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Игроку перевязали лодыжку на матче по американскому футболу в Мексике
Теннис травмы
Отборы, подобные этому в женском австралийском футболе, могут привести к травмам.
Райан Миллер из Buffalo Sabres страдает растяжением лодыжки.

Спортивные травмы - это травмы, которые происходят во время занятий спортом , занятий спортом или физических упражнений . В Соединенных Штатах около 30 миллионов подростков и детей вместе взятых занимаются той или иной формой организованного спорта. [1] Из них около трех миллионов спортсменов в возрасте 14 лет и младше ежегодно получают спортивную травму. [1] Согласно исследованию, проведенному в Стэнфордском университете , 21 процент травм, наблюдаемых у элитных спортсменов колледжей, вынудили спортсмена пропустить хотя бы один день занятий спортом, и примерно 77 процентов этих травм были связаны с голенью, лодыжкой или стопой. . [1]Помимо этих спортивных травм, основной причиной смерти, связанной со спортивными травмами, являются травмы головы или шеи. [2]Когда спортсмен жалуется на боль или травму, ключом к постановке диагноза является получение подробного анамнеза и обследования. Примером формата, используемого для руководства планом обследования и лечения, является записка SOAP или, субъективно, объективно, план оценки. Еще один важный аспект спортивной травмы - профилактика, которая помогает снизить потенциальные спортивные травмы. Важно установить динамические разминки, растяжки и упражнения для конкретных видов спорта, которые могут помочь предотвратить травмы, характерные для каждого отдельного вида спорта. Создание программы профилактики травм также включает в себя обучение по вопросам гидратации, питания, наблюдение за членами группы, «подверженными риску», отслеживание рискованного поведения и совершенствование техники. Обзоры сезонной аналитики, предсезонный просмотр,и предварительные осмотры также важны для распознавания уже существующих состояний или предыдущих травм, которые могут вызвать дальнейшее заболевание или травму. Один из приемов, который можно использовать в процессе предсезонного скрининга, - это экран функционального движения. Функциональный экран движений может оценивать модели движений спортсменов, чтобы найти игроков, которые подвержены риску получения определенных травм.[3] Кроме того, следует рассмотреть вопрос о профилактике для спортсменов-подростков, и, возможно, ее следует применять иначе, чем для взрослых спортсменов. Наконец, после различных исследований, посвященных спортивным травмам, показано, что уровни беспокойства, стресса и депрессии повышаются, когда спортсмен получает травму, в зависимости от типа и серьезности травмы. [4]

Виды спортивных травм [ править ]

Около двух миллионов человек ежегодно получают травмы, связанные со спортом, и получают лечение в отделениях неотложной помощи. [5] Усталость - важный фактор, который приводит ко многим спортивным травмам. Бывают случаи, когда спортсмен может участвовать с низким уровнем энергии, что приводит к ухудшению техники или формы, что приводит к замедлению времени реакции, потере стабильности мышечных суставов и возникновению травм. Для обоих полов наиболее частыми повреждениями являются колено и голеностопный сустав, при этом растяжения / растяжения являются наиболее частыми областями травм. Травмы, связанные с пателлофеморальным суставом, значительно чаще встречаются у женщин. Спорт с самым высоким уровнем травматизма - это футбол, где в 12 раз больше травм, чем в следующем по распространенности виде спорта. [6]

Травмы мягких тканей [ править ]

Когда мягкие ткани травмируются, мертвые и поврежденные клетки выделяют химические вещества, которые вызывают воспалительную реакцию. Поврежденные мелкие кровеносные сосуды расширяются, что приводит к кровотечению в ткани. Нормальная реакция организма включает образование небольшого сгустка крови, чтобы остановить кровотечение, и позволяет сформироваться сгустку специальных клеток, называемых фибробластами. Это начинает процесс заживления, откладывая рубцовую ткань. Таким образом, воспалительная стадия - это первая фаза заживления. Однако слишком сильная воспалительная реакция на ранней стадии может указывать на то, что процесс заживления занимает больше времени, а возвращение к активности откладывается. [7]Лечение спортивных травм призвано минимизировать воспалительную фазу травмы, чтобы ускорить общий процесс заживления. Внутренние и внешние факторы являются определяющими для процесса заживления. [8]

Повреждения мягких тканей можно разделить на три категории: ушибы, ссадины и порезы. Ушибы или синяки - это простейшие и наиболее частые повреждения мягких тканей, которые обычно возникают в результате травмы, нанесенной тупым предметом. Тяжелые ушибы могут включать более глубокие структуры и могут включать повреждение нервов или сосудов. Ссадины - это поверхностные повреждения кожи, не глубже, чем слой ткани эпидермиса, и кровотечение, если оно присутствует, минимально. Незначительные ссадины обычно не оставляют рубцов, но более глубокие ссадины обычно кровоточат и могут образовывать рубцы. Наконец, связанные со спортом порезы вызваны тупой травмой и приводят к разрывающимся открытым ранам, часто с неровными неровными краями. Рваные раны на лице - самые разные травмы мягких тканей, которые могут получить спортсмены. Они могут возникать внутри ротовой полости и вне ротовой полости,варьируются от поверхностного надреза на коже до сквозного разрыва губы или включают значительное разрушение сосудов или повреждение коллатеральных жизненно важных структур.[9]

Травмы твердых тканей [ править ]

Типы травм твердых тканей могут включать в себя травмы зубов и костей, они встречаются реже, чем травмы мягких тканей в спорте, но часто бывают более серьезными. [10] Травмы твердых тканей зубов и костей могут возникать при ушибах, например, знак Battle, указывающий на перелом базилярного черепа, и так называемые «глаза енота», указывающие на переломы средней части лица. [9] Тем не менее, переломы зубов являются наиболее распространенным типом травм зубов и могут быть классифицированы как нарушения коронки, переломы только эмали, переломы эмали и дентина, а также переломы, которые проходят через эмаль и дентин в пульпу, которые определены ниже. . [11]

  • Нарушения коронки характеризуются разрывом призм эмали под воздействием травмирующей силы, эти повреждения обычно представляют собой небольшие трещины, которые затрагивают только эмаль. [11]
  • Переломы только эмали незначительны и часто проявляются в виде шероховатостей по краю коронки зуба. Эти травмы обычно могут оставаться незамеченными спортсменом, поскольку они обычно нечувствительны к прикосновениям или перепадам температуры. Переломы только эмали не считаются неотложной стоматологической помощью, и немедленная помощь не требуется. [11]
  • Переломы коронки эмаль-дентин обычно представляют собой перелом зуба, ограниченный эмалью и дентином, с потерей структуры зуба, но без обнажения пульпы. [12] Спортсмен часто сообщает о чувствительности к воздуху, холоду или прикосновениям, но он может вернуться к игре, если это допустимо, и направление к специалисту может быть отложено до 24 часов. [11]
  • Трещины эмаль-дентин-пульпа проходят через эмаль и дентин в пульпу. Если пульпа жизнеспособна, в желтом слое дентина будет заметно очаг кровоизлияния, и спортсмен может сообщить об острой боли. Как можно скорее следует обратиться к травматологу. [11]

Помимо переломов зубов, есть еще несколько типов переломов костей. Эти типы бывают закрытыми или простыми, открытыми или сложными , зелеными , линиями роста волос , сложными, измельченными , отрывными и компрессионными . Осложненный перелом - это повреждение структур, окружающих перелом, таких как кровеносные сосуды, органы, нервы и т. Д. [13]

Травмы чрезмерного использования [ править ]

Травмы, вызванные чрезмерным перенапряжением, можно определить как травмы, которые возникают в результате механизма повторяющихся и кумулятивных микротравм без какого-либо конкретного происшествия. [14] Быстрые изменения в физическом росте могут сделать детей уязвимыми к травмам от чрезмерного использования, и эти типы травм становятся все чаще среди молодежи. Травмы, вызванные чрезмерным перенапряжением, обычно можно разделить на 4 типа / стадии, включая:

  • Боль в пораженной области во время активности (что не влияет на работоспособность)
  • Боль в пораженной области во время активности (что ограничивает работоспособность)
  • Боль в пораженном месте после активности
  • Хроническая боль в пораженном месте даже после отдыха [15]

Прогностические показатели травм, связанных с чрезмерным перенапряжением, у подростков, занимающихся спортом на выносливость, на бегунов, по-видимому, приходится большая часть травм (до 80 процентов), причем большинство этих травм (более двух третей) происходит в нижних конечностях и носит характер чрезмерного перенапряжения. . [16] Несмотря на то, что уровень заболеваемости в легкой атлетике среди взрослых составляет 3,9 травмы / 1000 часов практики, конкретная частота травм в легкой атлетике среди молодежи варьируется в зависимости от дисциплины; в то время как среди легкоатлетов средней школы зарегистрировано 0,89 травм на 1000 часов. Кроме того, у бегунов на длинные дистанции заболеваемость (17 травм / 1000 часов) в 19 раз выше, чем у бегунов в других дисциплинах. [16]

Травмы головы и шеи [ править ]

Травмы головы и шеи могут включать в себя самые разные патологии от растяжений, деформаций и переломов до черепно-мозговых травм и травм спинного мозга. Растяжения и деформации могут возникать в результате резкого вращения или резкого движения, например, хлыстовой травмы. [17] Стрессовые травмы (стрессовые переломы и стрессовые реакции) пояснично-крестцовой области являются одной из причин связанных со спортом болей в пояснице у молодых людей. [18] Возникновение наблюдаемых переломов шейки матки при спортивной травме, вероятно, было связано с продолжающимся импульсом, который передавал нагрузки вверх через шею, что, вероятно, усугубило травмы, травмы затылочных мыщелков и верхних шейных позвонков. [19]Исследователи сообщают, что 3-25% травм шейного отдела позвоночника фактически возникают после первоначального травматического события и вызваны или усугубляются неправильным обращением на ранних этапах лечения или транспортировке пациентов. [20] Одной из наиболее частых травм головы или шеи, возникающих в спорте, является сотрясение мозга. Сотрясение мозга - это тип легкой черепно-мозговой травмы, приводящей к химическим изменениям в головном мозге и потенциально способным вызвать повреждение мозговой ткани. Это может произойти, когда человек получает удар или удар, который заставляет голову и мозг быстро двигаться, заставляя мозг подпрыгивать в черепе. [21]Согласно эпидемиологическому исследованию, опубликованному в Journal of Athletic Training, частота сотрясений мозга при занятиях 27 видами спорта в старших классах составила 3,89 сотрясений, связанных со спортом, на 10 000 контактов со спортсменами. [22]

Дополнительная информация: Категория: Травмы чрезмерного использования

Связанные со спортом травмы опорно-двигательного аппарата [ править ]

[23] Синдром субакромиального соударения - это травма плечевого сустава. Бейсболисты склонны к развитию синдрома субакромиального соударения, поскольку в этом виде спорта для выполнения броска требуется движение рук над головой. Травма вызывает механическое воспаление в субакромиальном пространстве - пространстве над суставной подушечкой плеча и суставной впадине и в самой верхней части плечевой кости. Дисбаланс мышечной силы, плохое состояние лопатки и разрывы вращательной манжеты являются основными причинами синдрома субакромиального соударения. Движение рук над головой вызывает боль.

Падение на вытянутую руку и подтягивание плеча, повторяющееся поднятие тяжестей или движение над головой вызывают разрывы вращательной манжеты.

[23]Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: common in skiing, soccer, football, and basketball. Immediately after injury the subject will fall to the ground, acute swelling sets in, knee is destabilized, and bearing weight becomes a difficulty. Knee injury in contact sports, and jumping, deceleration, and pivoting in non-contact sports and activities cause anterior cruciate ligament injury.

[23]Collateral Ligament Injury: an injury to a partially flexed knee can damage the medial collateral ligament – the ligament stretching along the inner edge of the knee. A forceful medial blow to the knee can cause collateral ligament injury. A reduction in range-of-motion and pain are symptoms of collateral ligament injury.

[23]Meniscus injuries: acute or repeated injury to the meniscus – the shock absorber of the knee – causes meniscus injuries. A person with meniscus injuries experience difficulty squatting and walking instigates pain.

[23]Runner’s knee (Patellofemoral pain): knee joint pain affecting the patellofemoral joint. Pain is a direct consequence of the kneecap rubbing against the end of the thigh bone – “patella” means kneecap and ”femur” means a thigh bone. The force the patellafemoral joint has to sustain can be as much as five times the body weight when the knee is fully flexed – when squatting – and three times body weight when the knee flexes to 90 degrees – when climbing stairs. This makes the cartilage that makes up the patellafemoral joint susceptible to wear and tear. The typical pain is also associated with muscle strength and joint flexibility. Repetitive physical activity such as running can trigger pain. Tight hamstrings, tight Achilles tendons, and weak thigh muscles, which are required to stabilize the knee, cause runner's knee.

[23]Inversion Ankle Sprain: landing on an uneven surface sprains the ankle. swelling, localized pain, difficulty bearing weight, and limping are signs of inversion ankle sprain.

[23]Eversion Ankle Sprain: injury related to the ankle turning outward or rotating externally. A typical symptom of eversion ankle sprain is excruciating pain that worsens with weight bearing.

Risk factors[edit]

There are several factors that may put an athlete more at risk for certain injuries than others. Intrinsic or personal factors that could put an athlete at higher risk for injury could be gender. For example, female athletes are typically more prone to injuries such as ACL tears. There are approximately 1.6-fold greater rate of ACL tears per athletic exposure in high school female athletes than males of the same age range.[24] Other intrinsic factors are age, weight/body composition, and height,[5] lack of flexibility or range of motion, coordination, balance, and endurance. In addition, biological factors such as pes planus, pes cavus, and valgus or varus knees that can cause an athlete to have improper biomechanics and become predisposed to injury.[25] There are also psychological factors that are included in intrinsic risk factors. Some psychological factors that could make certain individuals more subject to injury include personal stressors in their home, school, or social life. There are also extrinsic risk factors that can effect an athlete's risk of injury. Some examples of extrinsic factors would be sport specific protective equipment such as helmet, shoulder pads, mouth guards and shin guards, and whether or not these pieces of equipment are fitted correctly to the individual athlete to ensure that they are each preventing injury as well as possible. Other extrinsic factors are the conditions of the sport setting, such as rain, snow, and maintenance of the floor/field of playing surface.[26]

Prevention[edit]

Prevention helps reduce potential sport injuries and provides several benefits. Some benefits include a healthier athlete, longer duration of participation in the sport, potential for better performance, and reduced medical costs. Explaining the benefits to participate in sports injury prevention programs to coaches, team trainers, sports teams, and individual athletes will give them a glimpse at the likelihood for success by having the athletes feeling they are healthy, strong, comfortable, and capable to compete.

Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention[edit]

Профилактику можно разделить на три широкие категории: первичная, вторичная и третичная. [27] Первичная профилактика предполагает предотвращение травм. Примером могут служить ортезы для голеностопного сустава, которые носят в команде, даже если ранее не было травм лодыжки. Если бы меры первичной профилактики были эффективными, вероятность травм в первую очередь была бы меньше. Вторичная профилактика включает раннюю диагностику, и после травмы следует обращаться за лечением . Цель получения раннего диагноза is to ensure that the injury is receiving proper care and recovering correctly, therefore limiting the concern for other medical problems to stem from the initial traumatic event. Lastly, tertiary prevention is solely focused on the rehabilitation to reduce and correct an existing disability resulting from the traumatic event. An example in the case of an athlete who has obtained an ankle injury the rehabilitation would consist of balance exercises to acquire the strength and mobility back as well as wearing an ankle brace, while gradually returning to the sport.

Season analysis[edit]

It is most essential to establish participation in warm-ups, stretching, and exercises that focus on main muscle groups commonly used in the sport of interest. Participation in these events decreases the chances for getting muscle cramps, torn muscles, and stress fractures. A season analysis is one of the beneficial reviews for preventing player sport injuries. A season analysis is an attempt to identify risks before they occur by reviewing training methods, the competition schedule, traveling, and past injuries. If injuries have occurred in the past, the season analysis reviews the injury and looks for patterns to see if it may be related to a specific training event or competition program. For example, a stress fracture injury on a soccer team or cross country team may be correlated to a simultaneous increase in running and a change in running environment, like a transition from a soft to hard running surface. A season analysis can be documented as team-based results or individual athlete results. Other key program events that have been correlated to injury incidences are changes in training volume, changes in climate locations, selection for playing time in important matches, and poor sleep due to tight chaotic scheduling.[27] It is important for team program directors and staff to implicate testing in order to ensure healthy, competitive, and confident athletes for their upcoming season.

Preseason screening[edit]

Another beneficial review for preventing player sport injuries is preseason screenings. A study found that the highest injury rate during practices across fifteen Division I, II, and III NCAA sports was in the preseason compared to in-season or postseason.[28] To prepare an athlete for the wide range of activities needed to partake in their sport pre-participation examinations are regularly completed on hundreds of thousands of athletes each year. It is extremely important that the physical exam is done properly in order to limit the risks of injury and also to diagnose early onsets of a possible injury. Preseason screenings consist of testing the mobility of joints (ankles, wrists, hips, etc.), testing the stability of joints (knees, neck, etc.), testing the strength and power of muscles, and also testing breathing patterns. The objective of a preseason screening is to clear the athlete for participation and verify that there is no sign of injury or illness, which would represent a potential medical risk to the athlete (and risk of liability to the sports organization).[27] Besides the physical examination and the fluidity of the movements of joints the preseason screenings often takes into account a nutrition aspect as well. It is important to maintain normal iron levels, blood pressure levels, fluid balance, adequate total energy intake, and normal glycogen levels. Nutrition can aid in injury prevention and rehabilitation, if one obtains the body's daily intake needs. Obtaining sufficient amount of calories, carbohydrates, fluids, protein, and vitamins and minerals is important for the overall health of the athlete and limits the risk of possible injuries.[29] Iron deficiency, for example, is found in both male and female athletes; however 60 percent of female college athletes are affected by iron deficiency.[29] There are many factors that can contribute to the loss in iron, like menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding, inadequate iron intake from the diet, general fatigue, weakness, among others. The consequences of iron deficiency, if not solved, can be an impaired athletic performance and a decline in immune and cognitive function.[30]

Functional movement screen[edit]

One technique used in the process of preseason screening is the functional movement screen (FMS). Functional movement screening is an assessment used to evaluate movement patterns and asymmetries, which can provide insight into mechanical restrictions and potential risk for injury. Functional movement screening contains seven fundamental movement patterns that require a balance of both mobility and stability. These fundamental movement patterns provide an observable performance of basic locomotor, manipulative, and stabilizing movements. The tests place the individual athlete in extreme positions where weaknesses and imbalances become clear if proper stability and mobility is not functioning correctly.[31] The seven fundamental movement patterns are a deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability. For example, the deep squat is a test that challenges total body mechanics. It is used to gauge bilateral, symmetrical, and functional mobility of the hips, knees, and ankles. The dowel held overhead gauges bilateral and symmetrical mobility of the shoulders and the thoracic spine. The ability to perform the deep squat technique requires appropriate pelvic rhythm, closed-kinetic chain dorsiflexion of the ankles, flexion of the knees and hips, extension of the thoracic spine, as well as flexion and abduction of the shoulders.[32] There is a scoring system applied to each movement as follows a score of 3 is given to the athlete if they can perform the movement without any compensations, a score of 2 is given to the athlete if they can perform the movement, but operate on poor mechanics and compensatory patterns to achieve the movement, a score of 1 is given to the athlete if they cannot perform the movement pattern even with compensations, and finally, a 0 is given to the athlete if one has pain during any part of the movement or test. Three of the seven fundamental tests including shoulder mobility, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability have a clearance scoring associated with them meaning a pass or fail score. If the athlete fails this part of the test a score of 0 is given as the overall score. Once the scoring is complete the athlete and medical professional can review the documentation together and organize a set prevention program to help target and strengthen the areas of weakness in order to limit the risks of possible injuries.[31][33]

Sport injury prevention for children[edit]

There are approximately 8,000 children treated in emergency rooms each day for sports-related injures.[34] It is estimated that around 1.35 million kids will suffer a sports-related injury per year worldwide.[35] This is why children and adolescents need special attention and care when participating in sports.

Youths can be easily injured playing contact sports like football. Proper equipment such as helmets and pads can be helpful in prevention.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), many sports-related injuries are predictable and preventable.[36] Some prevention techniques are listed below.

  • Exercise-based injury prevention has shown to reduce injury rates in sports.[37] Sport-specific warm-up programs exist which have proven efficacious in reducing injury rines of children.[38]
  • Warming up improves the blood flow in muscles and allows for the muscle temperature to rise which helps to prevent muscle strains or tears.
  • Provide children the right equipment for sport like helmets, shin guards, ankle braces, gloves and others to prevent injuries.
  • Have breaks and drink water as well to keep them hydrated.

Sports injury prevalence[edit]

Sports that have a higher incidence of contact and collision have the highest rates of injury.[39] Collisions with the ground, objects, and other players are common, and unexpected dynamic forces on limbs and joints can cause sports injuries. Soccer is the sport leading to most competitive injuries in NCAA female college athletes. Gymnastics, on the other hand, has the highest injury rate overall. Swimming and diving is the NCAA sport that has the lowest injury rates.[40] Injury rates were much higher for NCAA women's sports during competitions rather than practices except for volleyball, indoor track, and swimming and diving.[41] For eight of the NCAA sports, many injuries acquired during competition require at least seven days recovery before returning to the sport. In general, more females are injured during practice than in competition.[42] NCAA athlete injury rates are higher in men's ice hockey, basketball, and lacrosse.[43] NCAA athlete injury rates were significantly higher in women's cross country than men's cross country.[44] The NCAA injury rates are roughly the same for soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, and both indoor and outdoor track and field, regardless of gender.[45]

Costs[edit]

Interventions targeted at decreasing the incidence of sports injuries can impact health-care costs, as well as family and societal resources.[46] Sports injuries have direct and indirect costs. The direct costs are usually calculated by taking into account the cost of using healthcare resources to prevent, detect and treat injury. There is a need for research about how healthcare is used and the expenses that coincide with it. Included in these expenses are how different injuries may have different prognoses. Indirect costs may be taken into account as well, when an injury prevents an individual from returning to work it may hinder the economic benefit to themselves and others.[47]

For collegiate athletics, the estimated cost of sport injuries ranges from $446 million to $1.5 billion dollars per year.[48] For high school athletics, the yearly estimated cost of sport injuries ranges from $5.4 billion to $19.2 billion.[48] Medical costs in the United States for sports injury related emergency department visits exceeded $935 million dollars every year.[49]

Sports-related emotional stress[edit]

Sport involvement can initiate both physical and mental demands on athletes. Athletes must learn ways to cope with stressors and frustrations that can arise from competition against others. Conducted research shows that levels of anxiety, stress, and depression are elevated following sports injuries.[50] After an occurrence of an injury many athletes display self-esteem issues, athletic identity crises, and high levels of post-traumatic distress, which are linked to avoidant coping skills.[50][51]

Each year in the United States, 3.5 million athletes are injured; therefore, it is important to understand how injury can impact anxiety.[52] Athletes are exposed to a culture that focuses heavily on success, and injuries can hinder the athlete from reaching their full potential.[53] Because of this reliance on achievement, many players are unlikely to stop performing because of pain they face. An injury could not only impact an athlete’s ability to train and compete, but also influence their psyche and mental health. The external pressure by coaches, teammates, fans, and the media on athletes to endure pain and injury instead of refusing to play when hurt have prompted athletes to believe that accepting physical risks is their only choice.[53] This will in turn lead to both physical and mental struggles for the athlete to endure simultaneously and could lead to a worse outcome if not treated appropriately.

In addition, the influences of personal and situational factors can directly impact an athlete’s perceptions about their injury. Personal factors include the characteristics of the injury, the athlete’s own approach to their injury, and their identity.[53] Situational factors include the nature of the athlete’s sport, social influences, and the rehabilitation environment.[53] For example, stressful events such as divorce or employment instability can increase the likelihood of experiencing an injury.[52] An athlete’s response to an injury is influenced by a variety of stressors they encountered before the injury and the coping skills they used to overcome previous struggles. Therefore, it is important to utilize an integrated model in the rehabilitation process to account for the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral needs of the athletes.

In the rehabilitation process, athletes may experience anxiety as a result of the injury as well as their underlying personal and situational issues. As mental trainer Jeff Troesch mentions, “recovering from injury can be one of the toughest psychological challenges any athlete faces.”[54] All of the uncertainty surrounding the injury and lacking full control over one’s body can lead to more anxiety and stress on the athlete. Studies have shown that higher anxiety scores are commonly associated with other comorbidities including depression.[55] In addition, athletes with higher ratings for career dissatisfaction also exhibited higher anxiety scores compared to those who were career satisfied with their career.[55] From these studies it can be inferred that injured athletes experience an increase in anxiety levels as a result of psychosocial factors. Hence, taking these influences into account may assist sports medicine practitioners when planning for the psychological management needs of injured elite athletes.

It is often thought that the physical and psychosocial aspects of injury recovery occur at the same time; however, in reality these two factors do not always coincide when an athlete returns to their sport.[56] Therefore, athletes may prematurely begin training and competing if they feel physically capable, but often they do not account for their psychological state. Although return to sport is usually regarded as a positive rehabilitation outcome, many studies have highlighted greater levels of anxiety and fear experienced by injured athletes as they transition back to their sport.[56] Athletes have reported that reinjury and underperforming when they return to play are common causes of this increase in anxiety and fear.[56] Because some athletes may not be mentally prepared when they return to their sport, chances of underperformance and reinjury are higher. Furthermore, injured athletes with greater levels of trait anxiety can frequently face increased recovery time.[55] In order to ensure that athletes are both physically and psychologically prepared to return to sport, rehabilitation facilities should utilize methods to assist athletes in both capacities.

When addressing psychological readiness during the recovery process, rehabilitation facilities should encourage confidence-building and provide social support to the athletes. Developing confidence in returning to sport includes “having trust in the rehabilitation provider, satisfaction of social support needs, and achievement of physical standards/clinical outcomes.”[56] Social support can operate as a buffer for the amount of anxiety and stress associated with an injury by positively affecting the athlete’s psychological and emotional wellbeing. In turn, this support can improve the athlete’s motivation and coping skills during the rehabilitation process.[57] In addition, research suggests that emotional social support, which prioritizes “empathy, love, trust, and caring” can benefit injured athletes psychologically as they recover.[57] With greater emphasis on the psyche, athletes will be more motivated to envision their injury recovery as a new competition or task, rather than a roadblock that hinders them from achieving their dreams.

To accommodate psychosocial factors in recovery, services must be accessible to the athletes. Although many universities provide psychological services to their students, these employees may not be trained in handling athlete-specific factors, and thus may not be able to address the particular needs of injured athletes.[57] Therefore, certified athletic trainers who work with athletes on a consistent basis can be an important resource for providing emotional social support to injured athletes.[57] In previous studies, athletes who were content with the social support they received by their athletic trainers were 87% less likely to report symptoms of depression and anxiety.[57] Thus, such athletic trainers involved in the athlete’s regular activities can be effective in facilitating psychological interventions during the rehabilitation process.

Currently, mental health struggles are often surrounded by stigma and can be seen as a weakness for high-level athletes. When discussing Kara Goucher’s openness to sharing her difficulty with negative self-talk and confidence, the author acknowledged that this example is rare in the world of athletics because such struggles are usually considered a weakness.[58] If more athletes like Kara Goucher communicate about their mental health, others will feel more inclined to discuss their own issues instead of keeping it to themselves. Therefore, de-stigmatizing and engaging in conversations about mental health can encourage athletes to enlist help for their internal struggles throughout their sports career and during an injury. Mindfulness-based interventions that integrate the mind and body have begun to address mental health needs among high-level athletes. Not only has mindfulness been shown to positively impact general well-being and improve performance, but it could also be utilized as a “protective factor to stress and stress-related psychological issues.”[52] The stigma associated with mental health as a weakness is a common barrier impeding help-seeking behaviors for athletes whose primary goal is to achieve perfection and success in their sport.

Elite athletes dedicate an immense amount of time and effort and can suffer from both physical and mental roadblocks. Therefore, it is important that rehabilitation programs account for mental health as a strong component of the recovery process for athletes, so that they are better prepared to manage not only the physical burden but also the psychological effects of their injury. Understanding the injured athlete experience from a physical, psychological, and social perspective is essential for athletes to return to their sport when they are both physically and mentally prepared and perform at their optimal level.[53]

See also[edit]

  • ACL injuries in the Australian Football League
  • Baseball injury list
  • Doping in sport
  • Health issues in athletics
  • Health issues in youth sports
  • Injured reserve list
  • Squatting position
  • Physical injuries in Yoga

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Further reading[edit]

  • Armatas, V.1, Chondrou, E., Yiannakos, A., Galazoulas, Ch., Velkopoulos, C. Physical Training 2007. January 2007. 21 March 2009 <http://ejmas.com/pt/2007pt/ptart_galazoulas_0707.html>.
  • Cluett, Jonathan M.D. Medial Collateral Ligament Treatment. 29 May 2006. 16 April 2009 <http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/kneeinjuries/a/mclinjury_2.htm>.
  • Doermann, David. Continuum, The Magazine of the University of Utah. Spring 1998. 19 March 2009 <http://www.alumni.utah.edu/continuum/spring98/sidelines.html>.
  • Lysaght, Michael J. Knee Injuries and Therapies in Competitive Athletes. 20 March 2009 <http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group06/Group6project/Homepage.htm>.
  • Selesnick, Harlan. Sports Injuries ESPN. 4 October 2007.

External links[edit]

  • Sports injuries at the National Health Service (NHS)