| Hubbard Glacier | |
|---|---|
 False color image of the Hubbard Glacier | |
| Type | Tidewater/Mountain glacier AKA Valley Glacier |
| Location | Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska, U.S.; Yukon, Canada |
| Coordinates | 60°18′50″N 139°22′15″W / 60.31389°N 139.37083°WCoordinates: 60°18′50″N 139°22′15″W / 60.31389°N 139.37083°W |
| Length | 122 kilometres (76 mi) |
| Terminus | Sealevel |
| Status | Advancing |
Hubbard Glacier is a glacier located in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve in eastern Alaska and Kluane National Park and Reserve in Yukon, Canada, and named after Gardiner Hubbard.
The longest source for Hubbard Glacier originates 122 kilometres (76 mi) from its snout and is located at about 61°00′N 140°09′W / 61.000°N 140.150°W, approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Mount Walsh with an elevation around 11,000 feet (3,400 m). A shorter tributary glacier begins at the easternmost summit on the Mount Logan ridge at about 18,300 feet (5,600 m) at about 60°35′0″N 140°22′40″W / 60.58333°N 140.37778°W.
Before it reaches the sea, Hubbard is joined by the Valerie Glacier to the west, which, through forward surges of its own ice, has contributed to the advance of the ice flow that experts believe will eventually dam the Russell Fjord from Disenchantment Bay waters.
The Hubbard Glacier ice margin has continued to advance for about a century. In May 1986, the Hubbard Glacier surged forward, blocking the outlet of Russell Fjord and creating Russell Lake. All that summer, the new lake filled with runoff; its water level rose 25 metres (82 ft), and the decrease in salinity threatened its sea life.[1]
Around midnight on October 8, the dam began to give way. In the next 24 hours, an estimated 5.3 cubic kilometres (1.3 cu mi) of water gushed through the gap, and the fjord was reconnected to the ocean at its previous level.[1] This was the second largest glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in recorded history, and had the equivalent flow of about 35 Niagara Falls. The total volume of water released was approximately equal to the total volume of oil produced globally in 2012.
In spring 2002, the glacier again approached Bert Point. It pushed a terminal moraine ahead of its face and closed the opening again in July. On August 14, the terminal moraine was washed away after rains had raised the water level behind the dam it formed to 18 m (59 ft) above sea level.[2] The fjord could become dammed again, and perhaps permanently. If this happens, the fjord could overflow its southern banks and drain through the Situk River instead, threatening trout habitat and a local airport.
It takes about 400 years for ice to traverse the length of the glacier, meaning that the ice at the foot of the glacier is about 400 years old. The glacier routinely calves[3] off icebergs the size of a ten-story building. Where the glacier meets the bay, most of the ice is below the waterline, and newly calved icebergs can shoot up quite dramatically, so that ships must keep their distance from the edge of the glacier in Disenchantment Bay.
Cited references[edit]
- ^ a b "USGS Report: Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: Growing and Advancing in Spite of Global Climate Change and the 1986 and 2002 Russell Lake Outburst Floods". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-01-18. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^ "2002 Russell Fjord Closure and Russell Lake Outburst". Water Resources of Alaska • Glacier and Snow Program. U.S. Geological Survey. January 3, 2007. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved 2007-07-07. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^ Ellin Beltz glossary of glacier terms Retrieved May 3, 2013.
See also[edit]
- Glacial lake outburst flood
- Ice calving
Image gallery[edit]
The glacier from a distance
Holland America Line's MS Oosterdam passing Turner Glacier while leaving Disenchantment Bay
Hubbard Glacier and icebergs formed by calving
Closeup of Hubbard Glacier
The glacier relatively close
Panoramic view
External links[edit]
- Earthshots: Satellite Images of Environmental Change, U.S. Geological Survey
- Google Maps: Interactive satellite view of where Hubbard Glacier meets the sea
- U.S. Geological Survey: Sequence of photographs showing the 2002 ice blockage and breakthrough
