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Почтовый ящик папка заполнена спам - сообщений.

Электронный спам , также называемый нежелательной электронной почтой или просто СПАМ , - это незапрашиваемые сообщения, массово рассылаемые по электронной почте ( спам ).

Название происходит от наброска Монти Пайтона, в котором название продукта из свинины «Спам» является повсеместным, неизбежным и повторяющимся. [1] Спам в электронной почте неуклонно растет с начала 1990-х годов, и к 2014 году, по оценкам, на его долю приходилось около 90% всего почтового трафика. [2]

Поскольку расходы на рассылку спама в основном несет получатель [3], это, по сути, реклама, связанная с почтовыми расходами . Это делает его отличным примером негативного внешнего воздействия . [4]

Юридическое определение и статус спама варьируются от одной юрисдикции к другой, но нигде законы и судебные процессы не были особенно успешными в борьбе со спамом.

Большинство спам-сообщений по электронной почте носят коммерческий характер. Независимо от того, являются ли они коммерческими или нет, многие из них не только раздражают, но и опасны, поскольку могут содержать ссылки , ведущие на фишинговые веб-сайты или сайты, на которых размещено вредоносное ПО или которые содержат вредоносные программы в виде вложенных файлов .

Спамеры собирают адреса электронной почты из чатов, веб-сайтов, списков клиентов, групп новостей и вирусов, которые собирают адресные книги пользователей. Эти собранные адреса электронной почты иногда также продаются другим спамерам.

Обзор [ править ]

В начале существования Интернета ( ARPANET ) отправка коммерческой электронной почты была запрещена. [5] Гэри Тюрк разослал первое электронное спам-сообщение в 1978 году 600 людям. Ему сделали выговор и велели больше этого не делать. [6] Теперь запрет на спам обеспечивается Условиями обслуживания / Политикой допустимого использования (ToS / AUP) интернет-провайдеров (ISP) и давлением со стороны сверстников.

Спам рассылают как авторитетные организации, так и менее крупные компании. Когда спам рассылается уважаемыми компаниями, его иногда называют Mainsleaze . [7] [8] Mainsleaze составляет примерно 3% спама, отправляемого через Интернет. [9] Проблема с mainsleaze заключается в том, что она обычно смешивается с почтой, которую просили получатели, и трудно заметить разницу, используя традиционные почтовые фильтры. В результате, если почтовая система отфильтровывает всю почту от основных пользователей, они будут получать жалобы от людей, которые подписались. [7]

По оценкам в 2009 году, спам обошелся предприятиям примерно в 130 миллиардов долларов США. [10] По мере того, как масштабы проблемы спама росли, интернет-провайдеры и общественность обратились к правительству с просьбой о помощи от спама, но этого не произошло. [11]

Сайты, рекламируемые со спамом [ править ]

Многие спам-сообщения содержат URL-адреса веб-сайтов или веб-сайтов. Согласно отчету Cyberoam за 2014 год, ежедневно отправляется в среднем 54 миллиарда спам-сообщений. «Фармацевтические продукты (виагра и подобные) подскочили на 45% по сравнению с анализом прошлого квартала, став лидером по спам-пакету в этом квартале. Электронные письма, якобы предлагающие работу с быстрым и легким заработком, занимают второе место, составляя примерно 15% от всей спам-электронной почты. И третье место занимает спам о диетических продуктах (таких как Garcinia gummi-gutta или Garcinia Cambogia), составляющий примерно 1% ». [12]

Основная статья: Фишинг

Спам также является средой для мошенников к жульничества пользователей в вводе личной информации на веб - сайтах поддельных электронных писем с использованием подложных выглядеть как они из банков или других организаций, таких как PayPal . Это называется фишингом . Целевой фишинг, при котором известная информация о получателе используется для создания поддельных электронных писем, называется целевым фишингом . [13]

Спам-методы [ править ]

Добавление [ править ]

Основная статья: Добавление сообщения электронной почты

Если у маркетолога есть одна база данных, содержащая имена, адреса и номера телефонов клиентов, он может заплатить за сопоставление своей базы данных с внешней базой данных, содержащей адреса электронной почты. Затем у компании есть средства для отправки электронной почты людям, которые не запрашивали электронную почту, в том числе людям, которые сознательно скрыли свой адрес электронной почты. [14]

Спам в изображениях [ править ]

Основная статья: Спам в изображениях

Спам в виде изображений или спам на основе изображений [15] [16] - это метод запутывания, с помощью которого текст сообщения сохраняется в виде изображения в формате GIF или JPEG и отображается в электронном письме. Это предотвращает обнаружение и блокировку спам-сообщений текстовыми фильтрами спама. Сообщается, что в середине 2000-х годов имидж-спам использовался для рекламы « накачивай и сбрасывай » акции. [17]

Часто спам в виде изображений содержит бессмысленный текст, сгенерированный компьютером, который просто раздражает читателя. Однако новая технология в некоторых программах пытается читать изображения, пытаясь найти текст в этих изображениях. Эти программы не очень точны и иногда отфильтровывают невинные изображения продуктов, например коробку со словами.

Однако более новый метод заключается в использовании анимированного изображения в формате GIF, которое не содержит четкого текста в его начальном кадре, или для искажения формы букв на изображении (как в CAPTCHA ), чтобы избежать обнаружения средствами оптического распознавания символов .

Пустой спам [ править ]

Пустой спам - это спам без рекламы полезной нагрузки. Часто тело сообщения вообще отсутствует, как и строка темы. Тем не менее, он подходит под определение спама из-за того, что он представляет собой массовую и незапрашиваемую электронную почту. [18]

Пустой спам может быть создан по-разному, намеренно или непреднамеренно:

  1. Пустой спам может быть отправлен в результате атаки по сбору каталогов , формы атаки по словарю для сбора действительных адресов от поставщика услуг электронной почты. Поскольку целью такой атаки является использование отказов для отделения недействительных адресов от действительных, спамеры могут отказаться от большинства элементов заголовка и всего тела сообщения и все же достичь своих целей.
  2. Пустой спам может также возникать, когда спамер забывает или по иным причинам не может добавить полезную нагрузку, когда он или она настраивает рассылку спама.
  3. Часто пустые заголовки спама выглядят усеченными, что указывает на то, что компьютерные сбои, такие как ошибки программного обеспечения или другие, могли способствовать этой проблеме - от плохо написанного программного обеспечения для спама до неисправных серверов ретрансляции или любых проблем, которые могут привести к усечению строк заголовка из тела сообщения.
  4. Некоторый спам может показаться пустым, хотя на самом деле это не так. Примером этого является почтовый червь VBS.Davinia.B [19], который распространяется через сообщения без темы и выглядит пустым, хотя на самом деле он использует HTML-код для загрузки других файлов.

Backscatter спам [ править ]

Основная статья: Backscatter (электронная почта)

Backscatter - это побочный эффект электронного спама, вирусов и червей . Это происходит, когда серверы электронной почты неправильно настроены для отправки фиктивного сообщения о недоставке отправителю конверта при отклонении или помещении в карантин электронной почты (вместо того, чтобы просто отклонить попытку отправки сообщения).

Если адрес отправителя был подделан, то отказ может быть доставлен невиновной стороне. Поскольку эти сообщения не запрашивались получателями, в основном похожи друг на друга и доставляются массовыми партиями, они квалифицируются как массовая незапрашиваемая электронная почта или спам. Таким образом , системы , которые генерируют электронной обратного рассеяния может в конечном итоге перечислены на различных DNSBLs и в нарушении провайдеров Интернет - услуг " Условия предоставления услуг .

Правовые меры противодействия [ править ]

См. Также: Законодательство о спаме в электронной почте по странам

If an individual or organisation can identify harm done to them by spam, and identify who sent it; then they may be able to sue for a legal remedy, e.g. on the basis of trespass to chattels. A number of large civil settlements have been won in this way,[20] although others have been mostly unsuccessful in collecting damages.[21][22]

Criminal prosecution of spammers under fraud or computer crime statutes is also common, particularly if they illegally accessed other computers to create botnets, or the emails were phishing or other forms of criminal fraud.[23][24][25][26]

Finally, in most countries specific legislation is in place to make certain forms of spamming a criminal offence, as outlined below:

European Union[edit]

Article 13 of the European Union Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications (2002/58/EC) provides that the EU member states shall take appropriate measures to ensure that unsolicited communications for the purposes of direct marketing are not allowed either without the consent of the subscribers concerned or in respect of subscribers who do not wish to receive these communications, the choice between these options to be determined by national legislation.

United Kingdom[edit]

In the United Kingdom, for example, unsolicited emails cannot be sent to an individual subscriber unless prior permission has been obtained or unless there is a pre-existing commercial relationship between the parties.[27][28]

Canada[edit]

The Fighting Internet and Wireless Spam Act[29] to fight spam.[30]

Australia[edit]

The Spam Act 2003, which covers some types of email and phone spam.[31] Penalties are up to 10,000 penalty units, or 2,000 penalty units for a person other than a body corporate.

United States[edit]

In the United States, many states enacted anti-spam laws during the late 1990s and early 2000s. All of these were subsequently superseded by the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003,[32] which was in many cases less restrictive; and any further potential state laws preempted. However, CAN-SPAM leaves intact[33] laws not specific to e-mail. Courts have ruled that spam can constitute, for example, trespass to chattels.[34]

Bulk commercial email does not violate CAN-SPAM, provided that it meets certain criteria, such as a truthful subject line, no forged information in the headers. If it fails to comply with any of these requirements it is illegal. Those opposing spam greeted the new law with dismay and disappointment, almost immediately dubbing it the "You Can Spam" Act.[35][36]

In practice, it had a little positive impact. In 2004, less than one percent of spam complied with CAN-SPAM,[37] although a 2005 review by the Federal Trade Commission claimed that the amount of sexually explicit spam had significantly decreased since 2003 and the total volume had begun to level off.[38] Many other observers viewed it as having failed,[39][40] although there have been several high-profile prosecutions.[41][42]

Deception and fraud[edit]

Spammers may engage in deliberate fraud to send out their messages. Spammers often use false names, addresses, phone numbers, and other contact information to set up "disposable" accounts at various Internet service providers. They also often use falsified or stolen credit card numbers to pay for these accounts. This allows them to move quickly from one account to the next as the host ISPs discover and shut down each one.

Senders may go to great lengths to conceal the origin of their messages. Large companies may hire another firm to send their messages so that complaints or blocking of email falls on a third party. Others engage in spoofing of email addresses (much easier than IP address spoofing). The email protocol (SMTP) has no authentication by default, so the spammer can pretend to originate a message apparently from any email address. To prevent this, some ISPs and domains require the use of SMTP-AUTH, allowing positive identification of the specific account from which an email originates.

Senders cannot completely spoof email delivery chains (the 'Received' header), since the receiving mailserver records the actual connection from the last mailserver's IP address. To counter this, some spammers forge additional delivery headers to make it appear as if the email had previously traversed many legitimate servers.

Spoofing can have serious consequences for legitimate email users. Not only can their email inboxes get clogged up with "undeliverable" emails in addition to volumes of spam, but they can mistakenly be identified as a spammer. Not only may they receive irate email from spam victims, but (if spam victims report the email address owner to the ISP, for example) a naïve ISP may terminate their service for spamming.

Theft of service[edit]

Spammers frequently seek out and make use of vulnerable third-party systems such as open mail relays and open proxy servers. SMTP forwards mail from one server to another—mail servers that ISPs run commonly require some form of authentication to ensure that the user is a customer of that ISP.

Increasingly, spammers use networks of malware-infected PCs (zombies) to send their spam. Zombie networks are also known as botnets (such zombifying malware is known as a bot, short for robot). In June 2006, an estimated 80 percent of email spam was sent by zombie PCs, an increase of 30 percent from the prior year. An estimated 55 billion email spam were sent each day in June 2006, an increase of 25 billion per day from June 2005.[43]

For the first quarter of 2010, an estimated 305,000 newly activated zombie PCs were brought online each day for malicious activity. This number is slightly lower than the 312,000 of the fourth quarter of 2009.[44]

Brazil produced the most zombies in the first quarter of 2010. Brazil was the source of 20 percent of all zombies, which is down from 14 percent from the fourth quarter of 2009. India had 10 percent, with Vietnam at 8 percent, and the Russian Federation at 7 percent.[44]

Side effects[edit]

To combat the problems posed by botnets, open relays, and proxy servers, many email server administrators pre-emptively block dynamic IP ranges and impose stringent requirements on other servers wishing to deliver mail. Forward-confirmed reverse DNS must be correctly set for the outgoing mail server and large swaths of IP addresses are blocked, sometimes pre-emptively, to prevent spam. These measures can pose problems for those wanting to run a small email server off an inexpensive domestic connection. Blacklisting of IP ranges due to spam emanating from them also causes problems for legitimate email servers in the same IP range.

Statistics and estimates[edit]

The total volume of email spam has been consistently growing, but in 2011 the trend seemed to reverse.[45][46] The amount of spam that users see in their mailboxes is only a portion of total spam sent, since spammers' lists often contain a large percentage of invalid addresses and many spam filters simply delete or reject "obvious spam".

The first known spam email, advertising a DEC product presentation, was sent in 1978 by Gary Thuerk to 600 addresses, the total number of users on ARPANET was 2600 at the time though software limitations meant only slightly more than half of the intended recipients actually received it.[47] As of August 2010, the number of spam messages sent per day was estimated to be around 200 billion.[48] More than 97% of all emails sent over the Internet in 2008 were unwanted, according to a Microsoft security report.[49] MAAWG estimates that 85% of incoming mail is "abusive email", as of the second half of 2007. The sample size for the MAAWG's study was over 100 million mailboxes.[50][51][52] In 2018 with growing affiliation networks & email frauds worldwide about 90% of global email traffic is spam as per IPwarmup.com study, which also effects legitimate email senders to achieve inbox delivery.[53]

A 2010 survey of US and European email users showed that 46% of the respondents had opened spam messages, although only 11% had clicked on a link.[54]

Highest amount of spam received[edit]

According to Steve Ballmer in 2004, Microsoft founder Bill Gates receives four million emails per year, most of them spam.[55] This was originally incorrectly reported as "per day".[56]

At the same time Jef Poskanzer, owner of the domain name acme.com, was receiving over one million spam emails per day.[57]

Cost of spam[edit]

A 2004 survey estimated that lost productivity costs Internet users in the United States $21.58 billion annually, while another reported the cost at $17 billion, up from $11 billion in 2003. In 2004, the worldwide productivity cost of spam has been estimated to be $50 billion in 2005.[58]

Origin of spam[edit]

E-mail spam relayed by country in Q2 2007 (% of total)[59]
CountryPercentage
United States
19.6
EU (Top 5)
17.9
China (+ Hong Kong)
8.4
South Korea
6.5
Poland
4.8
Germany
4.2
Brazil
4.1
France
3.3
Russia
3.1
Turkey
2.9
United Kingdom
2.8
Italy
2.8
India
2.5

Because of the international nature of spam, the spammer, the hijacked spam-sending computer, the spamvertised server, and the user target of the spam are all often located in different countries. As much as 80% of spam received by Internet users in North America and Europe can be traced to fewer than 200 spammers.[60]

In terms of volume of spam: According to Sophos, the major sources of spam in the fourth quarter of 2008 (October to December) were:[unreliable source?][13][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]

  • The United States (the origin of 19.8% of spam messages, up from 18.9% in Q3)
  • China (9.9%, up from 5.4%)
  • Russia (6.4%, down from 8.3%)
  • Brazil (6.3%, up from 4.5%)
  • Turkey (4.4%, down from 8.2%)

When grouped by continents, spam comes mostly from:

  • Asia (37.8%, down from 39.8%)
  • North America (23.6%, up from 21.8%)
  • Europe (23.4%, down from 23.9%)
  • South America (12.9%, down from 13.2%)

In terms of number of IP addresses: the Spamhaus Project ranks the top three as the United States, China, and Russia,[70] followed by Japan, Canada, and South Korea.

In terms of networks: As of 5 June 2007, the three networks hosting the most spammers are Verizon, AT&T, and VSNL International.[70] Verizon inherited many of these spam sources from its acquisition of MCI, specifically through the UUNet subsidiary of MCI, which Verizon subsequently renamed Verizon Business.

Anti-spam techniques[edit]

Main article: Anti-spam techniques

The U.S. Department of Energy Computer Incident Advisory Capability (CIAC) has provided specific countermeasures against email spamming.[71]

Some popular methods for filtering and refusing spam include email filtering based on the content of the email, DNS-based blackhole lists (DNSBL), greylisting, spamtraps, enforcing technical requirements of email (SMTP), checksumming systems to detect bulk email, and by putting some sort of cost on the sender via a proof-of-work system or a micropayment. Each method has strengths and weaknesses and each is controversial because of its weaknesses. For example, one company's offer to "[remove] some spamtrap and honeypot addresses" from email lists defeats the ability for those methods to identify spammers.

Outbound spam protection combines many of the techniques to scan messages exiting out of a service provider's network, identify spam, and taking action such as blocking the message or shutting off the source of the message.

Email authentication to prevent "From:" address spoofing became popular in the 2010s.

Methods of spammers[edit]

Gathering of addresses[edit]

Main article: Email address harvesting

In order to send spam, spammers need to obtain the email addresses of the intended recipients. To this end, both spammers themselves and list merchants gather huge lists of potential email addresses. Since spam is, by definition, unsolicited, this address harvesting is done without the consent (and sometimes against the expressed will) of the address owners. A single spam run may target tens of millions of possible addresses – many of which are invalid, malformed, or undeliverable.

Obfuscating message content[edit]

Many spam-filtering techniques work by searching for patterns in the headers or bodies of messages. For instance, a user may decide that all email they receive with the word "Viagra" in the subject line is spam, and instruct their mail program to automatically delete all such messages. To defeat such filters, the spammer may intentionally misspell commonly filtered words or insert other characters, often in a style similar to leetspeak, as in the following examples: V1agra, Via'gra, Vi@graa, vi*gra, \/iagra. This also allows for many different ways to express a given word, making identifying them all more difficult for filter software.

The principle of this method is to leave the word readable to humans (who can easily recognize the intended word for such misspellings), but not likely to be recognized by a computer program. This is only somewhat effective, because modern filter patterns have been designed to recognize blacklisted terms in the various iterations of misspelling. Other filters target the actual obfuscation methods, such as the non-standard use of punctuation or numerals into unusual places. Similarly, HTML-based email gives the spammer more tools to obfuscate text. Inserting HTML comments between letters can foil some filters. Another common ploy involves presenting the text as an image, which is either sent along or loaded from a remote server.

Defeating Bayesian filters[edit]

As Bayesian filtering has become popular as a spam-filtering technique, spammers have started using methods to weaken it. To a rough approximation, Bayesian filters rely on word probabilities. If a message contains many words that are used only in spam, and few that are never used in spam, it is likely to be spam. To weaken Bayesian filters, some spammers, alongside the sales pitch, now include lines of irrelevant, random words, in a technique known as Bayesian poisoning.

Spam-support services[edit]

A number of other online activities and business practices are considered by anti-spam activists to be connected to spamming. These are sometimes termed spam-support services: business services, other than the actual sending of spam itself, which permit the spammer to continue operating. Spam-support services can include processing orders for goods advertised in spam, hosting Web sites or DNS records referenced in spam messages, or a number of specific services as follows:

Some Internet hosting firms advertise bulk-friendly or bulletproof hosting. This means that, unlike most ISPs, they will not terminate a customer for spamming. These hosting firms operate as clients of larger ISPs, and many have eventually been taken offline by these larger ISPs as a result of complaints regarding spam activity. Thus, while a firm may advertise bulletproof hosting, it is ultimately unable to deliver without the connivance of its upstream ISP. However, some spammers have managed to get what is called a pink contract (see below) – a contract with the ISP that allows them to spam without being disconnected.

A few companies produce spamware, or software designed for spammers. Spamware varies widely, but may include the ability to import thousands of addresses, to generate random addresses, to insert fraudulent headers into messages, to use dozens or hundreds of mail servers simultaneously, and to make use of open relays. The sale of spamware is illegal in eight U.S. states.[72][73][74]

So-called millions CDs are commonly advertised in spam. These are CD-ROMs purportedly containing lists of email addresses, for use in sending spam to these addresses. Such lists are also sold directly online, frequently with the false claim that the owners of the listed addresses have requested (or "opted in") to be included. Such lists often contain invalid addresses. In recent years, these have fallen almost entirely out of use due to the low quality email addresses available on them, and because some email lists exceed 20GB in size. The amount you can fit on a CD is no longer substantial.

A number of DNS blacklists (DNSBLs), including the MAPS RBL, Spamhaus SBL, SORBS and SPEWS, target the providers of spam-support services as well as spammers. DNSBLs blacklist IPs or ranges of IPs to persuade ISPs to terminate services with known customers who are spammers or resell to spammers.

Related vocabulary[edit]

Unsolicited bulk email (UBE)
A synonym for email spam.
Unsolicited commercial email (UCE)
Spam promoting a commercial service or product. This is the most common type of spam, but it excludes spams that are hoaxes (e.g. virus warnings), political advocacy, religious messages, and chain letters sent by a person to many other people. The term UCE may be most common in the USA.[75]
Pink contract
A pink contract is a service contract offered by an ISP which offers bulk email service to spamming clients, in violation of that ISP's publicly posted acceptable use policy.
Spamvertising
Spamvertising is advertising through the medium of spam.
Opt-in, confirmed opt-in, double opt-in, opt-out
Opt-in, confirmed opt-in, double opt-in, opt-out refers to whether the people on a mailing list are given the option to be put in, or taken out, of the list. Confirmation (and "double", in marketing speak) refers to an email address transmitted e.g. through a web form being confirmed to actually request joining a mailing list, instead of being added to the list without verification.
Final, Ultimate Solution for the Spam Problem (FUSSP)
An ironic reference to naïve developers who believe they have invented the perfect spam filter, which will stop all spam from reaching users' inboxes while deleting no legitimate email accidentally.[76][77]

History[edit]

Main article: History of email spam

See also[edit]

  • Address munging
  • Anti-spam techniques
  • Botnet
  • Boulder Pledge
  • The Canadian Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email
  • CAUCE
  • CAN-SPAM Act of 2003
  • Chain email
  • Direct Marketing Associations
  • Disposable email address
  • Email address harvesting
  • Gordon v. Virtumundo, Inc.
  • Happy99
  • Junk fax
  • List poisoning
  • Make money fast, the infamous Dave Rhodes chain letter that jumped to email.
  • Netiquette
  • news.admin.net-abuse.email newsgroup
  • Nigerian spam
  • Project Honey Pot
  • Pump-and-dump stock fraud
  • Shotgun email
  • SPAMasterpiece Theater
  • Spamusement!
  • Spambot
  • SpamCop
  • Spamhaus
  • Spamtrap
  • Spamware
  • Spider trap
  • SPIT (SPam over Internet Telephony)

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Merriam Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster.
  2. ^ Email metrics report, M3AAWG, Nov 2014
  3. ^ Rebecca Lieb (July 26, 2002). "Make Spammers Pay Before You Do". The ClickZ Network. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  4. ^ Rao, Justin M.; Reiley, David H. (2012), "Economics of Spam", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (3): 87–110, doi:10.1257/jep.26.3.87
  5. ^ Stacy, Christopher. "Getting Started Computing at the AI Lab" (PDF). MIT. Retrieved 2018-10-15.
  6. ^ Opening Pandora's In-Box. Archived June 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ a b Levine, John (October 18, 2011). "The Mainsleaze Blog". Internet and e-mail policy and practice. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  8. ^ Jefferson, Catherine. "What is Mainsleaze Spam?". The Mainsleaze Blog. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  9. ^ Jefferson, Catherine. "Companies that spam, and ESPs that help them". The Mainsleaze Blog. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  10. ^ Ferris Research: Cost of Spam
  11. ^ Spam's Cost To Business Escalates
  12. ^ "Q1 2014 Internet Threats Trend Report" (PDF) (Press release). Sophos Cyberoam. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
  13. ^ a b "Only one in 28 emails legitimate, Sophos report reveals rising tide of spam in April–June 2008" (Press release). Sophos. 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  14. ^ Bob West (January 19, 2008). "Getting it Wrong: Corporate America Spams the Afterlife". Clueless Mailers. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  15. ^ Giorgio Fumera, Ignazio Pillai, Fabio Roli,"Spam filtering based on the analysis of text information embedded into images". Journal of Machine Learning Research (special issue on Machine Learning in Computer Security), vol. 7, pp. 2699-2720, 12/2006.
  16. ^ Battista Biggio, Giorgio Fumera, Ignazio Pillai, Fabio Roli,Biggio, Battista; Fumera, Giorgio; Pillai, Ignazio; Roli, Fabio (2011). "A survey and experimental evaluation of image spam filtering techniques". Pattern Recognition Letters. 32 (10): 1436–1446. doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2011.03.022. Volume 32, Issue 10, 15 July 2011, Pages 1436-1446, ISSN 0167-8655.
  17. ^ Eric B. Parizo (2006-07-26). "Image spam paints a troubling picture". Search Security. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
  18. ^ "Dealing with blank spam". CNET. September 2, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  19. ^ "symantec.com". symantec.com. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  20. ^ e.g. CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, Inc., School of Visual Arts v. Kuprewicz
  21. ^ Clinton Internet provider wins $11B suit against spammer, QC Times
  22. ^ AOL gives up treasure hunt, Boston Herald
  23. ^ e.g. Sanford Wallace
  24. ^ "Bronx man, 'leader' of bank-fraud scam, convicted". Iohud. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  25. ^ "'Spam King' pleads guilty in Detroit". UPI. 2009-06-23. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
  26. ^ "Top Spammer Sentenced to Nearly Four Years". PC World. 2008-07-22. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
  27. ^ Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003
  28. ^ Enforcement, ICO
  29. ^ Fighting Internet and Wireless Spam Act, CA: GC
  30. ^ Canada's Anti-spam Bill C-28 is the Law of the Land, Circle ID, 2010-12-15
  31. ^ "Commonwealth Consolidated Acts: Spam Act 2003 – Schedule 2". Sydney, AU: AustLII, Faculty of Law, University of Technology. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  32. ^ But see, e.g., Hypertouch v. ValueClick, Inc. et al., Cal.App.4th (Google Scholar: January 18, 2011)
  33. ^ "SEC. 8. EFFECT ON OTHER LAWS", PUBLIC LAW 108-187--DEC. 16, 2003 117 STAT. 2699 (PDF), FTC, (2) STATE LAW NOT SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC ~ZL.--This Act shall not be construed to preempt the applicability of(A) State laws that are not specific to electronic mail, including State trespass, contract, or tot~ law; or (B) other State laws to the extent that those laws relate to acts of fraud or computer crime.
  34. ^ Daniel J. Schwartz; Joseph F. Marinelli (September 2004), "Trespass to Chattels" Finds New Life In Battle Against Spam (PDF), Association of Corporate Counsel
  35. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-04-06. Retrieved 2007-03-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. ^ "United States set to Legalize Spamming on January 1, 2004". Spamhaus.org. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  37. ^ Is the CAN-SPAM Law Working?, PC World
  38. ^ Effectiveness and Enforcement of the CAN-SPAM Act (PDF), USA: FTC, archived from the original (PDF) on January 10, 2006
  39. ^ Ken Fisher (December 2005), US FTC says CAN-SPAM works, Ars Technica
  40. ^ Six years later, Can Spam act leaves spam problem unresolved, USA: SC Magazine, archived from the original on 2010-09-03
  41. ^ e.g. Oleg Nikolaenko
  42. ^ "Los Angeles Man, First American Convicted Under Anti-Spam Law, Faces Years in Prison". AP. 17 January 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  43. ^ "Spammers Continue Innovation: IronPort Study Shows Image-based Spam, Hit & Run, and Increased Volumes Latest Threat to Your Inbox" (Press release). IronPort Systems. 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
  44. ^ a b "Q1 2010 Internet Threats Trend Report" (PDF) (Press release). Commtouch Software Ltd. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  45. ^ Charlie White (2011-07-04). "Spam Decreased 82.22% Over The Past Year". Mashable.com. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  46. ^ "Spam" (in Dutch). Symantec.cloud. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  47. ^ Brad Templeton (8 March 2005). "Reaction to the DEC Spam of 1978". Brad Templeton. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
  48. ^ Josh Halliday (10 January 2011). "Email spam level bounces back after record low". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  49. ^ Waters, Darren (2009-04-08). "Spam overwhelms email messages". BBC News. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  50. ^ "Email Metrics Program: The Network Operators' Perspective" (PDF). Report No. 7 – Third and Fourth quarters 2007. Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group. April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-05-08. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  51. ^ "Email Metrics Program: The Network Operators' Perspective" (PDF). Report No. 1 – 4th quarter 2005 Report. Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group. March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-06. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  52. ^ "Email Metrics Program: The Network Operators' Perspective" (PDF). Report No. 2 – 1st quarter 2006. Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group. June 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-24. Retrieved 2007-01-06. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  53. ^ "IPWarmup.com - Study".
  54. ^ "2010 MAAWG Email Security Awareness and Usage Report, Messing Anti-Abuse Working Group/Ipsos Public Affairs" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  55. ^ Staff (18 November 2004). "Bill Gates 'most spammed person'". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  56. ^ Mike Wendland (December 2, 2004). "Ballmer checks out my spam problem". ACME Laboratories republication of article appearing in Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2010-09-23. the date provided is for the original article; the date of revision for the republication is 8 June 2005; verification that content of the republication is the same as the original article is pending.
  57. ^ Jef Poskanzer (2006-05-15). "Mail Filtering". ACME Laboratories. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  58. ^ Spam Costs Billions
  59. ^ Sophos. "Sophos reveals "dirty dozen" spam-relaying countries" (Press release). Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  60. ^ Register of Known Spam Operations (ROKSO).
  61. ^ "Sophos reveals 'Dirty Dozen' spam producing countries, August 2004" (Press release). Sophos. 2004-08-24. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
  62. ^ "Sophos reveals 'dirty dozen' spam relaying countries" (Press release). Sophos. 2006-07-24. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
  63. ^ "Sophos research reveals dirty dozen spam-relaying nations" (Press release). Sophos. 2007-04-11. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  64. ^ "Sophos reveals 'Dirty Dozen' spam producing countries, July 2007" (Press release). Sophos. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
  65. ^ "Sophos reveals 'Dirty Dozen' spam producing countries for Q3 2007" (Press release). Sophos. 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  66. ^ "Sophos details dirty dozen spam-relaying countries for Q4 2007" (Press release). Sophos. 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
  67. ^ "Sophos details dirty dozen spam-relaying countries for Q1 2008" (Press release). Sophos. 2008-04-14. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
  68. ^ "Eight times more malicious email attachments spammed out in Q3 2008" (Press release). Sophos. 2008-10-27. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  69. ^ "Spammers defy Bill Gates's death-of-spam prophecy" (Press release). Sophos. 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  70. ^ a b "Spamhaus Statistics: The Top 10". Spamhaus Blocklist (SBL) database. dynamic report. The Spamhaus Project Ltd. Retrieved 2007-01-06.CS1 maint: others (link)
  71. ^ Shawn Hernan; James R. Cutler; David Harris (1997-11-25). "I-005c: E-Mail Spamming countermeasures: Detection and prevention of E-Mail spamming". Computer Incident Advisory Capability Information Bulletins. United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2007-01-04. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
  72. ^ Sapient Fridge (2005-07-08). "Spamware vendor list". Spam Sights. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
  73. ^ "SBL Policy & Listing Criteria". The Spamhaus Project. 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2007-01-06. original location was at SBL rationale; the referenced page is an auto-redirect target from the original location
  74. ^ "Spamware – Email Address Harvesting Tools and Anonymous Bulk Emailing Software". MX Logic (abstract hosted by Bit Pipe). 2004-10-01. Retrieved 2007-01-06. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) the link here is to an abstract of a white paper; registration with the authoring organization is required to obtain the full white paper.
  75. ^ "Definitions of Words We Use". Coalition Against Unsolicited Bulk Email, Australia. Archived from the original on 2007-01-06. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
  76. ^ "Vernon Schryver: You Might Be An Anti-Spam Kook If". Rhyolite.com. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  77. ^ "Richi'Blog". richi.co.uk.

Further reading[edit]

  • Dow, K; Serenko, A; Turel, O; Wong, J (2006), "Antecedents and consequences of user satisfaction with email systems", International Journal of e-Collaboration (PDF), 2, pp. 46–64.
  • Sjouwerman, Stu; Posluns, Jeffrey, Inside the spam cartel: trade secrets from the dark side, Elsevier/Syngress; 1st edition, November 27, 2004. ISBN 978-1-932266-86-3.

External links[edit]

Spam info

  • "Can the Spam: How Spam is Bad for the Environment", The Economist, June 15, 2009.

Spam reports

  • Worldwide Email Threat Activity, Barracuda Central.

Government reports and industry white papers

  • Email Address Harvesting and the Effectiveness of Anti-SPAM Filters (PDF), United States: FTC, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-28, retrieved 13 Oct 2007.
  • The Electronic Frontier Foundation's spam page which contains legislation, analysis, and litigation histories
  • Why Am I Getting All This Spam? Unsolicited Commercial Email Research Six Month Report by Center for Democracy & Technology from the author of Pegasus Mail and Mercury Mail Transport System – David Harris
  • Spam White Paper – Drowning in Sewage (PDF), Pegasus Mail, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-28.