Чэнду ( Великобритания : / т ʃ ɛ ŋ д ¯u / , США : / т ʃ ʌ ŋ - / ; [9] Sichuanese произношение: [tsʰən˨˩tu˥] , стандартное мандаринское произношение: [ʈʂʰə̌ŋ.tú] ( слушать ) ), также латинизированный как Chengtu , - это провинциальный город, который служит столицей китайской провинции Сычуань . Это один из трех самых густонаселенных городов Западного Китая , два других - Чунцин и Сиань . По состоянию на 2014 год[Обновить]в административном районе проживало 14 427 500 жителей, самое большое в провинции Сычуань, с городским населением 10 152 632 человека. На момент переписи 2010 г.Чэнду был пятым по численности населения агломерацию в Китае, с 10,484,996 жителей в застроенном районе , включая графстве Синьцзинь и Дэян «s Гуанхань города . Чэнду считается мировым городом с классификацией «Бета +» (вместе с Барселоной и Вашингтоном, округ Колумбия) в соответствии с Сетью исследований глобализации и мировых городов . [10] В 2020 году Чэнду занял 43-е место в рейтинге глобальных финансовых центров . [11]
Чэнду 成都市 Chengtu, Ch'eng-tu | |
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Сверху слева направо: линия горизонта района Цзиньцзян , Чэндуская исследовательская база по разведению гигантских панд , площадь Тяньфу, Тайку Ли , Чэнду IFS , Цзиньли , мост Аньшунь | |
Герб Чэнду | |
Псевдонимы: | |
Расположение юрисдикции города Чэнду в провинции Сычуань | |
Чэнду Расположение центра города в Сычуани | |
Координаты ( квадрат Тяньфу ): 30 ° 39′36 ″ с.ш., 104 ° 03′48 ″ в.д. / 30,66000 ° с.ш.104,06333 ° в.Координаты : 30 ° 39′36 ″ с.ш., 104 ° 03′48 ″ в.д. / 30,66000 ° с.ш.104,06333 ° в. | |
Страна | Китай |
Провинция | Сычуань |
Муниципальный центр | Район Ухоу |
Подразделения - уездного уровня | 10 районов , 5 уездных городов , 5 уездов |
Правительство | |
• Тип | Субпровинциальный город |
• Тело | Городской народный конгресс Чэнду |
• Секретарь КПК | Fan Ruiping |
• Председатель Конгресса | Ли Чжунбинь |
• Мэр | Ван Фэнчао |
• Председатель НПКСК | Чжан Шань |
Область | |
• Город на уровне префектуры и субпровинции | 14 378,18 км 2 (5 551,45 квадратных миль) |
• Городской [4] | 885,61 км 2 (341,94 квадратных миль) |
• Метро | 4558,4 км 2 (1760,0 квадратных миль) |
• Центр города | 465,88 км 2 (179,88 квадратных миль) |
Высота | 500 м (1600 футов) |
Наивысшая отметка | 5,364 м (17,598 футов) |
Самая низкая отметка | 378 м (1240 футов) |
Население (2019) | |
• Город на уровне префектуры и субпровинции | 16 330 000 [2] |
• Городской [5] | 11 241 000 |
• Плотность города | 13000 / км 2 (33000 / кв. Миль) |
• Метро | 18,1 миллиона [3] |
• Основная этническая группа | Хан |
Часовой пояс | UTC + 8 ( китайский стандарт ) |
Почтовый индекс | 6100 00– 6119 44 |
Код (а) города | (0) 28 |
Код ISO 3166 | CN-SC-01 |
ВВП (2020 г.) | 1,7716 триллиона иен 273,8 миллиарда долларов [6] |
ВВП на душу населения (2020 г.) | 106 850 йен 16 515 ¥ [7] |
Префикс номерного знака | 川 A и川 G |
Дерево | Гинкго билоба |
Цветок | Гибискус мутабилис |
ИЧР (2015) | 0,791 [8] ( 21-я ) - высокая |
Веб-сайт | www .chengdu .gov .cn |
Чэнду | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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китайский язык | 成都 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ханю Пиньинь | Ченгду | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cen 2 du 1 ( сычуанский пиньинь ) [цʰəн˨˩ту] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Почтовый | Chengtu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Литературное значение | «Стать капиталом» или «Уставным капиталом» | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Бывшее название | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xījīng | |||||||||||||
китайский язык | 西京 | ||||||||||||
Литературное значение | Западная столица | ||||||||||||
|
Никнеймы | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Город Черепахи | |||||||||||
Традиционный китайский | 龜 城 | ||||||||||
Упрощенный китайский | 龟 城 | ||||||||||
Литературное значение | Город черепах | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Город Парчи Чиновник | |||||||||||
Традиционный китайский | 錦 官 城 | ||||||||||
Упрощенный китайский | 锦 官 城 | ||||||||||
Литературное значение | Официальный город парчи | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Город Парчи | |||||||||||
Традиционный китайский | 錦城 | ||||||||||
Упрощенный китайский | 锦城 | ||||||||||
Литературное значение | Парча Сити | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Город гибискуса | |||||||||||
китайский язык | 蓉城 | ||||||||||
Литературное значение | Гибискус Сити | ||||||||||
|
Чэнду расположен в центре Сычуани. Окружающий Чэнду Plain известен как «Страна Небесном» (китайский:天府之поздний Страна , пиньинь: Tiānfǔ чжи Guo ) и «Земля изобилия». Его доисторические поселенцы включали в себя культуру Саньсиндуй . Сайт Dujiangyan , древняя ирригационная система, обозначаются как всемирное наследие . Река Цзинь протекает через город.
Основанный государством Шу до его присоединения к Китаю , Чэнду уникален как крупное китайское поселение, сохранившее свое название практически неизменным на протяжении имперской , республиканской и коммунистической эпох. Это была столица Ль Бого «s Шу Хань во время Троецарствия эры , а также несколько других местных королевств в средних веках. [12] Во время Второй мировой войны беженцы из восточного Китая, спасающиеся от японцев, поселились в Чэнду. После войны значение Чэнду как связующего звена между Восточным и Западным Китаем расширилось, и в 1952 году были построены железные дороги в Чунцин, а затем в Куньмин и Тибет. [12] В 1960-х годах Чэнду стал важным центром национальной оборонной промышленности Китая.
Чэнду в настоящее время является одним из важнейших экономических, финансовых, коммерческих, культурных, транспортных и коммуникационных центров в Западном Китае . Его экономика разнообразна: машиностроение , автомобилестроение , медицина, пищевая промышленность и информационные технологии . Международный аэропорт Чэнду Шуанлю , узловой аэропорт авиакомпаний Air China и Sichuan Airlines , входит в число 30 самых загруженных аэропортов мира, а железнодорожный вокзал Чэнду входит в шестерку крупнейших в Китае. В Чэнду также находится множество международных компаний и более 12 консульств; более 270 компаний из списка Fortune 500 открыли филиалы в Чэнду. [13] Чэнду - штаб- квартира командования Западного театра военных действий Народно-освободительной армии . [14] В 2021 году в Чэнду пройдут Всемирные летние студенческие игры FISU - международное мультиспортивное мероприятие . Считается одним из самых пригодных для жизни городов Китая. [15] [16]
Культура Чэнду в значительной степени отражает культуру его провинции Сычуань; в 2011 году он был признан ЮНЕСКО городом гастрономии. [17] Это связано с гигантской пандой , китайским национальным символом, который обитает в районе Сычуани; в городе находится Чэндуская научно-исследовательская база по разведению гигантских панд .
Чэнду входит в число 40 крупнейших городов мира по результатам научных исследований. [18] В городе находится наибольшее количество университетов и исследовательских институтов в Юго-Западном Китае, в частности, Сычуаньский университет , Китайский университет электронных наук и технологий , Юго-западный финансово-экономический университет и Юго-западный университет Цзяотун .
Имя
Имя Чэнду засвидетельствовано в источниках, относящихся к периоду Воюющих царств . Его называли единственным крупным городом в Китае, который оставался в неизменном месте с неизменным названием на протяжении имперской , республиканской и коммунистической эпох [19], хотя у него были и другие названия, например, он был кратко известен как «Сицзин». »(Западная столица) в 17 веке. [20] Этимология названия неясна. Самые ранние и наиболее широко известны объяснения, хотя , как правило , не принимается современными учеными, [21] приводятся в географической работе 10-го века Универсальной Географией тайпинской эры , в которой говорится , что девятый король Шу «s Kaiming династии назвал его новым столица Чэнду после заявления короля Чжоу Тай Чжоу о том, что поселению нужен «один год, чтобы стать городом, два - чтобы стать городом, и три - чтобы стать мегаполисом». [a] [22] ( Иероглиф cheng 成может означать «превратился в», а du 都может означать либо мегаполис, либо столицу.)
Настоящее написание основано на романизации пиньинь ; его Почтовая карта на латинском языке была написана как «Чэнту». Его прежний статус резиденции префектуры Чэнду побудил Марко Поло использовать слова «Синдафу», «Син-дин-фу» и т. Д. [23] [24] и латинизация протестантских миссионеров «Чинг-тоу Фу». [25]
Хотя официальное название города осталось (почти) постоянным, окрестности иногда получали другие названия, в том числе « Ичжоу ». Китайские прозвища города включают «Город черепах» , по-разному происходящие от формы старых городских стен на карте или легенды о том, что Чжан И планировал свой путь, следуя по следам черепахи; «Brocade Сити» , сокращение от ранее «Города Brocade Official», после императорской канцелярии , созданной в рамках Западной Хань ; «Гибискус город» , из гибискуса , который король Mengchang из Позднего Шу упорядоченного посаженный на городской стене в течение 10 - го века . [1] [26]
Логотип
Логотип города, принятый в 2011 году, вдохновлен Золотой солнечной птицей , древней реликвией, обнаруженной в 2001 году на территории города Цзиньша . [27]
История
Ранняя история
Археологические открытия на территории Саньсиндуй и Цзиньша установили, что территория, окружающая Чэнду, была заселена более четырех тысяч лет назад, в 18–10 веках до нашей эры. Во время Китая «s Ся , Шан и Чжоу династий , он представлял собой отдельную древнюю бронзовую владеющую культуру , которая, после частичного китаизации -became известного китайцев , как Шу . [28] [29] Шу был захвачен Цинь в 316 г. до н.э. и поселение вновь основанный Цинь общей Zhang Yi . (Китайская легенда объясняет прозвище города «Город черепах» тем, что Чжан планировал движение своих городских стен по следам черепахи.) Хотя он выступал против вторжения, поселение процветало, и дополнительные ресурсы из Сычуани помогли первым император Цинь объединить в воюющих царств которые удалось Чжоу.
Имперская эпоха
Под Хань , то парчи производства в Чэнду стало модно и экспортировалась по всему Китаю. «Официальный представитель парчи» (錦 官; jǐnguān ) был учрежден для контроля за ее качеством и поставками. После падения Восточной Хань Лю Бэй правил Шу , юго-западным из Трех Королевств , из Чэнду. Его министр Чжугэ Лян назвал это место «страной изобилия». При Тан Чэнду считался вторым по процветанию городом Китая после Янчжоу . [b] И Ли Бай, и Ду Фу жили в городе. Ли Бай похвалил его как «лежащий над эмпиреем ». Нынешний город Каотан («Зал травы») был построен в 1078 году в честь более раннего, более скромного сооружения с таким названием, возведенного Ду Фу в 760 году, на втором году его четырехлетнего пребывания. Даосский Qingyang Гонг ( «Зеленый Коза храм») был построен в 9 - м веке.
Чэнду был столицей бывшего Шу Ван Цзяня с 907 по 925, когда он был завоеван Поздним Таном . Позже Шу был основан Мэн Zhixiang в 934, со столицей в Чэнду. Его король Мэнчанг украсил город, приказав посадить гибискус на городских стенах .
Песни завоевали город в 965 и использовали его для введения первого широко используемых бумажных денег в мире. Су Ши хвалил его как «юго-западный мегаполис». При падении Песни лидер повстанцев основал недолговечное королевство, известное как Великий Шу (大 蜀, Дашо ). Якобы монголы призвали к смерти миллиона человек в городе, но население города насчитывало менее 30 000 жителей (не префектура Чэнду). Престарелые мужчины, которые не сбежали, были убиты, в то время как женщины, дети и ремесленники, как обычно, были порабощены и депортированы. Во времена династии Юань большинство жителей Сычуани были депортированы в Хунань во время восстания западных этнических племен западного Сычуани. Марко Поло посетил Чэнду [23] [30] и написал о мосте Аньшунь или его более ранней версии. [c]
После падения Мина мятежник Чжан Сяньчжун основал свое Великое Западное Королевство (大西) со столицей в Чэнду; он длился только с 1643 по 1646 год. [20] Говорят, что Чжан убил большое количество людей в Чэнду и по всему Сычуани. В любом случае, Чэнду стал виртуальным городом-призраком, который часто посещают тигры [31], а сокращение населения Сычуани потребовало переселения миллионов людей из других провинций во времена династии Цин . После колумбийской биржи , то Chengdu Plain стал одним из главных источников Китая от табака . Графство Пи считалось самым качественным в провинции Сычуань, которая была центром производства сигар и сигарет в стране, а остальная часть страны долгое время продолжала потреблять вместо этого нюхательный табак . [25]
Современная эра
В 1911 году отделение Движения за охрану железных дорог в Чэнду помогло спровоцировать Учанское восстание , которое привело к Синьхайской революции , свергнувшей династию Цин. [32] [33]
Во время Второй мировой войны столица Китая была вынуждена переместиться вглубь страны из Нанкина в Ухань в 1937 году и из Уханя в Чэнду, затем из Чэнду в Чунцин в 1938 году, поскольку правительство Гоминьдана (Гоминьдан) под руководством генералиссимуса Чан Кайши в конечном итоге отступило. в Сычуань, чтобы спастись от вторжения японских войск. Они привезли с собой в Сычуань деловых людей, рабочих и ученых, которые основали многие отрасли и культурные учреждения, которые по-прежнему делают Чэнду важным культурным и коммерческим производственным центром.
Чэнду стал военным центром Гоминьдана, чтобы перегруппироваться в войне сопротивления . Чэнду был вне досягаемости японских сухопутных войск и самолетов сопровождения. Однако японцы часто использовали высокотехнологичные двухмоторные средние бомбардировщики большой дальности G3M «Нелл» для массированных воздушных бомбардировок как гражданских, так и военных целей в Чунцине и Чэнду . [34] Массовое построение бомбардировщиков G3M обеспечило мощную огневую мощь против китайских истребителей, предназначенных для обороны Чунцина и Чэнду, что продолжало создавать проблемы для японских атак. [35] [36]
Медленные и уязвимые устаревшие китайские истребители, сжигающие низкосортное топливо, все еще были достаточно опасны в руках опытных пилотов против японских бомбардировщиков - террористов-бомбардировщиков ; [37], например, 4 ноября 1939 года капитан Цен Зелиу ( wades -giles: Shen Tse-Liu ) возглавил свою 17-ю истребительную эскадрилью, 5-ю истребительную группу из семи истребителей Dewoitine D.510, оснащенных пушками, в прямой атаке. против приближающегося налета 72 бомбардировщиков IJANF G3M (капитан Сен выбрал эту тактику, зная, что действие 20 -мм автоматической пушки Hispano-Suiza HS.404 в его D.510, вероятно, не удастся под перегрузками от сильного отклонения дайвинг атака), с капитаном. Сеп избивая свинец G3M из IJN в 13 кокутае в CO Капитан Kikushi Окуда с пушечным огнем, посылая G3M сбоя вниз в пламени над Чэндом, наряду с тремя другими G3M бомбардировщиками , разрушенных во время рейда Чэнда в этот день. [38] После смерти капитана Окуда в воздушном бою над Чэнду, IJN Kaigun-daisa (海軍大佐) стал самым высокопоставленным IJN Air офицер будет убит в действии в войне Сопротивления / Второй мировой войны , таким образом , далеко. [39]
В середине-конце 1940 года, без ведома американцев и европейских союзников, имперские японцы появились в небе над Чунцином и Чэнду с самым совершенным в то время истребителем в мире: истребителем A6M "Zero", который доминировал в небе над Китаем против авиации. все более устаревшие И-15 / И-153 и И-16 производства Поликарпова российского производства, которые были основными истребителями ВВС Китая. [40] Позже это станет грубым пробуждением для союзных войск в войне на Тихом океане после нападения на Перл-Харбор . [41] Один из первых американских летчиков-истребителей войны и пилот-доброволец ВВС Китая, майор Хуан Синжуй (прозванный товарищами «Буйвол») погиб в результате сражения с истребителями Зеро вместе со своим Соратники отряда Цен Зелиу и Линь Хэн (младший брат известного архитектора Линь Хуэйиня ) защищали Чэнду 14 марта 1941 года. [42] [43] [40] [44]
После нападения на Перл-Харбор в конце 1941 года Соединенные Штаты начали создавать станции на авиабазах в Китае. В 1944 году американское бомбардировочное командование XX начало операцию «Маттерхорн» - амбициозный план по размещению базы B-29 Superfortress в Чэнду и стратегической бомбардировке Японских островов . [45] Операционная база находилась в аэропорту Синьцзинь в юго-западной части столичного региона Чэнду. [46] [47] Поскольку операция потребовала массированной переброски топлива и припасов над Гималаями, это не было значительным военным успехом, но она принесла Чэнду честь начать первое серьезное возмездие против японской родины. [48]
Во время гражданской войны в Китае Чэнду был последним городом материковой части Китая, который удерживался Гоминьданом. Президент Чан Кайши и его сын Чан Цзин-куо руководили обороной города из Центральной военной академии Чэнду до 1949 года, когда коммунистические силы взяли город 27 декабря . Народно-освободительная армия взяла город без сопротивления после того, как сделка была согласована между Народно-освободительной армией и командиром КМТОМ армии , охраняющим городом. 10 декабря остатки националистического правительства Китая были эвакуированы на Тайвань . [49] [50]
Чэнду Tianfu округ Великий Город является устойчивым планируемым городом , который будет находиться за пределами Центрального Чэнда, и , как ожидается , будет полностью построен в конце десятилетия. [ когда? ] Планируется, что город будет самоокупаемым, каждая резиденция будет находиться в двух минутах ходьбы от парка. [51]
Великий город
В 2019 году Чэнду обогнал Шэньчжэнь , технологический центр Китая, как наиболее динамично развивающуюся экономику Китая. [52] За последние два десятилетия в городе резко выросло население. [53] Были сделаны инвестиции в строительство железной дороги Европа-Чэнду-Экспресс, что дало городу еще больше возможностей для роста. [52] Чтобы сохранить сельскохозяйственные угодья и разместить растущее население Чэнду, Китай строит сверхплотный город-спутник, сосредоточенный вокруг центрального узла общественного транспорта, называемого Великим городом, где до любого пункта назначения в городе можно добраться за 15 минут. ходить. [54] [55] Этот город-прототип предназначен для обеспечения доступного, высококачественного образа жизни, который предоставляет ориентированные на людей пространства, не требующие автомобиля для навигации. [55]
В настоящее время они сосредоточены на градостроительстве в городе Чэнду, чтобы сделать город «городом в парке», а не создавать парки внутри города. [53] Великий город соответствует инициативе Чэнду «Город-парк», в которой приоритет отдается окружающей среде, общественному пространству и качеству жизни. Он будет на 15% состоять из парка и зеленых насаждений и будет расположен на площади 1,3 км 2 (0,50 квадратных миль). [55] Хотя 25% пространства будет отведено под дороги, половина дорог будет ориентирована на пешеходов . Эта транзитная система обеспечивает прямой транспорт до самого Чэнду. [56] Ожидается, что город будет потреблять на 48% меньше энергии, чем города аналогичного размера. [55]
Цель проекта «город-парк» - позволить городу, подобному Чэнду, конкурировать с Пекином и Шанхаем, не теряя при этом его характера. [53] Город Чэнду уже известен своим вниманием к качеству жизни, которое включает доступное жилье, хорошие государственные школы, деревья и велосипедные дорожки. Однако этот проект считается проектом по обновлению города , и для его реализации проводятся сносы и принудительные выселения. [57] «Великий город» может быть отчасти компенсацией за проект обновления города, осуществляемый в Чэнду. Великий город удовлетворяет потребность в доступном жилье, поскольку Чэнду проводит снос.
География
Обширная равнина, на которой расположен Чэнду, имеет высоту от 450 до 720 метров (от 1480 до 2360 футов).
Северо-запад Чэнду граничит с высокими и крутыми горами Лунмэнь на северо-западе и на западе с горами Цюнлай , высота которых превышает 3000 м (9800 футов) и включает Мяо Цзилин (5364 м) и Силин Снежный Гора (5164 м). Западный горный район также является домом для большого примитивного леса с богатыми биологическими ресурсами и местом обитания гигантской панды . К востоку от Чэнду находятся низкие горы Лунцюань и западная граница холмистой земли среднего течения реки Мин , область, отмеченная несколькими сходящимися реками. С древних времен Чэнду был известен как «Изобильная земля» из-за его плодородной почвы, благоприятного климата и новой ирригационной системы Дуцзянъянь.
Чэнду расположен на западной окраине Сычуаньской котловины на равнине Чэнду ; преобладающая местность - равнина. В префектура диапазонов широты от 30 ° 05' до 31 ° 26' N, в то время как его долгота в диапазоне от 102 ° 54' до 104 ° 53' E, простирающийся на 192 километров (119 миль) с востока на запад и 166 км (103 миль) с юга на север, управляя 12 390 квадратных километров (4780 квадратных миль) земли. Соседние префектуры: Дэян (NE), Цзыян (SE), Мэйшан ( Южный ), Яань (SW), а также Тибетский автономный округ Нгава и автономная префектура Цян (северная). В городской зоне на высоте 500 м (1600 футов) есть несколько рек, три из которых - реки Цзинь , Фу и Ша . За пределами непосредственной городской зоны топография становится более сложной: на восток лежат горы Лунцюань (龙泉 山脉) и холмы Пенчжун (盆中 丘陵); на западе лежат горы Цюнлай , которые поднимаются до 5 364 м (17 598 футов) в округе Дайи. Самая низкая точка префектуры Чэнду, на высоте 378 м (1240 футов), находится на юго-востоке округа Цзиньтан.
Климат
Чэнду имеет влажный субтропический климат с влиянием муссонов ( Köppen Cwa ) и в основном теплый с высокой относительной влажностью круглый год. Он имеет четыре отчетливых сезона с умеренными осадками, сосредоточенными в основном в теплые месяцы, и избавлен от как жаркого лета, так и морозной зимы. Горы Цинь (Qinling) на крайнем севере защищают город от холодных сибирских ветров зимой; из-за этого короткая зима мягче, чем в Нижней Янцзы . Средняя суточная температура в январе составляет 5,6 ° C (42,1 ° F), снег бывает редко, но каждую зиму бывает несколько периодов заморозков. Лето жаркое и влажное, но не настолько, насколько это возможно в городах « Трех печей » - Чунцине , Ухане и Нанкине , которые находятся в бассейне Янцзы. [58] 24-часовая дневная средняя температура в июле и августе составляет около 25 ° C (77 ° F), а дневные максимумы иногда достигают 33 ° C (91 ° F); устойчивая жара, характерная для большей части восточного Китая, встречается редко. Чаще всего выпадают дожди, они сконцентрированы в июле и августе, и их очень мало в более прохладные месяцы. Чэнду также имеет одно из самых низких годовых показателей солнечного света в стране, с меньшим количеством солнечного света в год, чем в большей части Северной Европы, и большинство дней пасмурно, даже если без дождя. Это особенно актуально в зимние месяцы, когда он почти постоянно серый, что усугубляется плохим качеством воздуха. Ежемесячный процент вероятного солнечного сияния колеблется от 16 процентов в декабре до 38 процентов в августе, и город получает 1073 часа яркого солнечного света ежегодно. Весна (март – апрель) обычно солнечнее и теплее днем, чем осень (октябрь – ноябрь). Среднегодовое значение составляет 16,27 ° C (61,3 ° F), а экстремальные значения колеблются от -4,6 ° C (24 ° F) до 37,5 ° C (99,5 ° F).
Климатические данные для Чэнду (район Шуанлю, 1981–2010 нормаль) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Месяц | Янв | Фев | Мар | Апр | Может | Июн | Июл | Авг | Сен | Октябрь | Ноя | Декабрь | Год |
Рекордно высокая ° C (° F) | 18,9 (66,0) | 24,0 (75,2) | 31,8 (89,2) | 32,5 (90,5) | 35,2 (95,4) | 37,5 (99,5) | 37,3 (99,1) | 36,6 (97,9) | 36,2 (97,2) | 30,1 (86,2) | 26,2 (79,2) | 18,4 (65,1) | 37,5 (99,5) |
Средняя высокая ° C (° F) | 9,4 (48,9) | 11,8 (53,2) | 16,3 (61,3) | 21,9 (71,4) | 26,6 (79,9) | 28,1 (82,6) | 29,8 (85,6) | 29,6 (85,3) | 25,8 (78,4) | 20,9 (69,6) | 16,3 (61,3) | 10,7 (51,3) | 20,6 (69,1) |
Среднесуточное значение ° C (° F) | 5,6 (42,1) | 7,9 (46,2) | 11,5 (52,7) | 16,6 (61,9) | 21,3 (70,3) | 23,8 (74,8) | 25,4 (77,7) | 24,9 (76,8) | 21,6 (70,9) | 17,2 (63,0) | 12,4 (54,3) | 7,1 (44,8) | 16,3 (61,3) |
Средняя низкая ° C (° F) | 2,9 (37,2) | 5,1 (41,2) | 8,1 (46,6) | 12,7 (54,9) | 17,3 (63,1) | 20,6 (69,1) | 22,2 (72,0) | 21,7 (71,1) | 18,9 (66,0) | 14,8 (58,6) | 9,8 (49,6) | 4,5 (40,1) | 13,2 (55,8) |
Рекордно низкая ° C (° F) | -4,6 (23,7) | -2,6 (27,3) | -1,8 (28,8) | 4,0 (39,2) | 6,3 (43,3) | 14,2 (57,6) | 16,6 (61,9) | 16,0 (60,8) | 12,2 (54,0) | 3,1 (37,6) | 0,2 (32,4) | -4,1 (24,6) | -4,6 (23,7) |
Среднее количество осадков, мм (дюймы) | 8,9 (0,35) | 12,9 (0,51) | 22,4 (0,88) | 47,6 (1,87) | 76,9 (3,03) | 114,3 (4,50) | 208,1 (8,19) | 197,2 (7,76) | 111,0 (4,37) | 35,5 (1,40) | 14,8 (0,58) | 6,1 (0,24) | 855,7 ( 33,68 ) |
Среднее количество дней с осадками (≥ 0,1 мм) | 7.0 | 8,5 | 10.9 | 13,0 | 14,7 | 15,2 | 17,6 | 15,8 | 15,6 | 13,1 | 7,7 | 5.2 | 144,3 |
Средняя относительная влажность (%) | 85 | 83 | 81 год | 80 | 77 | 82 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 85 | 83 |
Среднее количество солнечных часов в месяц | 53,3 | 51,4 | 83,1 | 113,9 | 121,7 | 117,2 | 131,9 | 155,0 | 77,6 | 59,4 | 57,2 | 51,6 | 1 073,3 |
Процент возможного солнечного света | 17 | 17 | 23 | 30 | 29 | 28 год | 31 год | 38 | 21 год | 17 | 18 | 16 | 24 |
Источник: Китайское метеорологическое управление (количество дней с осадками и солнечным светом 1971–2000 гг.) [59] [60] |
административные округи
Чэнду - провинциальный город [61], который служил столицей провинции Сычуань с момента восстановления Чунцина статуса провинции в 1997 году. [62] Он имеет прямую юрисдикцию над 12 районами , 5 городами уездного уровня и 3 округами :
Административное деление Чэнду | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 2 3 4 5 Longquanyi Цинбайцзян Синду Вэньцзян Шуанлю Пиду Синьцзинь Уезд Цзиньтан Округ Дайи Уезд Пуцзян Дуцзянъянь (город) Пэнчжоу (город) Цюнлай (город) Чунчжоу (город) Цзяньян (город) 1. Цзиньцзян 2. Цинъян 3. Джинниу 4. Ухоу 5. Чэнхуа | |||||||||||
Код подразделения [63] | Разделение | Площадь в км 2 | Население 2010 [64] | Сиденье | Почтовый индекс | Подразделения [65] | |||||
Подрайоны | Города | Городки | Жилые сообщества | Административные села | |||||||
510100 | Чэнду | 14 378,18 | 14 047 625 | Ухоу | 610000 | 112 | 205 | 55 | 1549 | 2735 | |
510104 | Цзиньцзян | 60,24 | 690 422 | Подрайон Chenglong Road | 610000 | 16 | 117 | ||||
510105 | Цинъян | 65,89 | 828 140 | Район Синьхуа Вест Роуд | 610000 | 14 | 76 | ||||
510106 | Джинниу | 107,03 | 1,200,776 | Район Фуцинь | 610000 | 15 | 109 | ||||
510107 | Ухоу | 123,44 | 1 083 806 | Район улицы Цзянси | 610000 | 17 | 113 | ||||
510108 | Chenghua | 109,28 | 938 785 | Район Мэнчжуйвань | 610000 | 14 | 101 | ||||
510112 | Longquanyi | 558,74 | 767 203 | Район Лунцюань | 610100 | 4 | 7 (5) | 1 | 65 | 76 | |
510113 | Цинбайцзян | 392,41 | 381 792 | Район Хунъян | 610300 | 2 | 8 (4) | 1 | 27 | 94 | |
510114 | Синду | 480,65 | 775 703 | Синдуский район | 610500 | 3 | 10 (10) | 128 | 127 | ||
510115 | Вэньцзян | 276,91 | 457 070 | Лючэн | 611100 | 4 | 6 (3) | 79 | 35 год | ||
510116 | Шуанлю | 1 067,83 | 1,158,516 | Район Дуншэн | 610200 | 7 | 18 | 153 | 116 | ||
510117 | Пиду | 437,45 | 756 047 | Район Питонг | 611700 | 3 | 13 | 60 | 139 | ||
510132 | Синьцзинь | 329,93 | 302 199 | Район Уцзинь | 611400 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 26 год | 80 | |
Городской округ | 3679,87 | 9 038 260 | |||||||||
510121 | Jintang Co. | 1,155,60 | 717 225 | Чжаочжэньский район | 610400 | 1 | 18 | 2 | 47 | 185 | |
510129 | Dayi Co. | 1,318,80 | 502 198 | Район Цзиньюань | 611300 | 1 | 16 | 3 | 66 | 152 | |
510131 | Pujiang Co. | 579,17 | 239 562 | Район Хешан | 611600 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 25 | 107 | |
510181 | Дуцзянъянь | 1 207,98 | 657 996 | Район Гуанкоу | 611800 | 5 | 13 | 1 | 69 | 197 | |
510182 | Pengzhou | 1 419,38 | 762 887 | Город Тяньпэн | 611900 | 1 | 19 | 102 | 251 | ||
510183 | Qionglai | 1 384,44 | 612 753 | Район Линьцюн | 611500 | 1 | 17 | 6 | 62 | 202 | |
510184 | Чунчжоу | 1 088,01 | 661 120 | Район Чунъян | 611200 | 1 | 18 | 6 | 65 | 188 | |
510185 | Цзяньян | 2 215,02 | 1 071 215 | Район Цзяньчэн | 611400 | 4 | 25 | 29 | 49 | 796 |
Разделы на китайском языке и разновидности латинизации | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
английский | китайский язык | Ханю Пиньинь | Сычуанский пиньинь | |
Город Чэнду | 成都市 | Ченгду Ши | cen 2 du 1 si 4 | |
Цзиньцзян | 锦江区 | Дзондзян Цюй | цзинь 3 цзян 1 цюй 1 | |
Цинъянский район | 青羊 区 | Qīngyáng Qū | Цинь 1 Ян 2 Цюй 1 | |
Джиннюский район | 金牛区 | Джинниу Ку | джин 1 nyiu 2 Qu 1 | |
Район Ухоу | 武侯区 | Wǔhóu Qū | wu 3 hou 2 qu 1 | |
Чэнхуа район | 成华区 | Чэнхуа Ку | Цен 2 Хуа 2 Ку 1 | |
Longquanyi District | 龙泉驿 区 | Lóngquányì Qū | нонг 2 цюань 2 йи 2 цюй 1 | |
Цинбайцзян | 青白江 区 | Qīngbáijiāng Qū | Qin 1 будет 2 Jiang 1 Qu 1 | |
Синдуский район | 新都 区 | Ксинду Ку | синь 1 ду 1 ку 1 | |
Wenjiang District | 温江区 | Wēnjiāng Qū | wen1 jiang1 qu1 | |
Shuangliu District | 双流区 | Shuāngliú Qū | suang1 niu2 qu1 | |
Pidu District | 郫都区 | Pídū Qū | pi2 du1 qu1 | |
Xinjin District | 新津区 | Xīnjīn Qū | xin1 jin1 qu1 | |
Jintang County | 金堂县 | Jīntáng Xiàn | jin1 tang2 xian3 | |
Dayi County | 大邑县 | Dàyì Xiàn | da4 yi2 xian3 | |
Pujiang County | 蒲江县 | Pújiāng Xiàn | pu24 jiang1 xian3 | |
Jianyang | 简阳市 | Jiǎnyáng Shì | jian3 yang2 si4 | |
Dujiangyan | 都江堰市 | Dūjiāngyàn Shì | du1 jiang1 yan4 si4 | |
Pengzhou | 彭州市 | Péngzhōu Shì | pen2 zou1 si4 | |
Qionglai | 邛崃市 | Qiónglái Shì | qiong2 lai2 si4 | |
Chongzhou | 崇州市 | Chóngzhōu Shì | cong2 zou1 si4 |
- Tianfu New Area
- Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone
- Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone
- Chengdu Tianfu Software Park
- Chengdu Export Processing Zone
Городской пейзаж
As of July 2013, the world's largest building in terms of floor area, the New Century Global Centre is located in the city. The 100-metre-tall (330 ft) structure is 500 by 400 metres (1,600 by 1,300 ft) in size with 1,700,000 square metres (18,000,000 sq ft) of floor area. The centre houses retail outlets, a 14-theater cinema, offices, hotels, a water park with artificial beach and waves and a Mediterranean-style village comprising a large 5-star hotel, a 164 yards (150 m)-long LED screen, a skating rink and a 15,000-spot parking area.[66]
Hongzhaobi, South People's Road, Chengdu
South People's Road, Chengdu
IFS, Hongxing Road, Chengdu
IFS Chengdu Mall Entrance
Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts in Chengdu
Nijia Qiao, South Renmin Road, Chengdu
Jin River, Shangri-la Hotel Chengdu
Anshun bridge, Chengdu
Sino-Ocean Taikoo Li Chengdu
New Century Global Center, Chengdu
Tianfu Square Station
Sichuan Science and Technology Museum
View of Sichuan Library from Tianfu Square
Ancient fortress wall
The ancient fortress wall of Chengdu, 10 metres (33 ft) high and 11 km (6.8 mi) long, was built during the Qing Empire Era. Surrounding the city, the wall's bottom measures 10 m (33 ft) wide while the top measures 6 m (20 ft) wide, almost equivalent to the width of a street. 8,122 crenels, four octagons and four turrets were built on the wall.
Four gates were constructed on all sides of the wall, with hibiscus trees planted outside.
Демография
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1953 | 857,000 | — |
1964 | 1,583,000 | +84.7% |
1970 | 6,922,918 | +337.3% |
1975 | 7,819,732 | +13.0% |
1980 | 8,225,399 | +5.2% |
1985 | 8,626,770 | +4.9% |
1990 | 9,195,004 | +6.6% |
1995 | 9,715,977 | +5.7% |
2000 | 10,392,531 | +7.0% |
2005 | 10,820,285 | +4.1% |
2010 | 14,047,625 | +29.8% |
Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions. |
According to the 2010 census, the municipality had 14,047,625 inhabitants, of whom 8,311,752 reside in the city, considered as 11 urban and suburban administrative districts. The built-up (or metro) area was home to 10,484,996 inhabitants including the 11 previous districts plus Guanghan City (in Deyang) and Xinjin County being urbanized quickly.[67]
The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) to have, as of 2010[update], a population of 18.1 million.[68][3]
Культура
In 2006, China Daily named Chengdu China's fourth-most-livable city.[69]
Literature
Some of China's most important literature comes from Chengdu. The city has been home to literary giants, such as Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong, two masters of Fu, a mixture of descriptive prose and verse during the Tang dynasty; Li Bai and Du Fu, the most eminent poets of the Tang and Song dynasties respectively; Yang Shen'an, a famous scholar of the Ming dynasty; and Guo Moruo and Ba Jin, two well-known modern writers. Chang Qu, a historian of Chengdu during the Jin dynasty, compiled the earliest local historical records, the Record of Hua Yang State. Zhao Chongzuo, a poet in Chengdu during the Later Shu Kingdom, edited Among the Flowers, the first anthology of Ci in China's history. Meng Chang, the king of Later Shu, wrote the first couplet for the Spring Festival, which says, "A harvest year accepts celebrations, good festivals foreshadow long springs."
Fine art
During the period of the Five Dynasties, Huang Quan, a painter in Chengdu, initiated the Fine-Brush Flower-and-Bird Painting school with other painters. At that time, "Hanlin Painting Academy" was the earliest royal academy in China.
Religion
Chengdu contains official,[70] Roman Catholic[71] and Protestant congregations, some of which are underground churches.
15 October 1696: The Roman Catholic Church established as Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan
In 1890, the Methodist Missions of Canada was searching for more stations in Asia. In February 1891, Dr. Virgil Hart, who had been Superintendent of the New York Methodist Mission Society of Central China recommended that Chengtu be its first Mission sight. During the meeting, it was proposed he lead this contingency; having built western hospitals, Boy's and Girl's schools at Missions he established on the Yangtze and Gan Rivers from 1866 – 1888. On 9 May 1891 Dr. Virgil Hart arrived in Chengtu and two weeks later bought a home and had it subdivided into living quarters and a dispensary, for the later arriving Missionary staff to move into.
On 24 June 1892, the doors of Chengtu's first Protestant Mission Headquarters were opened with over one thousand people of the community attending. The first Methodist religious service was held the following Sunday with only several attendants. The first western dispensary in Sichuan was opened 3 November 1892 with sixteen patients seeking care. The mission site became so popular that a larger space was secured near Chengtu's East Gate in the spring of 1893. This site is where the city's first Methodist church and hospital were built. These were later razed by rioting Chinese in 1895 and the Mission staff retreated to Chongqing and later Shanghai to escape the marauders. Dr. Virgil Hart traveled to Peking to demand redress and full payment of retribution was collected from Sichuan Viceroy Liu Ping Chang. The mission compound was quickly rebuilt only to be destroyed once more in the riots of 1901. These were rebuilt a third time and later missionaries would relocate and expand the Boys' and Girls' Schools just south of the city, dedicating the Divinity College as Hart College in 1914; a part of the West China Union University, that is now Sichuan University and the West China School of Medicine (Huaxiyida).[72]
The Methodist Church near the East Gate would be closed by the CCP and became a grain storage facility. It was reopened as a Methodist church in the mid-1980s.
In December 2018 the authorities attempted to close a 500-member underground church: "The Early Rain Covenant Church", led by Pastor Wang Yi. Over 100 members of the church were arrested including the pastor and his wife. The church's kindergarten and theological college were raided and the church's media outlets were closed down. Before his arrest, church member Li Yingqiang declared: "Even if we are down to our last five, worship and gatherings will still go on because our faith is real. […] Persecution is a price worth paying for the Lord". Police are said to have told one member that the church had been declared an illegal organisation. Chinese media were banned from reporting the events. Video footage which found its way onto western social media showed arrests and photographs alleged to be of injuries inflicted by the police.[73][74][75] From a photo of Ms. Jiang's detention warrant it appears that the authorities have charged the church's leaders with "inciting subversion of state power", which carries a maximum sentence of 15 years.[76]
Theatre
The saying "Shu opera towers above all other performances in the world" reflects the achievement of Sichuan opera and Zaju (an ancient form of comedic drama involving dancing, singing, poetry, and miming). In the city, the first named opera "Bullfighting" was written in the Warring States Period.[clarification needed] The first detailed recorded opera was staged in the royal court of Shu Kingdom during the Three Kingdom Period. China's first clearly recorded Zaju was also performed in Chengdu. Tombs of witty Han dynasty poets were excavated in Chengdu. And face-changing masks and fire breathing remain hallmarks of the Sichuan opera.
Language
The native language in Chengdu is Sichuanese, otherwise referred as Sichuan dialect. More precisely, "Chengdu Dialect" (成都话/成都方言) is widely used in lieu of "Sichuanese" due to the largely different accents of Sichuanese speakers residing elsewhere.
Culinary art and tea culture
The distinct characteristic of Sichuan cuisine is the use of spicy chilies and peppercorns. Famous local dishes include Mapo doufu, Chengdu Hot pot, and Dan Dan Mien. Both Mapo Doufu and Dan Dan Mien contain Sichuan peppers. An article[77] by the Los Angeles Times (2006) called Chengdu "China's party city" for its carefree lifestyle. Chengdu has more tea houses and bars than Shanghai despite having less than half the population. Chengdu's tea culture dates back over a thousand years, including its time as the starting point of the Southern Silk Road.
Common side dishes popular in Chengdu include noodles, wontons, dumplings, pastries, tangyuan (sweet rice balls), drinks, salads and soups.
Chengdu is an officially recognised UNESCO City of Gastronomy.[78]
Teahouse
Tea houses are ubiquitous in the city and range from ornate traditional establishments with bamboo furniture to simple modern tea houses. Teas on offer include jasmine, longjing and biluochun tea. Tea houses are popular venues for playing mahjong, getting a massage or one's ears clean.[79] Some larger tea houses offer live entertainment such as Sichuan opera performances.[80]
Hot pot
Hot pot is a traditional Sichuanese dish, made by cooking vegetables, fish, and/or meat in boiling spicy broth. A type of food suitable for friends' gathering, hot pot attracts both local people and tourists. Hot pot restaurants can be found everywhere in Chengdu.
Mahjong
Mahjong has been an essential part of most local peoples' lives. After daytime work, people gather at home or in the tea houses on the street to play Mahjong. On sunny days, local people like to play Mahjong on the sidewalks to enjoy the sunshine and also the time with friends. Almost everyone plays Mahjong with money.
Mahjong is the most popular entertainment choice among locals for several reasons. Chengdu locals have simplified the rules and made it easier to play as compared to Cantonese Mahjong. Also, Mahjong in Chengdu is a way to meet old friends and to strengthen family relationships. In fact, many business people negotiate deals while playing Mahjong.[81] Furthermore, the elderly like to play Mahjong because they believe Mahjong makes them think and prevents dementia.
Rural tourism: Nong Jia Le
Chengdu claims to have first practiced the modern business model of 'Nong Jia Le' (Happy Rural Homes). It refers to the practice of suburban and rural residents converting their houses into restaurants, hotels and entertainment spaces in order to attract city dwellers.
Nong Jia Le features different styles and price levels and have been thriving around Chengdu. They provide gateways for city dwellers to escape the city, offer delicious and affordable home-made dishes, and provide mahjong facilities.
Some of the most popular ones are located in Sansheng Village east of Chengdu, and Nongke Village in Pidu District (欧特美家), northwest of Chengdu.
Customs and festivals
Grand Temple Fair
Chengdu's annual Grand Temple Fair is held every year during the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) in Wuhou Shrine, Jinli, the Culture Park, and several other city parks. The 15-day-long festival showcases both traditional Sichuan folk art and modern fashions of the city. Food stalls on site offer over 100 varieties of freshly made local snacks.
Lantern Festival
Chengdu's annual Lantern Festival is held every year during the Spring Festival in Tazishan Park in the eastern part of Chengdu. Lanterns of different designs and themes are on display with traditional art performances including Sichuan opera, acrobatics shows, and local talk shows.
Dujiangyan Water Releasing Festival
The Dujiangyan Water-Releasing Festival takes place on 5 April each year at Dujiangyan, 58 km (36 mi) away from Chengdu. Residents dress up in ancient costumes and read elegies for Li Bing and his sons, in order to honour them for their contribution to the irrigation project they built over 2,000 years ago.
Huanglongxi Fire Dragon Festival
Fire Dragon Festival of HuangLongXi is celebrated from the 2nd to the 15th day of the first lunar month of each new year.
The festival originated from South Song dynasty (1127–1279 AD). Celebrations include lighting paper dragons, a lion dance, floating lanterns on the water, and various street activities.
South China Snow and Ice Festival
The South China Snow and Ice Festival takes place from January to March at the Xiling Snow Mountain Ski Resort, 95 kilometres (59 miles) west of downtown Chengdu. The festival is popular among locals, especially children, since it rarely snows in Chengdu and people relish the sight of snow. A large variety of snow activities are offered during the festival.
Дом гигантской панды
The giant panda, a Chinese national treasure, is one of the most popular animals in the world. The total number is estimated to be 1,500, including those living in the wild, 80 percent of which are in Sichuan Province.[citation needed]
A breeding center for giant pandas called Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding was founded in the north suburbs of Chengdu. It is the only one of its kind in the world that's located in a metropolitan area. In order to better protect wild giant pandas, Chengdu has established nature reserves in Dujiangyan City, Chongzhou City, and Dayi County. Sichuan Wolong Giant Panda Nature Reserve, the biggest of its kind in the world, is only 130 km (81 mi) outside Chengdu. After the Wenchuan earthquake, most of it was moved to Ya'an.
Aiming for the conservation of national wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding has developed a Chengdu Field Research Center for Giant Pandas of CRBGPB-"Panda Valley". This center creates a natural habitat, possessing up to 700 species of animals and plants for the pandas and provides them a natural environment without human disturbance.
The western world came to know giant pandas only after a French missionary named David first encountered this species in Sichuan in 1869.[82] Now, the somewhat clumsy giant panda is a symbol representing the World Wildlife Fund. They are also a messenger of friendly communication between Chengdu and international cities. Currently, giant pandas are also reared in U.S.A, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Japan, Thailand as well as Mexico.
Chengdu has established the world-renowned breeding and research base for giant pandas, which attracts almost 100,000 visitors each year. Covering tens of hectares with bamboo groves and a native-like habitat, the base is the only one of its kind located in an urban area. A museum is open to the public throughout the year.
On 11 January 2012, six captive-bred pandas were released to a "semi-wild" environment in Dujiangyan, Chengdu. Scientists believe that success in the reintroduction project would potentially help save the endangered giant panda. Retired NBA basketball star and animal activist Yao Ming attended the ceremony.[citation needed]
Основные достопримечательности
World natural and cultural heritage sites
Mount Qingcheng
Mount Qingcheng is amongst the most important centres of Taoism (Daoism) in China. It is situated in the suburbs of Dujiangyan City and connected to downtown Chengdu 70 km (43 mi) away by the Cheng-Guan Expressway.
With its peak 1,600 m (5,200 ft) above sea level, Mount Qingcheng enjoys a cool climate, but remains a lush green all year round and surrounded by hills and waterways. Mount Qingcheng's Fujian Temple, Tianshi Cave, and Shizu Hall are some of the existing more well-known Taoist holy sites. Shangqing Temple is noted for an evening phosphorescent glow locally referred to as "holy lights".
Dujiangyan Irrigation System
The Dujiangyan Irrigation System (58 km (36 mi) away from Chengdu proper) is the oldest existing irrigation project in the world with a history of over 2000 years diverting water without a dam to distribute water and filter sand with an inflow-quantity control. The system was built by Libing and his son. The irrigation system prevents floods and droughts throughout the Plain of Chengdu.
Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries
Covering a total of 9,245 km2 (3,570 sq mi) over 12 distinct counties and 4 cities, Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, lie on the transitional alp-canyon belt between the Sichuan Basin and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It is the largest remaining continuous habitat for giant pandas and home to more than 80 percent of the world's wild giant pandas. Globally speaking, it is also the most abundant temperate zone of greenery. The reserves of the habitat are 100–200 km (62–124 mi) away from Chengdu.
The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries are the most well-known of their kind in the world, with Wolong Nature Reserve, generally considered as the "homeland of pandas". It is a core habitat with unique natural conditions, complicated landforms, and a temperate climate with diverse wildlife. Siguniang Mountain, sometimes called the "Oriental Alpine" is approximately 230 km (140 mi) away from Chengdu, and is composed of four adjacent peaks of the Traversal Mountain Range. Among the four peaks, the fourth and highest stands 6,250 m (20,510 ft) above sea level, and is perpetually covered by snow.
Culture of poetry and the Three Kingdoms
Wuhou Shrine
Wuhou Shrine (Temple of Marquis Wu) is perhaps the most influential museum of Three Kingdoms relics in China. It was built in the Western Jin period (265–316) in the honor of Zhuge Liang, the famous military and political strategist who was Prime Minister of the Shu Han State during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280). The Shrine highlights the Zhuge Liang Memorial Temple and the Hall of Liu Bei (founder of the Shu Han state), along with statues of other historical figures of Shu Han, as well as cultural relics like stone inscriptions and tablets. The Hui Mausoleum of Liu Bei represents a unique pattern of enshrining both the emperor and his subjects in the same temple, a rarity in China.
Du Fu thatched cottage
Du Fu was one of the most noted Tang dynasty poets; during the Lushan-Shi Siming Rebellion, he left Xi'an (then Chang'an) to take refuge in Chengdu. With the help from his friends, the thatched cottage was built along the Huanhua Stream in the west suburbs of Chengdu, where Du Fu spent four years of his life and produced more than 240 now-famous poems. During the Song dynasty, people started to construct gardens and halls on the site of his thatched cottage to honor his life and memory. Currently, a series of memorial buildings representing Du Fu's humble life stand on the river bank, along with a large collection of relics and various editions of his poems.
Ancient Shu civilization
Jinsha Site
The Jinsha Site are the first significant archeological discovery in China of the 21st century and were selected in 2006 as a "key conservation unit" of the nation. The Jinsha Relics Museum is located in the northwest of Chengdu, about 5 km (3.1 mi) from downtown. As a theme-park-style museum, it is for the protection, research, and display of Jinsha archaeological relics and findings. The museum covers 300,000 m2 (3,200,000 sq ft), and houses relics, exhibitions, and a conservation center.[83]
Golden Sun Bird
The Golden Sun Bird was excavated by archaeologists from the Jinsha Ruins on 25 February 2001. In 2005, it was designated as the official logo of Chinese cultural heritage by the China National Relic Bureau.
The round, foil plaque dates back to the ancient Shu area in 210 BC and is 94.2 percent pure gold and extremely thin. It contains four birds flying around the perimeter, representing the four seasons and directions. The sun-shaped cutout in the center contains 12 sunlight beams, representing the 12 months of a year. The exquisite design is remarkable for a 3,000-year-old piece.
Sanxingdui Museum
Situated in the northeast of the state-protected Sanxingdui Site, Sanxingdui Museum is 40 km (25 mi) north of Chengdu, covering a total area of 7,000 square metres (75,000 square feet).
The main collection highlights the Ancient City of Chengdu, Shu State & its culture, while displaying thousands of valuable relics including earthenware, jade wares, bone objects, gold wares, and bronzes that have been unearthed from Shang dynasty sacrificial sites.
Buddhist and Taoist cultures
Chengdu Daci Monastery
Known as the "Nonpareil Monastery" in China, the Daci Monastery in downtown Chengdu was first built during the Wei and Jin dynasties, with its cultural height during the Tang and Song dynasties. Xuanzang, an eminent Tang dynasty monk, was initiated into monkhood and studied for several years here; during this time, he gave frequent sermons in Daci Monastery.
Wenshu Monastery
Also named Xinxiang Monastery, Wenshu Monastery is the best preserved Buddhist temple in Chengdu. Initially built during the Tang dynasty, it has a history dating back 1,300 years. Parts of Xuanzang's skull are held in consecration here (as a relic). The traditional home of scholar Li Wenjing is on the outskirts of the complex.
Baoguang Monastery
Located in Xindu District, Baoguang (meaning divine light) Monastery enjoys a long history and a rich collection of relics. It is believed that it was constructed during the East Han period and has appeared in written records since the Tang dynasty. It was destroyed during the Ming dynasty in the early 16th century. In 1607, the ninth year of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, it was rebuilt.
Qingyang Taoist Temple
Located in the western part of Chengdu, Qingyang Temple ('Green Goat Temple') is not only the largest and oldest Taoist temple in the city, but also the largest Taoist temple in Southwest China. The only existing copy of "Daozang Jiyao", a collection of classic Taoist scriptures, is preserved in the temple.
According to history, Qingyang Temple was the place where Lao Tzu preached his famous Dao De Jing to his disciple, Ying Xi.
Featured streets and historic towns
The Wide and Narrow Lanes
The Wide and Narrow Lanes (Kuan Xiangzi and Zhai Xiangzi) were first built during the Qing dynasty for Manchu soldiers. The lanes remained residential until 2003 when the local government turned the area into a mixed-use strip of restaurants, teahouses, bars, avant-garde galleries, and residential houses.
Historic architecture has been well preserved in the Wide and Narrow lanes.
Jinli
Nearby Wuhou Shrine, Jinli is a popular commercial and dining area resembling the style of traditional architecture of western Sichuan. "Jinli" (锦里) is the name of an old street in Chengdu dating from the Han dynasty and means "making perfection more perfect".
The ancient Jinli Street was one of the oldest and the most commercialized streets in the history of the Shu state and was well known throughout the country during the Qin, Han and Three Kingdoms periods.
Many aspects of the urban life of Chengdu are present in the current-day Jinli area: teahouses, restaurants, bars, theatres, handicraft stores, local snack vendors, and specialty shops.
Huanglongxi Historic Town
Facing the Jinjiang River to the east and leaning against Muma Mountain to the north, the ancient town of Huanglongxi is approximately 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Chengdu. It was a large military stronghold for the ancient Shu Kingdom. The head of the Shu Han State in the Three Kingdoms period was seated in Huanglongxi, and for some time, the general government offices for Renshou, Pengshan, and Huayang counties were also located here.
The ancient town has preserved the Qing dynasty architectural style, as seen in the design of its streets, shops, and buildings.
Chunxi Road
Located in the center of downtown Chengdu, Chunxi Road (春熙路) is a trendy and bustling commercial strip with a long history. It was built in 1924 and was named after a part of the Tao Te Ching.
Today, it is one of the most well-known and popular fashion and shopping centers of Chengdu, lined with shopping malls, luxury brand stores, and boutique shops.
Anren Historic Town
Anren Historic Town is located 39 km (24 mi) west of Chengdu. It was the hometown of Liu Wencai, a Qing dynasty warlord, landowner and millionaire. His 27 historic mansions have been well preserved and turned into museums. Three old streets built during the Republic of China period are still being used today by residents. Museums in Anren have a rich collection of more of than 8 million pieces of relics and artifacts. A museum dedicated to the memorial of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake was built in 2010.
Luodai Historic Town
Luodai was built, like many historic structures in the area, during the period of the Three Kingdoms. According to legend, the Shu Han emperor Liu Shan dropped his jade belt into a well when he passed through this small town. Thus, the town was named 'lost belt' (落带). It later evolved into its current name 洛带 with the same pronunciation, but a different first character.
Luodai Historic Town is one of the five major Hakka settlements in China. Three or four hundred years ago, a group of Hakka people moved to Luodai from coastal cities. It has since grown into the largest community for Hakka people.
Du Fu Thatched Cottage
Chinese name 杜甫草堂,24 acre, at the western outskirts of Chengdu, adjacent to the Huanhua Xi (Flower Rinsing Creek). Key buildings in the Du Fu Cao Tang Park were constructed in the early 16th century during the Ming dynasty and extensively renovated in 1811 during the Qing dynasty.
Экономика
China's state council has designated Chengdu as the country's western center of logistics, commerce, finance, science and technology, as well as a hub of transportation and communication. It is also an important base for manufacturing and agriculture.
According to the World Bank's 2007 survey report on global investment environments, Chengdu was declared "a benchmark city for investment environment in inland China".[84]
Also based on a research report undertaken by the Nobel economics laureate, Dr. Robert Mundell and the celebrated Chinese economist, Li Yining, published by the State Information Center in 2010, Chengdu has become an "engine" of the Western Development Program, a benchmark city for investment environment in inland China, and a major leader in new urbanization.
In 2010, 12 of the Fortune 500 companies, including ANZ Bank, Nippon Steel Corporation, and Electricité de France, have opened offices, branches, or operation centers in Chengdu, the largest number in recent years. Meanwhile, the Fortune 500 companies that have opened offices in Chengdu, including JP Morgan Chase, Henkel, and GE, increased their investment and upgraded the involvement of their branches in Chengdu. By the end of 2010, over 200 Fortune 500 companies had set up branches in Chengdu, ranking it first in terms of the number of Fortune 500 companies in Central and Western China. Of these, 149 are foreign enterprises and 40 are domestic companies.
According to the 2010 AmCham China White Paper on the State of American Business in China, Chengdu has become a top investment destination in China.
The main industries in Chengdu—including machinery, automobile, medicine, food, and information technology—are supported by numerous large-scale enterprises. In addition, an increasing number of high-tech enterprises from outside Chengdu have also settled down there.
Chengdu is becoming one of the favorite cities for investment in Central and Western China.[85] Among the world's 500 largest companies, 133 multinational enterprises have had subsidiaries or branch offices in Chengdu by October 2009.[85] These MNEs include Intel, Cisco, Sony and Toyota that have assembly and manufacturing bases, as well as Motorola, Ericsson, and Microsoft that have R&D centers in Chengdu.[85] The National Development and Reform Commission has formally approved Chengdu's proposed establishment of a national bio-industry base there. The government of Chengdu has recently unveiled a plan to create a 90-billion-CNY bio pharmaceutical sector by 2012. China's aviation industries have begun construction of a high-tech industrial park in the city that will feature space and aviation technology. The local government plans to attract overseas and domestic companies for service outsourcing and become a well-known service outsourcing base in China and worldwide.
Electronics and IT industries
Chengdu has long been established as a national base for the electronics and IT industries. The first telecom R&D centre was set up by an Indian company called Primetel in 1996 and since then the city has developed as the global centre for the telecom R&D industry. Chengdu's growth accelerated alongside the growth of the telecom services sector in India and China, which together account for over 70 percent of the world telecommunications market. Several key national electronics R&D institutes are located in Chengdu. Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted a variety of multinationals, at least 30 Fortune 500 companies and 12,000 domestic companies, including Intel, IBM, Cisco, Nokia, Motorola, SAP, Siemens, Canon, HP, Xerox, Microsoft, Tieto, NIIT, MediaTek, and Wipro, as well as domestic powerhouses such as Lenovo.[86] Dell plans to open its second major China operations center in 2011 in Chengdu as its center in Xiamen expands in 2010.[87]
Intel Capital acquired a strategic stake in Primetel, Chengdu's first foreign technology company in 2001. Intel's Chengdu factory, set up in 2005 is its second in China, after its Shanghai factory, and the first such large-scale foreign investment in the electronics industry in interior mainland China. Intel, the world's largest chipmaker, has invested US$525 million in two assembly and testing facilities in Chengdu. Following the footsteps of Intel, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), the world's third largest foundry, set up an assembly and testing plant in Chengdu. Intel's rival AMD is likewise set to open an R&D center in this city.
In November 2006, IBM signed an agreement with the Chengdu High-Tech Zone to establish a Global Delivery Center, its fourth in China after Dalian, Shanghai and Shenzhen, within the Chengdu Tianfu Software Park. Scheduled to be operational by February 2007, this new center will provide multilingual application development and maintenance services to clients globally in English, Japanese and Chinese, and to the IBM Global Procurement Center, recently located to the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen.[88] On 23 March 2008, IBM announced at the "West China Excellent Enterprises CEO Forum" that the southwest working team of IBM Global Business Services is now formally stationed in Chengdu. On 28 May 2008, Zhou Weikun, president of IBM China disclosed that IBM Chengdu would increase its staff number from the present 600 to nearly 1,000 by the end of the year.[89][90]
In July 2019 Amazon Web Services, the cloud computing company, signed a deal with the Cengdu High-Tech Zone to establish an innovation center. This project was intended to attract international business and enterprise into the area, promote cloud computing in China, and develop artificial intelligence technologies.[91][92]
Over the past few years, Chengdu's economy has flourished rapidly. Chengdu is a major base for communication infrastructure, with one of China's nine top level postal centers and one of six national telecom exchanges hub.
In 2009, Chengdu hosted the World Cyber Games Grand Finals (11–15 November). It was the first time China hosted the world's largest computer and video game tournament.[93]
Financial industry
Chengdu has attracted a large number of foreign financial institutions, including Citigroup, HSBC, Standard Chartered Bank, JPMorgan Chase, ANZ and MUFG Bank.[94]
ANZ's data services center, established in 2011 in Chengdu, employs over 800 people, and in March 2019 the bank recruited further staff to support its data analytics and big data efforts.[95] In 2020 ANZ temporarily repurposed its Chengdu data center to a IT helpdesk, as part of the bank's pandemic response.[96]
In 1988, Dr. Joseph Fowler, a British professor of optoelectronics from Cambridge founded Scsi Capital, Asia's first venture capital firm focused on opportunities in the digital age, in Chengdu. Scsi currently manages an active portfolio in excess of CNY 300 billion and has operations in India, Israel, Singapore and USA. Scsi Capital is the world's largest private equity investor and fund of funds in the photovoltaic, compound semiconductor, multilayer cmos, ceramic packaging, display and advanced materials sector.
Historically, Chengdu has marked its name in the history of financial innovation. The world's first paper currency 'Jiao Zi' was seen in Chengdu in the year 1023, during the Song dynasty.
Now, Chengdu is not only the gateway of Western China for foreign financial institutions, but also a booming town for Chinese domestic financial firms. The Chinese monetary authority, People's Bank of China (China's central bank), set its southwest China headquarters in Chengdu City. In addition, almost all domestic banks and securities brokerage firms located their regional headquarters or branches in Chengdu. At the same time, the local financial firms of Chengdu are strengthening their presences nationally, notably, Huaxi Securities, Sinolink Securities and Bank of Chengdu. Moreover, on top of banks and brokerage firms, the flourish of local economy lured more and more financial service firms to the city to capitalise on the economic growth. Grant Thornton, KPMG, PWC and Ernst & Young are the four global accountants and business advisers with West China head offices in the city.
It is expected that by 2012, value-added financial services will make up 14 percent of the added-value service industry and 7 percent of the regional GDP. By 2015, those figures are expected to grow to 18 percent and 9 percent respectively.
Modern logistic industry
Because of its logistic infrastructure, professional network, and resources in science, technology, and communication, Chengdu has become home to 43 foreign-funded logistic enterprises, including UPS, TNT, DHL, and Maersk, as well as a number of well-known domestic logistic enterprises including COSCO, CSCL, SINOTRANS, CRE, Transfar Group, South Logistic Group, YCH, and STO. By 2012, the logistic industry in Chengdu will realize a value added of RMB 50 billion, with an average annual growth exceeding 18 percent. Ten new international direct flights will be in service; five railways for five-scheduled block container trains will be put into operation; and 50 large logistic enterprises are expected to have annual operation revenue exceeding RMB 100 million.
Modern business and trade
Chengdu is the largest trade center in western China with a market covering all of Sichuan province, exerting influence on a population of 250 million in six provinces, cities, and districts in western China. Chengdu ranks first among cities in western China in terms of the scale of foreign investment in commerce and trade. Out of the 40 World Top 250 retail enterprises based in China, 15 have opened branches in Chengdu. In downtown Chengdu, there are 71 department stores whose business area exceeds 10,000 sq. m, with the total business area reaching 2,600,000 sq. m. By 2012, total retail sales of consumer goods in Chengdu will exceed RMB 300 billion, up 18 percent annually on average; the total wholesales will exceed RMB 400 billion, with an annual increase of 25 percent. Total retail sales of the catering industry will exceed RMB 60 billion, up 20 percent annually; and the total exports and imports of Chengdu will be above US$35 billion, increasing 30 percent annually.
Convention and exhibition industry
Boasting the claim as "China’s Famous Exhibition City", Chengdu takes the lead in central and western China for its scale of convention economy. It has become one of the five largest convention and exhibition cities in China. In 2010, direct revenue from the convention and exhibition industry was RMB 3.2 billion, with a year-on-year growth of 26.9 percent. The growth reached a historical high.
More than 13.2 million people have come to Chengdu to participate in conventions and exhibitions from foreign countries and other parts of China. Numerous convention and exhibition companies have invested in Chengdu such as the UK-based Reed Exhibition, as well as domestic companies such as the Chinese European Art Center, Sanlian Exhibition, and Eastpo International Expo.
Software and service outsourcing industry
Chengdu is one of the first service outsourcing bases in China. More than 150,000 people in Chengdu are engaged in software-related work. Among the Top 10 service outsourcing enterprises in the world, Accenture, IBM, and Wipro are based in Chengdu. In addition, 20 international enterprises including Motorola, Ubi Soft Entertainment, and Agilent, have set up internal shared service centers or R&D centers in Chengdu. Maersk Global Document Processing Center and Logistic Processing Sub-center, DHL Chengdu Service Center, Financial Accounting Center for DHL China, and Siemens Global IT Operation Center will be put into operation. In 2010, offshore service outsourcing in Chengdu realized a registered contract value of US$336 million, 99 percent higher than the previous year.
New energy industry
Chengdu is the "National High-Tech Industry Base for New Energy Industry", as approved by the National Development and Reform Commission. Leading enterprises are operating in Chengdu and providing research and technology support such as Tianwei New Energy Holding Co., Ltd., Sichuan Sanzhou Special Steel Tube Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Tianma Bearing Co., Ltd., and key research institutions such as the Nuclear Power Institute of China, Southwestern Institute of Physics, Southwest Electric Power Design Institute.
In 2010, the new energy enterprises above realized 31.1 billion RMB in revenue from main operations, 43.2 percent more than the previous year. Chengdu ranked first again in the list of China's 15 "Cities with Highest Investment Value for New Energies" released at the beginning of 2011, and Shuangliu County under its jurisdiction entered "2010 China's Top 100 Counties of New Energies". By 2012, Chengdu's new energy industry will realize an investment over 20 billion RMB and sales revenue of 50 billion RMB.
Electronics and information industry
Chengdu is home to the most competitive IT industry cluster in western China, an important integrated circuit industry base in China, and one of the five major national software industry bases.
Manufacturing chains are already formed in integrated circuits, optoelectronics displays, digital video & audio, optical communication products, and original-equipment products of electronic terminals, represented by such companies as IBM, Intel, Texas Instruments, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia, Ericsson, Dell, Lenovo, Foxconn, Compal, Wistron, and others.
Automobile industry
Chengdu has built a comprehensive automobile industry system, and preliminarily formed a system integrated with trade, exhibitions, entertainment, R&D, and manufacturing of spare parts and whole vehicles (e.g., sedans, coaches, sport utility vehicles, trucks, special vehicles). There are whole vehicle makers, such as Dongfeng-PSA (Peugeot-Citroën), Volvo, FAW-Volkswagen, FAW-Toyota, Yema, and Sinotruk Wangpai, as well as nearly 200 core parts makers covering German, Japanese, and other lines of vehicles.
In 2011, Volvo announced that its first manufacturing base in China with an investment of RMB 5.4 billion was to be built in Chengdu. By 2015, the automobile production capacity of Chengdu's Comprehensive Function Zone of Automobile Industry is expected to reach 700,000 vehicles and 1.25 million in 2020.
Modern agriculture
Chengdu enjoys favorable agricultural conditions and rich natural resources. It is an important base for high-quality agricultural products. A national commercial grain and edible oil production base, the vegetable and food supply base as well as the key agricultural products processing center and the logistics distribution center of western China are located in Chengdu.
Defence industry
Located within the city limits is the Chengdu Aircraft Company which produces the recently declassified J-10 Vigorous Dragon combat aircraft as well as the JF-17 Thunder, in a joint collaborative effort with Pakistan Air Force. Chengdu Aircraft Company is also currently developing the J-20 Black Eagle stealth fighter. The company is one of the major manufacturers of Chinese Military aviation technology.
Investment
The Chengdu Statistics Bureau reports that the total investment in fixed assets in 2008 was 301.29 billion yuan (US$43.38 billion). Domestic investment was 180.52 billion yuan (US$26 billion), an increase of 23.5 percent from 2007. The total amount of foreign direct investment reached US$2.25 billion, an increase of 97.3 percent from 2007.
Industrial zones
- Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone
- Chengdu Export Processing Zone
- Chengdu Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
- Chengdu National Cross-Strait Technology Industry Development Park
This was established in 1992 as the Chengdu Taiwanese Investment Zone.[97]
Real estate
In 1988, The Implementation Plan for a Gradual Housing System Reform in Cities and Towns marked the beginning of overall housing reform in urban areas of China. More than 20 real estate companies set up in Chengdu, which was the first step for Chengdu's real estate development. The comprehensive Funan River renovation project in the 1990s had been another step towards promoting Chengdu environmental development. In 1992, Singapore capitals brought into Chengdu helped constructing Jinxiu Garden (锦绣花园), which was the first elite residential area. Its advertisement was "Driving Volkswagen, Living in Jinxiu Garden.". In 1992, the first real estate management service company set up in Chengdu.
Chengdu started the Five Main Roads & One Bridge project in 1997. Three of the roads supported the east part of the city, the other two led to the south. It established the foundation of the Eastern and Southern sub-centers of Chengdu. The two major sub-centers determined people's eastward and southward living trends. Large numbers of buildings appeared around the east and south of the 2nd Ring Road. The Shahe River renovation project together with Jin River project also set off a fashion for people living by the two rivers. It was said that the map of Chengdu should update every three months.[98]
In 2000, dozens of commercial real estate projects also appeared.[99] While promoting the real estate market, the Chinese government encouraged citizens to buy their own houses by providing considerable subsidies. Houses were included in commodities.
Транспорт
Air
Chengdu is served by the Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport located in Shuangliu County 16 km (9.9 mi) southwest of downtown. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport is the busiest airport in Central and Western China and the nation's fourth-busiest airport in 2018, with a total passenger traffic of 53 million in 2018.[100] Shuangliu Airport is one of the two core hubs for Air China, together with Beijing, as well as the main hub and headquarters for Sichuan Airlines. Chengdu Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, Lucky Air and Tibet Airlines also have bases at Shuangliu Airport.
Chengdu airport is also a 144-hour visa-free transit airport for foreigners from many countries (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar).
The airport has two runways and is capable of landing the Airbus A-380, currently the largest passenger aircraft in operation. Chengdu is the fourth city in China with two commercial-use runways, after Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. On 26 May 2009, Air China, Chengdu City Government and Sichuan Airport Group signed an agreement to improve the infrastructure of the airport and increase the number of direct international flights to and from Chengdu. The objective is to increase passenger traffic to more than 40 million by 2015, making Chengdu Airport the fourth-largest international hub in China, after Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, top 30 largest airports in the world.[101][102] Chengdu has already begun building a second international airport, the Chengdu Tianfu International Airport, which will have six runways and a capacity to handle between 80 and 90 million passengers per year.
Railway
Chengdu is the primary railway hub city and rail administrative center in southwestern China. The Chengdu Railway Bureau manages the railway system of Sichuan Province, Chongqing City, Guizhou Province and Yunnan Province. Chengdu has four main freight railway stations. Among them, the Chengdu North Marshalling Station is one of the largest marshalling stations in Asia.[103] Since April 2013, companies are able to ship goods three times a week (initially only once a week)[104] to Europe on trains originating from Chengdu Qingbaijiang Station bound for Łódź, Poland. It is the first express cargo train linking China and Europe, taking 12 days to complete the full journey.
There are three major passenger stations servicing Chengdu: Chengdu Railway Station (commonly referred to as the "North Station"), Chengdu South Railway Station (ChengduNan) and Chengdu East Railway Station (ChengduDong). In addition, Chengdu West Railway Station is scheduled to open by 2030.[105]
Chengdu is the terminus of the Baoji-Chengdu railway, the Chengdu-Chongqing railway, the Chengdu-Kunming railway, the Chengdu-Dazhou railway, the Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway, the Chengdu-Lanzhou railway, the Xi'an-Chengdu high-speed railway, the Chengdu-Guiyang high-speed railway, and the Chengdu-Dujiangyan high-speed railway.
The Chengdu–Dujiangyan high-speed railway is a high-speed rail line connecting Chengdu with the satellite city of Dujiangyan and the Mountain Qingcheng World Heritage Site. The line is 65 km (40 mi) in length with 15 stations. CRH1 train sets on the line reach a maximum speed of 220 km/h (140 mph) and complete the full trip in 30 minutes. The line was built in 18 months and entered operation on 12 May 2010.[106]
Metropolitan expressways
Chengdu's transport network is well developed, and Chengdu serves as the starting point for many national highways, with major routes going from Sichuan–Shanxi, Sichuan–Tibet, and Sichuan–Yunnan.
Several major road projects have been constructed: a 15 km (9.3 mi) tunnel from Shuangliu Taiping to Jianyang Sancha Lake; alteration of the National Expressway 321, from Jiangyang to Longquanyi. There will also be a road that connects Longquan Town to Longquan Lake; it is connected to the Chengdu–Jianyang Expressway and hence shorten the journey by 10 km (6.2 mi). By the end of 2008, there are ten expressways, connecting the centre of Chengdu to its suburbs. The expressways are Chenglin Expressway, extensions of Guanghua Avenue, Shawan Line, and an expressway from Chengdu to Heilongtan.
The toll-free Chengjin Expressway in the east of Chengdu is 38.7 km (24.0 mi) long. After it opens to the public, it will take only about half an hour to drive from central Chengdu to Jintang, half the time of the current journey.
The expressway between Chengdu to Heilongtan (Chengdu section), going to the south of the city, is 42 km (26 mi) long. It is also toll-free and a journey from downtown Chengdu to Heilongtan will only take half an hour.
The extension of Guanghua Avenue, going towards the west of the city. It make the journey time from Chongzhou City to Sanhuan Road to less than half an hour.
The extension of Shawan Road going north is designed for travel at 60 km/h (37 mph). After it is connected to the expressways Pixian–Dujiangyan and Pixian–Pengzhou, it will take only 30 minutes to go from Chengdu to Pengzhou.
Coach
There are many major intercity bus stations in Chengdu, and they serve different destinations.
Chadianzi (茶店子): Hongyuan, Jiuzhaigou, Rilong Town, Ruo Ergai, Songpan County, Wolong and Langzhong
Xinnanmen (新南门: Daocheng, Emei Shan, Jiǔzhàigōu, Kangding, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Ya'an and Leshan
Wuguiqiao (五桂桥): Chongqing
Jinsha (金沙): Qionglai, Pi County and Huayang (华阳) Chengdu East railway Station
Highways
- National Highway G5 Beijing-Kunming
- National Highway G42 Shanghai-Chengdu
- National Highway G76 Xiamen-Chengdu
- National Highway G93 Chengdu-Chongqing Region Circle
- National Highway G4201 Chengdu 1st Circle
- National Highway G4202 Chengdu 2nd Circle
Chengdu Metro
The Chengdu Metro officially opened on 1 October 2010.[107] Line 1 runs from Shengxian Lake to Guangdu (south-north). Line 2 opened in September 2012. Line 3 opened in July 2016. Line 4 opened in December 2015. Line 10 connects to the international and the domestic airport.[108] There are currently over 350 km (220 mi) of subway lines under construction in Chengdu.[109] Future plans call for more than twenty lines.
As of the end of December 2019, Chengdu has 302,66 km of metro lines in operation.[110]
Bus
Bus transit is an important method of public transit in Chengdu. There are more than 400 bus lines in Chengdu with nearly 12,000 buses in total. In addition, the Chengdu BRT offers services on the Second Ring Road Elevated Road. Bus cards are available that permit free bus transfers for three hours.
River transport
Historically, the Jin River was used for boat traffic in and out of Chengdu. However, due to the size of the river itself and the reduced water depth over time, the Brocade River is no longer capable of carrying any type of water traffic. Therefore, Chengdu has no direct access to the Yangtze River or any other larger river. However, to ensure that Chengdu's goods have access to the river efficiently, inland port cities of Yibin and Luzhou—both of which are reachable from Chengdu within hours by expressways—on the Yangtze have commenced large-scale port infrastructure development. As materials and equipment for the rebuilding of northern Sichuan are sent in from the East Coast to Sichuan, these ports will see significant increases in throughput.
Образование
Chengdu is home to the greatest number of universities and research institutes in Southwestern China. It has 49 colleges and universities, including University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan University, and Southwestern University of Finance and Economics. In 2010, over 140,000 students graduated from the colleges and universities, more than half of them majored in IT, finance, economics, business management, or foreign languages studies.
Wen Weng, administer of Chengdu during the Han dynasty, established the first local public school now named Shishi (literally a stone house) in the world. The school site has not changed for more than 2,000 years, which remains the site of today's Shishi High School.[111] No. 7 High School and Shude High School are also two famous local public schools in Chengdu.
Colleges and Universities
Chengdu is the center of higher education and scientific research in Southwest China.
- Sichuan University (SCU) (Founded in 1896), including the West China Medical Center of Sichuan University
- Southwest Jiaotong University (Founded in 1896)
- Southwestern University of Finance and Economics (Founded in 1925)
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (Founded in 1956)
- Sichuan Agricultural University (Founded in 1906)[112]
- Sichuan Normal University (Founded in 1946)
- Chengdu University of Information Technology (Founded in 1951)
- Chengdu University of Technology (Founded in 1956)
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Founded in 1956)[113]
- Chengdu Kinesiology University (Founded in 1942)
- Xihua University (Founded in 1960)
- Sichuan Conservatory of Music (Founded in 1939)
- Southwest Petroleum University (Founded in 1958)
- Southwest University for Nationalities (Founded in 1951)
- Chengdu University (Founded in 1978)
- Chengdu Medical College (Founded in 1947)
- Chengdu University of Technology (Founded in 1913)
Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
International schools
- Chengdu Meishi International School
- Chengdu International School
- Eton House
- The Léman International School – Chengdu
- Malvern College Chengdu
- Oxford International College of Chengdu
- Quality Schools International: QSI International School of Chengdu
- Confucius International School Chengdu CISCD: Anren Town Chengdu
Major secondary schools
- Chengdu No.7 High School (Founded in 1902)
- Chengdu Shishi High School (Founded in 143 BC)
- Chengdu Shude High School (Founded in 1929)
- The Affiliated High School of Sichuan University
- The Affiliated High School of Sichuan Normal University
- Chengdu Experimental Foreign Languages School
- Chengdu Foreign Languages School
- Chengdu Jiaxiang Foreign Language School
Консульства
The United States Consulate General at Chengdu opened on 16 October 1985. It was the first foreign consulate in west-central China since 1949. The United States Consulate General at Chengdu was closed on July 27, 2020, corresponding to the closure of Chinese Consulate-General, Houston.[114] Currently, fourteen countries have consulates in Chengdu. The United Kingdom and Canada also have visa centres in Chengdu.
Consulate | year | Consular District |
---|---|---|
United States Consulate General Chengdu | 1985 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou/Tibet AR |
Germany Consulate General Chengdu | 2003 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Republic of Korea Consulate General Chengdu | 2004 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Thailand Consulate General Chengdu | 2004 | Sichuan/Chongqing |
France Consulate General Chengdu | 2005 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Singapore Consulate General Chengdu | 2006 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Shaanxi |
Pakistan Consulate General Chengdu | 2007 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Australia Consulate General Chengdu | 2013 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Sri Lanka Consulate General Chengdu | 2013 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Israel Consulate General Chengdu | 2014 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
New Zealand Consulate General Chengdu | 2014 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Poland Consulate General Chengdu | 2015 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Czech Consulate General Chengdu | 2015 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Swiss Consulate General Chengdu | 2017 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Austrian Consulate General Chengdu | 2018 | Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |
Виды спорта
Football
Football (British football) is a popular sport in Chengdu. Chengdu Tiancheng, Chengdu's football team, played in the 42,000-seat Chengdu Sports Stadium in the Chinese League One. The club was founded on 26 February 1996 and was formerly known as Chengdu Wuniu (Five Bulls) named after their first sponsor, the Wuniu (Five Bulls) Cigarette Company. The English professional football club, Sheffield United F.C., took over the club on 11 December 2005.[115] The club was later promoted into the China Super League until they were embroiled in a match-fixing scandal in 2009. Punished with relegation the owners eventually sold their majority on 9 December 2010 to Hung Fu Enterprise Co., Ltd and Scarborough Development (China) Co., Ltd.[116][117] On 23 May 2013 the Tiancheng Investment Group announced the acquisition of the club.[118]
Now Sichuan Jiuniu F.C. are playing in the China League Two.
Chengdu Longquanyi Football Stadium was one of the four venues which hosted the 2004 AFC Asian Cup. Chengdu, along with Shanghai, Hangzhou, Tianjin and Wuhan, hosted the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup.
Tennis
Chengdu is the hometown of Grand Slam champions Zheng Jie and Yan Zi, who won the women's double championships at both the Australian Open and Wimbledon in 2006, and Li Na who won the 2011 French Open and 2014 Australian Open, has led to increased interest in tennis in Chengdu. Over 700 standard tennis courts have been built in the city in the past 10 years (2006–2016), and the registered membership for the Chengdu Tennis Association have grown to over 10,000 from the original 2,000 in the 1980s.[119]
Thanks to the boom the country has now 30,000 tennis courts and an estimated 14 million people in China regularly playing tennis, up from 1 million when the sport returned to the Olympics in 1988, according to the WTA Tour. The Chinese government is aiming to increase that by 15 percent every year. The nation's tennis market has reached $4 billion annually, according to Tom Cannon, a professor and sports finance expert at the University of Liverpool Management School in England.
The women's tour upgraded the China Open in Beijing to become the only combined event with the men's tour in Asia. Played at the Beijing Olympic Tennis Center with combined prize money of $6.6 million and a main stadium that holds 10,000 spectators, the China Open is now one of the WTA's top four tournaments. The ATP's other flagship tournament in Asia is the $8.1 million Shanghai Masters.
Chengdu is now part of an elite group of cities to host an ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals) Champions Tour tournament, along with London, Zürich, São Paulo and Delray Beach. Chengdu Open, an ATP Championships Tour starting in 2009, have successfully invited star players including Pete Sampras, Marat Safin, Carlos Moya, Tomas Enqvist, and Mark Philippoussis.[120]
Overwatch
Chengdu is represented in the Overwatch League by the Chengdu Hunters, the first major esports team to represent Chengdu. They play as part of the League's Pacific Division.
Multi-sport events
Chengdu will host the 2021 Summer Universiade, it would take place from 8–19 August 2021, but the delayed Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 2020 to 2021 will move proposed dates if these events are safe to organise with COVID-19 pandemic efforts. The city will also host the 2025 World Games.
Major sports venues
The Chengdu Sports Centre is located in downtown Chengdu, covering 140 acres (57 ha) and has 42,000 seats. As one of the landmarks of Chengdu, it is the first large multi-purpose venue in Chengdu that can accommodate sports competitions, trainings, social activities, and performances. It is the home stadium of the Chengdu Blades, Chengdu's football team. The stadium hosted the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup.
The Sichuan International Tennis Center, located 16 km (10 mi) away from Chengdu's Shuangliu International Airport, covers an area of 250,000 square metres (2,700,000 square feet). It is the largest tennis center in southwest China and the fourth tennis center in China meeting ATP competition standards, after Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing. This center is equipped with 36 standard tennis courts and 11,000 seats. Since 2016, the Chengdu Open, an ATP Championship Tour tournament, is held here annually.
The Chengdu Goldenport Circuit is a motorsport racetrack that has hosted the A1 Grand Prix, Formula V6 Asia, China Formula 4 Championship and China GT Championship.
Международные отношения
Chengdu is twinned with:[121][122]
Chengdu also has friendly relationships or partnerships with:[121]
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Смотрите также
- List of cities in China by population
- List of current and former capitals of subdivisions of China
- List of twin towns and sister cities in China
Заметки с пояснениями
- ^ Chinese: 以周太王从梁王止岐山,一年而所居成聚,二年成邑,三年成都,因名之成都。
- ^ traditional Chinese: 揚一益二; simplified Chinese: 扬一益二; lit. 'Yang[zhou] 1[st], Yi[zhou] 2[nd]'
- ^ "Let us now speak of a great Bridge which crosses this River within the city. This bridge is of stone; it is seven paces in width and half a mile in length (the river being that much in width as I told you); and all along its length on either side there are columns of marble to bear the roof, for the bridge is roofed over from end to end with timber, and that all richly painted. And on this bridge there were houses in which a great deal of trade and industry is carried on. But these houses were all of wood merely, and they are put up in the morning and taken down in the evening. Also there stands upon the bridge the Great Kaan's _Comercque_, that is to say, his custom-house, where his toll and tax were levied."[24]
Рекомендации
Citations
- ^ a b 龟城刘备审阿斗_中华文本库. Chinadmd.com (in Chinese). 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ 3-2各市(州)年末常住人口、出生率、死亡率、自然增长率、城镇化率和人口密度(2014年). www.tjsql.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
- ^ a b OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD READ edition. OECD iLibrary. OECD Urban Policy Reviews. OECD. 18 April 2015. p. 37. doi:10.1787/9789264230040-en. ISBN 9789264230033. ISSN 2306-9341. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.Linked from the OECD here Archived 9 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine
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Bibliography
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- Quian, Jack, Chengdu: A City of Paradise, 2006
дальнейшее чтение
- Ling Zhu, "Chengdu, the city of spice and tea", China Daily, Government of China, Friday, 22 December 2006
- Anna Zhang, "City Profile: Chengdu – Land of Abundance", Shanghai Business Review, July 2012.
Внешние ссылки
- Official Website of the Chengdu Government
- Official Website of the Chengdu Government (in Chinese)
- Geographic data related to Chengdu at OpenStreetMap
Preceded by Chongqing | Capital of the Republic of China 30 November 1949 – 27 December 1949 | Succeeded by Taipei |