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Людоед - это разговорный термин для обозначения отдельного животного, которое охотится на людей в качестве модели охотничьего поведения. Это не включает уборку трупов, одиночное нападение, вызванное возможностью или отчаянным голодом, или случайное поедание человека, убитого животным в целях самообороны. Однако все три случая (особенно последние два) могут приучить животное есть человеческое мясо или нападать на людей и могут способствовать развитию поведения поедания людей [ необходима цитата ]

.

Хотя люди могут подвергаться нападениям со стороны многих видов животных, людоеды - это те, кто включил человеческое мясо в свой обычный рацион и активно охотится и убивает людей. В большинстве зарегистрированных случаев людоедов были львы , тигры , леопарды , белые медведи и крупные крокодилы . Однако они не единственные хищники, которые нападут на людей, если им представится такая возможность; Известно также, что большое разнообразие видов принимает людей в качестве обычной добычи, включая различных медведей , драконов Комодо , пятнистых и полосатых гиен .

Felids [ править ]

Людоед из Сегюр , молодой людоеда мужской бенгальского тигра , который убил пять человек в Нилгири холмах штата Тамил Наду в Южной Индии.

Тигры [ править ]

Основная статья: Тигры-людоеды

Зарегистрировано, что тигры убили больше людей, чем любая другая большая кошка, и были ответственны за большее количество смертей людей в результате прямого нападения, чем любое другое дикое млекопитающее. [1] По сообщениям, ежегодно в Индии в начале 1900-х годов убивали около 1000 человек, при этом одна бенгальская тигрица убила 436 человек в Индии. [1] С 1969 по 1971 год тигры убили 129 человек в мангровом лесу Сундарбана. [1] В отличие от леопардов и львов, тигры-людоеды редко проникают в жилища людей, чтобы добыть добычу. Сообщается, что большинство жертв было на территории тигра, когда произошло нападение. [2] Кроме того, нападения тигров чаще всего происходят в светлое время суток, в отличие от леопардов и львов.[2] В Сундарбане проживает около 600 королевских бенгальских тигров [3], которые до наших дней «регулярно убивали пятьдесят или шестьдесят человек в год». [3] В 2008 году потеря среды обитания из-за циклона Сидр привела к увеличению числа нападений на людей на индийской стороне Сандербана, поскольку тигры переходили на индийскую сторону из Бангладеш. [4]

Теория, продвигаемая для объяснения этого, предполагает, что, поскольку тигры пьют пресную воду , соленость местных вод служит дестабилизирующим фактором в рационе и жизни тигров Сундарбана, удерживая их в постоянном дискомфорте и делая их чрезвычайно агрессивными. Другие теории включают разделение их среды обитания с людьми и потребление человеческих трупов во время наводнений. [3]

Львы [ править ]

Смотрите также: Лев § людоед
Людоеды из Цаво на выставке в Полевом Музее естественной истории в Чикаго.

Было зарегистрировано, что львы-людоеды активно проникают в человеческие деревни как ночью, так и днем, чтобы добыть добычу. Эта большая напористость обычно делает львов-людоедов более легкими в обращении, чем тигров. Львы обычно становятся людоедами по тем же причинам, что и тигры: голод, старость и болезни, хотя, как и в случае с тиграми, некоторые людоеды, как сообщается, были совершенно здоровы. [2]

Пристрастие львов к поеданию людей систематически изучается. Американские и танзанийские ученые сообщают, что поведение поедания людей в сельских районах Танзании значительно увеличилось с 1990 по 2005 год. По крайней мере, 563 сельских жителя подверглись нападению, и многие были съедены за этот период - это число намного превышает более известные инциденты «Цаво» столетием ранее. . Инциденты произошли возле национального парка Селус в районе Руфиджи и в провинции Линди.недалеко от границы с Мозамбиком. В то время как распространение сельских жителей в страну кустарников является одной из проблем, авторы утверждают, что политика сохранения должна смягчить опасность, потому что в этом случае сохранение окружающей среды напрямую способствует гибели людей. В Линди задокументированы случаи, когда львы хватали людей в центре крупных деревень. По оценкам, ежегодно львы убивают более 250 человек. [5]

Исследования львов-людоедов показывают, что африканские львы едят людей в качестве дополнения к другой пище, а не в крайнем случае. [6] [7] В июле 2018 года южноафриканский новостной веб-сайт сообщил, что три браконьера-носорога были растерзаны и съедены львами в заповеднике Сибуя в провинции Восточный Кейп, Южная Африка. [8]

Leopards[edit]

Main article: Leopard attack

Man-eating leopards are a small percentage of all leopards, but have undeniably been a menace in some areas;[9] one leopard in India killed over 200 people.[9] Jim Corbett was noted to have stated that unlike tigers, which usually became man-eaters because of infirmity, leopards more commonly did so after scavenging on human corpses. In the area that Corbett knew well, dead people are usually cremated completely, but when there is a bad disease epidemic, the death rate outruns the supply of cremation pyre wood and people burn the body a little and throw it over the edge of the burning ghat.[10][11] In Asia, man-eating leopards usually attack at night, and have been reported to break down doors and thatched roofs in order to reach human prey. Attacks in Africa are reported less often, though there have been occasions where attacks occurred in daylight. Both Corbett and Kenneth Anderson have written that hunting the man eating panther presented more challenges than any other animal.[citation needed] In 2019 in India, an infant was stolen and decapitated by a leopard.[12]

Jaguars[edit]

See also: Jaguar § Attacks_on_humans

Jaguar attacks on humans are rare nowadays.[13] In the past, they were more frequent, at least after the arrival of Conquistadors in the Americas. The risk to humans would likely increase if the number of capybaras, the jaguar's primary prey, decreased.[14]

Cougars[edit]

Main article: List of fatal cougar attacks in North America

Due to the expanding human population, cougar ranges increasingly overlap with areas inhabited by humans. Attacks on humans are very rare, as cougar prey recognition is a learned behavior and they do not generally recognize humans as prey.[15] Attacks on people, livestock, and pets may occur when a puma habituates to humans or is in a condition of severe starvation. Attacks are most frequent during late spring and summer, when juvenile cougars leave their mothers and search for new territory. Unlike other big cat man-eaters, cougars do not kill humans as a result of old age or food preference, but in defense of their territory. Such behavior has been documented in hunts by humans, where the cougar is flushed out by dogs which it either outruns or mauls some distance away. Then, the cougar circles around and mauls the hunter in ambush attack.

Primates[edit]

The only documented man-eaters among the great apes are humans themselves and chimpanzees.[16] As humans encroach further on chimpanzee habitat in Africa, the occurrence of chimpanzees killing human children has allegedly become more common.[17]The cultural practice of cannibalism has been observed in some societies across the world, but was never widespread and is now very rare.

Canids[edit]

Wolves[edit]

Main article: Wolf attacks on humans
Two of the Wolves of Périgord, responsible for the deaths of 18 people in February 1766, on display at the chateau of Razac in Thiviers[citation needed]

Contrasted to other carnivorous mammals known to attack humans for food, the frequency with which wolves have been recorded to kill people is rather low, indicating that, though potentially dangerous, wolves are among the least threatening for their size and predatory potential, except for the dog which poses lethal hazards for reasons other than predation. In the rare cases in which man-eating wolf attacks occur, the majority of victims are children.[18] Habituation is a known factor contributing to some man-eating wolf attacks which results from living close to human habitations, causing wolves to lose their fear of humans and consequently approach too closely, much like urban coyotes. Habituation can also happen when people intentionally encourage wolves to approach them, usually by offering them food, or unintentionally, when people do not sufficiently intimidate them.[18] This is corroborated by accounts demonstrating that wolves in protected areas are more likely to show boldness toward humans than ones in areas where they are actively hunted.[19]

Dingoes[edit]

Main article: Azaria Chamberlain disappearance

Attacks on humans by dingoes are rare, with only two recorded fatalities in Australia. Dingoes are normally shy of humans and avoid encounters with them. The most famous record of a dingo attack was the disappearance of nine-week-old Azaria Chamberlain. Her parents reported that they both saw a dingo taking Azaria out of their tent when she and her family were out on a camping trip to Uluru.[20] In 2019 in Australia, a father saved his 14-month-old child from a dingo which had dragged it away.[21]

Domestic dogs[edit]

Main article: Fatal dog attacks

Although dogs have many of the characteristics of bears and Big Cats known to be man-eaters, they are unlikely to act as man-eaters themselves. More often humans can be bitten to death by packs of stray dogs, but not eaten. It often occurs in the countries of Eastern Europe, ex-USSR countries, and some South Asian countries, like India. Predatory acts by dogs upon humans have occurred, however, and many such incidents were the result of human misconduct.

Coyotes[edit]

Almost all known predatory coyote attacks on humans have failed. To date, other than the Kelly Keen coyote attack and the Taylor Mitchell coyote attack, all known victims have survived by fighting, fleeing, or being rescued, and only in the latter case was the victim partially eaten, although that case occurred in Nova Scotia where the local animals are eastern coyotes (coywolves).[citation needed]

Bears[edit]

Main article: Bear attack

Polar bears, particularly young and undernourished ones will hunt people for food.[22] Although bears rarely attack humans, bear attacks often cause devastating injuries due to the size and immense strength of the giant land and shoreline carnivores. As with dogs, predatory intent is not necessary; territorial disputes and protection of cubs can result in death by bear attack. Truly man-eating bear attacks are uncommon, but are known to occur when the animals are diseased or natural prey is scarce, often leading them to attack and eat anything they are able to kill. In July 2008, dozens of starving brown bears killed two geologists working at a salmon hatchery in Kamchatka.[23] After the partially eaten remains of the two workers were discovered, authorities responded by dispatching hunters to cull or disperse the bears.[24]

While American black bears rarely attack people, lone, predatory black bears are responsible for most fatal black bear attacks on humans in the United States and Canada, according to a study from 2011. Unlike female bears, motivated to attack humans to protect cubs, male black bears actually prey on humans, viewing them as a potential food source.[25][26]

Though usually shy and cautious animals, Asian black bears are more aggressive toward humans than the brown bears of Eurasia.[27] Brown bears seldom attack humans on sight, and usually avoid people. They are, however, unpredictable in temperament, and will attack if they are surprised or feel threatened.[28] Perhaps the most infamous fatal bear attack is that of Timothy Treadwell, an environmentalist who in 2003 was mauled to death and almost fully consumed by a brown bear in Katmai National Park. In some areas of India and Burma, sloth bears are more feared than tigers, due to their unpredictable temperament.[29]

Hyenas[edit]

Although hyenas readily feed upon human corpses, they are generally very wary of humans and less dangerous than the big cats whose territory overlaps with theirs. Nonetheless, both the spotted hyena and the smaller striped hyena are powerful predators quite capable of killing an adult human, and are known to attack people when food is scarce. Like most predators, hyena attacks tend to target women, children, and infirm men, though both species can and do attack healthy adult males on occasion. The spotted hyena is the more dangerous of the two species, being larger, more predatory, and more aggressive than the striped hyena. The brown hyena and aardwolf are not known to prey on humans.[citation needed]

Suidae[edit]

Pigs[edit]

Although not true carnivores, pigs are competent predators and can kill and eat helpless humans unable to escape them.[30][31][32] Numerous animal trials in the Middle Ages involved pigs accused of eating children.[33] In 2019, a woman was attacked and killed by a herd of feral hogs in rural Texas. She died due to exsanguination from bite wounds.[34]

Rodents[edit]

Rats[edit]

Despite small individual size, rats in large numbers can kill helpless people by eating humans alive.[35][36]

Rat torture has been documented by Amnesty International.[37]Large sized rats (some as big as a small cat) have been seen to feed upon human corpses in mortuaries in India.

Reptiles[edit]

The Nile crocodile is one of the species involved in the most unprovoked fatal attacks on humans.

Crocodiles[edit]

Main article: Crocodile attack

Crocodile attacks on people are common in places where crocodiles are native. The saltwater and Nile crocodiles are responsible for more attacks and more deaths than any other wild predator that attacks humans for food. Each year, hundreds of deadly attacks are attributed to the Nile crocodile within sub-Saharan Africa. Because many relatively healthy populations of Nile crocodiles occur in East Africa, their proximity to people living in poverty and/or without infrastructure has made it likely that the Nile crocodile is responsible for more attacks on humans than all other species combined.[citation needed] In Australia crocodiles have also been responsible for several deaths in the tropical north of the country.[38] The Mugger crocodile is another man-eater that kills many people in Asia each year, although not to the same level as the saltwater and Nile crocodiles. All crocodile species are also dangerous to humans, but most do not actively prey on them.

Alligators[edit]

Main article: List of fatal alligator attacks in the United States by decade

Despite their manifest ability to kill prey similar to or larger than humans in size and their commonness in an area of dense human settlement (the southeastern United States, especially Florida), American alligators rarely prey upon humans. Even so, there have been several notable instances of alligators opportunistically attacking humans, especially the careless, small children, and elderly.[39] Unlike the far-more dangerous saltwater and Nile crocodiles, the majority of alligators avoid contact with humans if possible, especially if they have been hunted. Incidents have happened,[40] and they may not all have been predatory in nature.

Snakes[edit]

Only very few species of snakes are physically capable of swallowing an adult human. Although quite a few claims have been made about giant snakes swallowing adult humans, only a limited number have been confirmed. In 2017 in Indonesia, an adult was discovered inside of a 7-metre-long (23 ft) python,[41] and on 14 June 2018 a 54-year-old woman named Wa Tiba was eaten by a reticulated python, which had slithered into her garden at her home.[42] Large constricting snakes will sometimes constrict and kill prey that are too large to swallow. Also, multiple cases are documented of medium-sized (3 m [9.8 ft] to 4 m [13 ft]) captive Burmese pythons constricting and killing humans, including several nonintoxicated, healthy adult men, one of whom was a "student" zookeeper.[43][44][45][46] In the zookeeper case, the python was attempting to swallow the zookeeper's head when other keepers intervened.[46] In addition, at least one Burmese python as small as 2.7 m (8.9 ft) constricted and killed an intoxicated adult man.[47]

A large constricting snake may constrict or swallow an infant or a small child, a threat that is legitimate and empirically proven. Cases of python attacks on children have been recorded for the green anaconda, the African rock python,[48] and the Burmese python.[49]

In the Philippines, more than a quarter of Aeta men (a modern forest-dwelling hunter-gatherer group) have reported surviving reticulated python predation attempts.[50] Pythons are nonvenomous, ambush predators, and both the Aeta and pythons hunt deer, wild pigs, and monkeys, making them competitors and prey.[50]

In South Africa in 2002, a 10-year-old boy was swallowed whole by a 6-metre-long (20 ft) African Rock Python, but cases like these are empirically observed and recorded, but not entirely confirmed unlike the cases mentioned above.[51]

Lizards[edit]

Large Komodo dragons are the only known lizard species to occasionally attack and consume humans. Because they live on remote islands, attacks are infrequent and may go unreported. Despite their large size, attacks on people are often unsuccessful and the victims manage to escape with severe wounds.[52]

Birds[edit]

Some evidence supports the contention that the African crowned eagle occasionally views human children as prey, with a witness account of one attack (in which the victim, a seven-year-old boy, survived and the eagle was killed),[53] and the discovery of part of a human child skull in a nest. This would make it the only living bird known to prey on humans, although other birds such as ostriches and cassowaries have killed humans in self-defense and a lammergeier might have killed Aeschylus by accident.[54] Various large raptors like golden eagles are reported attacking human beings,[55] but its unclear if they intend to eat them or if they have ever been successful in killing one.

A series of incidents in which a martial eagle attacked and killed one child as well as injuring two others was recorded in Ethiopia in 2019.[56]

Some fossil evidence indicates large birds of prey occasionally preyed on prehistoric hominids. The Taung Child, an early human found in Africa, is believed to have been killed by an eagle-like bird similar to the crowned eagle. The extinct Haast's eagle may have preyed on humans in New Zealand, and this conclusion would be consistent with Maori folklore. Leptoptilos robustus[57] might have preyed on both Homo floresiensis and anatomically modern humans, and the Malagasy crowned eagle, teratorns, Woodward's eagle and Caracara major[58] are similar in size to the Haast's eagle, implying that they similarly could pose a threat to a human being.

Fish[edit]

Sharks[edit]

Main article: Shark attack
Sign warning swimmers of the danger of shark attacks

Contrary to popular belief, only a limited number of shark species are known to pose a serious threat to humans. The species that are most dangerous can be indiscriminate and will take any potential meal they happen to come across (as an oceanic whitetip might eat a person floating in the water after a shipwreck), or may bite out of curiosity or mistaken identity (as with a great white shark attacking a human on a surfboard possibly because it resembles its favoured prey, a seal).[59][60]

Of more than 568 shark species, only four have been involved in a significant number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans: the great white shark, tiger shark, bull shark,[61] and the oceanic whitetip shark.[62] These sharks, being large, powerful predators, may sometimes attack and kill humans; it is worth noting that they have all been filmed in open water by unprotected divers.[63][64]

Piranhas[edit]

Attacks by piranhas resulting in deaths have occurred in the Amazon basin. In 2011, a drunk 18-year-old man was attacked and killed in Rosario del Yata, Bolivia.[65] In 2012, a five-year-old Brazilian girl was attacked and killed by a shoal of P. nattereri.[66] Some Brazilian rivers have warning signs about lethal piranhas.[67]

Catfish[edit]

Main article: Kali River goonch attacks

Reports have been made of goonch catfish eating humans in the Kali River in India.[68]

Death tolls[edit]

Individual man-eater death tolls include:

  • 436 — Champawat tiger (Nepal/India)
  • 400 — Leopard of Panar (Northern India)
  • 300+ — Gustave (crocodile) (Burundi), rumoured
  • 150 — Leopard of the Central Provinces of India
  • 135 — Tsavo's man-eating lions (Kenya)
  • 125+ — Leopard of Rudraprayag (India)
  • 113 — Beast of Gévaudan (France)
  • 50+ — Tigers of Chowgarh (India)
  • 42 — Leopard of Gummalapur (India)
  • 22 — Kirov wolf attacks (Russia) and Wolves of Turku (Finland)
  • 18 — Wolves of Périgord (France)
  • 17 — Wolves of Ashta (India)
  • 15 — Tigress of Jowlagiri (Jowlagiri)
  • 13 — Wolves of Hazaribagh (India)
  • 12 — Wolf of Gysinge (Sweden) and sloth bear of Mysore (India)
  • 11 — Port St-John Shark Attacks (South Africa Second Beach 2001–Present)
  • 7 — Tiger of Mundachipallam (South India) and Sankebetsu brown bear incident (Japan)
  • 6 — Mfuwe man eating lion (Zambia) and Crocodile of Bang Mood (Thailand)
  • 4 — Wolf of Soissons (France) and Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 (North New Jersey)
  • 3 — Leopard of the Yellagiri Hills (India)
  • uncertain number — Wolf of Ansbach (Holy Roman Empire)
  • uncertain number — USS Indianapolis shark attacks (Philippines Sea)

See also[edit]

  • Animal attack
  • Damnatio ad bestias, an ancient form of execution where condemned prisoners were killed by animals
  • Human–wildlife conflict
  • Malawi Terror Beast
  • Man-eating tree, various legendary large carnivorous plants

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

  • Man-eater (animal) at the Encyclopædia Britannica