Queens является район Нью - Йорка , соразмерным с Queens County , в американском штате в Нью - Йорке . Это самый большой район в Нью - Йорке в районе и прилегающих к городке Бруклина в западной части Лонг - Айленд , [5] с Nassau County на восток. Квинс также граничит по воде с районами Манхэттена , Бронкса и Статен-Айленда (через Рокавей ).
Королевы Округ Куинс, Нью-Йорк | |
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Сверху по часовой стрелке: Лонг-Айленд-Сити , мост Квинсборо , Юнисфера в Флашинг-Медоуз - парк Корона , исторический район Аддисли-Парк. | |
Флаг Тюлень | |
Интерактивная карта с изображением Квинса | |
Координаты: 40 ° 45'N 73 ° 52'W. / 40,750 ° с.ш. 73,867 ° з.Координаты : 40 ° 45'N 73 ° 52'W / 40,750 ° с.ш. 73,867 ° з. | |
Страна | Соединенные Штаты |
Состояние | Нью-Йорк |
округ | Королевы (сосуществующие) |
Город | Нью-Йорк |
Поселился | 1683 |
Названный для | Екатерина Брагансская |
Правительство | |
• Тип | Городок (Нью-Йорк) |
• Президент округа | Донован Ричардс (з) - (округ Квинс) |
• Окружной прокурор | Мелинда Кац (з) - (округ Куинс) |
Область | |
• Общее | 178 квадратных миль (460 км 2 ) |
• Земля | 109 квадратных миль (280 км 2 ) |
• Воды | 70 квадратных миль (200 км 2 ) 39% |
Самая высокая высота [1] | 260 футов (80 м) |
Население ( 2010 ) [3] | |
• Общее | 2,230,722 |
• Оценивать (2019) [3] | 2,253,858 |
• Плотность | 20907,4 / кв. Миль (8,072,4 / км 2 ) |
• Демоним | Квинсайт [2] |
Префиксы почтовых индексов | 110--, 111--, 113--, 114--, 116-- |
Коды городов | 718/347/929 и 917 |
ВВП (2018) | 93,3 миллиарда долларов США [4] |
Веб-сайт | Официальный сайт президента округа Квинс |
Квинс является вторым по численности населения из пяти районов Нью-Йорка с населением 2 230 722 человека на момент последней официальной переписи населения США в 2010 году. [3] Если бы каждый район был причислен к городу, Куинс занял бы пятое место. по численности населения в США после Лос-Анджелеса , Чикаго , Бруклина и Хьюстона . [5] Примерно 47 процентов жителей Квинса - иностранцы . [3] Округ Куинс также является вторым по численности населения округом в штате Нью-Йорк после округа Кингс. Куинс - самое разнообразное в языковом отношении место на Земле и один из самых разнообразных в этническом отношении округов в Соединенных Штатах. [6] [7] [8]
Куинс был основан в 1683 году как один из 12 округов провинции Нью-Йорк . Предположительно поселение было названо в честь английской королевы Екатерины Брагансской (1638–1705). [9] С 1683 по 1899 год в состав графства Куинс входило то, что сейчас является графством Нассау. Куинс стал городком во время объединения Нью-Йорка в 1898 году, объединив отдельные города Лонг-Айленд-Сити , Ньютаун , Флашинг , Ямайка , и западный Хемпстед . [10] За исключением Хемпстеда, все сегодня считаются районами Квинса.
Квинс имеет самую диверсифицированную экономику из пяти районов Нью-Йорка. [11] Здесь находятся международный аэропорт имени Джона Ф. Кеннеди и аэропорт Ла-Гуардия . Достопримечательности Квинса, которые поддерживают его экономику, включают Флашинг-Медоуз-Парк Корона ; Сити Филд , дом для бейсбольной команды Нью-Йорк Метс ; USTA Billie Jean King Национальный теннисный центр , сайт US Open теннисного турнира; Kaufman Astoria Studios ; Silvercup Studios ; и ипподром Акведук . Флашинг подвергается быстрой джентрификации за счет инвестиций китайских транснациональных компаний [12], в то время как Лонг-Айленд-Сити переживает процесс джентрификации, вторичный по отношению к его близости через Ист-Ривер от Манхэттена.
Район имеет разнообразное жилье: от многоэтажных жилых домов в некоторых районах западной и центральной части Квинса, таких как Озон-Парк , Джексон-Хайтс , Флашинг, Астория и Лонг-Айленд-Сити, до районов с множеством малоэтажных построек на востоке. часть р-на. [13] [14] Queens Night Market в спаниели Meadows-Corona Park привлекает тысячи еженощно в образце пищи из десятков стран мира. [15]
История
Колониальная и постколониальная история
Первым европейским поселением в регионе были голландцы , основавшие колонию Новые Нидерланды . Первые поселения были основаны в 1635 году, за которыми последовало дальнейшее поселение в Маспете в 1642 году (в конечном итоге безуспешно) [16] и Влиссингене (ныне Флашинг ) в 1645 году. [17] Другие ранние поселения включали Ньютаун (ныне Эльмхерст ) в 1652 году и Ямайку в 1655 году. Однако эти города были в основном заселены английскими поселенцами из Новой Англии через восточный Лонг-Айленд ( графство Саффолк ), которые подпадали под действие голландского законодательства. [18] После захвата колонии англичанами и ее последующего переименования в Нью-Йорк в 1664 году этот район (и весь Лонг-Айленд) стал известен как Йоркшир . [19]
Промывка Ремонстрация подписала колонистами в 1657 году, считается предшественником Конституции Соединенных Штатов предоставления «s о свободе религии в Билле о правах . Подписавшие протестовали против преследования квакеров голландскими колониальными властями на территории современного района Куинс.
Первоначально округ Куинс включал в себя прилегающую территорию, которая теперь включает округ Нассау . Это было оригинальное графство штата Нью-Йорк, одно из двенадцати, созданных 1 ноября 1683 года. [20] Предполагается, что графство было названо в честь Екатерины Брагансской , так как она была королевой Англии в то время (она была королевой Португалии. принцесса Катарина, дочь короля Португалии Иоанна IV ). [9] Графство было основано рядом с округом Кингс ( Бруклин , который был назван в честь ее мужа, короля Карла II) и округом Ричмонд ( Статен-Айленд , названный в честь его незаконнорожденного сына, 1-го герцога Ричмонда ). [21] [22] [23] Однако, тезка оспаривается. Хотя титул Екатерины кажется наиболее вероятным тезкой, никаких исторических свидетельств официального заявления не найдено. [24] 7 октября 1691 года все графства в колонии Нью-Йорк были пересмотрены. Куинс получил острова Северный и Южный Брат, а также остров Хьюлеттс (сегодня известный как остров Рикерс ). [25] 3 декабря 1768 года Куинс получил другие острова в проливе Лонг-Айленд, которые еще не были отнесены к графству, но не примыкали к графству Вестчестер (сегодняшнее графство Бронкс ). [26]
Куинс сыграл второстепенную роль в Американской революции по сравнению с Бруклином, где в основном велась битва при Лонг-Айленде . Куинс, как и остальная часть того, что стало Нью-Йорком и Лонг-Айлендом, оставался под британской оккупацией после битвы за Лонг-Айленд в 1776 году и был оккупирован на протяжении большей части оставшейся части Войны за независимость . В соответствии с Законом о расквартировании британские солдаты использовали в качестве казарм общественные гостиницы и нежилые здания, принадлежащие жителям Квинса. Несмотря на то, что многие жители выступали против необъявленного расквартирования, они поддерживали британскую корону. Размещение солдат в частных домах, за исключением случаев войны, было запрещено Третьей поправкой к Конституции Соединенных Штатов . Натан Хейл был схвачен британцами на берегу залива Флашинг и повешен на Манхэттене .
С 1683 по 1784 год графство Куинс состояло из пяти городов: Флашинг, Хемпстед , Ямайка , Ньютаун и Ойстер-Бэй . 6 апреля 1784 года в результате отделения северных частей города Хемпстед был образован шестой город, город Норт- Хемпстед. [27] [28] Здание правительства графства было сначала расположено на Ямайке, [29] но здание суда было снесено британцами во время американской революции, чтобы использовать материалы для строительства казарм. [30] После войны различные здания на Ямайке временно использовались в качестве здания суда и тюрьмы, пока новое здание не было построено около 1787 года (и позже завершено) в районе недалеко от Минеолы (ныне в округе Нассау), известном тогда как Клоусвилл. [31] [32] [33] [34]
Перепись 1850 года в Соединенных Штатах была первой, в которой население трех западных городов превысило население трех восточных городов, которые сейчас являются частью округа Нассау. Были высказаны опасения по поводу состояния и удаленности старого здания суда, и несколько участков претендовали на строительство нового. [35]
В 1870 году Лонг-Айленд-Сити отделился от города Ньютаун и стал городом, состоящим из бывшей деревни Астория и некоторых некорпоративных районов в городе Ньютаун. Около 1874 года резиденция правительства графства была перенесена в Лонг-Айленд-Сити из Минеолы. [36] [37] [38] [39]
1 марта 1860 года восточная граница между графством Куинс (позднее графство Нассау) и графством Саффолк была пересмотрена без каких-либо заметных изменений. [40] 8 июня 1881 года остров Норт-Брат был передан округу Нью-Йорк . [41] 8 мая 1884 года остров Райкерс был передан округу Нью-Йорк. [42]
В 1886 году Ллойдс-Нек, который тогда был частью города Ойстер-Бей и ранее назывался Куинс-Виллидж, был отделен от графства Куинс и присоединен к городу Хантингтон в графстве Саффолк. [43] [44] [45] 16 апреля 1964 года остров Южный Брат был передан округу Бронкс. [46]
Регистрация как район
Район Нью-Йорка Куинс был разрешен 4 мая 1897 года голосованием Законодательного собрания штата Нью-Йорк после референдума 1894 года о консолидации. [47] Восточные 280 квадратных миль (730 км 2 ) Куинса, которые стали округом Нассау, были разделены 1 января 1899 года. [48] Район Куинс был основан 1 января 1898 года. [49] [50] [51]
"Город Лонг-Айленд-Сити , города Ньютаун , Флашинг и Ямайка , а также та часть города Хемпстед в графстве Куинс, которая находится к западу от прямой линии, проведенной через середину пролива между Рокавей-Бич и Остров Шелтер в графстве Куинс у Атлантического океана «был присоединен к Нью-Йорку [10], в результате чего были распущены все бывшие муниципальные органы власти ( Лонг-Айленд-Сити , правительство графства, все города и все деревни) в новом районе. [52] Районы округа Куинс, которые не были частью плана консолидации, [38] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58], состоящие из городов Норт-Хемпстед и Ойстер-Бей, и основная оставшаяся часть города Хемпстед оставалась частью округа Куинс, пока они не отделились, чтобы сформировать новое графство Нассау 1 января 1899 года. В этот момент границы округа Куинс и округа Куинс стали совпадающими . После консолидации Ямайка снова стала центром округа, хотя теперь окружные офисы распространяются и на близлежащие сады Кью . [59]
В 1899 году Нью-Йорк провел земельную съемку, чтобы определить точную границу Квинса между Рокавей и Лоуренсом . Это оказалось трудным, потому что граница была определена как «середина пролива между пляжем Рокавей и островом Шелтер» (теперь называемым островом Лонг-Бич), и этот конкретный канал был закрыт к 1899 году. Геодезисты должны были определить, где проходил канал, когда Закон о консолидации был написан в 1894 году. Геодезисты сделали это частично, поговорив с местными рыбаками и устрицами, которые хорошо знали местность. [60]
С 1905 по 1908 год железная дорога Лонг-Айленда в Квинсе была электрифицирована. Транспорт до Манхэттена и обратно , ранее на пароме или по мостам в Бруклине, открылся после завершения строительства моста Квинсборо в 1909 году и железнодорожных туннелей под Ист-Ривер в 1910 году. С 1915 года большая часть Квинса была связана с Нью-Йорком. Система метро . [61] [62] Со строительством в 1915 году туннеля Стейнвей, по которому проходит линия промывки IRT между Куинсом и Манхэттеном, и значительным расширением использования автомобилей , население Квинса увеличилось более чем вдвое в 1920-х годах, с 469 042 человек в 1920 году. до 1 079 129 в 1930 году. [63]
Позже Куинс был местом проведения Всемирной выставки в Нью-Йорке 1939 года и Всемирной выставки 1964 года в Нью-Йорке . Аэропорт Ла-Гуардия на севере Квинса открылся в 1939 году. Аэропорт Айдлуайлд на юге Квинса, который сейчас называется аэропортом имени Джона Кеннеди , открылся в 1948 году. В одном из нескольких примечательных инцидентов рейс 800 TWA вылетел из аэропорта 17 июля 1996 года. , American Airlines Flight 587 вылетел из последнего аэропорта 12 ноября 2001 года, но в конечном итоге врезаться в Квинс Belle Harbor области, погибли 265 человек. В конце октября 2012 года большая часть района Квинс Бризи-Пойнт была разрушена в результате сильного пожара, вызванного ураганом «Сэнди», из шести тревог .
География
Куинс расположен на дальнем западе географического Лонг-Айленда и включает несколько небольших островов, большинство из которых находятся в заливе Ямайка и являются частью национальной зоны отдыха Gateway , которая, в свою очередь, является одним из национальных парков гавани Нью-Йорка. [65] По данным Бюро переписи населения США , округ Куинс имеет общую площадь 178 квадратных миль (460 км 2 ), из которых 109 квадратных миль (280 км 2 ) составляют сушу и 70 квадратных миль (180 км 2 ) (39 %) - вода. [66]
Бруклин , единственный другой район Нью-Йорка на географическом Лонг-Айленде, находится к югу и западу от Куинса, с Ньютаун-Крик , устьем , впадающим в Ист-Ривер , образующим часть границы. На западе и севере протекает Ист-Ривер, через которую протекает Манхэттен на западе и Бронкс на севере. Округ Нассау находится к востоку от Куинса на Лонг-Айленде. Статен-Айленд находится к юго-западу от Бруклина и разделяет водную границу длиной всего 3 мили (во Внешнем заливе) с Куинсом. К северу от Куинса находятся залив Флашинг и река Флашинг , соединяющаяся с Ист-Ривер . Ист-Ривер открывается в пролив Лонг-Айленд . Средняя часть Куинса пересекает конечную морену Лонг-Айленда , образованную ледником Висконсин . Полуостров Рокавей , самая южная часть всего Квинса, расположен между заливом Ямайка и Атлантическим океаном , с 7 милями (11 км) пляжей. [67] [68] [69]
Климат
В соответствии с классификацией климата Кеппена с использованием изотермы самого холодного месяца (32 ° F (0 ° C) (январь)) Куинс и остальная часть Нью-Йорка имеют влажный субтропический климат (Cfa) с частичной защитой от Аппалачских гор и сдерживающим влиянием Атлантический океан . Куинс получает осадки в течение всего года, в среднем 44,8 дюйма (114 см) в год. В среднем в году будет 44 дня с умеренным или сильным дождем. [70]
Средняя зима будет иметь 22 дня со снегопадом, из которых 9 дней выпадет не менее 2,5 см (2,5 см). [70] Лето обычно жаркое, влажное и влажное. В среднем в году будет 17 дней с высокой температурой 90 ° F (32 ° C) или выше. [70] В среднем в году 14 дней в течение всего дня температура не поднимается выше 32 ° F (0 ° C). [70] Весна и осень могут варьироваться от прохладных до очень теплых.
Самая высокая температура, когда-либо зарегистрированная в аэропорту Ла-Гуардия, была 107 ° F (42 ° C) 3 июля 1966 года. [71] [70] Самая высокая температура, когда-либо зарегистрированная в международном аэропорту Джона Ф. Кеннеди, составляла 104 ° F (40 ° C). также 3 июля 1966 года. [71] [72] Рекордно низкая температура в аэропорту Ла-Гуардия 15 февраля 1943 года составляла -7 ° F (-22 ° C), эффект которой усугублялся нехваткой мазута и уголь . [70] [73] рекордно низкая температура John F. Kennedy Международного аэропорта было -2 ° F (-19 ° С), 8 февраля 1963 года, и 21 января 1985 г. [72] [74] [75] На 24 января 2016 года выпало 30,5 дюймов (77 см) снега, что является рекордом в Квинсе. [76]
Торнадо обычно редки; последний торнадо, EF0 , приземлился в Колледж-Пойнт 3 августа 2018 года, причинив незначительный ущерб. [77] До этого в Бризи-Пойнт 8 сентября 2012 г. был торнадо , повредивший крыши некоторых домов, [78] и торнадо EF1 во Флашинге 26 сентября 2010 г. [79]
Климатические данные для аэропорта Ла-Гуардия , Нью-Йорк (нормальные значения 1991–2020 гг., [А] экстремальные значения с 1939 г. по настоящее время) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Месяц | Янв | Фев | Мар | Апр | Может | Июн | Июл | Авг | Сен | Октябрь | Ноя | Декабрь | Год |
Рекордно высокая ° F (° C) | 72 (22) | 79 (26) | 86 (30) | 94 (34) | 97 (36) | 101 (38) | 107 (42) | 104 (40) | 102 (39) | 95 (35) | 83 (28) | 75 (24) | 107 (42) |
Средний максимум ° F (° C) | 60 (16) | 60 (16) | 69 (21) | 82 (28) | 89 (32) | 94 (34) | 98 (37) | 95 (35) | 90 (32) | 81 (27) | 71 (22) | 63 (17) | 99 (37) |
Средняя высокая ° F (° C) | 40,2 (4,6) | 42,7 (5,9) | 49,9 (9,9) | 61,3 (16,3) | 71,8 (22,1) | 81,1 (27,3) | 86,4 (30,2) | 84,5 (29,2) | 77,2 (25,1) | 66,0 (18,9) | 55,0 (12,8) | 45,4 (7,4) | 63,5 (17,5) |
Среднесуточное значение ° F (° C) | 34,4 (1,3) | 36,3 (2,4) | 43,1 (6,2) | 53,6 (12,0) | 63,7 (17,6) | 73,4 (23,0) | 79,2 (26,2) | 77,7 (25,4) | 70,8 (21,6) | 59,6 (15,3) | 49,1 (9,5) | 40,0 (4,4) | 56,7 (13,7) |
Средняя низкая ° F (° C) | 28,6 (-1,9) | 29,9 (-1,2) | 36,2 (2,3) | 46,0 (7,8) | 55,7 (13,2) | 65,7 (18,7) | 71,9 (22,2) | 71,0 (21,7) | 64,4 (18,0) | 53,3 (11,8) | 43,2 (6,2) | 34,7 (1,5) | 50,1 (10,1) |
Средний минимум ° F (° C) | 11 (-12) | 14 (-10) | 21 (−6) | 34 (1) | 46 (8) | 54 (12) | 64 (18) | 63 (17) | 53 (12) | 41 (5) | 30 (-1) | 19 (−7) | 9 (-13) |
Рекордно низкая ° F (° C) | −3 (−19) | −7 (−22) | 7 (-14) | 22 (−6) | 36 (2) | 46 (8) | 56 (13) | 51 (11) | 42 (6) | 30 (-1) | 17 (-8) | −2 (−19) | −3 (−19) |
Среднее количество осадков в дюймах (мм) | 3,25 (83) | 2,93 (74) | 4,01 (102) | 3,85 (98) | 3,58 (91) | 4,03 (102) | 4,30 (109) | 4,41 (112) | 3,88 (99) | 3,81 (97) | 3,15 (80) | 4,08 (104) | 45,28 (1150) |
Средний снегопад в дюймах (см) | 8,6 (22) | 9,8 (25) | 5,4 (14) | 0,4 (1,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,1 (0,25) | 0,3 (0,76) | 5,2 (13) | 29,8 (76) |
Среднее количество дней с осадками (≥ 0,01 дюйма) | 10,3 | 10.2 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 11,6 | 10,7 | 9,7 | 9,5 | 8,3 | 9.0 | 8,8 | 11,5 | 121,7 |
Средние снежные дни (≥ 0,1 дюйма) | 4.4 | 3,7 | 2,6 | 0,2 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,2 | 2,7 | 13,8 |
Средняя относительная влажность (%) | 61,0 | 60,2 | 59,5 | 59,3 | 63,8 | 64,6 | 64,7 | 67,0 | 67,2 | 65,2 | 64,2 | 63,5 | 63,4 |
Источник: NOAA (относительная влажность 1961–1990) [80] [81] [82] |
Климатические данные для аэропорта имени Джона Кеннеди , Нью-Йорк (нормы 1991–2020 гг., [А] крайности 1948 г. - настоящее время) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Месяц | Янв | Фев | Мар | Апр | Может | Июн | Июл | Авг | Сен | Октябрь | Ноя | Декабрь | Год |
Рекордно высокая ° F (° C) | 71 (22) | 71 (22) | 85 (29) | 90 (32) | 99 (37) | 99 (37) | 104 (40) | 101 (38) | 98 (37) | 95 (35) | 77 (25) | 75 (24) | 104 (40) |
Средний максимум ° F (° C) | 58 (14) | 58 (14) | 68 (20) | 78 (26) | 86 (30) | 92 (33) | 95 (35) | 92 (33) | 88 (31) | 80 (27) | 69 (21) | 61 (16) | 97 (36) |
Средняя высокая ° F (° C) | 39,5 (4,2) | 41,7 (5,4) | 48,7 (9,3) | 58,8 (14,9) | 68,4 (20,2) | 78,0 (25,6) | 83,6 (28,7) | 82,2 (27,9) | 75,8 (24,3) | 64,7 (18,2) | 53,8 (12,1) | 44,5 (6,9) | 61,6 (16,4) |
Среднесуточное значение ° F (° C) | 32,8 (0,4) | 34,5 (1,4) | 41,1 (5,1) | 50,9 (10,5) | 60,5 (15,8) | 70,2 (21,2) | 76,1 (24,5) | 75,0 (23,9) | 68,4 (20,2) | 57,2 (14,0) | 46,8 (8,2) | 38,3 (3,5) | 54,3 (12,4) |
Средняя низкая ° F (° C) | 26,2 (-3,2) | 27,4 (-2,6) | 33,6 (0,9) | 42,9 (6,1) | 52,5 (11,4) | 62,4 (16,9) | 68,7 (20,4) | 67,8 (19,9) | 61,0 (16,1) | 49,8 (9,9) | 39,8 (4,3) | 32,0 (0,0) | 47,0 (8,3) |
Средний минимум ° F (° C) | 10 (-12) | 13 (-11) | 20 (-7) | 33 (1) | 43 (6) | 53 (12) | 62 (17) | 60 (16) | 50 (10) | 38 (3) | 27 (−3) | 19 (−7) | 8 (-13) |
Рекордно низкая ° F (° C) | −2 (−19) | −2 (−19) | 7 (-14) | 20 (-7) | 34 (1) | 45 (7) | 55 (13) | 46 (8) | 40 (4) | 30 (-1) | 15 (-9) | 2 (-17) | −2 (−19) |
Среднее количество осадков в дюймах (мм) | 3,23 (82) | 2,76 (70) | 3,94 (100) | 3,55 (90) | 3,66 (93) | 3,85 (98) | 3,86 (98) | 4,11 (104) | 3,58 (91) | 3,72 (94) | 3,07 (78) | 3,96 (101) | 43,29 (1100) |
Средний снегопад в дюймах (см) | 7,5 (19) | 8,6 (22) | 4,3 (11) | 0,6 (1,5) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,4 (1,0) | 4,5 (11) | 25,9 (66) |
Среднее количество дней с осадками (≥ 0,01 дюйма) | 10,7 | 9,8 | 10,8 | 11,4 | 11,8 | 10,6 | 9,4 | 9.0 | 8,2 | 9,4 | 8.9 | 11.2 | 121,2 |
Среднее количество снежных дней (≥ 0,1 дюйма) | 4.6 | 3.8 | 2,5 | 0,3 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,2 | 2,6 | 14.0 |
Средняя относительная влажность (%) | 64,9 | 64,4 | 63,4 | 64,1 | 69,5 | 71,5 | 71,4 | 71,7 | 71,9 | 69,1 | 67,9 | 66,3 | 68,0 |
Источник: NOAA (относительная влажность 1961–1990) [80] [83] [84] |
Окрестности
Четыре почтовые зоны Почтовой службы США обслуживают Квинс, примерно по тем, которые обслуживают существующие города при объединении пяти районов в Нью-Йорк: Лонг-Айленд-Сити ( почтовые индексы начинаются с 111), Ямайка (114), Флашинг (113). ) и Far Rockaway (116). Кроме того, почтовое отделение Цветочного парка (110), расположенное в округе Нассау, обслуживает небольшую часть северо-восточного Квинса. У каждого из этих главных почтовых отделений есть соседние станции с индивидуальными почтовыми индексами, и, в отличие от других районов, эти названия станций часто используются в адресных письмах. Эти почтовые индексы не всегда отражают традиционные названия и границы районов; « Ист-Элмхерст », например, в значительной степени был придуман USPS и не является официальным сообществом. Большинство кварталов не имеют твердых границ. В Forest Hills и Рего Парк окрестностей, например, перекрытия.
Жители Квинса часто тесно отождествляют себя со своим районом, а не с районом или городом. Район представляет собой лоскутное одеяло из десятков уникальных кварталов, каждый из которых имеет свою индивидуальность:
- Флашинг , один из крупнейших районов Квинса, имеет большое и растущее азиатское сообщество. Сообщество состоит из китайцев , корейцев и выходцев из Южной Азии . Азиаты теперь расширились на восток вдоль оси Северного бульвара через Мюррей-Хилл , Уайтстоун , Бейсайд , Дугластон-Литтл-Нек и, в конечном итоге, в соседний округ Нассау . [85] [86] В этих районах исторически проживали итальянские американцы и греки, а также латиноамериканцы . Оживленный перекресток Мэйн-стрит , бульвара Киссена и 41-й авеню определяет центр Даунтаун-Флашинг и китайский квартал Флашинг (法拉盛 華埠) , известный как «Китайская Таймс-сквер » или «Китайский Манхэттен ». [87] [88] Отрезок главной улицы между бульваром Киссена и авеню Рузвельта , перемежаемый эстакадой железнодорожной эстакады Лонг-Айленда , представляет собой культурное сердце китайского квартала Флашинг. Флашинг, в котором проживает более 25 000 человек, родившихся только в Китае, стал домом для одного из крупнейших китайских кварталов, представляющего самое большое китайское население среди всех муниципалитетов США, кроме Нью-Йорка. [89]
- Howard Beach, Whitestone, and Middle Village are home to large Italian American populations.
- Ozone Park and South Ozone Park have large Italian, Hispanic, and Guyanese populations.
- Rockaway Beach has a large Irish American population.
- Astoria, in the northwest, is traditionally home to one of the largest Greek populations outside Greece. It also has large Spanish American and Italian American communities, and is home to a growing population of immigrants from the Middle East, South Asia, the Balkans as well as young professionals from Manhattan. Nearby Long Island City is a major commercial center and the home to Queensbridge, the largest housing project in North America.
- Maspeth and Ridgewood are home to many Eastern European immigrants such as Romanian, Polish, Serbian, Albanian, and other Slavic populations. Ridgewood also has a large Hispanic population.
- Jackson Heights which is known as "Little Colombia" thanks to the gastronomical and demographic impact of Colombian people in Queens, specially in this neighborhood,[90] Elmhurst, and East Elmhurst make up a conglomeration of Hispanic, Asian, Tibetan, and South Asian communities.
- Woodside is home to a large Filipino American community and has a "Little Manila" as well a large Irish American population. Many Filipino Americans live in Hollis and Queens Village.
- Richmond Hill, in the south, is often thought of as "Little Guyana" for its large Guyanese community.[91]
- Rego Park, Forest Hills, Kew Gardens, and Kew Gardens Hills have traditionally large Jewish populations (historically from Germany and Eastern Europe; though more recent immigrants are from Israel, Iran, and the former Soviet Union). These neighborhoods are also known for large and growing Asian communities, mainly immigrants from China.
- Jamaica Estates, Jamaica Hills, Hillcrest, Fresh Meadows, and Hollis Hills are also populated with many people of Jewish background. Many Asian families reside in parts of Fresh Meadows as well.
- Jamaica is home to large African American and Caribbean populations. There are also middle-class African American and Caribbean neighborhoods such as Saint Albans, Queens Village, Cambria Heights, Springfield Gardens, Rosedale, Laurelton, and Briarwood along east and southeast Queens.
- Bellerose and Floral Park, originally home to many Irish Americans, is home to a growing South Asian population, predominantly Indian Americans.
- Corona and Corona Heights, once considered the "Little Italy" of Queens, was a predominantly Italian community with a strong African American community in the northern portion of Corona and adjacent East Elmhurst. From the 1920s through the 1960s, Corona remained a close-knit neighborhood. Corona today has the highest concentration of Latinos of any Queens neighborhood, with an increasing Chinese American population, located between Elmhurst and Flushing.[92]
Демография
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1790 | 6,159 | — | |
1800 | 6,642 | 7.8% | |
1810 | 7,444 | 12.1% | |
1820 | 8,246 | 10.8% | |
1830 | 9,049 | 9.7% | |
1840 | 14,480 | 60.0% | |
1850 | 18,593 | 28.4% | |
1860 | 32,903 | 77.0% | |
1870 | 45,468 | 38.2% | |
1880 | 56,559 | 24.4% | |
1890 | 87,050 | 53.9% | |
1900 | 152,999 | 75.8% | |
1910 | 284,041 | 85.6% | |
1920 | 469,042 | 65.1% | |
1930 | 1,079,129 | 130.1% | |
1940 | 1,297,634 | 20.2% | |
1950 | 1,550,849 | 19.5% | |
1960 | 1,809,578 | 16.7% | |
1970 | 1,986,473 | 9.8% | |
1980 | 1,891,325 | −4.8% | |
1990 | 1,951,598 | 3.2% | |
2000 | 2,229,379 | 14.2% | |
2010 | 2,230,722 | 0.1% | |
2019 (est.) | 2,253,858 | [3] | 1.0% |
U.S. Decennial Census[93] 1790-1960[94] 1900-1990[95] 1990-2000[96] 2010-2018[3] |
New York City's five boroughs | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jurisdiction | Population | GDP | Land area | Density | ||||
Borough | County | Estimate (2019) | billions (2012 US$) | square miles | square km | persons / mi2 | persons / km2 | |
The Bronx | Bronx | 1,418,207 | 42.695 | 42.10 | 109.04 | 33,867 | 13,006 | |
Brooklyn | Kings | 2,559,903 | 91.559 | 70.82 | 183.42 | 36,147 | 13,957 | |
Manhattan | New York | 1,628,706 | 600.244 | 22.83 | 59.13 | 71,341 | 27,544 | |
Queens | Queens | 2,253,858 | 93.310 | 108.53 | 281.09 | 20,767 | 8,018 | |
Staten Island | Richmond | 476,143 | 14.514 | 58.37 | 151.18 | 8,157 | 3,150 | |
City of New York | 8,336,817 | 842.343 | 302.64 | 783.83 | 27,547 | 10,636 | ||
State of New York | 19,453,561 | 1,731.910 | 47,126.40 | 122,056.82 | 412 | 159 | ||
Sources:[97][98][99] and see individual borough articles |
Racial composition | 2018[100] | 2010[101] | 1990[102] | 1970[102] | 1950[102] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | 47.9% | 39.7% | 57.9% | 85.3% | 96.5% |
—Non-Hispanic | 25.0% | 27.6% | 48.0% | n/a | n/a |
Black or African American | 20.7% | 19.1% | 21.7% | 13.0% | 3.3% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 28.1% | 27.5% | 19.5% | 7.7%[103] | n/a |
Asian | 26.8% | 22.9% | 12.2% | 1.1% | 0.1% |
In 2018's American Community Survey, the population of Queens was estimated by the United States Census Bureau to have increased to 2,278,906, a rise of 2.2%. Queens' estimated population represented 27.1% of New York City's population of 8,398,748; 29.6% of Long Island's population of 7,701,172; and 11.7% of New York State's population of 19,542,209. The 2019 estimates reported a decline to 2,253,858.[104] In 2018, there were 865,878 housing units, and 777,904 households, 2.97 persons per household, and a median value of $481,300. There was an owner-occupancy rate of 44.5.[100] In the 2010 United States census, Queens recorded a population of 2,230,722. There were 780,117 households enumerated, with an average of 2.82 persons per household. The population density was 20,465.3 inhabitants per square mile (7,966.9/km2). There were 835,127 housing units at an average density of 7,661.7 per square mile (2,982.6/km2).
The racial makeup of the county in 2010 was 39.7% White, 19.1% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 22.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 12.9% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. A total of 27.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latin American of any race. The non-Hispanic white population was 27.6%.[101] In 2019, non-Hispanic whites made up an estimated 24.4% of the population, and Blacks or African Americans were 17.3%.[104] The largest minority groups for the borough were Hispanic and Latin Americans (28.2%), and Asians (26.0%).
In Queens, residents consisted of 6.2% under 5, 13.9% 6-18, 64.2% 19–64, and 15.7% over 65. Females made up 51.5% of the population. An estimated 47.5% of residents are foreign-born in 2018. The per capita income was $28,814, and the median household income was $62,008. In 2018, 12.2% of residents lived below the poverty line.
The New York City Department of City Planning was alarmed by the negligible reported increase in population between 2000 and 2010. Areas with high proportions of immigrants and undocumented aliens are traditionally undercounted for a variety of reasons, often based on a mistrust of government officials or an unwillingness to be identified. In many cases, counts of vacant apartment units did not match data from local surveys and reports from property owners.[105]
Ethnic groups
According to a 2001 Claritas study, Queens was the most diverse county in the United States among counties of 100,000+ population.[106] A 2014 analysis by The Atlantic found Queens County to be the 3rd most racially diverse county-equivalent in the United States—behind Aleutians West Census Area and Aleutians East Borough in Alaska—as well as the most diverse county in New York.[7] Meanwhile, a 2017 study by Axios found that, although numerous smaller counties in the United States had higher rates of diversity, Queens was the United States' most diverse populous county.[8]
In Queens, approximately 48.5% of the population was foreign born as of 2010. Within the foreign born population, 49.5% were born in Latin America, 33.5% in Asia, 14.8% in Europe, 1.8% in Africa, and 0.4% in North America. Roughly 2.1% of the population was born in Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, or abroad to American parents. In addition, 51.2% of the population was born in the United States. Approximately 44.2% of the population over 5 years of age speak English at home; 23.8% speak Spanish at home. Also, 16.8% of the populace speak other Indo-European languages at home. Another 13.5% speak a non-Indo-European Asian language or language of the Pacific Islands at home.[107]
Among the Asian population in 2010, people of Chinese ethnicity made up the largest ethnic group at 10.2% of Queens' population, with about 237,484 people; the other East and Southeast Asian groups are: Koreans (2.9%), Filipinos (1.7%), Japanese (0.3%), Thais (0.2%), Vietnamese (0.2%), and Indonesians and Burmese both make up 0.1% of the population.[108] People of South Asian descent made up 7.8% of Queens' population: Indians (5.3%), Bangladeshi (1.5%), Pakistanis (0.7%), and Nepali (0.2%).[108] In 2019, Chinese Americans remained the largest Asian ethnicity (10.9%) followed by Asian Indians (5.7%).[104] Asian Indians had estimated population of 144,896 in 2014 (6.24% of the 2014 borough population),[109] as well as Pakistani Americans, who numbered at 15,604.[110] Queens has the second largest Sikh population in the nation after California.[111]
Among the Hispanic or Latin American population, Puerto Ricans made up the largest ethnic group at 4.6%, next to Mexicans, who made up 4.2% of the population, and Dominicans at 3.9%. Central Americans made up 2.4% and are mostly Salvadorans. South Americans constitute 9.6% of Queens's population, mainly of Ecuadorian (4.4%) and Colombian descent (4.2%).[108] The 2019 American Community Survey estimated Mexicans and Puerto Ricans were equally the largest groups (4.5% each) in Queens, and Cuban Americans were the third largest single group. Other Hispanic and Latinos collectively made up 18.9% of the population.[104] The Hispanic or Latino population increased by 61% to 597,773 between 1990 and 2006 and now accounts for over 26.5% of the borough's population.
Queens has the largest Colombian population in the city, accounting for over 35.6% of the city's total Colombian population, for a total of 145,956 in 2019;[90] it also has the largest Ecuadorian population in the city, accounting for 62.2% of the city's total Ecuadorian population, for a total of 101,339. Queens has the largest Peruvian population in the city, accounting for 69.9% of the city's total Peruvian population, for a total of 30,825. Queens has the largest Salvadoran population in the city, accounting for 50.7% of the city for a total population of 25,235. The Mexican population in Queens has increased 45.7% since 2011 to 71,283, the second-highest in the city, after Brooklyn.[112]
Queens is also home to 49.6% of the city's Asian population. Among the five boroughs, Queens has the largest population of Chinese, Indian, Korean, Filipino, Bangladeshi and Pakistani Americans. Queens has the largest Asian American population by county outside the Western United States; according to the 2006 American Community Survey, Queens ranks fifth among US counties with 477,772 (21.18%) Asian Americans, behind Los Angeles County, California, Honolulu County, Hawaii, Santa Clara County, California, and Orange County, California.
Some main European ancestries in Queens as of 2000 include: Italian (8.4%), Irish (5.5%), German (3.5%), Polish (2.7%), Russian (2.3%), and Greek (2.0%). Of the European American population, Queens has the third largest Bosnian population in the United States behind only St. Louis and Chicago, numbering more than 15,000.[113]
The Jewish Community Study of New York 2011, sponsored by the UJA-Federation of New York, found that about 9% of Queens residents were Jews.[114] In 2011, there were about 198,000 Jews in Queens, making it home to about 13% of all people in Jewish households in the eight-county area consisting of the Five Boroughs and Westchester, Nassau, and Suffolk counties.[115] Russian-speaking Jews make up 28% of the Jewish population in Queens, the largest in any of the eight counties.[116]
In Queens, the Black and African American population earns more than non-Hispanic whites on average.[117] Many of these Blacks and African Americans live in quiet, middle-class suburban neighborhoods near the Nassau County border, such as Laurelton and Cambria Heights which have large black populations whose family income is higher than average. The migration of European Americans from parts of Queens has been long ongoing with departures from Ozone Park, Woodhaven, Bellerose, Floral Park, and Flushing (most of the outgoing population has been replaced with Asian Americans). Neighborhoods such as Whitestone, College Point, North Flushing, Auburndale, Bayside, Middle Village, and Douglaston–Little Neck have not had a substantial exodus of white residents, but have seen an increase of Asian population, mostly Chinese and Korean. Queens has experienced a real estate boom making most of its neighborhoods desirable for people who want to reside near Manhattan but in a less urban setting.
Languages
Queens is the most linguistically diverse place on Earth, according to the Endangered Language Alliance.[6] According to the office of the New York State Comptroller, 138 languages are spoken in the borough.[118] As of 2010, 43.84% (905,890) of Queens residents aged five and older spoke only English at home, while 23.88% (493,462) spoke Spanish, 8.06% (166,570) Chinese, 3.44% (71,054) various Indic languages, 2.74% (56,701) Korean, 1.67% (34,596) Russian, 1.56% (32,268) Italian, 1.54% (31,922) Tagalog, 1.53% (31,651) Greek, 1.32% (27,345) French Creole, 1.17% (24,118) Polish, 0.96% (19,868) Hindi, 0.93% (19,262) Urdu, 0.92% (18,931) other Asian languages, 0.80% (16,435) other Indo-European languages, 0.71% (14,685) French, 0.61% (12,505) Arabic, 0.48% (10,008) Serbo-Croatian, and Hebrew was spoken as a main language by 0.46% (9,410) of the population over the age of five. In total, 56.16% (1,160,483) of Queens's population aged five and older spoke a language at home other than English.[119]
Religion
In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Queens was the Diocese of Brooklyn, with 677,520 Roman Catholics worshiping at 100 parishes, followed by an estimated 81,456 Muslims with 57 congregations, 80,000 Orthodox Jews with 110 congregations, 33,325 non-denominational Christian adherents with 129 congregations, 28,085 AME Methodists with 14 congregations, 24,250 Greek Orthodox with 6 congregations, 16,775 Hindus with 18 congregations, 13,989 AoG Pentecostals with 64 congregations, 13,507 Seventh-day Adventists with 45 congregations, and 12,957 Mahayana Buddhists with 26 congregations. Altogether, 49.4% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations, although members of historically African American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information.[120] In 2014, Queens had 738 religious organizations, the thirteenth most out of all U.S. counties.[121]
Культура
Queens has been the center of the punk rock movement, particularly in New York; Ramones originated out of Forest Hills,[122] it has also been the home of such notable artists as Tony Bennett, Francis Ford Coppola, Paul Simon, and Robert Mapplethorpe. The current poet laureate of Queens is Paolo Javier.[123]
Queens has notably fostered African American culture, with establishments such as The Afrikan Poetry Theatre and the Black Spectrum Theater Company catering specifically to African Americans in Queens.[124][125] In the 1940s, Queens was an important center of jazz; such jazz luminaries as Louis Armstrong, Charlie Parker, and Ella Fitzgerald took up residence in Queens, seeking refuge from the segregation they found elsewhere in New York.[126] Additionally, many notable hip-hop acts hail from Queens, including Nas, Run-D.M.C., Kool G Rap, A Tribe Called Quest, LL Cool J, MC Shan, Mobb Deep, 50 Cent, Nicki Minaj, Tony Yayo, Tragedy Khadafi, N.O.R.E., Capone (rapper), Ja Rule, Heems of Das Racist and Action Bronson.
Queens hosts various museums and cultural institutions that serve its diverse communities. They range from the historical (such as the John Bowne House) to the scientific (such as the New York Hall of Science), from conventional art galleries (such as the Noguchi Museum) to unique graffiti exhibits (such as 5 Pointz). Queens's cultural institutions include, but are not limited to:
- 5 Pointz
- Afrikan Poetry Theatre
- Bowne House
- Flushing Town Hall
- King Manor
- MoMA PS1
- Museum of the Moving Image
- Noguchi Museum
- New York Hall of Science
- Queens Botanical Garden
- Queens Museum of Art
- SculptureCenter
- Hindu Temple Society of North America
- Jamaica Center for Arts and Learning
The travel magazine Lonely Planet also named Queens the top destination in the country for 2015 for its cultural and culinary diversity.[127] Stating that Queens is "quickly becoming its hippest" but that "most travelers haven’t clued in… yet,"[128] the Lonely Planet stated that "nowhere is the image of New York as the global melting pot truer than Queens."[129]
Food
The cuisine available in Queens reflects its vast cultural diversity.[130] The cuisine of a particular neighborhood often represents its demographics; for example, Astoria hosts many Greek restaurants, in keeping with its traditionally Greek population.[131] Jackson Heights is known for its prominent Indian cuisine and also many Latin American eateries.
Экономика
Queens has the second-largest economy of New York City's five boroughs, following Manhattan. In 2004, Queens had 15.2% (440,310) of all private-sector jobs in New York City and 8.8% of private-sector wages. In 2012, private-sector employment increased to 486,160.[132] Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs, with occupations spread relatively evenly across the health care, retail trade, manufacturing, construction, transportation, and film and television production sectors, such that no single sector is overwhelmingly dominant.[11]
The diversification in Queens' economy is reflected in a large amount of employment in the export-oriented portions of its economy—such as transportation, manufacturing, and business services—that serve customers outside the region. This accounts for more than 27% of all Queens jobs and offers an average salary of $43,727, 14% greater than that of jobs in the locally oriented sector.
The borough's largest employment sector—trade, transportation, and utilities—accounted for nearly 30% of all jobs in 2004; in 2012, its largest employment sector became health care and social services.[132] Queens is home to two of the three major New York City area airports, JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, leading the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country. This airline industry is particularly important to the economy of Queens, providing almost one-quarter of the sector's employment and more than 30% of the sector's wages.
Education and health services were the next largest sector in Queens and comprised almost 24% of the borough's jobs in 2004; in 2012, transportation and warehousing, and retail were the second largest at 12% each.[132] The manufacturing and construction industries in Queens are among the largest of the city and accounted for nearly 17% of the borough's private sector jobs in 2004. Comprising almost 17% of the jobs in Queens is the information, financial activities, and business and professional services sectors in 2004.
As of 2003[update], Queens had almost 40,000 business establishments. Small businesses act as an important part of the borough's economic vitality with two-thirds of all businesses employing between one and four people.
Several large companies have their headquarters in Queens, including watchmaker Bulova, based in East Elmhurst; internationally renowned piano manufacturer Steinway & Sons in Astoria; Glacéau, the makers of Vitamin Water, headquartered in Whitestone; and JetBlue Airways, an airline based in Long Island City.
Long Island City is a major manufacturing and back-office center. Flushing is a major commercial hub for Chinese American and Korean American businesses, while Jamaica is the major civic and transportation hub for the borough.
Виды спорта
Citi Field is a 41,922-seat stadium opened in April 2009 in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park that is the home ballpark of the New York Mets of Major League Baseball.[134] Shea Stadium, the former home of the Mets and the New York Jets of the National Football League, as well as the temporary home of the New York Yankees and the New York Giants Football Team stood where Citi Field's parking lot is now located, operating from 1964 to 2008.[135]
The U.S. Open tennis tournament has been played since 1978 at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, located just south of Citi Field.[136] With a capacity of 23,771, Arthur Ashe Stadium is the biggest tennis stadium in the world.[137] The U.S .Open was formerly played at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills.[138] South Ozone Park is the home of Aqueduct Racetrack, operated by the New York Racing Association and offers Thoroughbred horse-racing from late October/early November through April.[139] Belmont Park Racetrack is mostly in Nassau County, New York however a section of the property including the Belmont Park station on the Long Island Rail Road is in Queens.
Правительство
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 212,665 | 26.92% | 569,038 | 72.03% | 8,278 | 1.05% |
2016 | 149,341 | 21.76% | 517,220 | 75.35% | 19,832 | 2.89% |
2012 | 118,589 | 19.92% | 470,732 | 79.08% | 5,924 | 1.00% |
2008 | 155,221 | 24.25% | 480,692 | 75.09% | 4,224 | 0.66% |
2004 | 165,954 | 27.41% | 433,835 | 71.66% | 5,603 | 0.93% |
2000 | 122,052 | 21.95% | 416,967 | 75.00% | 16,972 | 3.05% |
1996 | 107,650 | 21.05% | 372,925 | 72.94% | 30,721 | 6.01% |
1992 | 157,561 | 28.34% | 349,520 | 62.87% | 48,875 | 8.79% |
1988 | 217,049 | 39.70% | 325,147 | 59.47% | 4,533 | 0.83% |
1984 | 285,477 | 46.38% | 328,379 | 53.34% | 1,722 | 0.28% |
1980 | 251,333 | 44.81% | 269,147 | 47.98% | 40,443 | 7.21% |
1976 | 244,396 | 38.95% | 379,907 | 60.54% | 3,200 | 0.51% |
1972 | 426,015 | 56.34% | 328,316 | 43.42% | 1,756 | 0.23% |
1968 | 306,620 | 40.03% | 410,546 | 53.60% | 48,746 | 6.36% |
1964 | 274,351 | 33.59% | 541,418 | 66.28% | 1,059 | 0.13% |
1960 | 367,688 | 45.07% | 446,348 | 54.71% | 1,863 | 0.23% |
1956 | 466,057 | 59.39% | 318,723 | 40.61% | 0 | 0.00% |
1952 | 450,610 | 57.11% | 331,217 | 41.98% | 7,194 | 0.91% |
1948 | 323,459 | 50.58% | 268,742 | 42.02% | 47,342 | 7.40% |
1944 | 365,365 | 55.33% | 292,940 | 44.36% | 2,071 | 0.31% |
1940 | 323,406 | 52.68% | 288,024 | 46.91% | 2,524 | 0.41% |
1936 | 162,797 | 33.02% | 320,053 | 64.92% | 10,159 | 2.06% |
1932 | 136,641 | 34.32% | 244,740 | 61.47% | 16,760 | 4.21% |
1928 | 158,505 | 45.87% | 184,640 | 53.43% | 2,411 | 0.70% |
1924 | 100,793 | 53.57% | 58,402 | 31.04% | 28,974 | 15.40% |
1920 | 94,360 | 68.71% | 35,296 | 25.70% | 7,668 | 5.58% |
1916 | 34,670 | 50.54% | 31,350 | 45.70% | 2,575 | 3.75% |
1912 | 9,201 | 16.49% | 28,076 | 50.32% | 18,521 | 33.19% |
1908 | 19,420 | 44.13% | 20,342 | 46.22% | 4,246 | 9.65% |
1904 | 14,096 | 41.44% | 18,151 | 53.36% | 1,770 | 5.20% |
1900 | 12,323 | 43.94% | 14,747 | 52.58% | 976 | 3.48% |
1896 | 18,694 | 58.03% | 11,980 | 37.19% | 1,539 | 4.78% |
1892 | 11,704 | 41.71% | 15,195 | 54.15% | 1,161 | 4.14% |
1888 | 11,017 | 45.95% | 12,683 | 52.90% | 275 | 1.15% |
1884 | 8,445 | 43.80% | 10,367 | 53.76% | 471 | 2.44% |
Party | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | 1997 | 1996 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | 62.94% | 62.52 | 62.85 | 62.79 | 62.99 | 62.52 | 62.30 | 62.27 | 62.28 | 62.33 |
Republican | 14.60% | 14.66 | 14.97 | 15.04 | 15.28 | 15.69 | 16.47 | 16.74 | 16.93 | 17.20 |
Other | 3.88% | 3.93 | 3.94 | 3.86 | 3.37 | 3.30 | 3.10 | 3.20 | 3.02 | 2.78 |
No affiliation | 18.58% | 18.89 | 18.24 | 18.31 | 18.36 | 18.49 | 18.13 | 17.79 | 17.77 | 17.69 |
Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Queens has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a strong mayor–council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Queens. The Queens Library is governed by a 19-member Board of Trustees, appointed by the Mayor of New York City and the Borough President of Queens.
Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Queens' Borough President is Melinda Katz, elected in November 2013 as a Democrat with 80.3% of the vote. Queens Borough Hall is the seat of government and is located in Kew Gardens.
The Democratic Party holds most public offices. Sixty-three percent of registered Queens voters are Democrats. Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development. Controversial political issues in Queens include development, noise, and the cost of housing.
Each of the city's five counties has its criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Richard A. Brown, who ran on both the Republican and Democratic Party tickets, was the District Attorney of Queens County from 1991 to 2018. The new DA as of January 2020 is Melinda Katz.[143] Queens has 12 seats on the New York City Council, the second-largest number among the five boroughs. It is divided into 14 community districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for residents.
Although Queens is heavily Democratic, it is considered a swing county in New York politics. Republican political candidates who do well in Queens usually win citywide or statewide elections. Republicans such as former Mayors Rudolph Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg won majorities in Queens. Republican State Senator Serphin Maltese represented a district in central and southern Queens for twenty years until his defeat in 2008 by Democratic City Councilman Joseph Addabbo. In 2002, Queens voted against incumbent Republican Governor of New York George Pataki in favor of his Democratic opponent, Carl McCall by a slim margin.[144]
On the national level, Queens has not voted for a Republican candidate in a presidential election since 1972, when Queens voters chose Richard Nixon over George McGovern. Since the 1996 presidential election, Democratic presidential candidates have received over 70% of the popular vote in Queens.[145] Since the election of Donald Trump, Queens has become known in the United States for its surge in progressive politics and grassroots campaigning.[146]
Representatives in Congress
In 2018, seven Democrats represented Queens in the United States House of Representatives.[147]
- Thomas Suozzi (first elected in 2016) represents New York's 3rd congressional district, which covers the northeast Queens neighborhoods of Little Neck, Whitestone, Glen Oaks, and Floral Park. The district also covers the North Shore of Nassau County.[147]
- Gregory Meeks (first elected in 1998) represents New York's 5th congressional district, which covers the entire Rockaway Peninsula as well as the southeast Queens neighborhoods of Broad Channel, Cambria Heights, Hollis, Jamaica, Laurelton, Queens Village, Rosedale, Saint Albans, Springfield Gardens, and South Ozone Park. The district also includes John F. Kennedy International Airport.[147]
- Grace Meng (first elected in 2012) represents New York's 6th congressional district, which includes the central and eastern Queens neighborhoods of Auburndale, Bayside, Elmhurst, Flushing, Forest Hills, Glendale, Kew Gardens, Maspeth, Middle Village, Murray Hill, and Rego Park.[147]
- Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 7th congressional district, which includes the southwest Queens neighborhoods of Maspeth, Ridgewood, and Woodhaven. The district also covers central and western Brooklyn and the Lower East Side of Manhattan.[147]
- Hakeem Jeffries (first elected in 2012) represents New York's 8th congressional district, which includes the southwest Queens neighborhoods of Ozone Park and Howard Beach. The district also covers central and southern Brooklyn.[147]
- Carolyn Maloney (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 12th congressional district, which includes the western Queens neighborhoods of Astoria, Long Island City, Sunnyside, and Maspeth. The district also covers the East Side of Manhattan.[147]
- Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (first elected in 2018) represents New York's 14th congressional district, which includes the northwest Queens neighborhoods of Astoria, College Point, Corona, East Elmhurst, Jackson Heights, Woodside, and Elmhurst. The district also covers the East Bronx.[147]
Образование
Elementary and secondary education
Elementary and secondary school education in Queens is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States. Most private schools are affiliated with or identify themselves with the Roman Catholic or Jewish religious communities. Townsend Harris High School is a Queens public magnet high school for the humanities consistently ranked as among the top 100 high schools in the United States. One of the nine Specialized High Schools in New York City is located in Queens. Located in the York College, City University of New York Campus in Jamaica, the Queens High School for the Sciences at York College, which emphasizes both science and mathematics, ranks as one of the best high schools in both the state and the country. It is one of the smallest Specialized High Schools that requires an entrance exam, the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test. The school has a student body of around 400 students.
Postsecondary institutions
- LaGuardia Community College, part of the City University of New York (CUNY), is known as "The World's Community College" for its diverse international student body representing more than 150 countries and speaking over 100 languages. The college has been named a National Institution of Excellence by the Policy Center on the First Year of College and one of the top three largest community colleges in the United States.[148] The college hosts the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives.
- Queens College is one of the elite colleges in the CUNY system. Established in 1937 to offer a strong liberal arts education to the residents of the borough, Queens College has over 16,000 students including more than 12,000 undergraduates and over 4,000 graduate students. Students from 120 different countries speaking 66 different languages are enrolled at the school, which is located in Flushing. Queens College is also the host of CUNY's law school. The Queens College Campus is also the home of Townsend Harris High School and the Queens College School for Math, Science, and Technology (PS/IS 499).
- Queensborough Community College, originally part of the State University of New York, is in Bayside and is now part of CUNY. It prepares students to attend senior colleges mainly in the CUNY system.
- St. John's University is a private, coeducational Roman Catholic university founded in 1870 by the Vincentian Fathers. With over 19,000 students, St. John's is known for its pharmacy, business and law programs as well as its men's basketball and soccer teams.
- Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology is a private, cutting edge, degree-granting institution located across the Grand Central Parkway from LaGuardia Airport. Its presence underscores the importance of aviation to the Queens economy.
- York College is one of CUNY's leading general-purpose liberal arts colleges, granting bachelor's degrees in more than 40 fields, as well as a combined BS/MS degree in Occupational Therapy. Noted for its Health Sciences Programs York College is also home to the Northeast Regional Office of the Food and Drug Administration.
Queens Public Library
The Queens Public Library is the public library system for the borough and one of three library systems serving New York City. Dating back to the foundation of the first Queens library in Flushing in 1858, the Queens Public Library is one of the largest public library systems in the United States. Separate from the New York Public Library, it is composed of 63 branches throughout the borough. In the fiscal year 2001, the Library achieved a circulation of 16.8 million. The Library has maintained the highest circulation of any city library in the country since 1985 and the highest circulation of any library in the nation since 1987. The Library maintains collections in many languages, including Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Russian, Haitian Creole, Polish, and six Indic languages, as well as smaller collections in 19 other languages.
Транспорт
According to the 2010 U.S. census, 36% of all Queens households did not own a car; the citywide rate is 53%. Therefore, mass transit is also used.[149]
Airports
Queens has crucial importance in international and interstate air traffic, with two of the New York metropolitan area's three major airports located there.
John F. Kennedy International Airport, with 27.4 million international passengers in 2014 (of 53.2 million passengers, overall), is the busiest airport in the United States by international passenger traffic.[150] Owned by the City of New York and managed since 1947 by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the airport's runways and six terminals cover an area of 4,930 acres (2,000 ha) on Jamaica Bay in southeastern Queens.[151] The airport's original official name was New York International Airport, although it was commonly known as Idlewild, with the name changed to Kennedy in December 1963 to honor the recently assassinated president.[152]
LaGuardia Airport is located in East Elmhurst, in northern Queens, on Flushing Bay. Originally opened in 1939, the airport's two runways and four terminals cover 680 acres (280 ha), serving 28.4 million passengers in 2015.[154] In 2014, citing outdated conditions in the airport's terminals, Vice President Joe Biden compared LaGuardia Airport to a "third world country".[155] In 2015, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began a $4 billion project to renovate LaGuardia Airport's terminals and entryways. The project is expected to be complete by 2021.[153]
Public transportation
Twelve New York City Subway routes traverse Queens, serving 81 stations on seven main lines. The A, G, J/Z, and M routes connect Queens to Brooklyn without going through Manhattan first. The F, M, N, and R trains connect Queens and Brooklyn via Manhattan, while the E, W, and 7/<7> trains connect Queens to Manhattan only. Trains on the M service go through Queens twice in the same trip; both of its full-length termini, in Middle Village and Forest Hills, are in Queens.[156]
A commuter train system, the Long Island Rail Road, operates 22 stations in Queens with service to Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Long Island. Jamaica station is a hub station where all the lines in the system but one (the Port Washington Branch) converge. It is the busiest commuter rail hub in the United States. There are also several stations where LIRR passengers can transfer to the subway. Sunnyside Yard is used to store Amtrak intercity and NJ Transit commuter trains from Penn Station in Manhattan. The US$11.1 billion East Side Access project, which will bring LIRR trains to Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan, is under construction and is scheduled to open in 2022; this project will create a new train tunnel beneath the East River, connecting Long Island City in Queens with the East Side of Manhattan.[157][158]
The elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road along the Van Wyck Expressway;[159] a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems.[160][161] Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport itself in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities, and this project would accommodate the new AirTrain connection.[153]
About 100 local bus routes operate within Queens, and another 20 express routes shuttle commuters between Queens and Manhattan, under the MTA New York City Bus and MTA Bus brands.[162]
A streetcar line connecting Queens with Brooklyn was proposed by the city in February 2016.[163][164] The planned timeline calls for service to begin around 2024.[165]
Water transit
New York Water Taxi operates service across the East River from Hunters Point in Long Island City to Manhattan at 34th Street and south to Pier 11 at Wall Street. In 2007, limited weekday service was begun between Breezy Point, the westernmost point in the Rockaways, to Pier 11 via the Brooklyn Army Terminal. Summertime weekend service provides service from Lower Manhattan and southwest Brooklyn to the peninsula's Gateway beaches.
In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012, ferry operator SeaStreak began running a city-subsidized ferry service between a makeshift ferry slip at Beach 108th Street and Beach Channel Drive in Rockaway Park and piers in Manhattan and Brooklyn.[166] The service was extended multiple times.[167] finally ending on October 31, 2014.[168]
In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit.[169][170] The ferry opened in May 2017,[171][172] with the Queens neighborhoods of Rockaway and Astoria served by their eponymous routes. A third route, the East River Ferry, serves Hunter's Point South.[173]
Roads
Highways
Queens is traversed by three trunk east–west highways. The Long Island Expressway (Interstate 495) runs from the Queens Midtown Tunnel on the west through the borough to Nassau County on the east. The Grand Central Parkway, whose western terminus is the Triborough Bridge, extends east to the Queens/Nassau border, where its name changed to the Northern State Parkway. The Belt Parkway begins at the Gowanus Expressway in Brooklyn, and extends east into Queens, past Aqueduct Racetrack and JFK Airport. On its eastern end at the Queens/Nassau border, it splits into the Southern State Parkway which continues east, and the Cross Island Parkway which turns north.[174]
There are also several major north–south highways in Queens, including the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (Interstate 278), the Van Wyck Expressway (Interstate 678), the Clearview Expressway (Interstate 295), and the Cross Island Parkway.[174]
Queens has six state highways that run west–east largely on surface roads. From north to south, they are New York State Route 25A (Northern Boulevard), New York State Route 25B (Hillside Avenue), New York State Route 25 (Queens Boulevard, Hillside Avenue, and Braddock Avenue), New York State Route 24 (Hempstead Avenue), and New York State Route 27 (Conduit Avenue). The only state highway that primarily uses an expressway is New York State Route 878, which uses the Nassau Expressway in southern Queens.[174]
Streets
The streets of Queens are laid out in a semi-grid system, with a numerical system of street names (similar to Manhattan and the Bronx). Nearly all roadways oriented north–south are "Streets", while east–west roadways are "Avenues", beginning with the number 1 in the west for Streets and the north for Avenues. In some parts of the borough, several consecutive streets may share numbers (for instance, 72nd Street followed by 72nd Place and 72nd Lane, or 52nd Avenue followed by 52nd Road, 52nd Drive, and 52nd Court), often confusing non-residents.[175] Also, incongruous alignments of street grids, unusual street paths due to geography, or other circumstances often lead to the skipping of numbers (for instance, on Ditmars Boulevard, 70th Street is followed by Hazen Street which is followed by 49th Street). Numbered roads tend to be residential, although numbered commercial streets are not rare. A fair number of streets that were country roads in the 18th and 19th centuries (especially major thoroughfares such as Northern Boulevard, Queens Boulevard, Hillside Avenue, and Jamaica Avenue) carry names rather than numbers, typically though not uniformly called "Boulevards" or "Parkways".
Queens house numbering was designed to provide convenience in locating the address itself; the first half of a number in a Queens address refers to the nearest cross street, the second half refers to the house or lot number from where the street begins from that cross street, followed by the name of the street itself. For example, to find an address in Queens, 14-01 120th Street, one could ascertain from the address structure itself that the listed address is at the intersection of 14th Avenue and 120th Street and that the address must be closest to 14th Avenue rather than 15th Avenue, as it is the first lot on the block. This pattern doesn't stop when a street is named, assuming that there is an existing numbered cross-street. For example, Queens College is situated at 65–30 Kissena Boulevard, and is so named because the cross-street closest to the entrance is 65th Avenue.[175]
Many of the village street grids of Queens had only worded names, some were numbered according to local numbering schemes, and some had a mix of words and numbers. In the early 1920s, a "Philadelphia Plan" was instituted to overlay one numbered system upon the whole borough. The Topographical Bureau, Borough of Queens, worked out the details. Subway stations were only partly renamed, and some, including those along the IRT Flushing Line (7 and <7> trains), now share dual names after the original street names.[176] In 2012, some numbered streets in the Douglaston Hill Historic District were renamed to their original names, with 43rd Avenue becoming Pine Street.[177]
The Rockaway Peninsula does not follow the same system as the rest of the borough and has its own numbering system. Streets are numbered in ascending order heading west from near the Nassau County border, and are prefixed with the word "Beach." Streets at the easternmost end, however, are nearly all named. Bayswater, which is on Jamaica Bay, has its numbered streets prefixed with the word "Bay" rather than "Beach". Another deviation from the norm is Broad Channel; it maintains the north–south numbering progression but uses only the suffix "Road," as well as the prefixes "West" and "East," depending on location relative to Cross Bay Boulevard, the neighborhood's major through street. Broad Channel's streets were a continuation of the mainland Queens grid in the 1950s; formerly the highest-numbered avenue in Queens was 208th Avenue rather than today's 165th Avenue in Howard Beach & Hamilton Beach. The other exception is the neighborhood of Ridgewood, which for the most part shares a grid and house numbering system with the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bushwick. The grid runs east–west from the LIRR Bay Ridge Branch right-of-way to Flushing Avenue; and north–south from Forest Avenue in Ridgewood to Bushwick Avenue in Brooklyn before adjusting to meet up with the Bedford-Stuyvesant grid at Broadway. All streets on the grid have names.
Bridges and tunnels
Queens is connected to the Bronx by the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge, the Throgs Neck Bridge, the Triborough Bridge (also known as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), and the Hell Gate Bridge. Queens is connected to Manhattan Island by the Triborough Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, and the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, as well as to Roosevelt Island by the Roosevelt Island Bridge.
While most of the Queens/Brooklyn border is on land, the Kosciuszko Bridge crosses the Newtown Creek connecting Maspeth to Greenpoint, Brooklyn. The Pulaski Bridge connects McGuinness Boulevard in Greenpoint to 11th Street, Jackson Avenue, and Hunters Point Avenue in Long Island City. The J. J. Byrne Memorial Bridge (a.k.a. Greenpoint Avenue Bridge) connects the sections of Greenpoint Avenue in Greenpoint and Long Island City. A lesser bridge connects Grand Avenue in Queens to Grand Street in Brooklyn.
The Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge, built in 1939, traverses Jamaica Bay to connect the Rockaway Peninsula to Broad Channel and the rest of Queens.[178] Constructed in 1937, the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge links Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn's longest thoroughfare, with Jacob Riis Park and the western end of the Peninsula.[179] Both crossings were built and continue to be operated by what is now known as MTA Bridges and Tunnels. The IND Rockaway Line parallels the Cross Bay, has a mid-bay station at Broad Channel which is just a short walk from the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, now part of Gateway National Recreation Area and a major stop on the Atlantic Flyway.
Известные люди
Many public figures have grown up or lived in Queens.[180] Musicians raised in the borough include The Ramones, Nas, LL Cool J, A Tribe Called Quest, Mobb Deep, Onyx, Ja Rule, 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks, Tony Yayo, Run–D.M.C., Nicki Minaj, Lil Tecca, Rich The Kid, Tony Yayo, Action Bronson, Nadia Ali[181] and Tony Bennett.[182] Jazz greats Louis Armstrong and Norman Mapp both resided in Corona, as well as rock duo Simon & Garfunkel[183] and guitarists Scott Ian and Johnny Ramone.[184] K-pop rapper Mark Lee from the boy group NCT grew up in Queens before moving to Canada. Actors such as Adrien Brody,[185] Zoe Saldana, Lucy Liu,[186] John Leguizamo, Susan Sarandon, and Idina Menzel[187] were born or raised in Queens. Actress Mae West also lived in Queens.[188] Writers from Queens include John Guare (The House of Blue Leaves) and Laura Z. Hobson (Gentleman's Agreement). Physician Joshua Prager was born in Whitestone.[189] Mafia boss John Gotti lived in Queens for many years.[190] Richard Feynman, a scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, was born in Queens and grew up in Far Rockaway. Lee "Q" O'Denat, founder of WorldStarHipHop was from Hollis, Queens.
Donald Trump, a businessman who became the 45th President of the United States, was born in Jamaica Hospital Medical Center and raised at 81-15 Wareham Place in Jamaica Estates, later moving to Midland Parkway.[191][192][193] He was preceded in the White House by former First Ladies Nancy Reagan, who lived in Flushing as a child[194].Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President, lived at Sagamore Hill in Oyster Bay from the mid-1880s until he died;[195] the area was considered part of Queens until the formation of neighboring Nassau County in 1899. Queens has also been home to athletes such as professional basketball player Rafer Alston[196] Basketball players Kareem Abdul-Jabbar[197][198] and Metta World Peace[199][200] were both born in Queens, as was Olympic athlete Bob Beamon.[201] Tennis star John McEnroe[202] was born in Douglaston. Hall of Fame baseball pitcher Whitey Ford grew up in Astoria.[203] Journalist Marie Colvin was a native of Queens.
В популярной культуре
Queens has also served as a setting for various fictional characters, one of the more famous being Peter Parker / Spider-Man from Marvel Comics. He grew up in Forest Hills with his Aunt May and Uncle Ben.
Смотрите также
- List of tallest buildings in Queens
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens County, New York
Заметки
- ^ a b Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
Рекомендации
- ^ North Shore Towers
- ^ "Are locals from Queens, NY called 'queens'? - Quora". www.quora.com.
- ^ a b c d e f QuickFacts for Queens County (Queens Borough), New York; New York City, New York; United States, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 17, 2019.
- ^ Local Area Gross Domestic Product, 2018, Bureau of Economic Analysis, released December 12, 2019. Accessed December 17, 2019.
- ^ a b "Queens". New York State. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City, geographically adjacent to the borough of Brooklyn
- ^ a b Lubin, Gus (February 15, 2017). "Queens has more languages than anywhere in the world — here's where they're found". Business Insider. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
There are as many as 800 languages spoken in New York City, and nowhere in the world has more than Queens, according to the Endangered Language Alliance (ELA).
- ^ a b Narula, Svati Kirsten (April 29, 2014). "The 5 U.S. Counties Where Racial Diversity Is Highest—and Lowest". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
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- ^ Ngu, Sarah (January 29, 2021). "'Not what it used to be': in New York, Flushing's Asian residents brace against gentrification". The Guardian US. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
The three developers have stressed in public hearings that they are not outsiders to Flushing, which is 69% Asian. 'They’ve been here, they live here, they work here, they’ve invested here,' said Ross Moskowitz, an attorney for the developers at a different public hearing in February...Tangram Tower, a luxury mixed-use development built by F&T. Last year, prices for two-bedroom apartments started at $1.15m...The influx of transnational capital and rise of luxury developments in Flushing has displaced longtime immigrant residents and small business owners, as well as disrupted its cultural and culinary landscape. These changes follow the familiar script of gentrification, but with a change of actors: it is Chinese American developers and wealthy Chinese immigrants who are gentrifying this working-class neighborhood, which is majority Chinese.
- ^ Shaman, Diana (February 8, 2004). "If You're Thinking of Living In/Douglaston, Queens; Timeless City Area, With a Country Feel". The New York Times.
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- ^ Gleason, Will (March 11, 2019). "Citing its diversity and culture, NYC was voted best city in the world in new global survey". TimeOut. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
Just look at the Queens Night Market, which began in the summer of 2015 as a collection of 40 vendors serving authentic international cuisine in Flushing Meadows Corona Park. Since then, it’s steadily attracted more and more attendees and, last year averaged 10,000 people a night. Those thousands of New Yorkers weren’t just hungry for new food, but for new points-of-view. "When I first started, it was all about how can we attract people with an event that’s as affordable and diverse as possible," says Night Market founder John Wang. "We’ve now been able to represent over 85 countries, and I’m constantly hearing examples of people branching out and trying things they’ve never heard of before.
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- ^ New York: Commissioners of Statutory Revision:Colonial Laws of New York from the year 1664 to the Revolution, including the Charters of the Duke of York, the Commissions and instructions to Colonial Governors, the Duke's Laws, the Laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the Charters of Albany and New York, and the acts of the Colonial Legislatures from 1691 to 1775, inclusive. Report to the Assembly #107, 1894. five volumes. Albany, New York; 1894–1896; Chapter 1376; Section 4; page 1063.
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When Queens County was created the courts were transferred from Hempstead to Jamaica Village and a County Court was erected. When the building became too small for its purposes and the stone meeting house had been erected, the courts were held for some years in that edifice. Later a new courthouse was erected and used until the seat of justice was removed to North Hempstead.
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From the final withdrawal of the British in November 1783, until the 1830s, Queens continued as an essentially Long Island area of farms and villages. The location of the county government in Mineola (in present-day Nassau County) underscores the island orientation of that era. The population grew hardly at all, increasing only from 5,791 in 1800 to 7,806 in 1830, suggesting that many younger sons moved away, seeking fortunes where land was not yet so fully taken up for farming.
- ^ Peterson, Jon A., ed. (1987). A Research Guide to the History of the Borough of Queens, New York City. New York: Queens College, City University of New York.
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The 1777 New York State Constitution, Article XXXVI, confirmed land grants and municipal charters granted by the English Crown prior to October 14, 1775. Chapter 64 of the Laws of 1788 organized the state into towns and cities...The basic composition of the counties was set in 1788 when the State Legislature divided all of the counties then existing into towns. Towns, of course, were of earlier origin, but in that year they acquired a new legal status as components of the counties.
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That was the year when the "Old Brig" courthouse was vacated after 90 years of housing lawbreakers. The county court moved from Mineola to Long Island City.
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1874 – Queens County Courthouse and seat of county government moved from Mineola (in present-day Nassau County) to Long Island City.
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North Hempstead, Oyster Bay and the rest of Hempstead were excluded from the vote.
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The area included a radius of twenty miles (32 km), with the city hall in New York as a center to circumscribe it
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The question of the Greater New-York, which is also to be submitted to the people at this coming election, involves the proposition to unite in one city the following cities, counties, and towns: New-York City, Long Island City, in Queens County; the County of Kings, (Brooklyn;) the County of Richmond, (S.I.;) the towns of Flushing, Newtown, Jamaica, in Queens County; the town of Westchester, in Westchester County, and all that portion of the towns of East Chester and Pelham which lies south of a straight line drawn from a point where the northerly line of the City of New-York meets the center line of the Bronx River, to the middle of the channel between Hunter's and Glen Islands, in Long Island Sound, and that part of the town of Hempstead, in Queens County, which is westerly of a straight line drawn from the south-easterly point of the town of Flushing in a straight line to the Atlantic Ocean.
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The increase in area and population that New-York will acquire if consolidation becomes a fact will become evident by a glance at the following table... Flushing... *Part of the town of Hempstead... Jamaica... Long Island City ... Newtown... The townships in Queens County that are to be included in the Greater New-York have not been heard from yet...
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Even more crucial to future development was the opening of the Queensboro Bridge in 1909. This span ended the isolation of the borough's road system at precisely the time when mass use of the automobile was getting underway in the United States.
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The most momentous event in the history of Queens occurred in 1909 when the long-planned Queensboro Bridge was finally opened. This ended the century-old isolation of the county and dependence on ferries.
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Many of them live in Richmond Hill. Just as Chinese-Americans energized downtown Flushing, the Guyanese have revived a once-moribund shopping strip on Liberty Avenue between the Van Wyck Expressway and Lefferts Boulevard, now known as Little Guyana.
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How, they wondered, could Queens have grown by only one-tenth of 1 percent since 2000? How, even with a surge in foreclosures, could the number of vacant apartments have soared by nearly 60 percent in Queens and by 66 percent in Brooklyn?... Often, though, owners of illegally divided houses are reluctant to disclose the number of tenants, who tend to include people who are in the country illegally and are leery of providing any information to the government.
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- ^ (born Lew Alcindor)
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дальнейшее чтение
- Copquin, Claudia Gryvatz. The Neighborhoods of Queens (Yale University Press, 2007); Guide to 99 neighborhoods
- Glascock, Mary A. An Annotated Bibliography of the History of Queens County, New York (Queens College, 1977) 218 pages
- Lieberman, Janet E., and Richard K. Lieberman. City Limits: A Social History of Queens (Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1983)
- McGovern, Brendan, and John W. Frazier. "Evolving Ethnic Settlements in Queens: Historical and Current Forces Reshaping Human Geography." Focus on Geography (2015) 58#1 pp: 11–26.
- Miyares, Ines M. "From Exclusionary Covenant to Ethnic Hyperdiversity in Jackson Heights, Queens*." Geographical Review (2004) 94#4 pp: 462–483.
- History of Queens County, New York (WW Munsell, 1882)
Внешние ссылки
- Official History Page of the Queens Borough President's Office
- La Guardia and Wagner Archives/Queens Local History Collection Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- They Came from Queens. Long list compiled by the Queens Tribune.
- Queens Buzz