highest concentration of jobs in Germany. On work days and Saturdays, one million people commute from all over the Rhein-Main-Area.
The city is expected to benefit from international banks relocating jobs from London to Frankfurt as a result of Brexit to retain access to the EU market.[77][78] Thus far, Morgan Stanley, Citigroup Inc., Standard Chartered Plc and Nomura Holdings Inc. announced they would move their EU headquarters to Frankfurt.[78]
Frankfurt is home to two important central banks: the German Bundesbank and the European Central Bank (ECB).[79]
The European Central Bank (Europäische Zentralbank) is one of the world's most important central banks. The ECB sets monetary policy for the Eurozone, consisting of 19 EU member states that have adopted the Euro (€) as their common currency. From 1998 the ECB Headquarters have been located in Frankfurt, first in the Eurotower at Willy-Brandt-Platz and in two other nearby high-rises. The new Seat of the European Central Bank in the Ostend district, consisting of the former wholesale market hall (Großmarkthalle) and a newly built 185-metre skyscraper, was completed in late 2014. The new building complex was designed to accommodate up to 2,300 ECB personnel. The location is a few kilometres away from the city centre and borders an industrial area as well as the Osthafen (East Harbour), It was primarily chosen because of its large premises which allows the ECB to install security arrangements without high fences.
The city honours the importance of the ECB by officially using the slogan "The City of the Euro" since 1998.
The Deutsche Bundesbank (German Federal Bank), located in Ginnheim, was established in 1957 as the central bank for the Federal Republic of Germany. Until the euro (€) was introduced in 1999, the Deutsche Bundesbank was responsible for the monetary policy of Germany and for the German currency, the Deutsche Mark (DM). The Bundesbank was greatly respected for its control of inflation through the second half of the 20th century. Today the Bundesbank is an integral part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) which is formed by all 27 EU member states.
In 2010, 63 national and 152 international banks had a registered office, including the headquarters of the major German banks, as well as 41 offices of international banks.[7] Frankfurt is therefore known as Bankenstadt ("City of the banks") and nicknamed "Mainhattan" (a portmanteau of the local Main river and Manhattan in New York City) or "Bankfurt". 73,200 people were employed at banks in 2010.
Other major German banks include Frankfurter Volksbank, the second-largest Volksbank in Germany, Frankfurter Sparkasse and old-established private banks such as Bankhaus Metzler, Hauck & Aufhäuser and Delbrück Bethmann Maffei.
Many international banks have a registered or a representative office, e.g., Credit Suisse, UBS, Bank of America, Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, JPMorgan Chase & Co., Bank of China, Banco do Brasil, Itaú Unibanco Société Générale, BNP Paribas, SEB, Royal Bank of Scotland and Barclays.
The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse) began in the 9th century. By the 16th century Frankfurt had developed into an important European hub for trade fairs and financial services. Today the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is by far the largest in Germany, with a turnover of more than 90 percent of the German stock market and is the third-largest in Europe after the London Stock Exchange and the European branch of the NYSE Euronext. The most important stock market index is the DAX, the index of the 30 largest German business companies listed at the stock exchange. The stock exchange is owned and operated by Deutsche Börse, which is itself listed in the DAX. Deutsche Börse also owns the European futures exchange Eurex and clearing company Clearstream. Trading takes place exclusively via the Xetra trading system, with redundant floor brokers taking on the role of market-makers on the new platform.
On 1 February 2012 European Commission blocked the proposed merger of Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext. "The merger between Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext would have led to a near-monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide. These markets are at the heart of the financial system and it is crucial for the whole European economy that they remain competitive. We tried to find a solution, but the remedies offered fell far short of resolving the concerns."[81] European competition commissioner Joaquín Almunia said.
It is located in the city centre at the Börsenplatz. Deutsche Börse's headquarters are formally registered in Frankfurt, but it moved most of its employees to a high-rise called "The Cube" in Eschborn in 2010, primarily due to significantly lower local corporate taxes.
Frankfurt Trade Fair (Messe Frankfurt) has the third-largest exhibition site in the world with a total of 578,000 square metres (6,221,540 square feet). The trade fair premises are located in the western part between Bockenheim, the Westend and the Gallus district. It houses ten exhibition halls with a total of 321,754 square meters (3,463,331 square feet) of space and 96,078 square metres (1,034,175 square feet) of outdoor space.
Hosted in Frankfurt are the Frankfurt Motor Show (Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung – IAA), the world's largest auto show, the Frankfurt Book Fair (Frankfurter Buchmesse), the world's largest book fair, the Ambiente Frankfurt, the world's largest consumer goods fair, the Achema, the world's largest plant engineering fair, and many more like Paperworld, Christmasworld, Beautyworld, Tendence Lifestyle or Light+Building.
Messe Frankfurt GmbH, the owner and operator company, organized 87 exhibitions in 2010, 51 thereof in foreign countries.[citation needed] It is one of the largest trade fair companies with commercial activities in over 150 countries.
Frankfurt Airport is one of the busiest airports in the world and is also the single largest place of work in Germany with over 500 companies which employ 71,500 people (2010).[82]
Fraport is the owner and operator of Frankfurt Airport. It is the airport's second-largest employer (19,800 workers in 2010).[83] Fraport also operates other airports worldwide, e.g., King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah, Jorge Chávez International Airport in Lima and Antalya Airport.
The largest company at Frankfurt Airport is Lufthansa, Germany's flag carrier and Europe's largest airline. Lufthansa employs 35,000 people in Frankfurt.[84][85] The Lufthansa Aviation Center (LAC) is the main operation base of Lufthansa at Frankfurt Airport. The airport serves as Lufthansa's primary hub with 157 worldwide destinations (compared to 110 destinations at Munich Airport, Lufthansa's second-largest hub). Lufthansa Cargo is based in Frankfurt and operates its largest cargo center (LCC) at Frankfurt Airport. Lufthansa Flight Training is also based here.
Condor is a German airline based at Frankfurt Airport.
Three of the four largest international accountancy and professional services firms (Big Four) are present.
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) German headquarters are located at Tower 185. KPMG moved its European Headquarters (KPMG Europe LLP) to The Squaire. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu are present, while Ernst & Young is located in Eschborn.
The three major international credit rating agencies – Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch Ratings – have their German headquarters in Frankfurt.
DWS Investments is the largest investment trust company in Germany and manages €288 billion fund assets. It is one of the 10 largest investment trust companies in the world.[86] Other large investment trust companies are Allianz Global Investors Europe (a division of Allianz SE, and a top-five global active investment manager with €1,933 billion assets under management globally), Union Investment and Deka Investmentfonds.
Many of the largest international management consultancies are represented, including Arthur D. Little, McKinsey & Company, Boston Consulting Group, Booz & Company, Oliver Wyman, Bearing Point, Capgemini, Bain & Company and Roland Berger Strategy Consultants.
Located in Frankfurt are the German headquarters of Jones Lang LaSalle and BNP Paribas Real Estate.
Frankfurt has the highest concentration of lawyers in Germany, with one lawyer per 97 inhabitants (followed by Düsseldorf with a ratio of 1/117 and Munich with 1/124) in 2005.[87]
Most of the large international law firms maintain offices, among them Allen & Overy, Baker & McKenzie, Bird & Bird, Clifford Chance, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton, Debevoise & Plimpton, DLA Piper, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, Hogan Lovells, Jones Day, Latham & Watkins, Linklaters, Mayer Brown, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, Norton Rose, Shearman & Sterling, Sidley Austin, SJ Berwin, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, Sullivan & Cromwell, K&L Gates, Taylor Wessing and White & Case.
Although it is best known for its banks and financial institutions, Frankfurt is also a centre for media companies. Around 570 companies of the advertising industry and 270 public relations companies are there.
According to a ranking of German FOCUS magazine (November 2007) seven of the 48 largest advertising agencies in Germany are based in Frankfurt, including Havas, Dentsu, McCann-Erickson, Saatchi & Saatchi, JWT, and Publicis.[88]
Frankfurt is home to the German headquarters of Nestlé, the world's largest food company, located in Niederrad. Other important food companies are Ferrero SpA (German headquarters) and Radeberger Gruppe KG, the largest private brewery group in Germany.
The South-Korean automobile manufacturer Kia Motors moved its European headquarters to Frankfurt in 2007. In the same year, Italian manufacturer Fiat opened its new German headquarters. The automotive supplier Continental AG has the headquarters and a major manufacturing plant of its Chassis & Safety division (formerly ITT Automotive) located in Frankfurt Rödelheim.
Some of the largest German construction companies have offices, e.g., Bilfinger Berger, Hochtief, Züblin and BAM Deutschland.
Frankfurt has Germany's highest concentration of homeowners. This is partly attributed to the financial sector, but also to its cosmopolitan nature, with expatriates and immigrants representing one-fourth of its population. For this reason, Frankfurt's property market often operates differently than the rest of the country where the prices are generally flatter.
Frankfurt is one of Germany's leading tourist destinations. In addition to its infrastructure and economy, its diversity supports a vibrant cultural scene. This blend of attractions led 4.3 million tourists (2012) to visit Frankfurt.[89] The Hotels in central Frankfurt offer 34,000 beds in 228 hotels, of which 13 are luxury hotels and 46 are first-class hotels.[90]
Frankfurt is home to companies from the chemical, transportation, telecommunication and energy industries. Some of the larger companies are:
Within Frankfurt's urban area are several important companies.
The business centre of Eschborn is located right at Frankfurt's city limits in the west and attracts businesses with significantly lower corporate taxes compared to Frankfurt. Major companies in Eschborn include Ernst & Young, Vodafone Germany, Randstad Holding and VR Leasing. Deutsche Börse moved most of its employees to Eschborn in 2010.
Rüsselsheim is internationally known for its automobile manufacturer Opel, one of the biggest automobile manufacturers in Germany. With 20,000 employees in 2003, Opel was one of the five largest employers in Hesse.
Offenbach am Main is home to the European headquarters of automobile manufacturer Hyundai Motor Company, to the German headquarters of automobile manufacturer Honda, to Honeywell Germany and to Deutscher Wetterdienst, the central scientific agency that monitors weather and meteorological conditions over Germany.
Two DAX companies are located in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA and Fresenius Medical Care. Other major companies are Hewlett-Packard, Bridgestone, Deutsche Leasing and Basler Versicherungen.
Kronberg im Taunus is home of the German headquarters of automobile manufacturer Jaguar Cars as well as the German headquarters of Accenture.
Lufthansa Systems, a subsidiary of Lufthansa, is located in Kelsterbach.
LSG Sky Chefs, another subsidiary of Lufthansa, is located in Neu-Isenburg.
The German headquarters of Thomas Cook Group are based in Oberursel.
Langen is home to Deutsche Flugsicherung, the German air traffic control.
The European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) is an institution of the EU and part of the European System of Financial Supervisors that was created in response to the financial crisis of 2007–2008. It was established on 1 January 2011.
Frankfurt is one of two locations of the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, short: BaFin). The BaFin is an independent federal institution and acts as Germany's financial regulatory authority.
Frankfurt is home to the German office of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which is part of the World Bank Group. The IFC promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries.
Frankfurt is one of two sites of the German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek), the other being Leipzig. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek is the largest universal library in Germany.[citation needed] Its task, unique in Germany, is to collect, permanently archive, comprehensively document and record bibliographically all German and German-language publications from 1913 on, foreign publications about Germany, translations of German works and the works of German-speaking emigrants published abroad between 1933 and 1945, and to make them available to the public.[91]
As a profoundly international city, Frankfurt hosts 92 diplomatic missions (consulates and consulates-general).[citation needed] Worldwide, only New York City and Hamburg are non-capital cities with more foreign representation.[citation needed] The Consulate General of the United States in Eckenheim is the largest American consulate in the world.[92]
Several courts are located in Frankfurt, including:
Frankfurt hosts two universities and several specialist schools. The two business schools are Goethe University Frankfurt's Goethe Business School and Frankfurt School of Finance & Management.
The oldest and best-known university is the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, with locations in Bockenheim, Westend, and Riedberg, and the university hospital in Niederrad. Goethe Business School is part of the University's House of Finance at Campus Westend. The Business School's Full-Time MBA program has over 70% international students.
The Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences was created out of several older organisations in 1971, and offers over 38 study areas, in the arts, sciences, engineering and law. Some of the most important research projects: Planet Earth Simulator, FraLine-IT-School-Service, quantitative analysis of methane in human corpses with the help of a mass spectrometer, software engineering (e.g., fraDesk), analysis of qualitative and quantitative gas in human lungs, long-term studies on photovoltaic modules (to name only a few).
The city is also home to a business school, Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, formerly known as the Hochschule für Bankwirtschaft (Institution of Higher Learning for Banking Economics), with its new campus near Deutsche Nationalbibliothek U-Bahn stop (recently moving from its previous location in the Ostend (Eastend) neighbourhood). In 2001, it became a specialist institution for Economics and Management, or FOM. Frankfurt School is consistently ranked among the best business schools in the world, attributed to its high research output and quality of undergraduate and graduate training.[100]
Frankfurt has the State Institution of Higher Learning for Artistic Education known as the Städelschule, founded in 1817 by Johann Friedrich Städel. It was taken over by the city in 1942 and turned into a state art school.
Music institutions are the Frankfurt University of Music and Performing Arts, and the Hoch Conservatory (Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium) which was founded in 1878. The International Ensemble Modern Academy is a significant institution for the study of contemporary music.[101]
The Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology (German:Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Sankt Georgen), a private institution with membership in the German Jesuit Association, has been located in Sachsenhausen since 1950.
Frankfurt schools rank among the best-equipped schools nationwide for the availability of PCs and other media facilities.[citation needed] In order to assure maintenance and support of the school PCs, the city in cooperation with the University of Applied Sciences launched the project Fraline – IT-Schul-Service, an initiative employing students to provide basic school IT-support.[citation needed]
The city is home to three Max Planck Society institutes: the Max Planck Institute for European History of Law (MPIeR), Max Planck Institute for Biophysics, and the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research.
The Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, sponsored by several institutional and private sources, is involved in theoretical research in physics, chemistry, neuroscience, and computer science.
Frankfurt is host to the Römisch-Germanische-Kommission (RGK), the German Archaeological Institute branch for prehistoric archaeology in Germany and Europe. The RGK is involved in a variety of research projects. Its library, with over 130,000 volumes, is one of the largest specialised archaeological libraries in the world.[citation needed]
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Frankfurt is home to multiple trade unions and associations, including:
Trade associations include:
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Two important daily newspapers are published. The conservative Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, also known as FAZ, was founded in 1949 and is the German newspaper with the widest circulation outside of Germany, with its editors claiming to deliver the newspaper to 148 countries every day. The FAZ has a circulation of over 380,000 copies daily. The other important newspaper, the Frankfurter Rundschau, was first published in 1945 and has a daily circulation of over 181,000.
Several magazines also originate from Frankfurt. The local Journal Frankfurt is the best-known magazine for events, parties, and "insider tips". Öko-Test is a consumer-oriented magazine that focuses on ecological topics. Titanic is a well-known and often criticized satirical magazine with a circulation of approximately 100,000.
Frankfurt's first radio station was the Südwestdeutsche Rundfunkdienst AG (Southwest German Broadcast Service), founded in 1924. Its successor service is the public broadcaster Hessischer Rundfunk (Hessian Broadcast Service). It is located at the "Funkhaus am Dornbusch" in the Dornbusch district and is one of the most important radio and television broadcasters in Hesse, with additional studios in Kassel, Darmstadt and Fulda.
Bloomberg TV and RTL Television have regional studios.
Other radio broadcasters include Main FM and Radio X.
From August 1945 to October 2004, the American Forces Network (AFN) had broadcast from Frankfurt. Due to troop reductions the AFN's location has been closed with AFN now broadcasting from Mannheim.
Frankfurt is home to the German office of Reuters, a global news agency. Associated Press and US-based international news agency Feature Story News have bureaux in Frankfurt.
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Frankfurt is home to several professional sports teams. Some of them have won German Championships. E.g. the Skyliners Frankfurt won the German Basketball Championship in 2004 and the German Cup in 2000. Women's side 1. FFC Frankfurt (merged with Eintracht Frankfurt in 2020) are Germany's record title-holders; Eintracht Frankfurt are one-time German champions, five-times winners of the DFB-Pokal, and winners of the UEFA Cup in 1980. Frankfurt hosts the following sports teams or clubs:
Frankfurt is host to the classic cycle race Eschborn-Frankfurt City Loop (known as Rund um den Henninger-Turm from 1961 to 2008). The city hosts also the annual Frankfurt Marathon and the Ironman Germany. In addition to the former, it is one of 13 global host locations to the J.P. Morgan Corporate Challenge [6], Germany's biggest corporate sports event. Rhein-Main Eissport Club forms the base of the German bandy community.[7]
Besides the tourist attractions in central Frankfurt many internationally famous sites are within 80 km (50 mi) of the city, such as:
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(help)Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frankfurt am Main. |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Frankfurt. |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Frankfort-on-Main". |