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Соглашение об ассоциации Европейского Союза или просто Соглашение об ассоциации ( AA ) представляет собой договор между Европейским союзом (ЕС), его государствами - членами и странами , не входящими в ЕС , который создает основу для сотрудничества между ними. Сферы, часто охватываемые такими соглашениями, включают развитие политических, торговых, социальных, культурных связей и связей в области безопасности. Правовая основа для заключения договоров ассоциации предусмотрена ст. 217 ДФЕС (бывшая ст. 310 и ст. 238 ТИК ).

Соглашения об ассоциации - это широкие рамочные соглашения между ЕС (или его предшественниками) и его государствами-членами , а также внешним государством, которое регулирует их двусторонние отношения. Положение о соглашении об ассоциации было включено в Римский договор , которым было создано Европейское экономическое сообщество , как средство, позволяющее сотрудничать Сообществу с Соединенным Королевством, которое отказалось от переговоров по договору на Мессинской конференции 1955 года. По данным Европейской службы внешних связей , для того, чтобы соглашение было классифицировано как AA, оно должно соответствовать нескольким критериям: [1]

1. Правовым основанием для их заключения является статья 217 ДФЕС (бывшая статья 310 и статья 238 ТИК).

2. Намерение установить тесное экономическое и политическое сотрудничество (больше, чем просто сотрудничество);
3. Создание паритетных органов для управления сотрудничеством, уполномоченных принимать решения, связывающие стороны договора;
4. Предложение режима наибольшего благоприятствования ;
5. Обеспечение привилегированных отношений между ЕС и его партнером;
6. С 1995 года положение о соблюдении прав человека и демократических принципов систематически включается и является важным элементом соглашения;

7. Во многих случаях соглашение об ассоциации заменяет соглашение о сотрудничестве, тем самым укрепляя отношения между партнерами.

-  Европейская служба внешних связей

ЕС обычно заключает соглашения об ассоциации в обмен на обязательства по политической, экономической, торговой реформе или реформе прав человека в стране. Взамен страна может быть предложен тарифный -free доступ к некоторым или всем рынкам ЕС (промышленные товары, сельскохозяйственные продукты и т.д.), а также финансовой и технической помощи. Совсем недавно подписанные СА также включают Соглашение о свободной торговле (ССТ) между ЕС и третьей страной.

Соглашения об ассоциации должны быть приняты Европейским Союзом и ратифицированы всеми государствами-членами ЕС и заинтересованным государством.

Имена и типы [ править ]

АА имеют различные названия (например, Европейско-Средиземноморское соглашение об учреждении ассоциации, Европейское соглашение об учреждении ассоциации), и в названии не обязательно должно быть слово «ассоциация». Некоторые СА содержат обещание будущего членства в ЕС для договаривающегося государства.

Первыми государствами, подписавшими такие соглашения, были Греция в 1961 году [2] и Турция в 1963 году [3].

В недавней истории такие соглашения были подписаны в рамках двух политик ЕС, Процесса стабилизации и ассоциации (SAp) и Европейской политики соседства (ENP).

Страны западных Балкан (официальные кандидаты Албания , Черногория , Северная Македония , Сербия и потенциальные кандидаты Босния и Герцеговина и Косово [a] ) охвачены SAp. Все шесть имеют действующие «Соглашения о стабилизации и ассоциации» (SAA) с ЕС.

В Восточной Европы соседи Армении , Азербайджана , Беларуси , Грузии , Молдовы и Украины все члены Восточного партнерства и покрываются ЕПС. А у России особый статус в Общих пространствах ЕС-Россия вместо участия в ЕПС.

Между тем, страны Средиземноморья ( Алжир , Марокко , Египет , Израиль , Иордания , Ливан , Ливия , Палестинская автономия , Сирия , Тунис ) также подпадают под действие Европейской политики соседства, а семь средиземноморских государств имеют «евро-средиземноморское соглашение». создание ассоциации »(EMAA) с ЕС, в то время как в Палестине действует временный EMAA. [4] Сирия парафировала EMAA в 2008 году, однако подписание было отложено на неопределенный срок. Переговоры по рамочному соглашению с оставшимся государством, Ливией, были приостановлены.

Молдова и Украина имеют действующие Соглашения об ассоциации. Армения завершила переговоры о СА в 2013 году, но решила не подписывать соглашение, а затем подписала пересмотренный CEPA с ЕС в 2017 году. [5] Между тем, Азербайджан ведет переговоры о СА.

И SAA, и ENP основаны в основном на acquis communautaire ЕС и его обнародовании в законодательстве сотрудничающих государств. Конечно, глубина гармонизации меньше, чем у полноправных членов ЕС, и некоторые области политики могут не быть охвачены (в зависимости от конкретного государства).

В дополнение к этим двум политикам, СА с положениями соглашений о свободной торговле были подписаны с другими государствами и торговыми блоками, включая Чили и Южную Африку .

Соглашения ЕС с третьими странами [ править ]

Соглашения об ассоциации ЕС с соседними странами






Association Agreements[edit]

In force[edit]

  • ACP PA (2003)[6]
  • Albania SAA (2009)[7]
  • Algeria EMAA (2005)[8]
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina SAA (2015)[9]
  • Chile AA (2005)[10]
  • Egypt EMAA (2004)[11]
  • Georgia AA (2016)[12]
  • Iceland EEA (1994)[13]
  • Israel EMAA (2000)[14]
  • Jordan EMAA (2002)[15]
  • Kosovo* SAA (2016)[16]
  • Lebanon EMAA (2006)[17]
  • Liechtenstein EEA (1995)[13]
  • Moldova AA (2016)[18]
  • Montenegro SAA (2010)[19]
  • Morocco EMAA (2000)[20]
  • North Macedonia[21] SAA (2004)[22]
  • Norway EEA (1994)[13]
  • Serbia SAA (2013)[23]
  • South Africa ATDC (2004)[24]
  • Syria CA (1978;[25] cooperation programmes suspended in 2011)[26]
  • Tunisia EMAA (1998)[27]
  • Turkey AA (1964)[28] the framework for a CU (1995)[29]
  • Ukraine AA (2017)[30][31][32]
  • United Kingdom: TCA (2021)[33]

Currently pending ratification[edit]

  • Central America: European Union Central American Association Agreement (signed in 2012)[34]

Currently in negotiations[edit]

  • Andorra AA[35]
  • Azerbaijan AA[36]
  • Libya (negotiations for a Framework Agreement were launched in 2008, but suspended in 2011 due to the Libyan Civil War; as of 2014 the EU is seeking to re-launch the negotiations)[37]
  • Mercosur AA[38]
  • Monaco AA[35]
  • San Marino AA[35]
  • Syria EMAA (initialled in 2008,[39] however signing has been stalled indefinitely by the EU due to concerns over the conduct of Syrian authorities during anti-government protests in 2011 and the ensuing civil war)[26][40]

Defunct agreements[edit]

  • Bulgaria EAA (1995),[41] acceded to the EU in 2007
  • Croatia SAA (2005),[42] acceded to the EU in 2013
  • Cyprus AA (1973),[43] acceded to the EU in 2004
  • Czech Republic EAA (1995),[44] acceded to the EU in 2004
  • Estonia EAA (1998),[45] acceded to the EU in 2004
  • Greece AA (1961), acceded to the EU in 1981
  • Hungary EAA (1994),[46] acceded to the EU in 2004
  • Latvia EAA (1998),[47] acceded to the EU in 2004
  • Lithuania EAA (1998),[48] acceded to the EU in 2004
  • Malta AA (1971),[49] acceded to the EU in 2004
  • Poland EAA (1994),[50] acceded to the EU in 2004
  • Romania EAA (1995),[51] acceded to the EU in 2007
  • Slovakia EAA (1995),[52] acceded to the EU in 2004
  • Slovenia EAA (1999),[53] acceded to the EU in 2004
  • United Kingdom ACR (1955),[54] acceded to the EU in 1973

Free-trade agreements[edit]

In force[edit]

EU Free trade agreements
Main article: European Union free trade agreements
  • Andorra CU (1991)[55]
  • Faroe Islands (autonomous constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark) FTA (1997)[56]
  • Japan EPA (2019)[57]
  • Mexico EPPCCA (2000)[58]
  • Monaco CU (1958)[59]
  • Palestinian Authority interim EMAA (1997)[4][60]
  • San Marino CCU (2002)[61]
  • Singapore FTA (2019)[62]
  • South Korea FTA (2015)[63]
  • Switzerland FTA (1973)[64]
  • Vietnam FTA (2020)[65]

Currently undergoing ratification[edit]

  • Colombia and Peru FTA (signed in 2012)[66]
  • Canada CETA (signed in 2016)[67]
  • Cameroon Interim EPA (signed in 2009)[68]
  • CARIFORUM EPA (signed in 2008)[69]
  • Côte d'Ivoire Stepping Stone EPA (signed in 2009)[70]
  • Ecuador FTA (signed in 2016)[71]
  • Ghana Stepping Stone EPA (signed in 2016)[72]
  • Madagascar, Mauritius, the Seychelles, and Zimbabwe Interim EPA (signed in 2009)[73]
  • SADC EPA (signed in 2016)[74]

Currently in negotiations[edit]

  • Australia FTA[75]
  • India FTA[76]
  • Malaysia FTA[77]
  • Morocco DCFTA[78]
  • New Zealand FTA[79]
  • Philippines FTA[80]
  • Thailand FTA[81]
  • Tunisia DCFTA[82]
  • United States TTIP[83]
  • APC Pacific EPA[84]
  • ASEAN FTA (negotiations paused in 2009, in favour of bilateral negotiations with individual states)[85]
  • EAC EPA (finalised in October 2014, but not signed)[86][87]
  • ESA states EPA[88]
  • ECOWAS EPA (finalised in February 2014, but not signed)[87][89]
  • Central Africa states EPA[90]
  • GCC FTA (negotiations suspended by GCC in 2008)[91]

Other agreements[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
  • Andorra CA (2005)[92]
  • Armenia CEPA (2021)[93][94]
  • ASEAN CA (1980),[95] valid only for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
  • Azerbaijan PCA (1999)[96]
  • GCC CA (1989)[97]
  • Georgia PCA (1999)[98]
  • Indonesia ACPC (2014)[99]
  • Iraq PCA (2018)[100]
  • Kazakhstan Enhanced PCA (2020)[101]
  • Kyrgyzstan PCA (1999)[102]
  • Moldova PCA (1998)[103]
  • Mongolia ATEC (1993)[104]
  • Mongolia ACPC (2017)[105]
  • Papua New Guinea Interim PA (2011)[106]
  • Philippines PCA (2018)[107]
  • Russia PCA (1997)[108]
  • Tajikistan PCA (2010)[109]
  • Ukraine PCA (1998)[110]
  • USSR TCA (1989), endorsed by Tajikistan in 1994 and by Turkmenistan
  • Uzbekistan PCA (1999)[111]
  • Vietnam ACPC (2016)[112]
  • Yemen CA (1998)[113]

Currently undergoing ratification[edit]

  • Belarus PCA (signed in 1995)[114]
  • Fiji Interim PA (signed in 2009)[106]
  • New Zealand PARC (signed in 2016)[115]
  • Turkmenistan PCA (signed in 1998)[116]

Currently in negotiations[edit]

  • Malaysia PCA[117]
  • Russia (negotiations suspended in 2014)[118]
  • Singapore PCA[119]
  • Thailand PCA[120]
  • Uzbekistan Enhanced PCA[121]

Defunct agreements[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
  • Albania ATCEC (1992),[122] superseded by SAA in 2009
  • Algeria CA (1978),[123] superseded by EMAA in 2005
  • Armenia PCA (1999)[124]
  • Egypt CA (1978),[125] superseded by EMAA in 2004
  • Kazakhstan PCA (1999)[126] superseded by EPCA in 2020
  • Macedonia CA (1998),[127] superseded by SAA in 2004
  • Mexico CA (1991),[128] superseded by EPPCCA in 2000
  • Morocco CA (1978),[129] superseded by EMAA in 2000
  • Serbia FA FRY-EU (2000)
  • Tunisia CA (1978),[130] superseded by EMAA in 1998
  • Vietnam CA (1996)[131] superseded by ACPC in 2016
  • ACP Convention (1976,[132] 1981,[133] 1986,[134] 1991[135]), superseded by PA in 2003
Legend

Impact on environment and national economies[edit]

Agriculture & Manufacturing[edit]

Trade agreements between the EU and other countries or free trade zones have differential effects on the respective economies. Agricultural industries are most significantly impacted when regional farms have to compete with large producers that gain access to markets when tariffs fall. For large agreements such as the AA with Mercosur, significant opposition exists in European countries against cheaper imports of meats and other products.[136] However, for the manufacturing sector of cars and industrial products for export, usually involving larger global corporations, relevant volume increases are obvious for the more industrialised trade members.[137]

Environment[edit]

The impact on the environment for those nations that export farm products from areas with rain forests or other ecologically relevant regions, for example in Brazil, has been increasingly documented by environmental groups opposing EU trade agreements.[138] In addition, other industries with large environmental impact such as mining are expanding in areas where the regulatory burden is low, for example in South America and Asia. Industry groups have argued that increased economic performance in those sectors will only strengthen standards in participating nations, and that EU trade agreements should go hand in hand with harmonisation efforts for environmental regulations.[139]

See also[edit]

  • European Union free trade agreements
  • Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe
  • Free trade areas in Europe
  • EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements
  • Future enlargement of the European Union

Notes[edit]

a.  ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008. Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently (this note self-updates) recognized as an independent state by 98 out of the 193 United Nations member states. In total, 113 UN member states recognized Kosovo at some point, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition.

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External links[edit]

  • Free trade agreements
  • EU free trade agreements
  • Council of the European Union Agreements and conventions database
  • European External Action Service Treaties Office Database
  • EU Neighbourhood Info Centre
  • EU Neighbourhood Library