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Эта статья о тропических циклонах северо-западной части Тихого океана. Для использования в других целях, см Тайфун (значения) . Для других областей, в которых происходят тропические циклоны, см. Бассейны тропических циклонов .
Спутниковый снимок тайфуна ( Typhoon Yutu (2018) )
7 августа 2006 г. над западной частью Тихого океана действовали три различных тропических циклона ( Мария , Бофа и Сомаи ). Циклоны в правом нижнем и верхнем углу - это тайфуны.

Тайфун - это зрелый тропический циклон, который развивается между 180 ° и 100 ° в.д. в Северном полушарии . Этот регион называют Северо - западного тихоокеанского бассейна , [1] и является наиболее активным тропическим циклоном бассейна на Земле , что составляет почти одну треть ежегодных тропических циклонов в мире. В организационных целях северная часть Тихого океана разделена на три региона: восточную (Северная Америка до 140 ° з.д. ), центральную (от 140 ° до 180 °) и западную (от 180 ° до 100 ° в.д.). Региональный специализированный метеорологический центр (РСМЦ) для тропических циклонов прогнозов в Японии, с другими центрами предупреждения о тропических циклонах для северо-западной части Тихого океана на Гавайях ( Объединенный центр предупреждения о тайфунах ), Филиппинах и Гонконге . В то время как РСМЦ дает имена каждой системе, сам основной список имен координируется между 18 странами, территориям которых ежегодно угрожают тайфуны. [2]

В северо-западной части Тихого океана нет официальных сезонов тайфунов, поскольку тропические циклоны образуются в течение всего года. Как и любой тропический циклон, существует несколько основных требований для формирования и развития тайфунов: (1) достаточно теплая температура поверхности моря , (2) атмосферная нестабильность, (3) высокая влажность на нижних и средних уровнях тропосферы, (4) достаточно Эффект Кориолиса для развития центра низкого давления , (5) уже существующий фокус или возмущение низкого уровня и (6) низкий вертикальный сдвиг ветра.. Хотя большинство штормов формируется в период с июня по ноябрь, несколько штормов могут возникать в период с декабря по май (хотя образование тропических циклонов в это время минимально). В среднем в северо-западной части Тихого океана наблюдаются самые многочисленные и интенсивные тропические циклоны в мире. Как и другие бассейны, они управляются субтропическим хребтом к западу или северо-западу, а некоторые системы возвращаются к востоку от Японии . Филиппины пострадали от обрушений на сушу, а Китай и Япония пострадали реже. Однако некоторые из самых смертоносных тайфунов в истории обрушились на Китай. Южный Китай имеет самый длинный в регионе список воздействий тайфунов: тысячелетняя выборка из документов в их архивах. Тайваньполучил самый влажный из известных тайфунов в истории бассейнов тропических циклонов северо-западной части Тихого океана .

Номенклатура [ править ]

Панорамный городской пейзаж Тайбэя, Тайвань, во время тайфуна в августе 2015 года

Этимология и использование [ править ]

Термин тайфун является региональным названием в северо - западной части Тихого океана для тяжелого (или зрелого) тропического циклона , [3] , тогда как ураган является региональным термином в северо - восточной часть Тихого океана и северной части Атлантического океана. [4] В другом месте это называется тропическим циклоном , сильным тропическим циклоном или сильным циклоническим штормом . [5]

Французский Тифон засвидетельствован в значении вихря или шторма , так как 1504. [6] Оксфордский словарь английского языка [7] цитирует индийскую Туфан и китайский Тай Фуна порождая несколько ранних форм на английском языке. Самые ранние английские формы - «touffon», позднее «tufan», «tuffon» и другие - происходят от Hindustani ṭūfān , с цитатами еще в 1588 году. С 1699 года появляется «tuffoon», позднее «tiffoon», происходящее от китайского языка с орфография находится под влиянием более старых форм, полученных из хиндустани. Современное написание «тайфун» датируется 1820 годом, ему предшествовали «тай-фун» в 1771 году и «тай-фунг»,все производные от китайского гриба тай.

Хиндустани исходное слово Туфана ( «сильный шторм», персидско-арабский : طوفان , деванагари : तूफ़ान ) [8] происходит от персидского Туфана ( توفان / طوفان ) , что означает «шторм» , который происходит от глагола tūfīdan ( توفیدن / طوفیدن ) , "рычать, дуть яростно". [ необходимая цитата ] Слово طوفان ( ṭūfān ) также происходит от арабского языка, как от слова āfa , «поворачивать». [7]

Китайский источник является слово Tai Fung или Taifeng [8] ( упрощенный китайский :台风; традиционный китайский :颱風; пиньинь : Taifeng ). Современное японское слово 台風 (た い ふ う, тайфуу ); а также современное корейское слово 태풍 (тэпунг) также происходят от китайского. Первый символ обычно используется для обозначения «пьедестала» или «подставки», но на самом деле является упрощением старого китайского иероглифа颱, что означает «тайфун»; таким образом, слово первоначально означало «ветер тайфуна».

Древнегреческий Τυφῶν ( Тифон , « Тайфун ») относится и вторично загрязнено слово. [8] Возможно, изначально на персидский термин повлияло греческое слово. [7] [9]

Классификация интенсивности [ править ]

Смотрите также: шкалы тропических циклонов
Шкала интенсивности тропических циклонов РСМЦ Токио
КатегорияУстойчивые ветры
Жестокий тайфун≥105  узлов
≥194 км / ч
Очень сильный тайфун85–104  узлов
157–193 км / ч
Тайфун64–84  узла
118–156 км / ч
Сильный тропический шторм48–63  узла
89–117 км / ч
Тропическая буря34–47  узлов
62–88 км / ч
Тропическая депрессия≤33  узла
≤61 км / ч

Тропическая депрессия является самой низкой категории , что Японское метеорологическое агентство использования и это термин , используемый для тропической системы , которая имеет скорость ветра не превышает 33 узлов (38 миль в час, 61 км / ч). [10] Тропическая депрессия превращается в тропический шторм, если скорость ветра в ней превышает 34 узла (39 миль / ч; 63 км / ч). Тропические штормы также получили официальные названия от РСМЦ Токио. [10] Если шторм усилится и достигнет постоянной скорости ветра 48 узлов (55 миль / ч; 89 км / ч), то он будет классифицирован как сильный тропический шторм . [10] Once the system's maximum sustained winds reach wind speeds of 64 knots (74 mph; 119 km/h), the JMA will designate the tropical cyclone as a typhoon—the highest category on its scale.[10]

Since 2009 the Hong Kong Observatory has divided typhoons into three different classifications: typhoon, severe typhoon and super typhoon.[11] A typhoon has wind speed of 64–79 knots (73–91 mph; 118–149 km/h), a severe typhoon has winds of at least 80 knots (92 mph; 150 km/h), and a super typhoon has winds of at least 100 knots (120 mph; 190 km/h).[11] The United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) unofficially classifies typhoons with wind speeds of at least 130 knots (67 m/s; 150 mph; 241 km/h)—the equivalent of a strong Category 4 storm in the Saffir-Simpson scale—as super typhoons.[12] However, the maximum sustained wind speed measurements that the JTWC uses are based on a 1-minute averaging period, akin to the U.S.' National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center. As a result, the JTWC's wind reports are higher than JMA's measurements, as the latter is based on a 10-minute averaging interval.[13]

Genesis[edit]

Depth of 26 °C isotherm on October 1, 2006
See also: Tropical cyclogenesis

There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center, a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear. While these conditions are necessary for tropical cyclone formation, they do not guarantee that a tropical cyclone will form. Normally, an ocean temperature of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) spanning through a depth of at least 50 metres (160 ft) is considered the minimum to maintain the special mesocyclone that is the tropical cyclone.[citation needed] These warm waters are needed to maintain the warm core that fuels tropical systems. A minimum distance of 500 km (300 mi) from the equator is normally needed for tropical cyclogenesis.[14]Whether it be a depression in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or monsoon trough, a broad surface front, or an outflow boundary, a low level feature with sufficient vorticity and convergence is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis. About 85 to 90 percent of Pacific typhoons form within the monsoon trough.[15] Even with perfect upper-level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low. Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s (20 kn, 33 ft/s) between the ocean surface and the tropopause is required for tropical cyclone development.[14] Typically with Pacific typhoons, there are two outflow jets: one to the north ahead of an upper trough in the Westerlies, and a second towards the equator.[15]

In general, westerly wind increases associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation lead to increased tropical cyclogenesis in all tropical cyclone basins. As the oscillation propagates from west to east, it leads to an eastward march in tropical cyclogenesis with time during that hemisphere's summer season.[16] On average, twice per year twin tropical cyclones will form in the western Pacific Ocean, near the 5th parallel north and the 5th parallel south, along the same meridian, or line of longitude.[17] There is an inverse relationship between tropical cyclone activity in the western Pacific basin and the north Atlantic basin, however. When one basin is active, the other is normally quiet, and vice versa. The main reason for this appears to be the phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation, or MJO, which is normally in opposite modes between the two basins at any given time.[18]

Frequency[edit]

Storm Frequency
Tropical storms and Typhoons by month,
for the period 1959–2015 (Northwest Pacific)
MonthCountAverage
Jan280.5
Feb140.2
Mar260.5
Apr370.6
May661.2
Jun1001.8
Jul2213.9
Aug3105.4
Sep2804.9
Oct2284.0
Nov1392.4
Dec691.2
Annual151826.6
Source: JTWC[19]

Nearly one-third of the world's tropical cyclones form within the western Pacific. This makes this basin the most active on Earth.[20] Pacific typhoons have formed year round, with peak months from August to October. The peak months correspond to that of the Atlantic hurricane seasons. Along with a high storm frequency, this basin also features the most globally intense storms on record. One of the most recent busy seasons was 2013. Tropical cyclones form in any month of the year across the northwest Pacific Ocean, and concentrate around June and November in the northern Indian Ocean. The area just northeast of the Philippines is the most active place on Earth for tropical cyclones to exist.

Across the Philippines themselves, activity reaches a minimum in February, before increasing steadily through June, and spiking from July through October, with September being the most active month for tropical cyclones across the archipelago. Activity falls off significantly in November, although Typhoon Haiyan, the strongest Philippine typhoon on record, was a November typhoon.[21] The most frequently impacted areas of the Philippines by tropical cyclones are northern and central Luzon and eastern Visayas.[22] A ten-year average of satellite determined precipitation showed that at least 30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines could be traced to tropical cyclones, while the southern islands receive less than 10 percent of their annual rainfall from tropical cyclones.[23] The genesis and intensity of typhoons are also modulated by slow variation of the sea surface temperature and circulation features following a near-10-year frequency.[24]

Paths[edit]

See also: Hurricane Alley
Tracks of all tropical cyclones in the northernwestern Pacific Ocean between 1980 and 2005. The vertical line to the right is the International Date Line.

Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving north and northeast into the main belt of the Westerlies.[25] Most typhoons form in a region in the northwest Pacific known as typhoon alley, where the planet's most powerful tropical cyclones most frequently develop.[26] When the subtropical ridge shifts due to El Niño, so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience many fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130°E, which would favor the Japanese archipelago.[27] During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, and the subtropical ridge position, shift westward across the western Pacific Ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China and greater intensity to Philippines.[27] Those that form near the Marshall Islands find their way to Jeju Island, Korea.[28] Typhoon paths follow three general directions.[20]

  • Straight track (or straight runner). A general westward path affects the Philippines, southern China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
  • A parabolic recurving track. Storms recurving affect eastern Philippines, eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East.
  • Northward track. From point of origin, the storm follows a northerly direction, only affecting small islands.

A rare few storms, like Hurricane John, were redesignated as typhoons as they originated in the Eastern/Central Pacific and moved into the western Pacific.

Basin monitoring[edit]

Within the Western Pacific, RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center, part of the Japan Meteorological Agency has had the official warning responsibility for the whole of the Western Pacific since 1989,[29] and the naming responsibility for systems of tropical storm strength or greater since 2000.[11] However each National Meteorological and Hydrological Service within the western Pacific has the responsibility for issuing warnings for land areas about tropical cyclones affecting their country, such as the Joint Typhoon Warning Center for United States agencies,[30] the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) for interests in the island archipelago nation,[31] and the Hong Kong Observatory for storms that come close enough to cause the issuance of warning signals.[32]

Name sources and name list[edit]

The list of names consists of entries from 14 southeast and east Asian nations and regions and the United States who have territories directly affected by typhoons. The submitted names are arranged into a list, the names on the list will be used from up to down, from left to right. When all names on the list are used, it will start again from the left-top corner. When a typhoon causes damage in a region, the affected region can request for retiring the name in the next session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. A new name will be decided by the region whose name was retired. Unlike tropical cyclones in other parts of the world, typhoons are not named after people. Instead, they generally refer to animals, flowers, astrological signs, and a few personal names. However, Philippines (PAGASA) retains its own naming list, which consists of both human names and other things.[33] Storms that cross the date line from the central Pacific retain their original name, but the designation of hurricane becomes typhoon. In Japan, people use the numerical designation of typhoons according to the sequence of their occurrence in the calendar year.[29]

List of Western Pacific tropical cyclone names (as of 2021)
ListContributing nations/regions
 Cambodia China North Korea Hong Kong Japan Laos Macau Malaysia Federated States of Micronesia Philippines South Korea Thailand United States Vietnam
1DamreyHaikuiKirogiYun-yeungKoinuBolavenSanbaJelawatEwiniarMaliksiGaemiPrapiroonMariaSon-Tinh
AmpilWukongJongdariShanshanYagiLeepiBebincaPulasanSoulikCimaronJebiKrathonBarijatTrami
2Kong-reyYinxingTorajiMan-yiUsagiPabukWutipSepatMunDanasNariWiphaFranciscoCo-May
KrosaBailuPodulLinglingKajikiNongfaPeipahTapahMitagRagasaNeoguriBualoiMatmoHalong
3NakriFengshenKalmaegiFung-wongKotoNokaenVongfongNuriSinlakuHagupitJangmiMekkhalaHigosBavi
MaysakHaishenNoulDolphinKujiraChan-homLinfaNangkaSaudelMolaveGoniAtsaniEtauVamco
4KrovanhDujuanSurigaeChoi-wanKogumaChampiIn-faCempakaNepartakLupitMirinaeNidaOmaisConson
ChanthuDianmuMindulleLionrockKompasuNamtheunMalouNyatohRaiMalakasMegiChabaAereSongda
5TrasesMulanMeariMa-onTokageHinnamnorMuifaMerbokNanmadolTalasNoruKulapRokeSonca
NesatHaitangNalgaeBanyanYamanekoPakharSanvuMawarGucholTalimDoksuriKhanunLanSaola
References:[34]

Records[edit]

Total
storms		YearTropical
storms		TyphoonsSuper
typhoons
39196413197
351965
1967
1971		14
15
11		10
16
16		11
4
4
34199414146
33199612156
32197416160
311989
1992
2013		10
13
18		15
17
8		6
5
5
301962
1966
1972
1990
2004		7
10
8
9
10
17
17
20
17
13		6
3
2
4
7

The most active Western Pacific typhoon season was in 1964,[citation needed] when 39 storms of tropical storm strength formed. Only 15 seasons had 30 or more storms developing since reliable records began. The least activity seen in the northwest Pacific Ocean was during the 2010 Pacific typhoon season, when only 14 tropical storms and seven typhoons formed. In the Philippines, the most active season, since 1945, for tropical cyclone strikes was 1993 when nineteen tropical cyclones moved through the country.[35] There was only one tropical cyclone that moved through the Philippines in 1958. The 2004 Pacific typhoon season was the busiest for Okinawa since 1957.[36] Within Guangdong in southern China, during the past thousand years, the most active decades for typhoon strikes were the 1660s and 1670s.[37]

The highest reliably-estimated maximum sustained winds on record for a typhoon was that of Typhoon Haiyan at 314 km/h (195 mph) shortly before its landfall in the central Philippines on November 8, 2013.[38] The most intense storm based on minimum pressure was Typhoon Tip in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in 1979, which reached a minimum pressure of 870 hectopascals (26 inHg) and maximum sustained wind speeds of 165 knots (85 m/s, 190 mph, 310 km/h).[39] The deadliest typhoon of the 20th century was Typhoon Nina, which killed nearly 100,000 in China in 1975 due to a flood that caused 12 reservoirs to fail.[40] After Typhoon Morakot landed in Taiwan at midnight on August 8, 2009, almost the entire southern region of Taiwan (Chiayi County/Chiayi City, Tainan County/Tainan City (now merged as Tainan), Kaohsiung County/Kaohsiung City (now merged as Kaohsiung), and Pingtung County) and parts of Taitung County and Nantou County were flooded by record-breaking heavy rain. The rainfall in Pingtung County reached 2,327 millimeters (91.6 in),[41] breaking all rainfall records of any single place in Taiwan induced by a single typhoon,[42] and making the cyclone the wettest known typhoon.

See also[edit]

  • 2021 Pacific typhoon season
  • China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
  • Effects of tropical cyclones
  • List of Pacific typhoon seasons
  • Typhoons in the Korean peninsula
  • Typhoons in the Philippines

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Chris Landsea (2010-06-01). "Subject: F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there?". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres: D06108. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
  2. ^ "What is the difference between a hurricane, a cyclone, and a typhoon?". OCEAN FACTS. National Ocean Service. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
  3. ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2012). "Typhoon". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2015-04-05.
  4. ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2012). "Hurricane". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2015-04-05.
  5. ^ Chris Landsea (2010-06-01). "Frequently Asked Questions Subject: A1) What is a hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone?". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  6. ^ https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/typhon
  7. ^ a b c The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, Vol. II, p. 559, "Typhoon". Oxford University Press, 1971.
  8. ^ a b c Online Etymology Dictionary: "typhoon"
  9. ^ The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary by Garland Hampton Cannon and Alan S. Kaye considers typhoon "a special case, transmitted by Cantonese, from Arabic, but ultimately deriving from Greek. [...] The Chinese applied the [Greek] concept to a rather different wind [...]"
  10. ^ a b c d Typhoon Committee (2008). "Typhoon Committee Operational Manual" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
  11. ^ a b c "Classifications of Tropical cyclones" (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  12. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2008-03-31). "What are the description labels used with tropical cyclones by JTWC?". Joint Typhoon Warning Center – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  13. ^ "How are JTWC forecasts different than forecasts issued by tropical cyclone warning centres (TCWCs) of other countries?". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  14. ^ a b Chris Landsea (1 June 2010). Subject: A15) How do tropical cyclones form ? National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2011-03-24.
  15. ^ a b Roger Graham Barry; Andrew Mark Carleto (2001). Synoptic and dynamic climatology. Psychology Press. pp. 520–521. ISBN 978-0-415-03115-8. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
  16. ^ John Molinari; David Vollaro (September 2000). "Planetary- and Synoptic-Scale Influences on Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclogenesis". Monthly Weather Review. 128 (9): 3296–307. Bibcode:2000MWRv..128.3296M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3296:PASSIO>2.0.CO;2.
  17. ^ Roger Graham Barry; Richard J. Chorley (2003). Atmosphere, weather, and climate. Psychology Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-415-27170-7. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
  18. ^ E. D. Maloney; D. L. Hartmann (September 2001). "The Madden–Julian Oscillation, Barotropic Dynamics, and North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Formation. Part I: Observations". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 58 (17): 2545–2558. Bibcode:2001JAtS...58.2545M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.583.3789. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2545:TMJOBD>2.0.CO;2.
  19. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2015). 2015 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Western Pacific (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved 2016-07-11.[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ a b James B. Elsner; Kam-Biu Liu (2003-10-08). "Examining the ENSO-Typhoon Hypothesis" (PDF). Climate Research. 25: 43. Bibcode:2003ClRes..25...43E. doi:10.3354/cr025043. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
  21. ^ Ricardo García-Herrera, Pedro Ribera, Emiliano Hernández and Luis Gimeno (2006). "Typhoons in the Philippine Islands, 1566–1900" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (D6): 40. Bibcode:2007JGRD..11206108G. doi:10.1029/2006JD007370. Retrieved 2010-04-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Colleen A. Sexton (2006). Philippines in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8225-2677-3. Retrieved 2008-11-01. most active typhoon season for the philippines.
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External links[edit]

  • China Meteorological Agency
  • Digital Typhoon
  • Hong Kong Observatory
  • Japan Meteorological Agency
    • Multilingual Tropical Cyclone Information
  • Joint Typhoon Warning Center
  • Korea Meteorological Administration
  • Malaysian Meteorological Department
  • National Weather Service Guam
  • Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
  • Taiwan Central Weather Bureau
  • TCWC Jakarta (in Indonesian)
  • Thai Meteorological Department (in Thai)
  • Typhoon2000
  • Vietnam's National Hydro-Meteorological Service