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Not to be confused with Administrative divisions of India.
"State of India" and "Indian state" redirect here. For the Portuguese State of India (1509-1961, known as Estado da Índia in Portuguese), see Portuguese India. For the U.S. state, see Indiana. For the historical territory in the United States of America, see Indian Territory.

States and union territories of India
CategoryFederated states
LocationRepublic of India
Number28 States
8 Union territories
PopulationsStates: Sikkim - 610,577 (lowest); Uttar Pradesh - 199,812,341(highest)
Union Territories: Lakshadweep - 64,473 (lowest); Delhi - 16,787,941 (highest)
AreasStates: 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) Goa – 342,269 km2 (132,151 sq mi) Rajasthan
Union territories: 32 km2 (12 sq mi) Lakshadweep – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) Ladakh
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India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories,[1] for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions.

States and union territories of India
ordered by
  • Area
  • Population
  • GDP (per capita)
  • Abbreviations
  • Access to safe drinking water
  • Availability of toilets
  • Capitals
  • Child nutrition
  • Crime rate
  • Ease of doing business
  • Electricity penetration
  • Fertility rate
  • Forest cover
  • Highest point
  • HDI
  • Home ownership
  • Household size
  • Human trafficking
  • Institutional delivery
  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Literacy rate
  • Media exposure
  • Number of vehicles
  • Number of voters
  • Open defecation
  • Origin of name
  • Places of worship
  • Poverty rate
  • Power capacity
  • Safety of women
  • School enrollment rate
  • Sex ratio
  • Suicide rate
  • Tax revenues
  • TV ownership
  • Transport network
  • Underweight people
  • Unemployment rate
  • Vaccination coverage
  • v
  • t
  • e

History

Administrative divisions of India in 1951

Pre-independence

Main articles: Presidencies and provinces of British India, Agencies of British India, Residencies of British India, and Princely state

The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][excessive citations] During the British Raj, the preceding Mughal administrative structure was mostly kept. India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the British and princely states which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held de facto sovereignty (suzerainty) over the princely states.

1947–1950

Main articles: Political integration of India, Instrument of Accession, Annexation of Junagadh, and Annexation of Hyderabad

Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[13] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:[citation needed]

  • Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were Assam (formerly Assam Province), Bihar (formerly Bihar Province), Bombay (formerly Bombay Province), East Punjab (formerly Punjab Province), Madhya Pradesh (formerly the Central Provinces and Berar), Madras (formerly Madras Province), Orissa (formerly Orissa Province), Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces), and West Bengal (formerly Bengal Province).
  • The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The Part B states were Hyderabad (formerly Hyderabad Princely State), Jammu and Kashmir (formerly Jammu and Kashmir Princely State), Madhya Bharat (formerly Central India Agency), Mysore (formerly Mysore Princely State), Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan (formerly Rajputana Agency), Saurashtra (formerly Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency), and Travancore-Cochin (formerly Travancore Princely State and Cochin Princely State).
  • The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer (formerly Ajmer-Merwara Province), Bhopal (formerly Bhopal Princely State), Bilaspur (formerly Bilaspur Princely State), Coorg State (formerly Coorg Province), Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch (formerly Cutch Princely State), Manipur (formerly Manipur Princely State), Tripura (formerly Tripura Princely State), and Vindhya Pradesh (formerly Central India Agency).
  • The only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the union government.

States reorganisation (1951–1956)

Main articles: Goa liberation movement, Andhra movement, Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and States Reorganisation Commission

Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.[14]

The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry, comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé, was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.[15]

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, it was annexed by India as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[16][17][18][19]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.[20] As a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to form Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956. Kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. Mysore State was re-organized with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara (excluding Kasaragod taluk) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State, the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, North Canara and Dharwad from Bombay State, the Kannada-majority districts of Bidar, Raichur and Gulbarga from Hyderabad State and the Coorg State. The Laccadive Islands, Aminidivi Islands and Minicoy Island which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep.

Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State. Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer State and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal.

Post-1956

Main articles: Mahagujarat movement, Punjabi Suba movement, Annexation of Goa, Goa Opinion Poll, 1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum, Uttarakhand movement, and Telangana movement

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[21] Former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.[22] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[23] The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[24][25]

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. North-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972.[26] Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished.[27] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became separate union territory as Daman and Diu.[28]

In November 2000, three new states were created; namely, Chhattisgarh from eastern Madhya Pradesh, Uttaranchal from northwest Uttar Pradesh (renamed Uttarakhand in 2007) and Jharkhand from southern districts of Bihar with the enforcement of Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 and Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 respectively.[29][30][31][32] Pondicherry was renamed as Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed as Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 as ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.[33][34]

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019.[35] Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.[36][37][38]

Current proposals

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

States and Union territories

See also: List of state and union territory capitals in India

States

StateISO 3166-2:INVehiclecodeZoneCapitalLargest cityStatehoodPopulation
(census 2011)[citation needed]		Area
(km2)		Official
languages[39]		Additional official
languages[39]
Andhra PradeshIN-APAPSouthernVisakhapatnam (Administrative)[40]
Amaravati (Legislative)[40]
Kurnool (Judicial)[40]		Visakhapatnam1 November 195649,506,799160,205Telugu—
Arunachal PradeshIN-ARARNorth-EasternItanagar20 February 19871,383,72783,743English—
AssamIN-ASASNorth-EasternDispurGuwahati26 January 195031,205,57678,550AssameseBengali, Bodo
BiharIN-BRBREasternPatna26 January 1950104,099,45294,163HindiUrdu
ChhattisgarhIN-CTCGCentralNava RaipurRaipur1 November 200025,545,198135,194HindiChhattisgarhi
GoaIN-GAGAWesternPanajiVasco da Gama30 May 19871,458,5453,702KonkaniMarathi
GujaratIN-GJGJWesternGandhinagarAhmedabad1 May 196060,439,692196,024Gujarati—
HaryanaIN-HRHRNorthernChandigarhFaridabad1 November 196625,351,46244,212HindiPunjabi[41][42]
Himachal PradeshIN-HPHPNorthernShimla (Summer)
Dharamshala (Winter)[43]		Shimla25 January 19716,864,60255,673HindiSanskrit[44]
JharkhandIN-JHJHEasternRanchiJamshedpur15 November 200032,988,13474,677HindiAngika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu[45]
KarnatakaIN-KAKASouthernBengaluru1 November 195661,095,297191,791Kannada—
KeralaIN-KLKLSouthernThiruvananthapuram CentralThiruvananthapuram1 November 195633,406,06138,863MalayalamEnglish[46]
Madhya PradeshIN-MPMPCentralBhopalIndore26 January 195072,626,809308,252Hindi—
MaharashtraIN-MHMHWesternMumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter)[47]		Mumbai1 May 1960112,374,333307,713Marathi—
ManipurIN-MNMNNorth-EasternImphal21 January 19722,855,79422,347MeiteiEnglish
MeghalayaIN-MLMLNorth-EasternShillong21 January 19722,966,88922,720EnglishKhasi[a]
MizoramIN-MZMZNorth-EasternAizawl20 February 19871,097,20621,081English, Hindi, Mizo—
NagalandIN-NLNLNorth-EasternKohimaDimapur1 December 19631,978,50216,579English—
OdishaIN-ORODEasternBhubaneswar26 January 195041,974,218155,820Odia—
PunjabIN-PBPBNorthernChandigarhLudhiana1 November 196627,743,33850,362Punjabi—
RajasthanIN-RJRJNorthernJaipur26 January 195068,548,437342,269HindiEnglish
SikkimIN-SKSKNorth-EasternGangtok16 May 1975610,5777,096English, NepaliBhutia, Gurung, Lepcha, Limbu, Manggar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang
Tamil NaduIN-TNTNSouthernChennai1 November 195672,147,030130,058TamilEnglish
TelanganaIN-TGTSSouthernHyderabad[b]2 June 201435,193,978[48]114,840[48]TeluguUrdu[49]
TripuraIN-TRTRNorth-EasternAgartala21 January 19723,673,91710,492Bengali, English, Kokborok—
Uttar PradeshIN-UPUPCentralLucknowKanpur26 January 1950199,812,341243,286HindiUrdu
UttarakhandIN-UTUKCentralGairsain (Summer)
Dehradun (Winter)[50]		Dehradun9 November 200010,086,29253,483HindiSanskrit[51]
West BengalIN-WBWBEasternKolkata26 January 195091,276,11588,752Bengali, Nepali[c]Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Urdu

Union territories

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Current union territories[edit]
Union territoryISO 3166-2:INVehiclecodeZoneCapitalLargest cityUT establishedPopulationArea
(km2)		Official
languages		Additional official
languages
Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIN-ANANSouthernPort Blair1 November 1956380,5818,249HindiEnglish
ChandigarhIN-CHCHNorthernChandigarh—1 November 19661,055,450114English—
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and DiuIN-DHDDWesternDaman26 January 2020586,956603Gujarati, HindiKonkani, Marathi
DelhiIN-DLDLNorthernNew Delhi—1 November 195616,787,9411,490HindiPunjabi, Urdu[52]
Jammu and KashmirIN-JKJKNorthernSrinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter)		Srinagar31 October 201912,258,43355,538Hindi, UrduDogri, Kashmiri
LadakhIN-LALANorthernLeh (Summer)
Kargil (Winter)[53]		Leh31 October 2019290,492174,852Hindi, English
LakshadweepIN-LDLDSouthernKavaratti1 November 195664,47332Malayalam, English—
PuducherryIN-PYPYSouthernPuducherry16 August 19621,247,953492French [54] Tamil, EnglishMalayalam, Telugu

Autonomous areas

Main article: Autonomous administrative divisions of India

The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of autonomous councils to administer areas which have been given autonomy within their respective states.[55] Most of these autonomous areas are located in Northeast India.

Former states

MapStateCapitalYearsPresent-day state(s)
Ajmer StateAjmer1950–1956Rajasthan
Andhra StateKurnool1953–1956Andhra Pradesh
Bhopal StateBhopal1949–1956Madhya Pradesh
Bilaspur StateBilaspur1950–1954Himachal Pradesh
Bombay StateBombay1950–1960Maharashtra, Gujarat, and partially Karnataka
Coorg StateMadikeri1950–1956Karnataka
East PunjabShimla (1947–1953)
Chandigarh (1953–1966)		1947–1966Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh UT
Hyderabad StateHyderabad1948–1956Telangana, and partially Maharashtra and Karnataka
Jammu and KashmirSrinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter)		1954–2019Jammu and Kashmir UT and

Ladakh UT

Kutch StateBhuj1947–1956Gujarat
Madhya BharatIndore (Summer)
Gwalior (Winter)		1948–1956Madhya Pradesh
Madras StateMadras1950–1969Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and partially Karnataka and Kerala
Mysore StateMysore1947–1973Karnataka
Patiala and East Punjab States UnionPatiala1948–1956Punjab and Haryana
SaurashtraRajkot1948–1956Gujarat
Travancore-CochinTrivandrum1949–1956Kerala and partially Tamil Nadu
Vindhya PradeshRewa1948–1956Madhya Pradesh

Former union territories

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Former union territories[edit]
MapNameZoneCapitalAreaUT establishedUT disestablishedToday part of
Arunachal PradeshNorth-EasternItanagar83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi)21 January 197220 February 1987As an Indian state
Dadra and Nagar HaveliWesternSilvassa491 km2 (190 sq mi)11 August 196126 January 2020Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
Daman and DiuWesternDaman112 km2 (43 sq mi)30 May 198726 January 2020Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
Goa, Daman and DiuWesternPanaji3,814 km2 (1,473 sq mi)19 December 196130 May 1987Goa state and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
Himachal PradeshNorthernShimla55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi)1 November 195625 January 1971As an Indian state
ManipurNorth-EasternImphal22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi)1 November 195621 January 1972As an Indian state
MizoramNorth-EasternAizawl21,087 km2 (8,142 sq mi)21 January 197220 February 1987As an Indian state
NagalandNorth-EasternKohima16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi)29 November 19571 December 1963As an Indian state
TripuraNorth-EasternAgartala10,491.65 km2 (4,050.85 sq mi)1 November 195621 January 1972As an Indian state

Responsibilities and authorities

Main articles: Federalism in India, Union List, State List, and Concurrent List

The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.[56]

See also

  • Administrative divisions of India
  • Autonomous administrative divisions of India
  • List of states and union territories of India by area
  • List of states and union territories of India by population
  • List of states in India by past population
  • List of states of India by wildlife population
  • List of adjectives and demonyms for states and territories of India
  • List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies
  • List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)

Notes

  1. ^ Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District, Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.
  2. ^ Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[57][58][59] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[60] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.[citation needed]
  3. ^ Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.

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  56. ^ "Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power." Territoriality of executive powers of states in India, Balwant Singh Malik, Constitutional Law, 1998
  57. ^ "Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State". The Times of India. 2 June 2014.
  58. ^ "The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice. Government of India. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  59. ^ "The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section" (PDF). 4 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  60. ^ Sanchari Bhattacharya (1 June 2014). "Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts". NDTV.

External links

  • Official Government of India website: States and Union Territories