Огаста - столица американского штата Мэн и административный центр округа Кеннебек . [5]
Огаста, штат Мэн | |
---|---|
Река Кеннебек протекает мимо центра города Огаста | |
Флаг Тюлень | |
Девиз (ы): «Возможность капитала» [1] | |
Расположение в округе Кеннебек в штате Мэн | |
Огаста, штат Мэн Расположение в США | |
Координаты: 44 ° 18′38 ″ с.ш., 69 ° 46′46 ″ з.д. / 44,31056 ° с.ш.69,77944 ° з.д. | |
Страна | Соединенные Штаты |
Состояние | Мэн |
округ | Kennebec |
Поселился | 1754 |
Зарегистрировано (город) | 20 февраля 1797 г. |
Зарегистрировано (город) | 20 августа 1849 г. |
Деревня | Северная Огаста |
Правительство | |
• Мэр | Дэвид Роллинз [2] |
Область [3] | |
• Общее | 58,04 квадратных миль (150,31 км 2 ) |
• Земля | 55,15 квадратных миль (142,83 км 2 ) |
• Воды | 2,89 квадратных миль (7,48 км 2 ) 5,00% |
Высота | 68 футов (20 м) |
Население ( 2010 ) | |
• Общее | 19 136 |
• Оценивать (2019) [4] | 18 697 |
• Плотность | 339,04 / кв. Миль (130,90 / км 2 ) |
Часовой пояс | UTC − 5 ( восточный ) |
• Лето ( DST ) | UTC-4 (восточный) |
Почтовые индексы | 04330, 04332-04333, 04336, 04338 |
Код (а) города | 207 |
Код FIPS | 23-02100 |
ID функции GNIS | 581636 |
Веб-сайт | Город Огаста, Мэн |
Население города по переписи 2010 года составляло 19 136 человек , что делает его третьей по численности населения столицей штата в Соединенных Штатах после Монтпилиера , Вермонт , и Пьера , Южная Дакота , и девятого по численности населения города в штате Мэн . Расположенный на реке Кеннебек на голове отлива Augusta является домом для университета штата Мэн в Августе . Огаста также является главным городом статистической зоны микрополитена Огаста- Уотервиль .
История
Впервые этот район был исследован злополучной колонией Пофам в сентябре 1607 года. Впервые он был заселен английскими поселенцами из Плимутской колонии в 1628 году как торговый пост на реке Кеннебек . Поселение было известно под своим индейским названием - Кушнок (или Куссинок, или Куссинок), что означает «голова прилива». Поначалу торговля мехом была прибыльной, но с восстанием туземцев и снижением доходов колония Плимут продала патент Кеннебека в 1661 году. Кушнок оставался незанятым в течение следующих 75 лет. [6] Эта область была заселена аборигенами Кеннебек, отрядом более крупного племени абенаки. В 17 веке они были в дружеских отношениях с английскими поселенцами в этом регионе. [7] [8]
Очаг абенаки враждебности по отношению к британским поселениям был расположен дальше по Kennebec в Norridgewock . В 1722 году племя и его союзники напали на форт Ричмонд (ныне Ричмонд ) и разрушили Брансуик . В ответ, Норриджуок был уволен в 1724 году во время войны Даммера , когда английские войска получили предварительный контроль над Кеннебеком. В разгаре французской и индийской войны , сруб по имени Форт Западного (ныне самый старый деревянный форт в Америке), был построен в Cushnoc на восточном берегу реки Кеннебек в 1754 году он был призван в качестве базы снабжения для Форт Галифакса вверх по реке, а также для защиты своего региона от французского нападения. [9] Позже, во время Войны за независимость США, Бенедикт Арнольд и его 1100 солдат использовали Форт Вестерн в качестве плацдарма, прежде чем продолжить свое путешествие по Кеннебеку к битве при Квебеке .
Кушнок был включен как часть Хэллоуэлла в 1771 году. Известный как «Форт», он был заселен и включен Генеральным судом Массачусетса в феврале 1797 года как Харрингтон. В августе, однако, имя было изменено на Августа в честь Августы Дирборн, дочери Генри Дирборн . В 1799 году он стал административным центром вновь созданного округа Кеннебек. [9] Мэн стал штатом в 1820 году, а Августа была назначена его столицей в 1827 году по сравнению с соперничающими городами Портлендом, Брансуиком и Хэллоуэллом. Мэн Законодательного собрания штата продолжался совещание в Портленде , однако, до завершения в 1832 году нового Maine State House , разработанный Чарльз Bulfinch . Августа был признан городом в 1849 году. [10] После того, как город был назван столицей штата и введена новая промышленность, город процветал. В 1840 и 1850 годах город входил в сотню крупнейших городских поселений. Однако в следующее десятилетие город быстро обошли быстрорастущие мегаполисы Среднего Запада. [11]
Отличные почвы обеспечивали сельское хозяйство, а вода из ручьев обеспечивала промышленность. В 1837 году через Кеннебек была построена плотина, где водопад падает на 15 футов в разгар прилива. К 1838 году было заказано 10 лесопилок . С появлением в 1851 году железной дороги Кеннебек и Портленд, Огаста стала еще более продуктивным городом-заводом . В 1883 году собственность A. & W. Sprague Company была приобретена компанией Edwards Manufacturing Company, которая построила обширные кирпичные фабрики для производства хлопчатобумажных тканей. В конце 19 века был построен целлюлозно-бумажный комбинат. [12] Другие фирмы Augusta производили пиломатериалы, створки , двери, оконные ставни, ручки для метел, инструменты камнерезов, обувь, надгробные камни, лед и мебель. Город развивался как издательский и судоходный центр. Сегодня государственное и высшее образование являются важными предприятиями. [13]
С середины восемнадцатого века в Огасте были военные. В Форт-Вестерн не размещались войска с 1790-х годов, но в 1828 году правительство США построило арсенал для защиты своих интересов от Великобритании. Во время Гражданской войны Августа была местом встречи солдат, отправляющихся на фронт. Многие солдаты разбили лагерь на лужайке перед зданием Капитолия. В 1862 году лагерь ED Keyes был основан в северо-западной части города. Во время Первой мировой войны лагерь Киз использовался как мобилизационный и тренировочный лагерь для солдат. В конце концов, лагерь стал штаб-квартирой Национальной гвардии штата Мэн . В 1929 году законодательный орган штата одобрил размещение государственного аэропорта Огаста рядом с лагерем. По мере того, как аэропорт рос, использование лагеря в качестве тренировочного объекта стало невозможным. Сегодня он по-прежнему используется Национальной гвардией в административных и логистических целях.
In the 19th century, Augusta got a regular steamboat service and the railroad. The city installed gas lights in 1859. A telephone service was available in 1880 and a local hospital in 1898. In the early 20th century, Augusta built two movie houses and a film production studio.
Восстановление центра города
For much of Augusta's history, the central business district was on and near Water Street on the west bank of the Kennebec River. The street, laid out in the late 1700s, was the location of the area's commercial and industrial life. Many fires damaged this concentrated area, including one in 1865 that destroyed nearly 100 buildings. In 1890, the first trolley line began operation down Water Street, connecting Augusta with Gardiner and Hallowell to the south. In 1932, buses replaced the trolley line. With the completion of the Maine Turnpike and Interstate 95 in 1955, local commercial developments began to move away from Water Street and closer to the highway. Among the results was a storefront vacancy rate downtown of about 60 percent.[14]
Since the late 2000s, there has been a renewed and ongoing focus by city officials, the Augusta Downtown Alliance, and private developers to revitalize the downtown area.
Gallery
География
Augusta is located at 44°18′26″N 69°46′54″W / 44.30722°N 69.78167°W / 44.30722; -69.78167,[15] making it the easternmost state capital in the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 58.03 square miles (150.30 km2), of which 55.13 square miles (142.79 km2) is land and 2.90 square miles (7.51 km2) is water.[16] Augusta is drained by Bond's Brook, Woromontogus Stream and the Kennebec River.
Roads
The city is crossed by Interstate 95, U.S. Route 201, State Route 11, U.S. Route 202, State Route 9, State Route 3, State Route 100, State Route 27, State Route 8, State Route 104, and State Route 105.
Bordering
Augusta borders the towns of Manchester to its west, Sidney and Vassalboro to its north, Windsor to its east, Chelsea to its south, and the city of Hallowell to its southwest.
Climate
Augusta's climate is classified as a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb). Summers are typically warm, rainy, and humid, while winters are cold, windy, and snowy. Spring and fall are usually mild, but conditions are widely varied, depending on wind direction and jet stream positioning. The hottest month is July, with an average high temperature of 80 °F (26.7 °C). The coldest month is January, with an average low of 10 °F (−12.2 °C). Most snowfall occurs from December through March. There is usually little or no snow in April and November, and snow is rare in May and October.[17]
Climate data for Augusta, Maine (Augusta State Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 61 (16) | 60 (16) | 85 (29) | 90 (32) | 94 (34) | 98 (37) | 99 (37) | 100 (38) | 96 (36) | 85 (29) | 74 (23) | 67 (19) | 100 (38) |
Average high °F (°C) | 28.8 (−1.8) | 31.9 (−0.1) | 40.6 (4.8) | 53.5 (11.9) | 65.8 (18.8) | 74.4 (23.6) | 79.9 (26.6) | 78.9 (26.1) | 70.9 (21.6) | 57.9 (14.4) | 45.7 (7.6) | 34.7 (1.5) | 55.2 (12.9) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 20.4 (−6.4) | 23.2 (−4.9) | 32.0 (0.0) | 43.8 (6.6) | 55.3 (12.9) | 64.2 (17.9) | 70.1 (21.2) | 68.9 (20.5) | 61.0 (16.1) | 49.2 (9.6) | 38.0 (3.3) | 27.2 (−2.7) | 46.1 (7.8) |
Average low °F (°C) | 12.1 (−11.1) | 14.4 (−9.8) | 23.4 (−4.8) | 34.2 (1.2) | 44.7 (7.1) | 54.1 (12.3) | 60.3 (15.7) | 58.8 (14.9) | 51.0 (10.6) | 40.4 (4.7) | 30.3 (−0.9) | 19.8 (−6.8) | 37.0 (2.8) |
Record low °F (°C) | −22 (−30) | −23 (−31) | −11 (−24) | 9 (−13) | 26 (−3) | 36 (2) | 43 (6) | 39 (4) | 28 (−2) | 21 (−6) | 4 (−16) | −15 (−26) | −23 (−31) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.62 (67) | 2.32 (59) | 3.21 (82) | 3.82 (97) | 3.27 (83) | 4.01 (102) | 3.20 (81) | 3.41 (87) | 3.90 (99) | 4.69 (119) | 3.95 (100) | 3.44 (87) | 41.84 (1,063) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 19.0 (48) | 14.8 (38) | 15.2 (39) | 4.5 (11) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.76) | 3.6 (9.1) | 13.9 (35) | 71.3 (181) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.1 | 9.5 | 11.0 | 11.9 | 13.1 | 12.7 | 12.2 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 12.3 | 11.3 | 12.3 | 137.3 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.7 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 6.9 | 33.6 |
Source: NOAA (snow 1981–2010)[18][19][20] |
Демография
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1800 | 1,211 | — | |
1810 | 1,805 | 49.1% | |
1820 | 2,457 | 36.1% | |
1830 | 3,980 | 62.0% | |
1840 | 5,314 | 33.5% | |
1850 | 8,225 | 54.8% | |
1860 | 7,609 | −7.5% | |
1870 | 7,808 | 2.6% | |
1880 | 8,665 | 11.0% | |
1890 | 10,527 | 21.5% | |
1900 | 11,683 | 11.0% | |
1910 | 13,211 | 13.1% | |
1920 | 14,114 | 6.8% | |
1930 | 17,198 | 21.9% | |
1940 | 19,360 | 12.6% | |
1950 | 20,913 | 8.0% | |
1960 | 21,680 | 3.7% | |
1970 | 21,945 | 1.2% | |
1980 | 21,819 | −0.6% | |
1990 | 21,325 | −2.3% | |
2000 | 18,560 | −13.0% | |
2010 | 19,136 | 3.1% | |
2019 (est.) | 18,697 | [4] | −2.3% |
U.S. Decennial Census[21] |
2010 census
As of the census[22] of 2010, there were 19,136 people, 8,802 households, and 4,490 families residing in the city. The population density was 347.1 inhabitants per square mile (134.0/km2). There were 9,756 housing units at an average density of 177.0 per square mile (68.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.1% White, 1.1% African American, 0.7% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.
There were 8,802 households, of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.0% were non-families. 39.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.76.
The median age in the city was 43.2 years. 18.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 29.4% were from 45 to 64; and 18% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.
2000 census
As of the census[23] of 2000, there were 18,560 people, 8,565 households, and 4,607 families residing in the city. The population density was 335.1 people per square mile (129.4/km2). There were 9,480 housing units at an average density of 171.2 per square mile (66.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.21% White, 0.50% Black or African American, 0.48% Native American, 1.35% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.16% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. 0.86% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 8,565 households, out of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.1% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.2% were non-families. 38.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.77.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,921, and the median income for a family was $42,230. Males had a median income of $31,209 versus $22,548 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,145. About 11.4% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.2% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.
Правительство
Local government
Augusta is governed by a mayor and council-manager system. The City Council oversees all City government activities and establishes the legislative policies of the city, adopts and amends ordinances and local laws, appropriates municipal resources, and sets the tax rate. The City Manager serves as the chief executive officer and purchasing agent of the city. The mayor presides at all meetings of the council, and is recognized ceremonially as the official head of the city.
The city maintains a police department remarkable for having not had an officer killed in the line of duty for over a century.[24]
Political makeup
Augusta has historically been Democratic. In the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama received 5,192 of the votes to Mitt Romney's 3,339.[25] In the 2020 presidential election, Joe Biden won 5,248 votes to Donald Trump's 4,155. [26]
The city has not voted for a Republican presidential candidate since the Republican landslide of 1988. Democrats are the majority political affiliation in all four voting wards, and there are more unenrolled voters than Republicans in the City.
- Voter registration
Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of November 2012[27] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Total Voters | Percentage | |||
Democratic | 4,780 | 34.82% | |||
Unenrolled | 4,778 | 34.80% | |||
Republican | 3,656 | 26.63% | |||
Green Independent | 512 | 3.70% | |||
Total | 13,726 | 100% |
Образование
There are five public schools, one private school, one college (the University of Maine at Augusta),[28] and two public libraries in Augusta. Farrington, Gilbert, Hussey, and Lincoln are the four public elementary schools that are spread throughout[vague] the city.[29] Cony is the public school serving students in grades 7-12 from Augusta and the surrounding towns; Cony comprises Cony High School and Cony Middle School.[30] St. Michaels is the private Catholic school that children from Augusta and surround towns may attend for tuition.[31] The University of Maine at Augusta is third largest university in the University of Maine System.[32] The Maine State Library[33] and Lithgow Public Library[34] are both located in Augusta.
СМИ
Printed media
- Kennebec Journal, daily newspaper for capitol area
- Uncle Henry's, weekly classified adverts publication
Radio
- WJZN, oldies
- WMDR, religious
- WMME-FM, top-40
- WTOS-FM, rock
- WVQM, talk
- WWTP, religious
Television
Augusta is part of the Portland television market, and receives most of that market's channels. WCBB channel 10, licensed to Augusta, is the local television outlet for the Maine Public Broadcasting Network. [35]
Транспорт
Interstate 95 runs by the western outskirts of Augusta. U.S. 202 runs east-west through the city. U.S. 201 runs north-south through the city.
Augusta State Airport in the western part of the city has commercial flights.
Интересные сайты
- Blaine House
- Fort Western
- Holocaust and Human Rights Center of Maine[36] at the University of Maine at Augusta
- Lithgow Public Library
- Maine State House
- Maine State Museum[37]
- Viles Arboretum
Известные люди
- Ambrose Abbott, state legislator
- Martha Ballard, midwife
- James G. Blaine, Secretary of State and presidential nominee
- Horatio Bridge, navy officer
- Julia Clukey, 2010 Olympic luger[38][39]
- Beverly Daggett, President of the Maine Senate
- Olive E. Dana, short-story writer, essayist, poet
- Melville Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court
- George Huntington Hartford, owned the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, the country's largest food retailer at the time of his death[40]
- John F. Hill, former Maine governor
- Robert Deniston Hume, Oregon politician and businessman
- Eastman Johnson, artist
- Roger Katz, mayor of Augusta and state legislator
- George W. Ladd, U.S. congressman
- Dorianne Laux, poet
- Sumner Lipman, state legislator and attorney
- Ben Lucas, football player
- Henry A. McMasters, recipient of the Medal of Honor[41]
- Rachel Nichols, actress
- Frederick G. Payne, Mayor of Augusta and 60th governor of Maine
- David Peoples, athlete and golfer
- Frederick W. Plaisted, mayor of Augusta, 48th governor of Maine
- John F. Potter, U.S. congressman, judge
- Travis Roy, hockey player
- Luther Severance, publisher, U.S. congressman and senator
- Olympia Snowe, U.S. senator
- John L. Stevens, U.S. minister to Kingdom of Hawaii, accused of attempting to overthrow Hawaiian queen, 1893
- Manch Wheeler, quarterback with the Buffalo Bills
- Gil Whitney, television news anchorman and meteorologist
- Reuel Williams, U.S. senator
- Willard G. Wyman, general
Рекомендации
- ^ "City of Augusta, Maine". City of Augusta, Maine. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
- ^ "Rollins wins Augusta mayor race". Kennebec Journal. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
- ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ^ Population and Population Centers by State Archived December 12, 2001, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Forgotten Inhabitants of Cushnoc". Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ The History of Augusta, from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time ... By James W. North page 4
- ^ "The History of Augusta, from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time: With Notices of the Plymouth Company, and Settlements on the Kennebec; Together with Biographical Sketches and Genealogical Register". 1870.
- ^ a b Maine League of Historical Societies and Museums (1970). Doris A. Isaacson (ed.). Maine: A Guide 'Down East'. Rockland, Me: Courier-Gazette, Inc. pp. 148–152.
- ^ Coolidge, Austin J.; John B. Mansfield (1859). A History and Description of New England. Boston, Massachusetts: A.J. Coolidge. pp. 38–42. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 2, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Varney, George J. (1886), Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Augusta, Boston: Russell, retrieved March 30, 2006
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
- ^ "May in the Northeast". Intellicast.com. 2003. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ "Station: Augusta State AP, ME". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ "Station: Augusta State AP, ME". U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1981-2010). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
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External links
- City of Augusta, Maine
- Lithgow Public Library
- University of Maine at Augusta
- City Data Profile
- Epodunk City Profile
- . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
Coordinates: 44°18′25″N 69°46′55″W / 44.307°N 69.782°W / 44.307; -69.782