Департамент Ancash

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Департамент Ancash
отделение
Кордильера-Бланка и Кордильера-Негра в департаменте Анкаш
Флаг Тюлень
Координаты: 9.53 ° S 77.53 ° W Координаты : 9.53 ° S 77.53 ° W9°32′S 77°32′W /  / -9.53; -77.539°32′S 77°32′W /  / -9.53; -77.53
Страна	Перу
Подразделения	20 провинций и 166 районов
Крупнейший город	Чимботе
Столица	Huaraz
Правительство
• Губернатор	Хуан Карлос Морилло Уллоа (2019–2022 годы)
Область
• Общее	35 914,41 км 2 (13866,63 квадратных миль)
Высота(Столица)	3052 м (10,013 футов)
Самая высокая высота	6,768 м (22,205 футов)
Самая низкая отметка	0 м (0 футов)
Население (2017)
• Общее	1 083 519
• Плотность	30 / км 2 (78 / кв. Миль)
УБИГЕО	02
Телефонный код	043
Код ISO 3166	PE-ANC
Уровень бедности	42,6%
Процент ВВП Перу	2,76%
Веб-сайт	www .regionancash .gob .pe

Анкаш ( кечуа : Anqash ; испанский : Áncash произносится  [aŋkaʃ] ) - департамент и регион на севере Перу . Он граничит с департаментами Ла-Либертад на севере, Уануко и Паско на востоке, Лимой на юге и Тихим океаном на западе. Его столица - город Уарас , а крупнейший город и порт - Чимботе . Название региона происходит от слова на языке кечуа anqash («легкий, малый вес»), отanqas («синий») или от anka («орел»). ^{[1] [2]}

География [ править ]

Анкаш - страна контрастов: здесь есть две большие продольные долины, сочетающие горные характеристики Каллехон-де-Уайлас (Аллея Уайлас) с лесными долинами Альто-Мараньона . Километры песчаных пляжей и голубых вод Тихого океана. Территория побережья, высоких плато и Андских пунов департамента плоская, в то время как остальная территория в Андах очень неровная. На западе есть склоны с сильным уклоном, образующие узкие каньоны с крутыми и безлюдными склонами.

Суровую территорию департамента пересекают две горные цепи: с западной стороны Кордильера-Негра ( исп. «Черная горная цепь») с вершинами без ледников , а с восточной стороны - Кордильера-Бланка («белая гора». горный хребет »), на котором есть множество пиков, покрытых снегом и льдом, таких как Уаскаран и Альпамайо . Между этими двумя горными хребтами река Санта протекает через так называемую Каллехон-де-Уайлас . Эта долина сужается, образуя Каньон-дель-Пато («утиный каньон»). Также вдоль тихоокеанских склонов река Санта образовала широкую долину в Пунах. который сужается в Кордильера-Негра, где образовался каньон Каньон-дель-Пато.

Заснеженный пик Уаскарана, самого высокого пика Перу и второго пика Америки, достигает высоты 6768 м (22205 футов; 4,205 миль) и контрастирует с глубиной 6263 м (20548 футов) впадиной Чимботе, обнаруженной в океане. к западу от Анкаша. Остатки ледников создали множество озер , такие как Llanganuco озера и озера парон .

Следуя по Панамериканскому шоссе к северу от Лимы , территория департамента начинается сразу за крепостью Парамонга , между широкими полями сахарного тростника и через реку Форталеза , в 206 километрах (128 миль) от Лимы.

Вдоль побережья Анкаша, от реки Форталеза до реки Санта, Тихий океан оказывает большое влияние. Перуанский ток и Эль - Ниньо тока оказывают значительное , а иногда трагическое влияние на местные жизни и экономики регионов.

Обычно перуанское течение, также известное как течение Гумбольдта , приносит с собой холодную воду и большое количество рыбы. С развитием отмелей анчоусы порты и ручьи Анкаш стали центрами коммерческого рыболовства. В 1950-х годах залив Чимботе был главным рыболовным портом мира. ^[3]

Однако, когда более теплые воды с севера, такие как течение Эль-Ниньо, приносят катастрофические дожди на побережье и море, отмели анчоуса исчезают, в результате чего предприятия рыболовного флота парализуются, а наводнения рек наносят серьезный ущерб землям и городам. . Трудно предсказать циклы этих двух морских течений, влияющих на Перу. ^[4]

Дальше на север вдоль Панамериканского шоссе множество островов и островков усеивают море у побережья. Большинство из них являются домом только для морских птиц гуано . С юга на север к наиболее важным островам относятся остров Тортуга ( остров черепах), остров Ла Виуда (остров Вдовы), Исла-Бланка (остров Белый) и остров Санта (Святой остров).

Прибрежный регион Перу включает в себя множество полуостровов , ручьев , теплых бухт и песчаных пляжей, полных красок. Из-за отсутствия дорог и труднопроходимой местности многие из них недоступны по суше. Наиболее важные пляжи включают Гранде-Бич , Ла-Грамита-Бич и Лас-Салинас .

Большая часть этого побережья представляет собой монотонный участок огромных песчаных пустынь, общий знаменатель всех прибрежных регионов Перу из-за влияния течения Гумбольдта .

Вдоль рек расположены зеленые долины, где выращивают в основном сахарный тростник , рис и хлопок . С юга на север, основные реки на Ancash побережья , являются следующие: Huarmey , Culebras , Casma , Сечина , Nepeña , Lacramarca и Санта.

Из этих рек единственная река с круглогодичной водой - это река Санта. Его истоки - ледники и озера Кордильеры Бланка. Другие реки, как и большинство рек перуанского побережья, имеют прерывистый характер в зависимости от дождей в высокогорье или наступления Эль-Ниньо.

История [ править ]

Между 400 и 600 годами до нашей эры в этой зоне зародилась и процветала первая перуанская цивилизация, известная как Чавин . Важность этой культуры заключается не только в ее древности, но и в истории и культуре, которые она разделяет с другими культурами на территориях Анд и Амазонки . Как археолог Хулио С. Тельо выразился, « Чавина была матерью всех культур , которые впоследствии цвели в старом Перу. » ^{[ Править ]} Название Чавин происходит от кечуа слова Chawpin , которое переводится как центр или штаб - квартира . Телло считал, что люди пришли изАмазонас , поднялся в Анды и развил культуру Чавин.

В эпоху инков население долины Санта было ассимилировано империей инков Пачакути . ^{[ необходима цитата ]}

Первые испанцы приехали в Уайлас, привлеченные славой серебряных жил департамента. Со временем испанцы разрушили города инков. Именно в это время Херонимо де Альварадо основал город Уарас. Хотя в колониальную эпоху этот город не имел большого значения, а его художественная и культурная жизнь не имела большого значения, он стал штаб-квартирой Симона Боливара во время его кампании по освобождению Перу. ^{[ необходима цитата ]}

Департамент Анкаш был создан после поражения Перу-Боливийской Конфедерации объединенными силами перуанской восстановительной армии и чилийской армии в битве при Юнгай в 1839 году.

The 1970 Ancash earthquake devastated the department, killing more than 50,000 people and damaging 186,000 houses in one of the deadliest natural disasters in Peru.

Today, most of the Ancash population is concentrated in the Callejón de Huaylas.

Beginning in 2011, the department has been the site of an ongoing anti-mining protest over allegations of water contamination and public versus private rights to the natural resources of the zone. Clashes between protesters, mining company security, and the federal police have resulted in numerous deaths and injuries.

Political division[edit]

The department is divided into 20 provinces (provincias, singular: provincia), which comprise 166 districts (distritos, singular: distrito). Its capital is Huaraz. The provinces and their capitals are:

Economy[edit]

The economy of Ancash, the third largest in Peru, is largely made up of gold, copper and zinc mining. Its coast is rich in fishing resources and it is the most productive fishing region of Peru (Peru is the world's largest exporter of fish meal). Crops cultivated in Ancash include potatoes, wheat and barley.

Demographics[edit]

Languages[edit]

According to the 2007 Peru Census, the language learnt first by most of the residents was Spanish (68.34%) followed by Quechua (31.36%). The Quechua variety spoken in Ancash is Ancash Quechua. The following table shows the results concerning the language learnt first in the Department of Ancash by province:^[5]

Toponyms[edit]

Many of the toponyms of the Department of Ancash originate from Quechua. In and around the Cordillera Blanca, in provinces like Huaylas and Yungay, these names are overwhelmingly predominant. Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalized alphabet of the language. According to Article 20 of Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC (Supreme Decree) which approves the Regulations to Law 29735, published in the state-owned newspaper El Peruano on 22 July 2016, adequate spellings of the toponyms in the normalised alphabets of the indigenous languages must progressively be proposed with the aim of standardizing the namings used by the National Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN). The National Geographic Institute realizes the necessary changes in the official maps of Peru.^[6]

Contrarily to intentions to replace indigenous toponyms by other names like Santa Cruz or Contrahierbas, the Ministry of Culture proposes to the municipalities of the provinces to recover ancient indigenous toponyms and that these names should be spread by the local and communal authorities on posters and other signage.^[6]

Tourism[edit]

The geographical centre of Ancash, the Callejón de Huaylas, is an area of intense interest to tourists. This is due to its large variety of natural attractions, its sport and recreational facilities, and the nearby archaeological remains of the ancient cultures that once flourished there. The Cordillera Blanca offers an interesting attraction for tourists visiting Peru. Visitors also come to see the natural beauty of the area's glaciers and valleys and to enjoy the many lakes and thermal fountains.

Ancash is sometimes referred to as the "Switzerland of Peru". There is the four mile high Huascarán, home to the Huascarán National Park. There is also the Alpamayo peak, considered one of the most beautiful in the world.^{[citation needed]}

Among archaeological sites of interest, Ancash has many vestiges of old cultures, including the Guitarrero Cave (10,000 BC), the pre-Columbian ruins of Chavín de Huantar, Hunsakay, Willkawayin, Sechín, and Pañamarka are also well-known.

Tours[edit]

There are a few tours in the Department of Ancash that will let us know the main touristic and historical places of the zone. Among the principal ones are:

• Huaraz – Recuay – Catac – Pachaqutu ravine and Pastururi.
• Yungay – Llankanuku – Vaquería – Waripampa – Santa Cruz and Caraz
• Caraz, Cañon del Pato
• Huaraz – Pitiq – Qillqay and Juanca
• Caraz, Puya Raimondi at Mirador de Huinchus
• Huaraz – Olleros – Yanashallash – Chavín de Huantar – Qiruqucha and Catac
• Caraz, Parun Lake
• Catac and Carpa
• Huaraz – Willkawayin and Llaqa ravine
• Chacas – Perlilla
• Chacas – Huari

Pativilca-Caraz-Huallanca route[edit]

The historical village Pativilca (Lima Region), where Simón Bolívar planned his expedition for the liberation of Peru, lies 202 kilometres (126 mi) north of Lima on the Pan-American Highway. At this point begins the highway that leads to the Callejón de Huaylas. This road is completely paved, although it often had to be repaired because of the extreme damage caused by the huaycos (flash floods) and the rains. The same problem affects most Peruvian roads, especially the ones in the mountains (Quechua natural region and rainforest Rupa-Rupa natural region).

This highway is 287 kilometres (178 mi) long, with an extremely comfortable course, especially in the steep climbing stretches through the Cordillera Negra (Black Range) up to the summit of Conococha, 4,100 metres (13,451 ft) above sea level. From there, the road descends toward the Callejón de Huaylas.

The trip Lima-Huaraz-Caraz of 468 kilometres (254 mi) takes seven hours by car. Modern buses spend eight hours over the same stretch.

East of Pativilca, for about 20 kilometres (12 mi) the highway passes between wide fields planted with sugarcane in extensive fields, parallel to the Fortaleza River bed.

At the town Huaricanga the road enters the department of Ancash. At this point, the highway begins a slow ascent of the first spurs of the Cordillera Negra. This stretch continues for about 50 kilometres (31 mi). The climb gets suddenly steeper beyond the towns Chasquitambo and Chaucayán, with many bends and serpentines.

Cordillera Blanca[edit]

This mountain range is composed by gigantic summits covered with snow, which are among the most beautiful of the world. The White mountain range is considered the highest tropical mountain range in the world. It borders the Callejón de Huaylas to the east. It has a length of 180 km (110 mi).

It has 35 peaks that are higher than 6,000 m and many other smaller ones, a real symphony of summits with different grades of difficulty in climbing.

This mountain range was called White, not only for its eternal snow but also for the chemical constitution of its quartz and feldspar rocks. It has the highest summit in Peru and the fifth one in America after Aconcagua, Ojos del Salado, Bonete and Mercedario: Huascarán, whose south peak reaches 6768 msnm. Huascarán's north peak reaches 6655 m.

Alpamayo whose height has been estimated in 5,947 m, has been considered as "the most beautiful snow mountain of the world". This statement was achieved by the distinguished Peruvian mountaineer César Morales Arnao who sent the photo of Alpamayo to the world contest of scenic beauty made in 1966 in Munich, Germany.

Huandoy N reaches 6,395 m, Huantsán reaches 6410 m, Chopicalqui reaches 6354 m, Copa N reaches 6173 m, Artesonraju reaches 6025 m, Santa Cruz S reaches 6,259 m and Hualcán reaches 6,126 m.

The beauty of the Cordillera Blanca is largely determined by the Cordillera Negra because this mountain range softens the winds that come from the Pacific Ocean. The Cordillera Negra, acting as a shield, avoids the thaw of the big glaciers from the Cordillera Blanca.

The Cordillera Negra has rocky peaks with very little winter snowfall, reaching a maximum height of 5500 m. Its name comes from the comparison with the white snowy peaks of the Cordillera Blanca.

Huascarán National Park[edit]

The Huascarán National Park is one of the most outstanding conservation parks in Peru, due to its landscapes that are full of peaks, lakes, canyons, torrents and waterfalls. Inside its borders, it can be observed the whole Cordillera Blanca and seven peaks of more than 6000 m height. They constitute one of the main international focuses for climbers and mountaineers. It was stated as a National Park on July 1, 1975, with a surface of 340,000 ha and a length of 158 km (98 mi). This National Park includes parts of the following provinces: Recuay, Huaraz, Carhuaz, Yungay, Huaylas, Pomabamba, Mariscal Luzuriaga, Huari, Corongo, Sihuas and Bolognesi. This park has also been listed as a biosphere reservation and as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The park territory is very uneven. It has snowy summits, which altitudes vary between 5000 and 6768 MSL. It also has gullies, that are deeply encased because of the fluvioglacial erosion, and a great number of lagoons. Inside the borders of the park, there are 663 glaciers that are distributed throughout 180 km, from the Tuku in the south up to the Champara in the north.

Regarding its climate, there are two very well defined seasons: The dry season from April to September becoming worse between the months of June and August and the wet season from October to May whose highest rainfall is between January and March.

Its flora is countless and beautiful, including important groups of Puya Raimondi. In its fauna, there are tarucas, spectacled bears, vicuñas, pumas, foxes, vizcachas, weasels, Andean mountain cats, opossums, hog-nosed skunks, etc.

There is also a great number of birds, predominantly ducks, American coots and hummingbirds.

Cordillera Negra[edit]

The route Casma-Huaraz is not a very highly travelled road. The highway begins with a paved path that arrives up to Yaután. Then it quickly begins to ascend through an unpaved path by the sides of the Cordillera Negra, following the course of the Casma River. This route becomes more steep once it arrives to Pariacoto. Along the road, there are not important towns at all, except for Pira that offers some traveler's services.

This route, extremely steep and narrow, goes between big abysses and gullies. It can be seen small rural districts with chacras (smallholdings) that have been sown with potatoes, wheat, barley and other food products. It can also be seen livestock and a lot of human activity.

The gullies of the Cordillera Negra -that goes, simultaneously, with the Cordillera Blanca throughout 150 km- are gloomy and dark. Most of them are dry or their flow is scarce. From north to south, there are some hills like Rumicruz (5,020 m), Rocarre (5,187 m), Cerro Rico (5,015 m), and Chunta (4,810 m).

The beauty of the Cordillera Blanca is largely determined by the Cordillera Negra because this mountain range soften the winds that come from the Pacific Ocean. The Cordillera Negra acts like a shield and avoids the thaw of the big glaciers that are located in the Cordillera Blanca.

The Cordillera Negra has rocky peaks with very little winter snow, reaching a maximum height of 5,500 m. Its name comes from the comparison with the white snowy peaks of the Cordillera Blanca.

Extreme sports[edit]

Extreme sports in the Callejón de Huaylas and the Huascarán National Park:

• Mountaineering: The glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca constitute one of the most important world scenarios for ice climbing. Mountaineering can be practiced the whole year but the weather is best between the months of May and September.
• Trekking: The prehispanic paths offer excellent opportunities for trekking during the whole year. On the way, it can be observed varied flora, fauna, impressive snowy mountains, gullies and deep canyons, archaeological sites and several typical villages. There are several routes that last from one day to three weeks.
• Camping: It is a pleasant and a relaxing experience to spend the night under the moonlight, having as a unique companion: the stars and some constellations like Capricornus, Crux, Centaurus and others. This sport can be practiced at any time of the year.
• Canoeing: The Santa River has the technical characteristics and different difficulty grades for practicing river sports as canoeing, kayak and others. For example, there are some rapids between Anta and Caraz that are good for those who are just beginning to practice this sport. The lakes Llankanuku and Qiruqucha also offer some special characteristic for a boat ride.
• Cycling: The cyclists that ride on the highways and roads enjoy the practice of this sport by traveling inside and outside the Huascarán National Park. This sport can be practiced at any time of the year. The north area, near Caraz, offers the best rides, single tracks and down hill tracks.
• Rock climbing: The granite belt that goes round the glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca constitutes the suitable place for practicing this sport. There are walls from 100 m to 1000 m of height that have many kinds of technical difficulties to get through. There is an odd scenario for this sport called Rocódromo de Monterrey.
• Alpine skiing: It consists on slipping from the glaciers. The most favorable ones for practicing this sport are: Pastururi, Copa, Wallqan, Huascarán, Wallunarahu and Perlilla, the latter being recently discovered and promoted by the local government of the Asunción Province, with 6 km (3.7 mi) of moderate and steep slopes where competitions were held soon snowboarding and alpine skiing. These snowcapped mountains are ideal for practicing the slide on snow (also known as siquiesqui) and for making snowmen.
• Paragliding – Hang gliding: Along the Callejón de Huaylas there are several places that are favourable for the practice of these flight sports. They can be practiced at any time of the year.
• Horse riding: It is a sport of big emotions. It is practiced on bridle paths with Peruvian horses that were raised in the Callejón de Huaylas.
• Fishing: The rod fishing of trout can be practiced in rivers and lagoons of the Cordillera Blanca and Cordillera Negra at any time of the year.

Santa River and the Cañón del Pato[edit]

From Chimbote to Huallanca, there are approximately 140 km (87 mi). This unpaved and very little travelled highway is a provisional line over the embankment of the old railroad. This railway and several tunnels were destroyed by the catastrophe of 1970.

The highway, outside Chimbote, goes through the wide flat and fertile embankments of the Santa valley and it continuous its course up to Huallanca.

From Chuquicara, the highway becomes narrower. The Chuquicara River is a major right-hand tributary of the Santa River. Its waters are black because they contain abundant coal sediments proceeding from the heights of Pallasca.

From Huallanca, it is possible to travel through the Cañón del Pato. This canyon is one of the many canyons that are along the 370 km (230 mi) of the Santa River. The Santa River has its source in the lake Conococha. This river is the most important river in the coast, because its annual water mass is 6100 million m³. As centuries went by, it has formed a narrow pass of 2000 m of altitude in the Cordillera Negra.

In this place, the waters turn into whirlpools and rapids before going out from a narrow gorge of 500 m that is called Cañón del Pato (Duck Canyon). This waterfall constitutes the source of hydroelectric energy in the power station of the Cañón del Pato, in Huallanca.

From Huallanca, it is possible to enter to the Callejón de Huaylas by the highway that takes to Caraz. It is also a way to enter to the Callejón de Conchucos (Conchucos valley).

Callejón de Conchucos[edit]

The Callejón de Conchucos is a beautiful succession of valleys located to the east of the Cordillera Blanca. It is connected by a highway from Catac to Huallanca.

There are eight provinces of the Ancash Region that cover the Callejón de Conchucos. They are Huari, Asunción, Antonio Raymondi, Mariscal Luzuriaga, Pomabamba, Sihuas, Corongo and Pallasca. This Callejón is located to the east of the Cordillera Blanca, that is to say, to the other side of the Callejón de Huaylas, before the Marañón River.

The topography of the soil presents high summits, deep valleys and inhospitable punas, making it a rough zone, such as most of the highland in Peru.

The northern provinces of Pallasca Province and Corongo Province have their own direct access towards Chimbote and the Callejón de Huaylas. The other provinces have a longitudinal highway of double entry, one from Huari Province and the other one from Huallanca District and Sihuas Province, joining Pomabamba Province, Mariscal Luzuriaga Province and Antonio Raymondi Province.

Transportation[edit]

Five main highways cross the department:

• The North Pan-American highway, that crosses the coast of Ancash longitudinally.
• Three east-west highways that connect the coast with the region of the highlands, most importantly the Callejón de Huaylas:
  • Pativilca – Huaraz – Caraz – Huallanca
  • Nepeña – Pamparumas – Caraz
  • Huarmey – Aija – Recuay
  • Casma – Huaraz
  • Chimbote – Huallanca – Caraz
• One highway that crosses the Callejón de Conchucos (Conchucos Alley) longitudinally, to the east of the Cordillera Blanca.

In addition, the region has a network of local roads.

Additional facts[edit]

Notable people[edit]

Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo: physicist, engineer and mathematician

See also[edit]

• Tourism in Peru

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Ancash Region, Travel