Cynipinae is a subfamily of gall wasps (Cynipidae).[1] Many of the approximately 1,500 described species cause galls on oaks, but some induce galls on other plant species or are inquilines of the gall-inducing species.[1][2] Species occur on all continents except Antarctica, with most found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.[1] All extant cynipid species are within Cynipinae since the only other recognized subfamily is Hodiernocynipinae which is based on the fossil genus Hodiernocynips.[3]