Сан Диего

Сан-Диего, Калифорния
Город
Город Сан-Диего
Сверху слева направо: центр города , Ла-Холья , Каса-де-Бальбоа , маяк Олд-Пойнт-Лома , парк Президио.
Флаг Тюлень
Псевдоним (ы):  «Лучший город Америки», «Родина Калифорнии», «Город в движении» [1]
Девиз (ы):  Semper Vigilans ( лат. "Вечно бдительный")
Расположение в округе Сан-Диего
Сан Диего Расположение в Калифорнии Show map of California Сан Диего Расположение в США Show map of the United States Сан Диего Расположение в Северной Америке Show map of North America
Координаты: 32 ° 42'54 "N 117 ° 09'45" W  /  32,71500 ° N 117,16250 ° W / 32.71500; -117.16250 Координаты : 32 ° 42'54 "N 117 ° 09'45" W  /  32,71500 ° N 117,16250 ° W  / 32.71500; -117.16250
Страна	Соединенные Штаты
Состояние	Калифорния
округ	Сан Диего
Учредил	16 июля 1769 г.
Инкорпорированный	27 марта 1850 г. [2]
Названный для	Святой Дидак из Алькалы
Правительство
• Тип	Сильный мэр [3]
• Тело	Городской совет Сан-Диего
•  Мэр	Тодд Глория ( з )
•  Городской прокурор	Мара Эллиотт ( З ) [4]
•  Городской совет [5]	Список • Joe LaCava D-District 1 • Jennifer Campbell D-District 2 • Stephen Whitburn D-District 3 • Monica Montgomery D-District 4 • Marni von Wilpert D-District 5 • Chris Cate R-District 6 • Raul Campillo D-District 7 • Vivian Moreno D-District 8 • Sean Elo-Rivera D-District 9
•  Члены собрания штата	Список • Брайан Майеншайн D-77 округ • Крис Уорд D-78-й округ • Акила Вебер D-79-й округ • Лорена Гонсалес Флетчер, D-80 округ
•  Сенаторы штата	Список • Брайан Джонс R-38-й округ • Тони Аткинс, D-39 округ • Бен Уэсо D-40 округ
Площадь[6]
• Всего	372,42 квадратных миль (964,56 км 2 )
• Земля	325,88 квадратных миль (844,02 км 2 )
• Воды	46,54 квадратных миль (120,54 км 2 ) 12,68%
Высота[7]	62 футов (19 м)
Наивысшая отметка[8]	1,591 футов (485 м)
Самая низкая отметка	0 футов (0 м)
Население ( 2020 )
• Всего	1,386,932
• Классифицировать	8 -е место в США 2 -е место в Калифорнии
• Плотность	4255,96 / кв. Миль (1643,25 / км 2 )
•  Метро[9]	3,298,634 ( 17 -е )
Демоним (ы)	Сан-Диеган
Часовой пояс	UTC-8 ( Тихий океан )
• Лето ( DST )	UTC-7 ( PDT )
Почтовые индексы [10]	92101–92124, 92126–92132, 92134–92140, 92142, 92143, 92145, 92147, 92149–92155, 92158–92161, 92163, 92165–92179, 92182, 92186, 92187, 92190–92199
Коды городов	619/858
Код FIPS	06-66000
Идентификаторы функций GNIS	1661377 , 2411782
Веб-сайт	SanDiego.gov

Сан - Диего ( / ˌ s æ п d я eɪ ɡ oʊ / SAN dee- AY -goh , испанский:  [Сан - djeɣo] , испанский для ' Saint Didacus ') является город в американском штате в Калифорнии на побережье Тихий океан и непосредственно примыкает к мексиканской границе . С 2020 населением 1,386,932, ^[11] Сан - Диего является восьмым самым густонаселенным городом в Соединенных Штатах ивторой по численности населения в Калифорнии (после Лос-Анджелеса ). Город является административным центром округа Сан-Диего , пятого по численности населения округа в Соединенных Штатах, с населением 3 338 330 жителей по состоянию на 2019 год. Город известен своим мягким круглогодичным климатом, естественной глубоководной гаванью , обширными пляжами и парки, давние связи с ВМС и Корпусом морской пехоты США , а также недавнее превращение в центр развития здравоохранения и биотехнологий .

Сан-Диего, исторически являющийся домом для народа кумеяай , часто называют «местом рождения Калифорнии», поскольку это было первое место, которое посетили и заселили европейцы на том, что сейчас является западным побережьем Соединенных Штатов . ^[12] После высадки в заливе Сан-Диего в 1542 году Хуан Родригес Кабрильо заявил права на эту территорию Испании , что легло в основу поселения Альта Калифорния 200 лет спустя. Presidio и Миссия Сан - Диего - де - Алькала , основанная в 1769 году, формируется первое европейское поселение в том, что в настоящее время Калифорния. В 1821 году Сан-Диего стал частью недавно провозглашенной Мексиканской империи., которая через два года преобразовалась в Первую мексиканскую республику . Калифорния стала частью Соединенных Штатов в 1848 году после американо-мексиканской войны и была принята в союз как штат в 1850 году.

Основными двигателями экономики Сан-Диего являются военная и оборонная деятельность, туризм, международная торговля, исследования и производство. Город является экономическим центром Сан-Диего Тихуана агломерацию , второй по численности населения трансграничный столичная область в Западном полушарии (после того, как Детройт-Виндзор ), где проживает примерно 4,922,723 человек по состоянию на 2012 год ^[13] Первичная пересечения границы между Сан-Диего и Тихуана , входной порт Сан-Исидро , является самым загруженным международным сухопутным пограничным переходом в мире за пределами Азии ( четвертый по загруженности в целом). Главный аэропорт города,Международный аэропорт Сан-Диего - самый загруженный аэропорт с одной взлетно-посадочной полосой в мире. ^{[а] [14]}

История

Доколониальный период

Коренные жители региона теперь известны как люди Сан-Диегито и Ла-Хойя . ^{[15] [16]} Люди Кумейяи мигрировали в район Сан-Диего около 1000 г. н.э. ^{[17] [18],} которые построили деревни, разбросанные по всему региону, в том числе деревню Косой (Косааай), которая была деревней Кумейяй, которая будущее поселение Сан-Диего возникнет в сегодняшнем Старом городе . ^{[19] [20]} Деревня Косой состояла из тридцати - сорока семей, живущих в пирамидальных домах, и поддерживалась источником пресной воды со склонов холмов. ^[19]

Испанский период

Первым европейцем, посетившим регион, был исследователь Хуан Родригес Кабрильо , плавающий под флагом Кастилии, но, возможно, родившийся в Португалии . Плывя на своем флагманском корабле « Сан-Сальвадор» из Навидада , Новая Испания, Кабрильо в 1542 году заявил права на залив Испанской империи и назвал это место «Сан-Мигель». ^[21] В ноябре 1602 года Себастьян Вискайно был отправлен на карту побережья Калифорнии. Прибыв на свой флагманский корабль Сан-Диего , Вискайно осмотрел гавань и места, где сейчас находятся залив Мишн и Пойнт-Лома, и назвал это место в честь католического святого Дидака., испанец, более известный как Сан-Диего-де-Алькала . 12 ноября 1602 года первое зарегистрированное христианское религиозное богослужение в Альта-Калифорнии было проведено монахом Антонио де ла Асенсион, членом экспедиции Вискайно, чтобы отпраздновать праздник в Сан-Диего. ^[22]

Постоянная европейская колонизация Калифорнии и Сан-Диего началась в 1769 году с прибытием четырех контингентов испанцев из Новой Испании и с полуострова Нижняя Калифорния. Две морские группы достигли залива Сан-Диего: « Сан-Карлос» под командованием Висенте Вила, включая в качестве известных членов инженера и картографа Мигеля Костансо и солдата и будущего губернатора Педро Фагеса , и « Сан-Антонио» под командованием Хуана Переса . Первоначальная сухопутная экспедиция в Сан-Диего с юга, возглавляемая солдатом Фернандо Ривера, включала францисканского миссионера, исследователя и летописца Хуана Креспи., за которым последовала вторая партия во главе с назначенным губернатором Гаспаром де Портола, в которую вошли президент миссии (а теперь и святой) Хуниперо Серра . ^[23]

В мае 1769 года Портола основал форт Президио Сан-Диего на холме у реки Сан-Диего над деревней Кумейай в Косой, ^[19] который позже стал частью испанского поселения, ^[20] что сделало его первым поселением европейцев. на территории нынешнего штата Калифорния. В июле того же года монахами-францисканцами при Серре была основана миссия Сан-Диего-де-Алькала . ^{[24] [25]} Миссия стала местом восстания Кумейай в 1775 году, которое вынудило миссию переместиться на шесть миль (10 км) вверх по реке Сан-Диего. ^[26]К 1797 году миссия насчитывала самое большое местное население в Альта-Калифорнии: более 1400 неофитов жили в самой миссии и вокруг нее. ^[27] Миссия Сан-Диего была южным якорем в Альта Калифорния исторической миссии следа Эль Камино Реал . И Пресидио, и Миссия являются национальными историческими достопримечательностями . ^{[28] [29]}

Мексиканский период

В 1821 году Мексика завоевала независимость от Испании , и Сан-Диего стал частью мексиканской территории Альта-Калифорния . В 1822 году Мексика начала попытки распространить свою власть на прибрежную территорию Альта-Калифорнии. Форт на холме Президио был постепенно заброшен, а город Сан-Диего вырос на равнине ниже холма Президио. Миссия была секуляризована мексиканским правительством в 1834 году , и большая часть земель миссии была передана бывшим солдатам. 432 жителя города обратились к губернатору с ходатайством о создании пуэбло , и Хуан Мария Осуна был избран первым алькальдом («муниципальным магистратом»), победивPío Pico in the vote. Beyond the town, Mexican land grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy. (See, List of pre-statehood mayors of San Diego.) However, San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s, due to increasing tension between the settlers and the indigenous Kumeyaay and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents.^[30] The ranchos in the San Diego region would face Kumeyaay raids in the late 1830s and the town itself would face raids in the 1840s.^[31]

Americans gained an increased awareness of California, and its commercial possibilities, from the writings of two countrymen involved in the often officially forbidden, to foreigners, but economically significant hide and tallow trade, where San Diego was a major port and the only one with an adequate harbor: William Shaler's "Journal of a Voyage Between China and the North-Western Coast of America, Made in 1804" and Richard Henry Dana's more substantial and convincing account, of his 1834–36 voyage, the classic Two Years Before the Mast.^[32]

В 1846 году Соединенные Штаты начали войну против Мексики и отправили военно-морскую и сухопутную экспедицию на завоевание Альты Калифорнии . Сначала им было легко, захватив основные порты, включая Сан-Диего, но калифорнийцы на юге Альта-Калифорнии нанесли ответный удар. После успешного восстания в Лос-АнджелесеАмериканский гарнизон в Сан-Диего был изгнан без единого выстрела в начале октября 1846 года. Мексиканские партизаны удерживали Сан-Диего три недели до 24 октября 1846 года, когда его отбили американцы. В течение следующих нескольких месяцев американцы были заблокированы внутри пуэбло. Стычки происходили ежедневно, снайперы стреляли в город каждую ночь. Калифорнийцы отгоняли скот из пуэбло, надеясь заморить голодом американцев и их сторонников из Калифорнии. 1 декабря американский гарнизон узнал, что драгуны генерала Стивена У. Кирни находятся на ранчо Уорнера . Коммодор Роберт Ф. Стоктон послал конные силы из пятидесяти человек под командованием капитана Арчибальда Гиллеспи.идти на север, чтобы встретить его. Их объединенная команда из 150 человек, вернувшихся в Сан-Диего, встретила около 93 калифорнийцев под командованием Андреса Пико . В последовавшей за этим битве при Сан-Паскуале в долине Сан-Паскуаль, которая сейчас является частью города Сан-Диего, американцы понесли самые большие потери в кампании. Впоследствии колонна во главе с лейтенантом Греем прибыла из Сан-Диего, спасая разбитое и заблокированное командование Кирни. ^[33]

Стоктон и Кирни вернулись к Лос-Анджелесу и принудили к капитуляции Альта-Калифорнии " Договором о Кауэнге " 13 января 1847 года. В результате мексикано-американской войны 1846–1848 годов территория Альта Калифорнии, в том числе Сан-Диего был передан Соединенным Штатам Мексикой в ​​соответствии с условиями Гваделупского Идальгоского договора в 1848 году. Мексиканские участники переговоров по этому договору пытались сохранить Сан-Диего в составе Мексики, но американцы настаивали на том, что Сан-Диего был «за каждая коммерческая цель имеет для нас почти такое же значение, что и цель Сан-Франциско ", и мексикано-американская граница в конечном итоге была установлена ​​в одной лиге к югу от самой южной точки залива Сан-Диего., чтобы включить весь залив в пределах Соединенных Штатов. ^[34]

Американский период

Штат Калифорния был принят в состав Соединенных Штатов в 1850 году. В том же году Сан-Диего стал резиденцией только что созданного округа Сан-Диего и стал городом. Джошуа Х. Бин , последний алькальд Сан-Диего, был избран первым мэром. Два года спустя город обанкротился; ^[35] Законодательный орган Калифорнии отменил городской устав и передал его под контроль попечительского совета, где он оставался до 1889 года. Городской устав был восстановлен в 1889 году, а нынешний городской устав был принят в 1931 году ^[36].

Первоначальный город Сан-Диего был расположен у подножия холма Президио, в районе, который сейчас является историческим парком штата Старый город Сан-Диего . Расположение было не идеальным, так как он находился в нескольких милях от судоходной воды в порту Ла-Плайя . В 1850 году Уильям Хит Дэвис продвигал новую застройку на берегу залива под названием «Новый Сан-Диего», в нескольких милях к югу от первоначального поселения; однако в течение нескольких десятилетий новая застройка состояла только из причала, нескольких домов и армейского депо для поддержки форта Юма . После 1854 года форт стал снабжаться морем и пароходами по реке Колорадо, и депо вышло из употребления. С 1857 по 1860 год Сан-Диего стал западной конечной точкойПочтовая линия Сан-Антонио-Сан-Диего , самая ранняя наземная линия дилижанса и почты из восточных Соединенных Штатов в Калифорнию, прибывшая из Техаса через территорию Нью-Мексико менее чем за 30 дней. ^[37]

В конце 1860-х годов Алонзо Хортон продвигал переезд в прибрежную зону, которую он назвал «Новый город» и которая стала центром Сан-Диего . Хортон активно продвигал этот район, и люди и предприятия начали переезжать в Новый город, потому что его расположение в заливе Сан-Диего было удобно для судоходства. Новый город вскоре затмил первоначальное поселение, известное по сей день как Старый город , и стал экономическим и правительственным центром города. ^[38] Тем не менее, Сан-Диего оставался относительно захолустным городом до прибытия железной дороги в 1878 году.

В 1912 году Сан-Диего стал местом борьбы за свободу слова между промышленными рабочими мира и правительством города, принявшим постановление, запрещающее свободу слова в районе «Мыльницы», что привело к гражданскому неповиновению, бдительности и полиции. насилие , похищение мужа Эммы Гольдман Бена Рейтмана и многочисленные беспорядки . ^{[39] [40]} Близость Сан-Диего к Тихуане во время мексиканской революции сделала это одним из самых значительных боев за свободу слова в эпоху Шаткости . ^[41]

В 1916 году район Стингари , первоначального дома первого китайского квартала Сан-Диего и «Мыльницы», был снесен активистами кампании против порока, чтобы освободить место для квартала газовых фонарей . ^[42]

В начале 20-го века Сан-Диего дважды принимал Всемирную выставку : Панамско-калифорнийскую выставку (1915) и Калифорнийскую Тихоокеанскую международную выставку в 1935 году. Обе выставки проходили в парке Бальбоа , и многие выставки испанского / барочного стиля проходили в Здания в стиле, построенные для этих экспозиций, по сей день остаются центральными элементами парка. Здания предназначались как временные сооружения, но большинство из них использовалось постоянно, пока не приходило в упадок. Большинство из них были в конечном итоге перестроены с использованием отливок оригинальных фасадов, чтобы сохранить архитектурный стиль. ^[43] Зверинец экзотических животных, представленный на выставке 1915 года, лег в основуЗоопарк Сан-Диего . ^[44] В 1950-х годах в городе проводился фестиваль под названием Fiesta del Pacifico, посвященный испанскому и мексиканскому прошлому региона. ^[45] В 2010-х годах было предложение о крупномасштабном праздновании 100-летия парка Бальбоа, но от этих планов отказались, когда организация, которой было поручено это празднование, прекратила свою деятельность. ^[46]

Южная часть полуострова Пойнт-Лома была отведена для военных целей еще в 1852 году. В течение следующих нескольких десятилетий армия создала серию батарей береговой артиллерии и назвала этот район фортом Розекранс . ^[47] Значительное присутствие ВМС США началось в 1901 году с создания Угольной станции ВМС в Пойнт-Лома и значительно расширилось в течение 1920-х годов. ^[48] К 1930 году в городе располагалась военно-морская база Сан-Диего , военно-морской учебный центр Сан-Диего , военно-морской госпиталь Сан-Диего , лагерь Мэтьюз и лагерь Кирни (ныне авиабаза морской пехоты Мирамар.). Город также был одним из первых центров авиации: еще во время Первой мировой войны Сан-Диего провозгласил себя «воздушной столицей Запада». ^[49] Город был домом для важных разработчиков и производителей самолетов, таких как Ryan Airlines (позже Ryan Aeronautical ), основанная в 1925 году, и Consolidated Aircraft (позже Convair ), основанная в 1923 году. ^[50] Самолет Чарльза А. Линдберга The Spirit из Сент-Луиса был построен в Сан-Диего в 1927 году авиакомпанией Ryan Airlines. ^[49]

Во время Второй мировой войны Сан-Диего стал крупным центром военной и оборонной деятельности из-за большого количества военных объектов и производителей оборонной продукции. Население города быстро росло во время и после Второй мировой войны, увеличившись более чем вдвое между 1930 (147 995) и 1950 (333 865). ^[51] В последние месяцы войны у японцев был план атаковать несколько городов США для биологической атаки , начиная с Сан-Диего. План назывался « Операция« Цветение сакуры ночью »» и предусматривал использование самолетов- камикадзе, наполненных блохами, зараженными чумой ( Yersinia pestis), чтобы врезаться в центры гражданского населения в городе, надеясь распространить чуму в городе и эффективно убить десятки тысяч мирных жителей. План планировалось запустить 22 сентября 1945 года, но не был выполнен, потому что Япония капитулировала пятью неделями ранее. ^{[52] [53] [54] [55]}

После Второй мировой войны военные продолжали играть важную роль в местной экономике, но сокращение производства после холодной войны нанесло тяжелый урон местной оборонной и аэрокосмической промышленности. Возникший в результате спад заставил руководителей Сан-Диего стремиться диверсифицировать экономику города, сосредоточив внимание на исследованиях и науке, а также на туризме. ^[56]

С начала 20-го века до 1970-х годов американский флот для ловли тунца и промышленность по консервированию тунца базировались в Сан-Диего, «мировой столице тунца». ^[57] Первый консервный завод тунца в Сан-Диего был основан в 1911 году, и к середине 1930-х годов на консервных заводах работало более 1000 человек. Консервные заводы поддерживал большой рыболовецкий флот, в основном укомплектованный рыбаками-иммигрантами из Японии , а затем из португальских Азорских островов и Италии , влияние которых все еще ощущается в таких районах, как Маленькая Италия и Пойнт-Лома . ^{[58] [59]}Из-за роста цен и иностранной конкуренции последний консервный завод закрылся в начале 1980-х годов. ^[60]

Центр города Сан-Диего находился в упадке в 1960-х и 1970-х годах, но с начала 1980-х годов город претерпел некоторые изменения, включая открытие Horton Plaza , возрождение квартала газовых фонарей и строительство конференц-центра Сан-Диего ; Petco Park открылся в 2004 году. ^[61]

География

По словам почетного профессора SDSU Монте Маршалла, залив Сан-Диего - это «поверхностное выражение вложенного грабена, простирающегося с севера на юг ». В Rose Canyon и точка Лома зоны разломов являются частью разлома Сан - Андреас системы. Примерно в 40 милях (64 км) к востоку от залива находятся горы Лагуна на полуостровных хребтах , которые являются частью хребта американских континентов . ^[62]

Город расположен примерно на 200 глубоких каньонах и холмах, разделяющих его столовые горы , образуя небольшие очаги естественного открытого пространства, разбросанные по всему городу и придавая ему холмистую географию. ^[63] Традиционно Сан-Диеганы строили свои дома и предприятия на холмах, оставляя городские каньоны относительно дикими. ^[64] Таким образом, каньоны придают части города ощущение сегментированности, создавая промежутки между соседними районами и способствуя созданию среды с низкой плотностью населения, ориентированной на автомобили. Река Сан-Диегопроходит через центр Сан-Диего с востока на запад, образуя речную долину, разделяющую город на северную и южную части. В исторический период, а также предположительно раньше, река меняла свое течение между заливом Сан-Диего и заливом Мишн, и его пресная вода была в центре внимания первых испанских исследователей. Картограф Мигель Костансо писал в 1769 году: «Когда индейцы спросили по знакам, где находится водопой, они указали на рощу, которую можно было увидеть на значительном расстоянии к северо-востоку, давая понять, что через нее протекает река или ручей. это, и что они приведут к нему наших людей, если они последуют за ним ". ^{[65] [66]} Этой рекой была река Сан-Диего. ^[65]Несколько водохранилищ и региональный парк Mission Trails также находятся между и отдельными развитыми районами города.

Notable peaks within the city limits include Cowles Mountain, the highest point in the city at 1,591 feet (485 m);^[8] Black Mountain at 1,558 feet (475 m); and Mount Soledad at 824 feet (251 m). The Cuyamaca Mountains and Laguna Mountains rise to the east of the city, and beyond the mountains are desert areas. The Cleveland National Forest is a half-hour drive from downtown San Diego. Numerous farms are found in the valleys northeast and southeast of the city.

В своем рейтинге ParkScore за 2013 год фонд The Trust for Public Land сообщил, что Сан-Диего занимает 9-е место среди 50 самых густонаселенных городов США. ^[67] ParkScore ранжирует системы городских парков по формуле, которая анализирует площадь, доступ, а также услуги и инвестиции.

Сообщества и районы

Город Сан-Диего признает 52 отдельных района зонами общественного планирования. ^[68] В пределах данной области планирования может быть несколько отдельных районов. Всего в городе более 100 определенных районов .

Центр города Сан-Диего расположен в заливе Сан-Диего. Парк Бальбоа включает в себя несколько столовых гор и каньонов на северо-востоке, окруженный более старыми густонаселенными городскими поселениями, включая Хиллкрест и Норт-Парк . На востоке и юго-востоке находятся City Heights , College Area и юго-восток Сан-Диего . К северу находится долина Мишн и межштатная автомагистраль 8 . Сообщества к северу от долины и автострады и к югу от авиабазы ​​морской пехоты Мирамар включают Клермонт , Кирни Меса , Тьеррасанта и Навахо.. На север от Мирамара простираются северные пригороды Мира Меса , ранчо Скриппс , ранчо Пеньяскитос и ранчо Бернардо . Крайняя северо-восточная часть города включает озеро Ходжес и долину Сан-Паскуаль , в которой находится сельскохозяйственный заповедник. Кармель-Вэлли и Дель-Мар-Хайтс занимают северо-западный угол города. К югу от них находится государственный заповедник Торри-Пайнс и деловой центр Золотого треугольника . Дальше на юг находятся пляж и прибрежные поселения Ла-Холья , Пасифик-Бич , Мишн-Бич.и Оушен-Бич . Пойнт Лома занимает полуостров напротив залива Сан-Диего от центра города. Сообщества Южного Сан-Диего ( Эксклав ), такие как Сан-Исидро и Отай-Меса , расположены рядом с границей Мексики и США и физически отделены от остальной части города городами Нэшнл-Сити и Чула-Виста . Узкая полоска земли на дне залива Сан-Диего соединяет эти южные районы с остальной частью города. ^[69]

По большей части границы районов Сан-Диего, как правило, понимаются его жителями на основе географических границ, таких как каньоны и узоры улиц. ^[70] Город признал важность своих кварталов, когда он организовал свой Генеральный план на 2008 год вокруг концепции «Город деревень». ^[71]

Городской пейзаж

Первоначально Сан-Диего был сосредоточен в районе Старого города , но к концу 1860-х годов акцент сместился на набережную, в надежде, что это новое место увеличит торговлю. Поскольку «Новый город» - современный центр города - набережная быстро развивался, он затмил Старый город в качестве центра Сан-Диего. ^[38]

Строительство небоскребов более 300 футов (91 м) в Сан-Диего связано со строительством в 1927 году отеля El Cortez , самого высокого здания в городе с 1927 по 1963 год. ^[72] Со временем многие здания заявили о себе. титул самого высокого небоскреба Сан-Диего, включая здание Union Bank of California и Symphony Towers . В настоящее время самым высоким зданием в Сан-Диего является One America Plaza высотой 150 м, строительство которого было завершено в 1991 году. ^[73] В соответствии с постановлением Федерального управления гражданской авиации, на линии горизонта центра города нет сверхвысоких зданий.в 1970-х установил ограничение на высоту зданий в 500 футов (152 м) в радиусе 1,6 км от международного аэропорта Сан-Диего . ^[74] Знаковое описание горизонта включает его небоскребы в сравнении с инструментами набора инструментов. ^[75]

Сейчас строится несколько новых высотных зданий , в том числе два, высота которых превышает 400 футов (122 м).

Климат

Согласно « Фермерскому альманаху» ^[77] Сан-Диего входит в десятку лучших климатических условий в США, а по версии The Weather Channel - один из двух лучших летних климатов страны . ^[78] Согласно системе классификации климата Кеппена-Гейгера , область Сан-Диего по-разному классифицируется как имеющая полузасушливый климат ( BSh в исходной классификации ^[79] и BSkn в модифицированной классификации Кеппена, где n означает летний туман) ^[80] или средиземноморский климат ^[81] ( Csa ). ^[82]Климат Сан-Диего характеризуется теплым сухим летом и мягкой зимой, при этом большая часть годовых осадков выпадает в период с декабря по март. В городе мягкий климат круглый год, ^[83] в среднем 201 день при температуре выше 70 ° F (21 ° C) и малом количестве осадков (9–13 дюймов [230–330 мм] в год).

Климат в Сан-Диего, как и в большей части Южной Калифорнии, часто значительно меняется на небольших географических расстояниях, что приводит к микроклиматам . В Сан-Диего это в основном из-за топографии города (залив и многочисленные холмы, горы и каньоны). Часто, особенно в период «майской серости / июньского мрака », толстый облачный покров « морского слоя » сохраняет воздух прохладным и влажным в пределах нескольких миль от побережья, но уступает место яркому безоблачному солнцу примерно на 5–10 миль (8–10 миль). 16 км) вглубь страны. ^[84] Иногда июньский мрак длится до июля, вызывая облачность над большей частью Сан-Диего в течение всего дня. ^{[85] [86]}Даже в отсутствие июньских сумраков внутренние районы испытывают гораздо более значительные колебания температуры, чем прибрежные районы, где океан служит сдерживающим фактором. Так, например, в центре Сан-Диего в среднем минимумы января составляют 10 ° C (50 ° F), а максимумы августа - 26 ° C (78 ° F). В городе Эль-Кахон , расположенном всего в 10 милях (16 км) от центра Сан-Диего, средние минимумы января составляют 6 ° C (42 ° F), а максимумы августа - 31 ° C (88 ° F).

По данным ученых из Института океанографии Скриппса, средняя температура поверхности воды на пирсе Скриппса в Калифорнийском течении с 1950 года увеличилась почти на 3 ° F (1,7 ° C) . ^[87] Кроме того, средний минимум в настоящее время превышает 40 ° F (4 ° C), что помещает Сан-Диего в зону устойчивости 11, причем последнее замораживание произошло много десятилетий назад.

Годовое количество осадков вдоль побережья в среднем составляет 10,65 дюйма (271 мм), а среднее значение составляет 9,6 дюйма (240 мм). ^[88]С декабря по март выпадает большая часть дождя, а февраль - единственный месяц, в котором в среднем выпадает 51 мм или более. Месяцы с мая по сентябрь, как правило, почти полностью засушливые. Несмотря на то, что в дождливый период бывает несколько дождливых дней в месяц, во время их выпадения дожди могут быть обильными. Количество осадков обычно больше на возвышенностях Сан-Диего; некоторые из более высоких областей могут получать 11–15 дюймов (280–380 мм) в год. Изменчивость от года к году может быть значительной: в самые влажные годы 1883/1884 и 1940/1941 выпало более 24 дюймов (610 мм), а в самые засушливые годы - всего 3,2 дюйма (80 мм). Самый влажный месяц за всю историю наблюдений - декабрь 1921 года - 9,21 дюйма (234 мм).

Снег в городе настолько редок, что за полтора столетия его наблюдали только шесть раз. В 1949 и 1967 годах снег оставался на земле в течение нескольких часов в более высоких местах, таких как Пойнт-Лома и Ла-Хойя . В трех других случаях, в 1882, 1946 и 1987 годах, наблюдались шквалы, но не накопления. ^[89] 21 февраля 2019 года снег выпал и скопился в жилых районах города, но ни один не выпал в центре города. ^[90]

Ecology

Like much of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied on the west by coastal sage scrub and on the east by chaparral, plant communities made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs.^[95] The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas.^[96]

San Diego's broad city limits encompass a number of large nature preserves, including Torrey Pines State Reserve, Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve, and Mission Trails Regional Park. Torrey Pines State Reserve and a coastal strip continuing to the north constitute one of only two locations where the rare species of Torrey Pine, Pinus torreyana, is found.^[97]

Due to the steep topography that prevents or discourages building, along with some efforts for preservation, there are also a large number of canyons within the city limits that serve as nature preserves, including Switzer Canyon, Tecolote Canyon Natural Park,^[98] and Marian Bear Memorial Park in San Clemente Canyon,^[99] as well as a number of small parks and preserves.

San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered list of counties in the United States.^[100] Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway, San Diego County has recorded 492 different bird species, more than any other region in the country.^[101] San Diego always scores high in the number of bird species observed in the annual Christmas Bird Count, sponsored by the Audubon Society, and it is known as one of the "birdiest" areas in the United States.^[102][103]

San Diego and its backcountry suffer from periodic wildfires. In October 2003, San Diego was the site of the Cedar Fire, at that time the largest wildfire in California over the past century.^[104] The fire burned 280,000 acres (1,100 km²), killed 15 people, and destroyed more than 2,200 homes.^[105] In addition to damage caused by the fire, smoke resulted in a significant increase in emergency room visits due to asthma, respiratory problems, eye irritation, and smoke inhalation; the poor air quality caused San Diego County schools to close for a week.^[106] Wildfires four years later destroyed some areas, particularly within Rancho Bernardo, as well as the nearby communities of Rancho Santa Fe and Ramona.^[100]

Demographics

The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km²).^[111] The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside–San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, which had a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census.

The 2010 population represents an increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000.^[108] The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,456.3/km²). The racial makeup of San Diego was 58.9% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race);^[108][112] 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, 1.4% were Spanish American and 0.6% were Puerto Rican. Median age of Hispanics was 27.5 years, compared to 35.1 years overall and 41.6 years among non-Hispanic whites; Hispanics were the largest group in all ages under 18, and non-Hispanic whites constituted 63.1% of population 55 and older.

As of January 2019^[update], the San Diego City and County had the fifth-largest homeless population among major cities in the United States, with 8,102 people experiencing homelessness.^[113] In the city of San Diego, 4,887 individuals were experiencing homelessness according to the 2020 count.^[114]

In 2000 there were 451,126 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. Households made up of individuals account for 28.0%, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61, and the average family size was 3.30.

The U.S. Census Bureau reported that in 2000, 24.0% of San Diego residents were under 18, and 10.5% were 65 and over.^[108] As of 2011^[update] the median age was 35.6; more than a quarter of residents were under age 20 and 11% were over age 65.^[115] Millennials (ages 18 through 34) constitute 27.1% of San Diego's population, the second-highest percentage in a major U.S. city.^[116] The San Diego County regional planning agency, SANDAG, provides tables and graphs breaking down the city population into five-year age groups.^[117]

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $35,199.^[118] According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city,^[119] but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.^[118] San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine,^[120] although it was no longer rated in the top 100 places by 2017.^[121] As of January 1, 2008 estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments revealed that the household median income for San Diego rose to $66,715, up from $45,733 in 2000.^[122]

San Diego was named the ninth-most LGBT-friendly city in the U.S. in 2013.^[123] The city also has the seventh-highest percentage of gay residents in the U.S. Additionally in 2013, San Diego State University (SDSU), one of the city's prominent universities, was named one of the top LGBT-friendly campuses in the nation.^[124]

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 68% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 32% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 32% professing Roman Catholic beliefs.^[125][126] while 27% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 5% of the population.

Economy

The largest sectors of San Diego's economy are defense/military, tourism, international trade, and research/manufacturing.^[127][128] In 2014, San Diego was designated by a Forbes columnist as the best city in the country to launch a small business or startup company.^[129]San Diego recorded a median household income of $79,646 in 2018, an increase of 3.89% from $76,662 in 2017.^[130] The median property value in San Diego in 2018 was $654,700,^[130] and the average home has two cars per household.^[130]

Defense and military

The economy of San Diego is influenced by its deepwater port, which includes the only major submarine and shipbuilding yards on the West Coast.^[131] Several major national defense contractors were started and are headquartered in San Diego, including General Atomics, Cubic, and NASSCO.^[132][133]

San Diego hosts the largest naval fleet in the world:^[134] In 2008 it was home to 53 ships, over 120 tenant commands, and more than 35,000 sailors, marines, Department of Defense civilian employees and contractors.^[135] About 5 percent of all civilian jobs in the county are military-related, and 15,000 businesses in San Diego County rely on Department of Defense contracts.^[135]

Military bases in San Diego include US Navy facilities, Marine Corps bases, and Coast Guard stations. The city is "home to the majority of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's surface combatants, all of the Navy's West Coast amphibious ships and a variety of Coast Guard and Military Sealift Command vessels".^[135][136]

The military infrastructure in San Diego is still growing and developing, with numerous military personnel stationed there, numbers of which are expected to rise. This plays a significant role in the city's economy, as of 2020, it provides roughly 25% of the GRP and provides 23% of the total jobs in San Diego.^{[137][138][139]}

Tourism

Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, beaches,^[140] and tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcalá and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors^[141] for "beer tours" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November;^[142] San Diego has been called "America's Craft Beer Capital."^[143]

San Diego County hosted more than 32 million visitors in 2012; collectively they spent an estimated $8 billion. The visitor industry provides employment for more than 160,000 people.^[144]

San Diego's cruise ship industry used to be the second-largest in California. Numerous cruise lines operate out of San Diego. However, cruise ship business has been in decline since 2008, when the Port hosted over 250 ship calls and more than 900,000 passengers. By 2016–2017, the number of ship calls had fallen to 90.^[145]

Local sightseeing cruises are offered in San Diego Bay and Mission Bay, as well as whale-watching cruises to observe the migration of gray whales, peaking in mid-January.^[146] Sport fishing is another popular tourist attraction; San Diego is home to southern California's biggest sport fishing fleet.^[147]

International trade

San Diego's commercial port and its location on the United States–Mexico border make international trade an important factor in the city's economy. The city is authorized by the United States government to operate as a Foreign Trade Zone.^[148]

The city shares a 15-mile (24 km) border with Mexico that includes two border crossings. San Diego hosts the busiest international border crossing in the world, in the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry.^[149] A second, primarily commercial border crossing operates in the Otay Mesa area; it is the largest commercial crossing on the California-Baja California border and handles the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings.^[150]

One of the Port of San Diego's two cargo facilities is located in Downtown San Diego at the Tenth Avenue Marine Terminal. This terminal has facilities for containers, bulk cargo, and refrigerated and frozen storage, so that it can handle the import and export of many commodities.^[151] In 2009 the Port of San Diego handled 1,137,054 short tons of total trade; foreign trade accounted for 956,637 short tons while domestic trade amounted to 180,417 short tons.^[152]

Historically tuna fishing and canning was one of San Diego's major industries,^[153] although the American tuna fishing fleet is no longer based in San Diego. Seafood company Bumble Bee Foods is headquartered in San Diego and Chicken of the Sea was until 2018.^[154][155]

Companies

San Diego hosts several major producers of wireless cellular technology. Qualcomm was founded and is headquartered in San Diego, and is one of the largest private-sector employers in San Diego.^[156] Other wireless industry manufacturers headquartered here include Nokia, LG Electronics,^[157] Kyocera International,^[158] Cricket Communications and Novatel Wireless.^[159] The largest software company in San Diego is security software company Websense Inc.^[160] San Diego also has the U.S. headquarters for the Slovakian security company ESET.^[161] San Diego has been designated as an iHub Innovation Center for potential collaboration between wireless and the life sciences.^[162]

The University of California, San Diego and other research institutions have helped to fuel the growth of biotechnology.^[163] In 2013, San Diego had the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area.^[164] There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area.^[165] In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies.^[166] Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many other biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.^[167]

Top employers

According to the city's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,^[168] the top employers in the city are:

Real estate

San Diego has high real estate prices. San Diego home prices peaked in 2005, and then declined along with the national trend. As of December 2010, prices were down 36 percent from the peak,^[169] median price of homes having declined by more than $200,000 between 2005 and 2010.^[170] As of May 2015, the median price of a house was $520,000.^[171] In November 2018 the median home price was $558,000. The San Diego metropolitan area had one of the worst housing affordability rankings of all metropolitan areas in the United States in 2009.^[172]

Consequently, San Diego has experienced negative net migration since 2004. A significant number of people moved to adjacent Riverside County, commuting daily to jobs in San Diego, while others are leaving the region altogether and moving to more affordable regions.^[173]

Government

Local government

The city is governed by a mayor and a nine-member city council. In 2006, its government changed from a council–manager government to a strong mayor government, as decided by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body.^[174] The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city,^[175] however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program.^[176][177] As of 2011^[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million.^[178]

The members of the city council are each elected from single-member districts within the city. The mayor and city attorney are elected directly by the voters of the entire city. The mayor, city attorney, and council members are elected to four-year terms, with a two-term limit.^[179] Elections are held on a non-partisan basis per California state law; nevertheless, most officeholders do identify themselves as either Democrats or Republicans. In 2007, registered Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6 in the city,^[180] and Democrats currently (as of 2021^[update]) hold a 8–1 majority in the city council. The current mayor, Todd Gloria, is a member of the Democratic Party.

San Diego is part of San Diego County, and includes all or part of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th supervisorial districts of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors,^[181] Other county officers elected in part by city residents include the Sheriff, District Attorney, Assessor/Recorder/County Clerk, and Treasurer/Tax Collector.

Areas of the city immediately adjacent to San Diego Bay ("tidelands") are administered by the Port of San Diego, a quasi-governmental agency which owns all the property in the tidelands and is responsible for its land use planning, policing, and similar functions. San Diego is a member of the regional planning agency San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG). Public schools within the city are managed and funded by independent school districts (see below).

State and federal representation

In the California State Senate, San Diego County encompasses the 38th, 39th and 40th districts,^[182] represented by Brian Jones (R), Toni Atkins (D), and Ben Hueso (D), respectively.

In the California State Assembly, lying partially within the city of San Diego are the 77th, 78th, 79th, and 80th districts,^[183] represented by Brian Maienschein (D), Chris Ward (D), Akilah Weber (D), and Lorena Gonzalez (D), respectively.

In the United States House of Representatives, San Diego County includes parts or all of California's 49th, 50th, 51st, 52nd, and 53rd congressional districts,^[184] represented by Mike Levin (D), Darrell Issa (R), Juan Vargas (D), Scott Peters (D), and Sara Jacobs (D), respectively.

Election history

After narrowly supporting Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, San Diego provided majorities to all six Republican presidential candidates from 1968 to 1988. However, in more recent decades, San Diego has trended in favor of Democratic presidential candidates for president. George H.W. Bush in 1988 is the last Republican candidate to carry San Diego in a presidential election.

Major scandals

San Diego was the site of the 1912 San Diego free speech fight, in which the city restricted speech, vigilantes brutalized and tortured anarchists, and the San Diego Police Department killed a member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).

In 1916, rainmaker Charles Hatfield was blamed for $4 million in damages and accused of causing San Diego's worst flood, during which about 20 Japanese American farmers died.^[200]

Then-mayor Roger Hedgecock was forced to resign his post in 1985, after he was found guilty of one count of conspiracy and 12 counts of perjury, related to the alleged failure to report all campaign contributions.^[201][202] After a series of appeals, the 12 perjury counts were dismissed in 1990 based on claims of juror misconduct; the remaining conspiracy count was reduced to a misdemeanor and then dismissed.^[203]

A 2002 scheme to underfund pensions for city employees led to the San Diego pension scandal. This resulted in the resignation of newly re-elected Mayor Dick Murphy^[204] and the criminal indictment of six pension board members.^[205] Those charges were finally dismissed by a federal judge in 2010.^[206]

On November 28, 2005, U.S. Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham resigned after being convicted on federal bribery charges. He had represented California's 50th congressional district, which includes much of the northern portion of the city of San Diego. In 2006, Cunningham was sentenced to a 100-month prison sentence.^[207] He was released in 2013.

In 2005 two city council members, Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet – who briefly took over as acting mayor when Murphy resigned – were convicted of extortion, wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit wire fraud for taking campaign contributions from a strip club owner and his associates, allegedly in exchange for trying to repeal the city's "no touch" laws at strip clubs.^[208] Both subsequently resigned. Inzunza was sentenced to 21 months in prison.^[209] In 2009, a judge acquitted Zucchet on seven out of the nine counts against him, and granted his petition for a new trial on the other two charges;^[210] the remaining charges were eventually dropped.^[211]

In July 2013, three former supporters of mayor Bob Filner asked him to resign because of allegations of repeated sexual harassment.^[212] Over the ensuing six weeks, 18 women came forward to publicly claim that Filner had sexually harassed them,^[213] and multiple individuals and groups called for him to resign. Filner agreed to resign effective August 30, 2013, subsequently pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges, and was sentenced to house arrest and probation.^[214][215]

Crime

San Diego was ranked as the 20th-safest city in America in 2013 by Business Insider.^[216] According to Forbes magazine, San Diego was the ninth-safest city in the top 10 list of safest cities in the U.S. in 2010.^[217] Like most major cities, San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000. 1991 would mark the city's deadliest year, registering 179 homicides^[218] within city limits (while the region as a whole peaked at 278 homicides),^[219] capping off an unabated, eight-year climb in murders, rapes, robberies, and assault dating back to 1983. At the time, the city was ranked last among the 10 most populous U.S. cities in homicides per 1,000 population, and ninth in crimes per 1,000.^[220] From 1980 to 1994, San Diego surpassed 100 murders ten times before tapering off to 91 homicides in 1995. That number would not exceed 79 for the next 15 years.^[221] Crime in San Diego increased in the early 2000s.^{[222][223][224]} In 2004, San Diego had the sixth lowest crime rate of any U.S. city with over half a million residents.^[224] From 2002 to 2006, the crime rate overall dropped 0.8%, though not evenly by category. While violent crime decreased 12.4% during this period, property crime increased 1.1%. Total property crimes per 100,000 people were lower than the national average in 2008.^[225]

According to Uniform Crime Report statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2010, there were 5,616 violent crimes and 30,753 property crimes. Of these, the violent crimes consisted of forcible rapes, 73 robberies and 170 aggravated assaults, while 6,387 burglaries, 17,977 larceny-thefts, 6,389 motor vehicle thefts and 155 acts of arson defined the property offenses.^[226] In 2013, San Diego had the lowest murder rate of the ten largest cities in the United States.^[227]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools in San Diego are operated by independent school districts. The majority of the public schools in the city are served by the San Diego Unified School District, the second-largest school district in California, which includes 11 K–8 schools, 107 elementary schools, 24 middle schools, 13 atypical and alternative schools, 28 high schools, and 45 charter schools.^[228]

Several adjacent school districts which are headquartered outside the city limits serve some schools within the city; these include the Poway Unified School District, Del Mar Union School District, San Dieguito Union High School District, and Sweetwater Union High School District. In addition, there are a number of private schools in the city.

Colleges and universities

According to education rankings released by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2017, 44.4% of San Diegans (city, not county) ages 25 and older hold bachelor's degrees, compared to 30.9% in the United States as a whole. The census ranks the city as the ninth-most educated city in the United States, based on these figures.^[229]

The largest university in the area is the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). The university is the southernmost campus of the University of California system and is the second largest employer in the city. It is the only university in the city that is classified "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity", and it has the 7th largest research expenditure in the country.^[230]

Other public colleges and universities in the city include San Diego State University (SDSU) and the San Diego Community College District, which includes San Diego City College, San Diego Mesa College, and San Diego Miramar College.

Private non-profit colleges and universities in the city include the University of San Diego (USD), Point Loma Nazarene University (PLNU), National University's San Diego campus, University of Redlands' School of Business San Diego campus, Brandman University's San Diego campus, San Diego Christian College, and John Paul the Great Catholic University. For-profit institutions include Alliant International University (AIU), California International Business University (CIBU), California College San Diego, Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's San Diego campus, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, Platt College, Southern States University (SSU), UEI College, and Woodbury University School of Architecture's satellite campus.

There is one medical school in the city, the UCSD School of Medicine. There are three ABA accredited law schools in the city, which include California Western School of Law, Thomas Jefferson School of Law, and University of San Diego School of Law. There is also one law school, Western Sierra Law School, not accredited by the ABA.

Libraries

The city-run San Diego Public Library system is headquartered downtown and has 36 branches throughout the city.^[231] The newest location is in Skyline Hills, which broke ground in 2015.^[232] The libraries have had reduced operating hours since 2003 due to the city's financial problems. In 2006 the city increased spending on libraries by $2.1 million.^[233] A new nine-story Central Library on Park Boulevard at J Street opened on September 30, 2013.^[234]

In addition to the municipal public library system, there are nearly two dozen libraries open to the public run by other governmental agencies, and by schools, colleges, and universities.^[235] Noteworthy are the Malcolm A. Love Library at San Diego State University, and the Geisel Library at the University of California, San Diego.

Culture

Many popular museums, such as the San Diego Museum of Art, the San Diego Natural History Museum, the Museum of Us, the Museum of Photographic Arts, and the San Diego Air & Space Museum, are located in Balboa Park, which is also the location of the San Diego Zoo. The Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (MCASD) is located in La Jolla and has a branch located at the Santa Fe Depot downtown. The downtown branch consists of two buildings on two opposite streets. The Columbia district downtown is home to historic ship exhibits belonging to the San Diego Maritime Museum, headlined by the Star of India, as well as the unrelated San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum featuring the USS Midway aircraft carrier.

The San Diego Symphony at Symphony Towers performs on a regular basis; from 2004 to 2017, its director was Jahja Ling. The San Diego Opera at Civic Center Plaza, now directed by David Bennett, was ranked by Opera America as one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States. Old Globe Theatre at Balboa Park produces about 15 plays and musicals annually. The La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD is directed by Christopher Ashley. Both the Old Globe Theatre and the La Jolla Playhouse have produced the world premieres of plays and musicals that have gone on to win Tony Awards^[236] or nominations^[237] on Broadway. The Joan B. Kroc Theatre at Kroc Center's Performing Arts Center is a 600-seat state-of-the-art theatre that hosts music, dance, and theatre performances. The San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres in Westfield Horton Plaza produces a variety of plays and musicals. Hundreds of movies and a dozen TV shows have been filmed in San Diego, a tradition going back as far as 1898.^[238]

Sports

Professional sports

The San Diego region is currently home to one major professional team—Major League Baseball (MLB)'s San Diego Padres, as well as several other top-level professional sports teams and minor league teams.

Baseball

The Padres play at Petco Park in Downtown's East Village. Prior to the opening of Petco Park in 2004, the Padres had played their home games at San Diego Stadium (also known as Jack Murphy Stadium and Qualcomm Stadium) in Mission Valley since joining Major League Baseball in 1969 as an expansion team. The Padres originated as a Minor League Baseball (MiLB) team in the Pacific Coast League (PCL), where they played from 1936 through 1968 until they joined Major League Baseball. As a PCL team, the Padres were based at Lane Field (now the site of the InterContinental Hotel San Diego) in Downtown's Columbia neighborhood from 1936 through 1957, and Westgate Park in Mission Valley (now the site of Fashion Valley Mall) from 1958 through 1967. Their final season as a minor league team, 1968, was also their first at San Diego Stadium.

San Diego has hosted the MLB All-Star Game three times: 1978 and 1992 at San Diego Stadium, and 2016 at Petco Park. Additionally, Petco Park has served as one of the host sites of the World Baseball Classic three times: 2006, the inaugural tournament (for which San Diego hosted the championship), 2009, and 2017.

Football

From 1961 through the 2016 season, the city hosted a National Football League (NFL) franchise, the San Diego Chargers. The Chargers, members of the American Football League (AFL) until the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, were based at Mission Valley's San Diego Stadium from 1967 through the 2016 season, and previously at Balboa Stadium in East Village–Balboa Park from 1961 through 1966. In 2017, they moved to Los Angeles following a request by owner Dean Spanos to relocate the team to SoFi Stadium, a new stadium constructed by Los Angeles Rams owner Stan Kroenke, where the Chargers would be a tenant and share the new stadium with the Rams. They are now known as the Los Angeles Chargers.^[239]

The San Diego Fleet, who also played at San Diego Stadium (then known as SDCCU Stadium) competed in the single season of the short-lived Alliance of American Football (AAF).

Three NFL Super Bowl championships were held at San Diego Stadium: Super Bowl XXII in 1988, Super Bowl XXXII in 1998, and Super Bowl XXXVII in 2003.

Basketball

San Diego has a history in professional basketball, all encompassed within an 18-year period from 1967 to 1984.

The San Diego Rockets, a National Basketball Association (NBA) expansion franchise, played from 1967 to 1971. The franchise was founded and owned by local sports booster Robert Breitbard, who also founded and owned the original San Diego Gulls hockey franchise of the Western Hockey League and developed the San Diego Sports Arena (initially known as the San Diego International Sports Center), where the Rockets played. In 1971, the Rockets were sold and relocated to Houston after Breitbard encountered financial distress due to tax-assessment issues surrounding the sports arena, which ultimately prevented sale of the team to another local owner. The tax issues also led to Breitbard relinquishing control of the arena to Canadian millionaire Peter Graham, who's alleged mismanagement of the arena hampered future sports tenants. The franchise is now known as the Houston Rockets.

The 1971 NBA All-Star Game was held at the San Diego Sports Arena, hosted by the Rockets just months prior to the team's sale and relocation.

During the 1971–72 NBA season, San Diego was the part-time home of the Golden State Warriors for six home games (one each month of the season). The Warriors notably changed their name from "San Francisco" to "Golden State" prior to the season as the team was searching for a new home arena and looked to make a play for the San Diego market (as well as Oakland) following the departure of the Rockets to Houston. The team ultimately stayed in the San Francisco Bay Area, settling full time in Oakland at Oakland Arena the following season.

From 1972 to 1975, San Diego was home to the San Diego Conquistadors of the American Basketball Association (ABA), the league's first (and ultimately only) expansion team. Known as the Conquistadors (a.k.a. "The Q's") for its first three seasons, the name was changed to the San Diego Sails following a change in ownership for the 1975–76 season. The franchise was folded 11 games into that season after ownership learned that the team was to be shut out of the upcoming ABA–NBA merger, reportedly at the insistence of then-Los Angeles Lakers owner Jack Kent Cooke. Cooke was upset that the San Diego franchise had signed former Lakers star Wilt Chamberlain away from his franchise two years prior (Lakers ownership successfully sued Chamberlain over the contract, ultimately preventing Chamberlain from playing with the Conquistadors, relegating him to coaching duties) and also expressed unwillingness of allowing another team in Southern California.^[240] The Conquistadors/Sails played at Peterson Gymnasium for the 1972–73 season and Golden Hall for the 1973–74 season before ownership was permitted to base the team at the San Diego Sports Arena, where it played the remainder of its games.

Professional basketball returned from 1978 to 1984, in the form of the NBA's San Diego Clippers, the relocated successor to the Buffalo Braves franchise. The team was based at the San Diego Sports Arena. In 1981, the Clippers were bought by Los Angeles-area real estate developer Donald Sterling. Sterling attempted to move the team the following year in 1982 to his home of Los Angeles, but his request was denied by the NBA, which investigated Sterling's alleged widespread mismanagement of the franchise the same year. The investigation report recommended the termination of Sterling's ownership of the Clippers on the basis that he had failed to pay creditors and players on time. Days before a scheduled vote to terminate his ownership, he announced he would sell the team, prompting the league to cancel the scheduled vote. Sterling ultimately remained owner, satisfying league officials by instead relinquishing operational duties of the franchise. In 1984, Sterling again applied to relocate the team to Los Angeles, and despite again being denied permission to do so from the NBA, moved the team to Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena. Lawsuits followed, but Sterling ultimately prevailed and was able to keep the team in Los Angeles, also in part due to his close personal friendship with then-Lakers owner Jerry Buss, who welcomed sharing the Los Angeles market with Sterling's franchise.^[241] The franchise is now known as the Los Angeles Clippers. San Diego has not hosted major professional basketball since.

Ice hockey

Though San Diego has never hosted a National Hockey League (NHL) team, the city is represented by the San Diego Gulls of the American Hockey League, the highest level of minor league ice hockey. The current version of the Gulls, which began play in 2015 after relocating from Norfolk, Virginia, plays at Pechanga Arena and following a long lineage of professional ice hockey teams which have used the San Diego Gulls name. The original San Diego Gulls, which played from 1966 until 1974, were the first tenants at the San Diego Sports Arena.

Soccer

San Diego has never hosted a Major League Soccer (MLS) team, though it is currently represented by San Diego Loyal SC of the USL Championship (the highest level of minor league soccer) as well as San Diego 1904 FC of the National Independent Soccer Association (the second-highest level of minor league soccer). The city also hosts the San Diego Sockers of the Major Arena Soccer League, the highest level of professional indoor soccer. The current version of the Sockers follows a lineage of other professional soccer teams which have used the San Diego Sockers name.

In 2022, the city will become the home to a a new expansion team of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), slated to play its home games at Torero Stadium for its inaugural season before moving to more permanent home by 2023.^[242]

Lacrosse

The San Diego Seals of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) represent San Diego at box lacrosse's highest level. The team was founded by Joseph Tsai and began play in 2018, playing their games at Pechanga Arena.

Rugby

Rugby is a developing sport in the city, with top level professional teams representing San Diego in both union and league rules competition.

The San Diego Legion of Major League Rugby (MLR), the highest level of rugby union, is based in the city at Torero Stadium, having began play in 2018 as one of the league's founding franchises.

The San Diego Swell of the North American Rugby League (NARL), the highest level of rugby league, were announced in 2021 as a founding member of the league and are expected to begin play in 2022.^[243]

The San Diego Breakers, who played in the only season of PRO Rugby (2016) before the league folded, likewise played at Torero Stadium. The USA Sevens, a major international rugby event, was also held at the same stadium from 2007 through 2009. San Diego is also represented by Old Mission Beach Athletic Club RFC,^[244] the former home club of USA Rugby's former Captain Todd Clever.^[245] San Diego participated in the Western American National Rugby League between 2011 and 2013.^[246]

Other sports

San Diego has hosted numerous other major sports events. College football's annual bowl game, the Holiday Bowl, is held in the city. The annual Farmers Insurance Open golf tournament (formerly the Buick Invitational) on the PGA Tour occurs at Torrey Pines Golf Course. This course was also the site of the 2008 U.S. Open Golf Championship. Soccer, American football, and track and field are also played in Balboa Stadium, the city's first stadium, which was constructed in 1914.^[247]

The San Diego Yacht Club hosted the America's Cup yacht races three times during the period 1988 to 1995. The amateur beach sport Over-the-line was invented in San Diego,^[248] and the annual world Over-the-line championships are held at Mission Bay every year.^[249]

Teams

Major professional team

Other highest-level professional teams

Minor league professional teams

College teams

San Diego hosts three NCAA Division I universities: San Diego State University; the University of California, San Diego; and the University of San Diego. The city also hosts Point Loma Nazarene University of NCAA Division II. Also in the San Diego area are California State University, San Marcos of NCAA Division II and the University of Saint Katherine of the NAIA, both located in San Marcos, and San Diego Christian College of the NAIA, located in Santee.

Media

Published within the city are the daily newspaper, The San Diego Union Tribune and its online portal of the same name,^[250] and the alternative newsweeklies, the San Diego CityBeat and San Diego Reader. Times of San Diego is a free online newspaper covering news in the metropolitan area. Voice of San Diego is a non-profit online news outlet covering government, politics, education, neighborhoods, and the arts. The San Diego Daily Transcript is a business-oriented online newspaper.

San Diego is also the headquarters of national far-right cable TV channel One America News Network (OANN), which was founded in 2013 and is owned by Herring Networks. The network gained notoriety for being ardent supporters of Donald Trump and providing a platform for right-wing conspiracy theories.

San Diego led U.S. local markets with 69.6 percent broadband penetration in 2004 according to Nielsen//NetRatings.^[251]

San Diego's first television station was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949.^[252] Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico (with ITU prefixes of XE and XH) also serve the San Diego market. Television stations today include XHTJB 3 (Once TV), XETV 6 (Canal 5), KFMB 8 (CBS, with CW/MNTV on DT2), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Regional), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT-CD 17 (Univision), XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 27 (Azteca 13), XHAS 33 (Telemundo), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 51 (Unimás), KNSD 39 (NBC), KZSD-LP 20 (Azteca America), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomercials), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Gala TV), XHDTV 49 (Milenio Televisión), KUSI 51 (Independent), XHUAA-TDT 57 (Canal de las Estrellas), and KSWB-TV 69 (Fox). San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate.^[253]

Due to the ratio of U.S. and Mexican-licensed stations, San Diego is the largest media market in the United States that is legally unable to support a television station duopoly between two full-power stations under FCC regulations, which disallow duopolies in metropolitan areas with fewer than nine full-power television stations and require that there be eight unique station owners that remain once a duopoly is formed (there are only seven full-power stations on the California side of the San Diego-Tijuana market).^[254] Though the E. W. Scripps Company owns KGTV and KZSD-LP, they are not considered a duopoly under the FCC's legal definition as common ownership between full-power and low-power television stations in the same market is permitted regardless to the number of stations licensed to the area. As a whole, the Mexico side of the San Diego-Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly (Entravision Communications owns both XHAS-TV and XHDTV-TV, Azteca owns XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV, and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA-TV and XHWT-TV along with being the license holder for XETV-TV, which was formerly managed by California-based subsidiary Bay City Television).

San Diego's television market is limited to only San Diego County. The Imperial Valley, including El Centro, is in the Yuma, Arizona television market while neighboring Orange and Riverside counties are part of the Los Angeles market. (Sometimes in the past, a missing network affiliate in the Imperial Valley would be available on cable TV from San Diego.) As a result, San Diego is the largest single-county media market in the United States.

The radio stations in San Diego include nationwide broadcaster iHeartMedia; Entercom Communications, Local Media San Diego, and many other smaller stations and networks. Stations include: KOGO AM 600, KGB AM 760, KCEO AM 1000, KCBQ AM 1170, K-Praise, KLSD AM 1360, KFSD 1450 AM, KPBS-FM 89.5, Channel 933, Star 94.1, FM 94/9, FM News and Talk 95.7, Q96 96.1, KyXy 96.5, Free Radio San Diego (AKA Pirate Radio San Diego) 96.9FM FRSD, KWFN 97.3, KXSN 98.1, Big-FM 100.7, 101.5 KGB-FM, KLVJ 102.1, KSON 103.7, Rock 105.3, and another Pirate Radio station at 106.9FM, as well as a number of local Spanish-language radio stations.

Infrastructure

Utilities

Water is supplied to residents by the Water Department of the City of San Diego. The city receives most of its water from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

Gas and electric utilities are provided by San Diego Gas & Electric, a division of Sempra Energy.

Street lights

In the mid-20th century the city had mercury vapor street lamps. In 1978, the city decided to replace them with more efficient sodium vapor lamps. This triggered an outcry from astronomers at Palomar Observatory 60 miles (100 km) north of the city, concerned that the new lamps would increase light pollution and hinder astronomical observation.^[255] The city altered its lighting regulations to limit light pollution within 30 miles (50 km) of Palomar.^[256]

In 2011, the city announced plans to upgrade 80% of its street lighting to new energy-efficient lights that use induction technology, a modified form of fluorescent lamp producing a broader spectrum than sodium vapor lamps. The new system is predicted to save $2.2 million per year in energy and maintenance.^[257] The city stated the changes would "make our neighborhoods safer."^[257] They also increase light pollution.^[258]

In 2014, San Diego announced plans to become the first U.S. city to install cyber-controlled street lighting, using an "intelligent" lighting system to control 3,000 LED street lights.^[259]

Transportation

With the automobile being the primary means of transportation for over 80 percent of residents, San Diego is served by a network of freeways and highways. This includes Interstate 5, which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles; Interstate 8, which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor; Interstate 15, which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City; and Interstate 805, which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley.

Major state highways include SR 94, which connects downtown with I-805, I-15 and East County; SR 163, which connects downtown with the northeast part of the city, intersects I-805 and merges with I-15 at Miramar; SR 52, which connects La Jolla with East County through Santee and SR 125; SR 56, which connects I-5 with I-15 through Carmel Valley and Rancho Peñasquitos; SR 75, which spans San Diego Bay as the San Diego-Coronado Bridge, and also passes through South San Diego as Palm Avenue; and SR 905, which connects I-5 and I-805 to the Otay Mesa Port of Entry.

The stretch of SR 163 that passes through Balboa Park is San Diego's oldest freeway, and has been called one of America's most beautiful parkways.^[260]

San Diego's roadway system provides an extensive network of cycle routes. Its dry and mild climate makes cycling a convenient year-round option; however, the city's hilly terrain and long average trip distances make cycling less practicable. Older and denser neighborhoods around the downtown tend to be oriented to utility cycling. This is partly because of the grid street patterns now absent in newer developments farther from the urban core, where suburban style arterial roads are much more common. As a result, the majority of cycling is recreational. In 2006, San Diego was rated the best city (with a population over 1 million) for cycling in the U.S.^[261]

San Diego is served by the San Diego Trolley light rail system,^[262] by the SDMTS bus system,^[263] private jitneys in some neighborhoods,^[264] and by Coaster^[265] and Amtrak Pacific Surfliner^[266] commuter rail; northern San Diego county is also served by the Sprinter light rail line.^[267] The trolley primarily serves downtown and surrounding urban communities, Mission Valley, east county, and coastal south bay. A mid-coast extension of the Trolley operates from Old Town to University City and the University of California, San Diego along the I-5 Freeway, beginning in November 2021. The Amtrak and Coaster trains currently run along the coastline and connect San Diego with Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura via Metrolink and the Pacific Surfliner. There are two Amtrak stations in San Diego, in Old Town and the Santa Fe Depot downtown. San Diego transit information about public transportation and commuting is available on the Web and by dialing "511" from any phone in the area.^[268]

The city has two major commercial airports within or near its city limits. Downtown San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field, is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States.^[269] It served over 24 million passengers in 2018, and is dealing with larger numbers every year.^[270] It is located on San Diego Bay, three miles (4.8 km) from downtown, and maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States (including Hawaii), as well as to Canada, Germany, Mexico, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. Tijuana International Airport has a terminal within the city limits in the Otay Mesa district connected to the rest of the airport in Tijuana, Mexico, via the Cross Border Xpress cross-border footbridge. It is the primary airport for flights to the rest of Mexico, and offers connections via Mexico City to the rest of Latin America. In addition, the city has two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM).^[271]

Recent regional transportation projects have sought to mitigate congestion, including improvements to local freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around "The Merge" where these two freeways meet, as well as expansion of Interstate 15 through North County, which includes new high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) "managed lanes". A tollway (the southern portion of SR 125, known as the South Bay Expressway) connects SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to an assessment in 2007, 37 percent of city streets were in acceptable condition. However, the proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing streets up to an acceptable level.^[272] Expansion at the port has included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier, opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal Two.^[273]

Notable people

Sister cities

San Diego's sister cities are:^[274]

Notes

References

General sources

External links

• Official website
• Civic San Diego (replaced redevelopment corporations)
• SANDAG, San Diego's Regional Planning Agency
• Demographic Fact Sheet from Census Bureau
• San Diego Historical Society
• San Diego Unified School District
• San Diego Public Library
• San Diego Tourism Authority (formerly the San Diego Convention and Visitors Bureau)