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Морской парк является назначенным парком , состоящим из площади моря (или озера), отведенные для достижения экологической устойчивости , содействовать морскую осведомленности и понимание, позволяют морские развлекательные мероприятия , а также обеспечить выгоды для коренных народов и прибрежных общин . [1] Большинство морских парков управляются национальными правительствами и организованы как «водные» национальные парки , тогда как морские охраняемые территории и морские природные заповедники часто управляются субнациональным субъектом или неправительственной организацией , напримерприродоохранный орган . [2]
Крупнейшим морским парком раньше был Морской парк Большого Барьерного рифа в Австралии , площадью 350 000 км² до 2010 года, когда Великобритания объявила об открытии морского парка Чагос или архипелага Чагос . [ необходима цитата ]
Хотя для многих целей достаточно обозначить границы морского парка и проинформировать коммерческие рыболовные суда и другие морские предприятия, некоторые парки приложили дополнительные усилия, чтобы сделать свои чудеса доступными для посетителей. Они могут варьироваться от лодок со стеклянным дном и небольших подводных лодок до подводных труб с окнами.
В Новой Зеландии морской заповедник представляет собой область , которая имеет более высокую степень правовой защиты , чем морские парки для сохранения целей. [ необходима цитата ]
В Новом Южном Уэльсе запланированы морские парки, которые протянутся вдоль береговой линии всего штата. [3]
Франция и ее территории являются домом для девяти морских парков, известных как parc naturel marin . [4]
Список морских парков [ править ]
Африка [ править ]
- Глорьезы остров морской природный парк , Глорьезы остров
- Морской национальный парк Кисите-Мпунгути , Кения
- Морской природный парк Майотта , Майотта
Америка [ править ]
- Национальный морской парк Бонайре , Бонэйр
- Памятник природы Half Moon Caye , Белиз
- Морской заповедник Хол Чан , Белиз
- Морской парк Монтего-Бэй, Ямайка
- Государственный морской парк Педра-да-Риска-ду-Мейо , Бразилия
- Martinique Marine Natural Park, Martinique
- Saba National Marine Park, Saba
Canada[edit]
- Fathom Five National Marine Park
- Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve
- Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area
- Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park
Mexico[edit]
- Alto Golfo de California Biosphere Reserve
- Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park
- Cabo Pulmo National Park, Mexico [5]
- San Lorenzo Marine Archipelago National Park
United States[edit]
- Allan H. Treman State Marine Park
- Dry Tortugas National Park
- John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
- Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
Asia[edit]
Hong Kong[edit]
- Marine parks in Hong Kong:
- Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve
- Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park
- Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park
- Tung Ping Chau Marine Park
- Yan Chau Tong Marine Park
India[edit]
- Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, Tamil Nadu
- Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat
Indonesia[edit]
- Karimunjawa National Park, Java
- Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Java
- Komodo National Park, Nusa Tenggara
- Bunaken National Park, Sulawesi
- Kepulauan Togean National Park, Sulawesi
- Kepulauan Wakatobi National Park, Sulawesi
- Taka Bone Rate National Park, Sulawesi
- Teluk Cenderawasih National Park, Papua
Japan[edit]
- Inubōsaki Marine Park
Malaysia[edit]
- Perhentian Islands
- Redang Island
- Pulau Tenggol
- Tioman Island
- Pulau Sibu
- Pulau Pemanggil
- Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park
- Tun Mustapha Marine Park
- Tun Sakaran Marine Park
- Turtle Islands National Park
Philippines[edit]
- Apo Reef
- Tubbataha Reef
- Ocean Adventure
Singapore[edit]
- Sisters' Island Marine Park
Taiwan[edit]
- Dongsha Atoll National Park
- South Penghu Marine National Park
Thailand[edit]
- Tarutao National Marine Park
Europe[edit]
- Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park, Albania
- Marine Natural Park of Cap Corse and the Agriate, Cap Corse and the Agriates, Corsica
- Arcachon Bay Marine Natural Park, Arcachon Bay, France
- Gironde Estuary and Pertuis Sea Marine Natural Park, western France
- Gulf of Lion Marine Natural Park, Gulf of Lion, France
- Iroise Marine Natural Park, Brittany, France
- Marine Natural Park of the Picardy Estuaries and the Opal Sea, Picardy and Côte d'Opale, France
- Zakynthos Marine Park, Greece
- Alonnisos Marine Park, Greece
- Kosterhavet National Park, Bohuslän, Sweden
- Ytre Hvaler National Park, Norway
- Færder National Park, Norway
- Jomfruland National Park, Norway
- Raet National Park, Norway
- Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, Wales
- Plymouth Sound National Marine Park, England
High seas[edit]
As of April 2008 there are no high seas marine reserves, but Greenpeace is campaigning for the "doughnut holes" of the western pacific to be declared as marine reserves.[6] They are also campaigning for 40 percent of the world’s oceans to be protected as marine reserves.[7]
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
Australian government[edit]
The Australian Government manages an estate of marine protected areas (MPA) that are Commonwealth reserves under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).
- Ashmore Reef Marine National Nature Reserve
- Cartier Island Marine Reserve
- Cod Grounds Commonwealth Marine Reserve
- Coringa-Herald National Nature Reserve
- Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Nature Reserve
- Great Australian Bight Commonwealth Marine Reserve
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
- Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve
- Lihou Reef National Nature Reserve (Coral Sea Island Territory)
- Lord Howe Island Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters)
- Macquarie Island Marine Park
- Mermaid Reef Marine National Nature Reserve
- Ningaloo Marine Park (Commonwealth waters)
- Solitary Islands Marine Reserve (Commonwealth Waters)
- South-east Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network
New South Wales[edit]
- Solitary Islands Marine Park
Queensland[edit]
- Moreton Bay Marine Park
South Australia[edit]
As of December 2013, the following marine parks have been declared under the Marine Parks Act 2007 (SA) :[8]
- Eastern Spencer Gulf Marine Park
- Encounter Marine Park
- Far West Coast Marine Park
- Franklin Harbor Marine Park
- Gambier Islands Group Marine Park
- Investigator Marine Park
- Lower South East Marine Park
- Lower Yorke Peninsula Marine Park
- Neptune Islands Group Marine Park
- Nuyts Archipelago Marine Park
- Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park
- Southern Kangaroo Island Marine Park
- Southern Spencer Gulf Marine Park
- Thorny Passage Marine Park
- Upper Gulf St Vincent Marine Park
- Upper South East Marine Park
- Upper Spencer Gulf Marine Park
- West Coast Bays Marine Park
- Western Kangaroo Island Marine Park
Victoria[edit]
The state of Victoria has protected approximately 5.3% of coastal waters. In June 2002, legislation was passed to establish 13 Marine National Parks and 11 Marine Sanctuaries. Victoria is the first jurisdiction in the world to create an entire system of highly protected Marine National Parks at the same time.[9] Additional areas are listed as Marine Parks or Marine Reserves, which provides a lower level of protection and allows activities such as commercial and recreational fishing.
The marine national parks are:
- Bunurong Marine National Park
- Cape Howe Marine National Park
- Churchill Island Marine National Park
- Corner Inlet Marine National Park
- Discovery Bay Marine National Park
- French Island Marine National Park
- Ninety Mile Beach Marine National Park
- Point Addis Marine National Park
- Point Hicks Marine National Park
- Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park
- Twelve Apostles Marine National Park
- Wilsons Promontory Marine National Park
- Yaringa Marine National Park
Western Australia[edit]
Kimberley region:
- Bardi Jawi Marine Park (proposed), in Bardi Jawi country.[10]
- Lalang-gaddam Marine Park (in planning stages; formerly Great Kimberley Marine Park), which will cover Dambimangari waters:[10]
- Lalang-garram / Camden Sound Marine Park
- Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls Marine Park
- North Lalang-garram Marine Park
- Maiyalam Marine Park (gazetted 2020/21), covering the Buccaneer Archipelago
- North Kimberley Marine Park, in Uunguu waters.[10]
Gascoyne region:
- Shark Bay Marine Park
Micronesia[edit]
- Enipein Pah, near Pohnpei
New Zealand[edit]
- Hauraki Gulf Marine Park
- Mimiwhangata Marine Park
- Tawharanui Marine Park
Papua New Guinea[edit]
- Papua Barrier Reef
Samoa[edit]
- American Samoa National Park
See also[edit]
- Marine protected area
- Marine reserve
References[edit]
- ^ ""National Marine Conservation Areas"". Parks Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ ""Conservation Authorities"". Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ "Type 1 Marine Protected Areas: Marine reserves". www.doc.govt.nz. New Zealand Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
- ^ "Délibération 2020-06" (PDF). Office Français de la Biodiversité (in French). 2020-03-03.
- ^ Jones, Nicola (2011). "Little Mexican reserve boasts big recovery". Nature. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
- ^ "The Pacific Commons -- first high seas marine reserve?". Greenpeace Australia Pacific. 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
The Western and Central Pacific Ocean is the world's largest tuna fishery. Over half of the tuna consumed worldwide is taken from this area. Rampant overfishing is destroying this fishery; relatively healthy just a few years ago. Today, two key Pacific species, Bigeye and Yellowfin could face collapse unless urgent action is taken.
- ^ "Marine reserves". Greenpeace Australia Pacific. 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
A growing body of scientific evidence that demonstrates what we at Greenpeace have been saying for a long time: that the establishment of large-scale networks of marine reserves, urgently needed to protect marine species and their habitats, could be key to reversing global fisheries decline.
- ^ "MARINE PARKS ACT 2007: SECTION 14" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
- ^ Victoria’s System of Marine National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries. Management Strategy 2003–2010 (PDF), Parks Victoria, 2003, retrieved 2012-02-04
- ^ a b c Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (WA) (2020). Lalang-gaddam Marine Park amended joint management plan for the Lalang-garram / Camden Sound, Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls and North Lalang-garram marine parks and indicative joint management plan for the proposed Maiyalam Marine Park 2020 (PDF). Government of Western Australia. ISBN 978-1-925978-20-9. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
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