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Эта статья о союзе Беларуси и России. О банке см. Банк Союзного государства . Для штатов США (также называемых «Союз») см. Штат США и Союз (Гражданская война в США) .

Союзное государствоСоюзное Государство  ( Русский )Саюзная дзяржава  ( белорусский )
Location of Union State
Штаб-квартираСтарая площадь 8/5 , подъезд 3, 103132 Москва , Россия [1]
Крупнейший городМосква
55 ° 45'N 37 ° 37'E / 55.750°N 37.617°E / 55.750; 37.617
Официальные языки
ТипМеждународная организация
Государства-члены
Лидеры
• Председатель Высшего Государственного Совета Belarus Александр Лукашенко
• Председатель Совета Министров Russia Михаил Мишустин
• Генеральный секретарь Russia Григорий Рапота
Законодательная властьВысший Государственный Совет
Формирование
•  Распад Советского Союза 26 декабря 1991 г.
• Содружество Беларуси и России 2 апреля 1996 г.
• Договор о создании Союзного государства России и Беларуси. 8 декабря 1999 г.
Область
• Общее17 305 841 км 2 (6 681 823 квадратных миль) а
Население
• Оценка на 2020 годDecrease156 198 000 a
• Плотность8,88 / км 2 (23,0 / кв. Мили)
ВВП  ( ППС )Оценка на 2020 год
• ОбщееDecrease4,206 триллиона долларов [2]
ВВП  (номинальный)Оценка на 2020 год
• ОбщееDecrease1,521 триллиона долларов [2]
Валюта
Часовой поясUTC от +2 до +12
Формат датыдд.мм.гггг
Сторона вожденияверно
Сайт
www .soyuz .by Edit this at Wikidata
  1. ^ Совмещенные данные по Беларуси и России, за исключениеманнексированного Крыма в марте 2014 года,который не признан на международном уровне.

Союзное государство , [а] также упоминается как Союзное государство России и Белоруссии , [б] является организацией , состоящая из России и Беларуси , которая была сформирована 8 декабря 1999 года [3] [4] Союзное государство первоначально было направлено при объединении обеих стран, Союзное государство в его запланированной окончательной форме будет структурировано аналогично конфедерациям или политическим союзам . Однако в настоящее время обе страны по-прежнему сохраняют свою независимость. [5] Союзное государство основано на предыдущем международном договоре между Россией и Беларусью [6] от 2 апреля 1997 года. [7]Хотя в него входят только Россия и Беларусь , другие страны могут присоединиться к Союзному государству. [8] Наднациональный союз управляется Высшим Государственным Советом [9] и другими руководящими органами. [10] Действующим президентом Высшего Государственного Совета Союза является Александр Лукашенко , занимающий этот пост с 2000 года. [11]

Сегодняшние цели Союзного государства в основном сосредоточены на экономической интеграции. [12] Другие области и вопросы, такие как политическая интеграция, были приостановлены из-за политической ситуации в государствах-членах. На переговорах, состоявшихся 22 апреля [ неясно ] в Москве, государства-члены пришли к соглашению о том, что дальнейшая интеграция будет продолжаться, пока есть еще несколько вопросов, которые необходимо решить. Согласованы 26-27 интеграционных дорожных карт на государственном уровне. В ходе переговоров было определено, что самой большой проблемой, беспокоящей государства-члены, являются проблемы с налогообложением. [13] Работа по интеграции в сфере обороны и разведки идет хорошо. [14]

История образования [ править ]

Российская почтовая марка, посвященная Договору между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Беларусь о создании Союза от 2 апреля 1996 года.

Сообщество Беларуси и России была основана 2 апреля 1996 года [15] В основе союза была усилена 2 апреля 1997 года, с подписанием «Договора о Союзе Беларуси и России» в это время было изменено его название в Союз Беларуси и России . [16]

25 декабря 1998 года было подписано еще несколько соглашений с целью обеспечения большей политической, экономической и социальной интеграции. [16]

Тем не менее, природа политического образования оставалась неясной. Под давлением своих политических оппонентов, которые выступали за воссоединение двух государств, и президента Беларуси Александра Лукашенко , который стремился связать свою чрезмерно слабую экономику с более сильной Россией, тогдашний президент России Борис Ельцин инициировал создание Союза в чтобы согласовать политические и экономические различия между двумя странами. [17] По мнению некоторых наблюдателей, Лукашенко также намеревался получить большую власть, став президентом будущей федерации Россия-Беларусь после кончины Ельцина из-за его небывало низкой популярности. Однако после отставки Ельцина Владимир Путин был избран в 2000 году, чтобы сменить его на посту президента России , что вынудило Лукашенко отказаться от своих планов и сохранить баланс между независимостью Беларуси и усиливающимся давлением Путина с целью дальнейшей интеграции двух стран в Союзное государство. [18] [19]

Договор о создании Союзного государства России и Беларуси был подписан 8 декабря 1999 года [20] целью было достижение федерации , как в Советском Союзе , с общим главой государства, законодательной властью, флагом, гербом, гимн, конституция, армия, гражданство и валюта. Союз ратифицирован Государственной Думой России 22 декабря 1999 г. и Национальным собранием Беларуси 26 января 2000 г. В последний день Договор и Союз вступили в силу. [21]

Тогдашний президент Казахстана Нурсултан Назарбаев выдвинул аналогичное предложение в 1994 году, предусматривая создание Евразийского союза, но это предложение не было принято до 29 мая 2014 года с образованием Евразийского экономического союза . [22]

Органы управления Союзного государства и правовая база [ править ]

Договор о создании Союзного государства [23] создает правовую основу в качестве конституционного акта и устанавливает следующие учреждения [24] [25] [26]

  • Высший государственный совет [27] [28] [29]
  • Совет министров [30] [31] [32]
  • Союзный парламент [33] [34]
  • Суд Союза [35] [36] [37]
  • Счетная палата [38] [39]

Союзное государство согласно подписанному договору имеет исключительную юрисдикцию, которая включает создание единого экономического пространства и правовых основ общего рынка, валютного союза, единой налоговой и единой ценовой политики, единой разработки и закупки оборонной техники, единой системы технической поддержки вооруженные силы, общее командование региональными вооруженными силами, в дальнейшем реализованное посредством многих других документов, основанных на юрисдикции этого Союзного государства [40], общей пограничной политике и других юрисдикциях. [41]

Besides exclusive jurisdictions of Union state there are joint jurisdiction of the Union State and the subjects of the Union State that includes joint defense policy, harmonization and unification of the legislation of the subjects of the Union State, development of science, education, culture, formation of a common scientific, technological and information space, migration, working conditions and labor protection, social security, combating terrorism, corruption and others.[42]

Outside the limits of the exclusive jurisdiction of the Union State and subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Union State and the subjects of the Union State, the subjects of the Union State retain the full completeness of state power.[43]

Pavel Borodin was the first State Secretary of the Union. He was first appointed by the Supreme State Council on 26 January 2000 for a four-year term. In 2004 and 2008 his term was renewed for an additional four years, leaving office in 2011. Since then the office has been held by Grigory Rapota.

Union state is ruled trough Supreme State Council of the Union.[44] The Supreme State Council of the Union includes the heads of member states, heads of member states governments, member states heads of both chambers of parliaments.[45] Decisions on Supreme Council are made by principle of one state - one vote and presidents of states give that vote. Supreme Council includes the chairman of the Executive Committee of the Union that have an advisory vote. The President of the Supreme State Council is the head of one of the participating States on a rotation basis, unless the participating States agree otherwise.

Supreme State Council makes decisions on issues regarding the security of the member states of the Union including their collective protection from outside threats, the protection of the Union's borders, military development, and many other issues.

The Council of Ministers[46] is composed of the member states' Prime Ministers, Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Economy, and Finance and the State Secretary of the Union. Permanent Committee of the Union State[47] is formed as permanent working body of Council of Ministers.[48] Current president of Council of Ministers is Mikhail Mishustin.

Parliamentary Assembly of the Union is comprised by two chambers - the House of the Union and the House of Representatives. House of Representatives, should contain of 75 deputies from Russia and 28 from Belarus, elected by the general populace of each. According to treaty currently only House of the Union is formed and it consists of 72 deputies - 36 from Russia and 36 from Belarus. Before the elections for the House of Representatives of the Union State Parliament, the functions of the Union State Parliament are performed by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 70 of the Treaty on the Establishment of the Union State of December 8, 1999. Regular sessions of the Parliamentary Assembly House of the Union are held twice a year and for Quorum at least two third is needed to be present. House of the Union Parliament has president and four vice presidents and 8 permanent committees for different areas of legistature.[49] Current president of Parliamentary Assembly of Union is Vyacheslav Volodin[50][51] On 12. December 2020. 59. joint session of House of the Union parliament was held to consider Union State budget for 2021. in 4715,15 millions of rubles or approximately 61.631.112 USD[52][53]

Court of Union should consist of nine judges appointed for six-year terms. But while provisions for court are given in adopted treaty court was not formed.[54]

Accounting Chamber, is tasked with controlling the implementation of the Union State budget. It consist of 11 members[55] appointed for a period of 6 years from among the citizens of the member states who have experience in control and audit who are appointed by the Parliament of the Union State on the proposal of the Council of Ministers. The Accounting Chamber establishes its own regulations, which are approved by the Council of Ministers.

Language[edit]

The official languages of the Union State is state languages of the participating states. Russian is used as a working language in the common organs of the Union State.[56]

Developments[edit]

Shortly after its inauguration, both member states seemed to have lost their enthusiasm for the Union, with first Russia, and then Belarus, restoring customs controls along their common border in 2001, effectively suspending the customs union until it was restored in 2010. Plans had also been set in motion to implement a common currency across the Union, but these have been postponed several times.

On 16 November 2010, it was announced by the Union State website that the Constitutional Act was 99% ready.[57]

Common currency[edit]

Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko promised to introduce a common currency on 1 January 2004. The currency was not introduced, and the plan was pushed back by one year. On 1 January 2005, the Union State again failed to introduce a common currency, and it was again postponed by one year, which, in 2006, happened once again. During a press-conference in Minsk on 2 February 2006, Pyotr Prokopovich, chief of the National Bank of Belarus, announced that a "common currency might be introduced in 2007". This, however, failed to occur in 2007. The National Bank of the Republic of Belarus announced that, starting in 2008, the Belarusian ruble would be tied to the United States dollar instead of the Russian ruble.[58]

Citizenship and freedom of migration[edit]

Union State grants citizenship to citizens in both states meaning that every citizen of the Russian Federation and every citizen of the Republic of Belarus is at the same time a citizen of the Union with guaranteed the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the other party, allowing Belarusian citizens to travel freely in Russia and have the right to settle there to work or study, and vice versa including possession, use and disposal of property on the territory of another state.[59] The Union State does provide citizens of Russia and Belarus the right to work and permanently settle in either country without formal immigration procedures otherwise mandatory for foreign nationals. They retain their national passports and other identification papers.

Military[edit]

On 10 February 2009, Russia and Belarus implemented the first stage of joint military officer training programs designed to integrate the military structures of the countries. This military collective is called the Regional Forces Group of Belarus and Russia (RGF). The goal of these operations is to ensure cohesive training, practice and implementation of military interests for the nations, and were aimed at strategic and battle training taking place in February and March 2009.[60] Furthermore, the military doctrine of the Russian Federation provides that "an armed attack on the state-participant in the Union State, as well as all other actions involving the use of military force against it," should be deemed "an act of aggression against the Union State", authorizing Moscow to "take measures in response".[61]

Proposed symbols[edit]

Since the formation of the Union State in 1997, Belarus and Russia have thus far failed to institute any symbols or even a flag for the Union State. There have, however been several proposals for flags and coats of arms.[62][63]

Two proposals have been made for the flag of the Union. In all cases, they are modifications to the flag of the Soviet Union, but representing the state (not communism). In both cases, two gold stars are placed in the canton of the red flag (to represent the two states of the Union).[63]

A proposed coat of arms is a modification of the double-headed eagle holding the coats of arms of Russia and Belarus.[64]

A song called "Sovereign Union of Nations" (Russian: Державный союз народов Derzhavny soyuz narodov, Belarusian: Дзяржаўны саюз народаў Dzyarzhauny sayuz narodau) has been proposed as the Union's unofficial anthem. The song, which was modified from the National Anthem of the Soviet Union, refers to a wider union of the two nations.[65]

Value added tax controversy[edit]

Belarus and Russia had been collecting a value added tax (VAT), meant to finance the Union State, in the country of origin, but from 1 January 2005, VAT is collected in the country of destination, as in most other independent countries of the world. This change gave rise to a considerable degree of confusion and has disrupted many trade operations between Belarus and Russia. On 10 February 2005, private entrepreneurs in Belarus staged a one-day warning strike, protesting the new VAT scheme between the two countries and Lukashenko's economic policies.

Contemplated expansion[edit]

  •  Abkhazia and  South Ossetia both currently have observer status in parliamentary sessions.[66] In informal statements, the prime ministers of the republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia (which is recognised only by Russia and a few other countries) have expressed interest in joining the Union with the Spokesman of the Union reciprocating this interest. No formal requests are known so far.[67]
    The Union State (yellow), states that have expressed interest in joining the Union (green), and other members of the CIS (pink).
  •  Kazakhstan had expressed interest in forming a separate customs union with Russia and Belarus by 2010.[68] This Customs Union was formed as planned at the beginning of 2010. Kazakhstan has mentioned that it may join the Union State after some time.[68]
  •  Kyrgyzstan: As of June 2007, opposition in Kyrgyzstan, which has been locked in political turmoil, had initiated a nationwide referendum to join the union of Russia and Belarus.[69]
  •  Moldova: In 2001, president of Moldova Vladimir Voronin announced right after his election that he had plans for Moldova to join the Union of Russia and Belarus.[70][71] The coming to power of the Alliance for European Integration at the 2009 Moldovan elections has since shifted Moldovan interest towards the European Union.
  •  Transnistria: in the Transnistrian referendum of 2006 97.2% of the population voted for a union of Transnistria (which is not recognized by any nation) with the Russian Federation, which analysts say indicates a possibility that Transnistria might unilaterally ask to join the Union, once it is established. Already in spring 1998, 66.5% of Transnistrian voters supported joining the Union of Russia and Belarus in a non-binding referendum by the Transnistrian state.[72] However, not being recognised by either member, this is unlikely to happen in the near future.
  •  Ukraine: In response to speculation about Ukraine joining the Union, Ukraine's President Viktor Yanukovych declared that Ukraine is an independent sovereign state and this is not something that can be questioned by anyone in the government.[73] The issue is to be reconsidered in the new light of the Revolution of Dignity and the developments of the Euromaidan movement seeking for the integration into the European Union.
  •  Novorossiya: During the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, Deputy Prime Minister Rustam Temirgaliev of the Russian-annexed Republic of Crimea expressed the hope that southeastern Ukraine would form a "Ukrainian Federation" and join the Union State.[74] However, only the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic broke away from Ukraine, and the confederate Novorossiya political project was frozen at the start of 2015.[75][76][77]
  •  FR Yugoslavia/ Serbia: In 1999 the Parliament of FR Yugoslavia voted for the country to join the Union. In 2007 Tomislav Nikolić said during a speech that he wished that Serbia would strengthen its ties with and eventually join the Union State.[78] Serbia has since submitted a membership application to the EU.

Renewed interest[edit]

GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic DevelopmentGeorgia (country)AzerbaijanUkraineMoldovaTajikistanTurkmenistanCollective Security Treaty OrganizationEurasian Economic UnionUzbekistanKyrgyzstanKazakhstanArmeniaUnion StateBelarusRussiaCommonwealth of Independent StatesCommonwealth of Independent States Free Trade AreaBaltic AssemblyLithuaniaLatviaEstoniaCommunity for Democracy and Rights of NationsTransnistriaAbkhaziaSouth OssetiaRepublic of Artsakh
Euler diagram showing the relationships among various supranational organisations in the territory of the former Soviet Unionv • d • e

On 15 December 2006, talks over the Union State were heating up.[79] By January 2007, however, talks appeared to be stalled, as President Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus stated: "The Russian leadership is demanding that we join the Russian Federation—that's what is in the heads of the Russian leadership. I don't want to bury the sovereignty and independence of [Belarus]." He added: "From all the consultations and discussions, I have understood that we have different approaches and understandings of the building of a union state", and opposed "the possibility of the incorporation into Russia [of Belarus]".[80]

However, on 19 October 2007, Russian Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov announced that the budget of the Union State "will grow by no less than ten percent next year, and that growth will provide for worthy funding of our common projects." [81] This has led to speculation that the Russian government have renewed their interest in the idea.

A meeting between President Lukashenko of Belarus, President Vladimir Putin of Russia and Union State Secretary Pavel Borodin was held in Minsk 13–14 December 2007. This meeting received a considerable amount of media attention and raised speculation that a Union State might indeed be the focus of a new initiative by both governments. Of primary interest was renewed discussion of the Union Parliament (which, although planned, was never actually realized) and a Union State Constitutional Act, an instrument which could strengthen the authority of the Union. According to State Secretary Borodin, five variants of this Act were discussed at the meeting, each of which would involve a 7 to 10 year transitional period in the Union's development. Trade and energy issues were also discussed.[82]

On 27 May 2008, President Lukashenko, acting in his capacity as Chairman of the Supreme State Council named then Russian Prime Minister and current President Putin Chairman of the Council of Ministers.[83] This move raised speculation that the Union was about to undergo a significant political transformation. However, the most visible and arguably important official in the Union has been the State Secretary, who runs the Union State's day-to-day operations. In the same meeting, State Secretary Borodin announced that the 2009 Union State budget would total 6–7 billion Russian rubles, an increase of over 2 billion rubles from 2008.

On 1 August 2011, Putin stated he supported a union of Russia, Belarus, and possibly South Ossetia.[84] Belarusian Foreign Minister spokesman Andrei Savinykh rejected the idea,[85] as did Dmitri Medojev, South Ossetia's ambassador to Moscow, who stated "Our people voted for independence in a referendum in 2006 and they do not relish the idea of becoming part of the Russian Federation."[85]

Since 2015, focus on developing relations between former members of the Soviet Union is on continued development of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), itself a further development of the Eurasian Customs Union established in 2010. It is modeled on the integration of the European Union and comprises 5 member states: Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. Tajikistan has also expressed an interest in joining. However, the EAEU is only an economic union, and at present, political integration remains within the remit of the Union State.

Deeper economic integration is proposed in 2021 within current talks of member states.[86]

See also[edit]

  • Commonwealth of Independent States
  • Continental union
  • 2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute
  • Post-Soviet states
  • Soviet Union
  • Union of Sovereign States
  • Belarus–Russia relations
  • Eurasian Economic Union
  • Common Travel Area, an arrangement allowing for relatively open borders between the UK and the Republic of Ireland
  • 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship
  • European Single Market, a similar zone within the EU

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Russian: Сою́зное госуда́рство, IPA: [sɐˈjuznəjə ɡəsʊˈdarstvə]; Belarusian: Саю́зная дзяржа́ва, Sajuznaja dziaržava
  2. ^ Russian: Сою́зное Госуда́рство Росси́и и Беларуси, IPA: [sɐˈjuznəjə ɡəsʊˈdarstvə rɐˈsʲiɪ i bʲɪləˈrusʲɪ]; Belarusian: Саюзная дзяржава Расіі і Беларусі

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Постоянный Комитет Союзного государства". postkomsg.com.
  2. ^ a b "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2020". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  3. ^ http://council.gov.ru/services/reference/9928
  4. ^ https://www.postkomsg.com/news/various/170103/
  5. ^ https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/09/23/a-political-union-between-russia-and-belarus-is-creeping-closer-a71523
  6. ^ https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01003059884
  7. ^ https://docs.cntd.ru/document/9043017
  8. ^ https://www.postkomsg.com/news/various/170103/
  9. ^ http://council.gov.ru/services/reference/9928/
  10. ^ https://belrus.ru/content/organy_souznogo_gosudarstva/
  11. ^ https://soyuz.by/vysshiy-gosudarstvennyy-sovet-soyuznogo-gosudarstva
  12. ^ https://tass.com/politics/1257249
  13. ^ https://tass.com/world/1281905
  14. ^ https://tass.com/politics/1281857
  15. ^ Zulys, Audrius. "Toward a Union State of Russia and Belarus". Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review, 2005, p. 149 [1]
  16. ^ a b Ltd., ICB - InterConsult Bulgaria. "CEEOL - Error". ceeol.com.
  17. ^ "Boris Yeltsin's Legacy". personal.utulsa.edu.
  18. ^ "Will Belarus Be the Next Ukraine?". Foreign Affairs. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020. Lukashenko signed on in the apparent hope that he could one day replace Yeltsin and rule over both Belarus and Russia.
  19. ^ "How Belarus Maneuvers between Russia and the West". Institute of Modern Russia. 30 April 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020. [...] Lukashenko was pleased with the idea for other reasons: he planned to use the arrangement to ultimately replace the unpopular Yeltsin. The creation of the Union State could lead to common citizenship, which would allow Lukashenko to run for the top office in case of Yeltsin’s departure. Another reason for him to move closer to Russia was that Belarus’ highly industrialized economy relied heavily on Russian raw materials, mostly gas and oil.
  20. ^ "BBC News - EUROPE - Russia and Belarus form confederation". news.bbc.co.uk.
  21. ^ Zulys, Audrius. "Toward a Union State of Russia and Belarus", p. 151
  22. ^ Asadova, Nargiz. "An interview with Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Karim Masimov". Originally printed in Kommersant, 4 June 2007, p. 2. Translated by Ferghana.Ru "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ^ https://www.postkomsg.com/news/various/170103/
  24. ^ https://www.postkomsg.com/history/20years_of_union_state/
  25. ^ http://council.gov.ru/services/reference/9928/
  26. ^ Ltd., ICB - InterConsult Bulgaria. "CEEOL - Error". ceeol.com.
  27. ^ https://docs.cntd.ru/document/9043017
  28. ^ https://belrus.ru/info/status_vyisshego_gosudarstvennogo_soveta_soyu/
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External links[edit]

  • Portal of the Union State (in English and Russian)
  • Portal of the Union State (in Russian)