Гранд-Рапидс - второй по величине город в Мичигане и административный центр графства Кент . [4] Расположенный вдоль Гранд-Ривер примерно в 30 милях (48 км) к востоку от озера Мичиган , он является экономическим и культурным центром Западного Мичигана , самым быстрорастущим крупным городом в Мичигане и одним из самых быстрорастущих городов Среднего Запада . [5] По оценкам Бюро переписи населения США за 2019 год , в городе проживало 201 013 человек, а в большом мегаполисе - 1077 370 человек, а совокупная статистическая областьнаселение 1,412,470 человек. [2]
Гранд-Рапидс, Мичиган | |
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Город Гранд-Рапидс | |
Изображения сверху вниз, слева направо: городской пейзаж, Дом Мейера Мэй , Президентский музей Джеральда Р. Форда , La Grande Vitesse , пешеходный мост через Гранд-Ривер , Ван-Андел-Арена , Центр Кука – Девоса Государственного университета Гранд-Вэлли на Medical Mile | |
Флаг Тюлень Логотип | |
Псевдонимы: GR, Ривер-Сити, Пивной город США, Мебельный город | |
Девиз (ы): | |
Расположение Гранд-Рапидс в графстве Кент, штат Мичиган | |
Великие пороги Расположение в США | |
Координаты: 42 ° 57′40 ″ с.ш. 85 ° 39′20 ″ з.д. / 42.96111 ° с.ш. 85.65556 ° з.д.Координаты : 42 ° 57′40 ″ с.ш. 85 ° 39′20 ″ з.д. / 42.96111 ° с.ш. 85.65556 ° з.д. | |
Страна | Соединенные Штаты |
Состояние | Мичиган |
округ | Кент |
Основан | 1826 г. |
Инкорпорация | 1850 г. |
Правительство | |
• Тип | Городская комиссия-менеджер |
• Мэр | Розалин Блисс |
• Городской менеджер | Марк Вашингтон |
Область [1] | |
• Город | 45,63 квадратных миль (118,19 км 2 ) |
• Земля | 44,76 квадратных миль (115,92 км 2 ) |
• Воды | 0,88 квадратных миль (2,27 км 2 ) 1,92% |
Высота | 640 футов (200 м) |
Население ( 2010 ) | |
• Город | 188 036 |
• Оценивать (2019) [2] | 201 013 |
• Классифицировать | США: 115-й МИ: 2-й |
• Плотность | 4,491,31 / кв. Миль (1,734,09 / км 2 ) |
• Городской (2010) | 569935 (США: 70-е ) |
• Метро | 1 077 370 [2] (США: 52-е ) |
• CSA | 1,412,470 [2] (США: 42-е ) |
Демоним (ы) | Гранд Рапидиан |
Часовой пояс | UTC − 5 ( EST ) |
• Лето ( DST ) | UTC-4 ( EDT ) |
индекс | 49501, 49502, 49503, 49504, 49505, 49506, 49507, 49508, 49510, 49514, 49515, 49516, 49518, 49523, 49525, 49534, 49546, 49548, 49555, 49560, 49588, 49594 |
Код (а) города | 616 |
Код FIPS | 26-34000 |
Идентификатор функции GNIS | 0627105 [3] |
Веб-сайт | GrandRapidsMI.gov |
Исторический центр производства мебели, Гранд-Рапидс является домом для пяти ведущих мировых компаний по производству офисной мебели и известен под прозвищем «Мебельный город». Другие прозвища включают «Речной город», а с недавних пор - «Пивной город» (последнее дано USA Today [6] и принято городом как бренд). [7] Город и окружающие его сообщества экономически разнообразны, в том числе в сфере здравоохранения , информационных технологий, автомобилестроения , авиации и производства потребительских товаров.
Гранд-Рапидс - это дом, где прошло детство президента США Джеральда Форда , который вместе со своей женой Бетти похоронен на территории городского музея президента США Джеральда Р. Форда . [8] В городе главный аэропорт и один из его автострад названы в его честь.
История
Индейское поселение
На протяжении тысячелетий эту территорию населяли сменяющие друг друга культуры коренных народов. Более 2000 лет назад люди, связанные с культурой Хоупвелла, заселили долину Гранд-Ривер. [9] Позже, племя с реки Оттава отправилось в долину Гранд-Ривер, участвуя в трех битвах с индейцами прерий , которые обосновались в этом районе. [10] Позже племя раскололось: чиппе обосновались на северной нижней части полуострова, Поттаватоми остались к югу от реки Каламазу, а Оттава - в центральном Мичигане. [10]
К концу 1600-х годов Оттава, которая занимала территорию вокруг Великих озер и говорила на одном из многочисленных алгонкинских языков , перебралась в район Гранд-Рапидс и основала несколько деревень вдоль Гранд-Ривер . [9] [11] Оттава обосновалась на реке, которую они назвали O-Wash-ta-nong, или «далекая вода» из-за длины реки, где они «выращивали кукурузу, дыни, тыквы и бобы. они добавили дичь в лесу и рыбу из ручьев ". [10]
В 1740 году родился выходец из Оттавы, который позже будет известен как вождь Полдень и станет будущим вождем Оттавы. [12] Между 1761 и 1763 годами вождь Понтиак ежегодно посещал этот район, собирая более 3000 местных жителей и прося их добровольно бросить осаду британского форта в Детройте, что вылилось в войну Понтиака . [10] К концу 1700-х годов в районе графства Кент насчитывалось около 1000 жителей Оттавы. [10]
Европейско-американское поселение
После того, как французы установили территории в Мичигане, миссионеры- иезуиты и торговцы отправились вниз по озеру Мичиган и его притокам. [10] В начале 19-го века европейские торговцы мехом (в основном французские канадцы и метисы ) и миссионеры открыли свои посты в районе Оттавы. Обычно они жили мирно, обменивая европейские металлические и текстильные изделия на меховые шкуры.
В 1806 году Иосиф и его жена Мэдлин La Framboise , который был метисов, путешествовал на байдарке из Макино и создан первый торговый пост в Западном Мичигане в современных Гранд - Рапидс на берегу Гранд - Ривер, недалеко от того, что теперь Ада Городка , слияние рек Гранд и Торнаппл. Они были франкоязычными и католиками. Скорее всего, они оба говорили на оттаве, языке предков по материнской линии Мадлен. После убийства своего мужа в 1809 году по пути в Гранд-Рапидс Мадлен Ла Фрамбуаз продолжила торговый бизнес, расширив свои торговые точки на запад и север, создав хорошую репутацию среди Американской меховой компании . Ла Фрамбуаз, мать которой была Оттавой, а отец Френч, позже объединила свои успешные операции с Американской меховой компанией. [10]
К 1810 году вождь Нондей основал деревню на северном берегу реки, насчитывавшую около 500 жителей Оттавы. [12] Во время войны 1812 года Нондей был союзником Текумсе во время битвы на Темзе . Текумсе был убит в этой битве, а Нундей унаследовал его томагавк и шляпу. [13] В 1821 году Совет Трех Огней подписал первый договор Чикаго, уступив Соединенным Штатам все земли на территории Мичиган к югу от Гранд-Ривер, за исключением нескольких небольших резерваций. Договор включал в себя «Сто тысяч долларов для удовлетворения различных лиц, в интересах которых были запрошены оговорки, которые комиссары отказались предоставить», из которых Жозеф Ла Фрамбуаз получил 1000 долларов немедленно и 200 долларов в год пожизненно. [14]
Мадлен Ла Фрамбуаз оставила торговый пост Риксу Робинсону в 1821 году и вернулась в Макинак. [10] В том году Гранд-Рапидс был описан как дом в деревне Оттава с примерно 50 до 60 хижинами на северной стороне реки недалеко от 5-го прихода, где Кевкишкам был старостой деревни, а вождь Нундей был главой округа. Оттава. [15]
Первый постоянный Европейско-американский поселенец в районе Гранд - Рапидс был Исаак McCoy , Креститель министр. Генерал Льюис Касс , который поручил Чарльзу Кристоферу Троубриджу организовать миссии для коренных американцев в Мичигане, приказал Маккою организовать миссию в Гранд-Рапидс для Оттавы. [15] В 1823 году Маккой, а также Пэджет, француз, который привел с собой ученика из числа коренных американцев, отправились в Гранд-Рапидс, чтобы организовать миссию, хотя переговоры с группой, вернувшейся в миссию Кэри для Потаватоми на острове Св. Река Иосифа . [15]
В 1824 году баптистский миссионер преподобный Л. Слейтер отправился с двумя поселенцами в Гранд-Рапидс для выполнения работы. [15] Зима 1824 года была сложной, группе Слейтера пришлось пополнить запасы и вернуться до весны. [15] Затем Слейтер построил первые постройки для поселенцев в Гранд-Рапидсе, бревенчатую хижину для себя и бревенчатую школу. [15] В 1825 году Маккой вернулся и основал миссионерскую станцию. [16] Он представлял поселенцев, которые начали прибывать из Огайо, Нью-Йорка и Новой Англии, янки-штатов Северного уровня.
Вскоре после этого уроженец Детройта Луи Кампо , известный как официальный основатель Гранд-Рапидс, был убежден торговцем мехом Уильямом Брюстером, который соперничал с Американской меховой компанией, отправиться в Гранд-Рапидс и наладить там торговлю. [15] В 1826 году Кампау построил свою хижину, торговый пост и кузницу на южном берегу Гранд-Ривер недалеко от порогов, заявив, что коренные американцы в этом районе «дружелюбны и миролюбивы». [15] Кампау вернулся в Детройт , а затем вернулся через год со своей женой и торговыми товарами на сумму 5 000 долларов для торговли с Оттавой и Оджибвой, причем единственной валютой был мех. [15] Младший брат Кампау Туассан часто помогал ему с торговлей и другими задачами. [15]
В 1831 году федеральная разведка Северо-Западной территории достигла Гранд-Ривер; он установил границы графства Кент, названного в честь выдающегося юриста Нью-Йорка Джеймса Кента . В 1833 году в Уайт-Пиджеон, штат Мичиган , было основано земельное управление , в котором Кампо и его товарищ по поселенцу Лютер Линкольн искали землю в долине Гранд-Ривер. [15] Линкольн купил землю в том месте, которое сейчас известно как Грандвиль , в то время как Кампау стал, пожалуй, самым важным поселенцем, когда он купил 72 акра (291 000 м 2 ) у федерального правительства за 90 долларов и назвал свой участок Гранд-Рапидс. Со временем он превратился в главный деловой район в центре города. [9] Весной 1833 года Кампо продал Джоэлу Гильдию, приехавшему из Нью-Йорка, участок земли за 25 долларов, и Гильдия построила первое каркасное здание в Гранд-Рапидс, где сейчас стоит башня МакКея . [15] [17] Гильдия позже стала почтмейстером, и в то время почта доставлялась ежемесячно из озера Галл, штат Мичиган, в Гранд-Рапидс. [15] Гранд-Рапидс в 1833 году представлял собой всего несколько акров земли, расчищенных по обе стороны Гранд-Ривер, с дубами, посаженными на легкой песчаной почве между нынешними Лион-стрит и Фултон-стрит. [15]
К 1834 году поселение стало более организованным. Преподобный Тернер основал школу на восточном берегу реки, где дети на западном берегу реки каждое утро приводились в школу коренным американцем на каноэ, который переправлял их через реку. В структуре «Гильдии» произошло несколько событий, в том числе первый брак в городе, в котором участвовали его дочь Харриет Гильд и Барни Бертон, а также первое городское собрание, на котором присутствовало девять избирателей. В этом же году Кампау начал строительство своего собственного каркасного здания - самого большого на то время - недалеко от современного Rosa Parks Circle. [15]
В 1835 году в этот район прибыли многие поселенцы, население которых выросло примерно до 50 человек, в том числе его первый врач, доктор Уилсон, которому из Кампау было предоставлено оборудование. [15] Люциус Лайон , протестант-янки, который позже стал соперником Кампау, прибыл в Гранд-Рапидс, который купил остальную часть первоклассной земли и назвал свой участок деревней Кент. Когда Лион и его напарник NO Sergeant вернулись после покупки, они прибыли вместе с отрядом людей с лопатами и кирками, намереваясь устроить гонку на мельницах . Отряд прибыл под музыку горна, потрясая поселение, когда вождь Нундей предложил Кампо помощь, чтобы отбросить отряд Лиона, полагая, что они были захватчиками. Также в том же году прибыл преподобный Эндрю Визойский, уроженец Венгрии, получивший образование в католических учреждениях в Австрии, и руководил католической миссией в этом районе до своей смерти в 1852 году [15].
В том же году Кампо, Рикс Робинсон, преподобный Слейтер и муж дочери вождя Полдня Меччиссинини отправились в Вашингтон, округ Колумбия, чтобы поговорить с президентом Эндрю Джексоном о покупке земли в Оттаве на западном берегу реки . [12] Джексон изначально не был впечатлен Меччиссининни, хотя Меччиссининни, который часто приобретал белые обычаи, попросил у Джексона костюм, похожий на тот, который носил президент. Позже, одетый в костюм, похожий на костюм Джексона, Меччиссининни также неосознанно подражал шляпе Джексона, помещая в нее кусок травы, что произвело на Джексона впечатление, поскольку он символизировал траур по поводу смерти его жены. [12]
Джон Болл , представлявший группу нью-йоркских спекулянтов землей, обошел Детройт ради более выгодной сделки в Гранд-Рапидс, направляясь к поселению в 1836 году. Болл объявил долину Гранд-Ривер «землей обетованной или, по крайней мере, самой многообещающей для моих операций». . [18] В том же году на Гранд-Ривер был построен первый пароход под названием « Губернатор Мейсон» , хотя два года спустя корабль потерпел крушение в Маскегоне. [15] Янки- мигранты (в основном англоговорящие поселенцы) и другие начали мигрировать из Нью-Йорка и Новой Англии в течение 1830-х годов. Предками этих людей были не только английские колонисты, но и люди смешанного этнического происхождения, голландцы, могавки , франко-канадцы и французские гугеноты, жившие в колониальный период в Нью-Йорке. Однако после 1837 года в этом районе были плохие времена: многие французы вернулись в свои родные места, а в следующие несколько лет в этом районе царила бедность. [15]
Первая газета Гранд-Рапидса, The Grand River Times , была напечатана 18 апреля 1837 года и описывала атрибуты деревни, заявляя: [15]
Несмотря на то, что эта деревня была молодой в своем развитии, она давно известна и почитается за ее природные преимущества. Именно здесь индийские торговцы издавна устроили свои большие склады.
The Grand River Times продолжила, сказав, что деревня быстро выросла с нескольких французских семей до примерно 1200 жителей, Гранд-Ривер была «одной из самых важных и восхитительных достопримечательностей в стране», и описала меняющуюся культуру коренных американцев в площадь. [15]
Включение и рост
К 1838 году поселение превратилось в деревню и занимало примерно три четверти мили (1 км). Первая официальная перепись 1845 года зафиксировала население в 1510 человек и площадь в 4 квадратных мили (10 км 2 ). Город Гранд-Рапидс был включен 2 апреля 1850 года. [19] Он был официально основан 2 мая 1850 года, когда деревня Гранд-Рапидс проголосовала за принятие предложенной городской хартии. Население в то время составляло 2686 человек. К 1857 году площадь города Гранд-Рапидс составляла 10,5 квадратных миль (27 км 2 ). В октябре 1870 года Гранд-Рапидс стал желанным местом для иммигрантов: около 120 шведов прибыли в Соединенные Штаты, чтобы отправиться в путешествие и создать «колонию» в этом районе за одну неделю. [20]
In 1880, the country's first hydro-electric generator was put to use on the city's west side.[21] Grand Rapids was an early center for the automobile industry, as the Austin Automobile Company operated there from 1901 until 1921.
In 1945, Grand Rapids became the first city in the United States to add fluoride to its drinking water. Downtown Grand Rapids, when the center of business, used to host four department stores: Herpolsheimer's (Lazarus in 1987), Jacobson's, Steketee's (founded in 1862), and Wurzburg's. Shopping was a community event. As with many older cities, these businesses suffered as the population moved to suburbs in the postwar era with federal subsidization of highway construction. In addition, retail changes in buying habits affected business. Consolidation of department stores occurred here and nationally in the 1980s and 1990s.
Grand Rapids is well known for its bridges.
Economic history
Gypsum mining
An outcropping of gypsum, where Plaster Creek enters the Grand River, was known to the Native American inhabitants of the area. Pioneer geologist Douglass Houghton commented on this find in 1838.[22][23] Settlers began to mine this outcrop in 1841, initially in open cast mines, but later underground mines as well. Gypsum was ground locally for use as a soil amendment known as "land plaster."
The Alabastine Mine in nearby Wyoming, Michigan, was originally dug in 1907 to provide gypsum for the manufacture of stucco and wall coverings, notably the alabastine favored by Arts and Crafts Movement architects. The mine has since been converted to a storage facility primarily used for computer servers and Kent County document storage.
Furniture City
During the second half of the 19th century, the city became a major lumbering center, processing timber harvested in the region. Logs were floated down the Grand River to be milled in the city and shipped via the Great Lakes. The city became a center of fine wood products as well. By the end of the century, it was established as the premier furniture-manufacturing city of the United States.[24] It was nicknamed "Furniture City" and exhibited many of its products at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. "After an international exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, Grand Rapids became recognized worldwide as a leader in the production of fine furniture."[25]
This event in Philadelphia, attended by hundreds of thousands of people, helped spark the Colonial Revival movement in American furniture. "Grand Rapids furniture" became a byword for well-made reproductions of American and English 18th and early 19th-century styles. Furniture companies included the William A. Berkey Company and its successors, Baker Furniture Company, Williams-Kimp, and Widdicomb Furniture Company.[26] The Grand Rapids Furniture Record was the trade paper for the city's industry. Its industries provided jobs for many new immigrants from Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century, and a Polish neighborhood developed on the west side of the city.
A furniture-makers' guild was established in 1931 to improve the design and craftsmanship of Grand Rapids furniture. National home furnishing markets were held in Grand Rapids for about 75 years, concluding in the 1960s. By that time, the furniture-making industry had largely shifted to North Carolina.[27]
Although local employment in the industry is lower than at its historic peak, Grand Rapids remains a leading city in office furniture production. It incorporated trends to use steel and other manufactured materials in furniture, with ergonomic designs for chairs, computer stations, and other furnishings.[28]
География
Topography
Grand Rapids developed on the banks of the Grand River, where there was once a set of rapids, at an altitude of 610 feet (186 m) above sea level. Ships could navigate on the river up to this fall line, stopping because of the rapids. The river valley is flat and narrow, surrounded by steep hills and bluffs. The terrain becomes more rolling hills away from the river. The countryside surrounding the metropolitan area consists of mixed forest and farmland, with large areas of orchards to the northwest. It is approximately 25 mi (40 km) east of Lake Michigan. The state capital of Lansing lies about 60 mi (97 km) to the east-by-southeast, and Kalamazoo is about 50 mi (80 km) to the south.
Grand Rapids is divided into four quadrants, which form a part of mailing addresses in Kent County. The quadrants are NE (northeast), NW (northwest), SE (southeast), and SW (southwest). Fulton Street serves as the north–south dividing line, while Division Avenue serves as the east–west dividing line separating these quadrants.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 45.27 square miles (117.25 km2), of which, 44.40 square miles (115.00 km2) of it is land and 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is water.[29]
Climate
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Grand Rapids has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa),[31] with very warm and humid summers, cold and snowy winters, and short and mild springs and autumns.
Even though it is in the middle of the continent, the city experiences some maritime effects due to its location east of Lake Michigan, including a high number of cloudy days during the late fall and winter, delayed heating in the spring, delayed cooling in fall, somewhat moderated temperatures during winter and lake effect snow. The city averages 75.6 in (192 cm) of snow a year, making it one of the snowiest major cities in the United States.[32] The area often receives quick and sudden lake effect snowstorms, producing significant amounts of snowfall.
The months of March, April, October and November are transitional months and the weather can vary. March has experienced a record high of 87 °F (31 °C) and record low of −8 °F (−22 °C). The average last frost date in spring is May 1, and the average first frost in fall is October 11, giving the area a growing season of 162 days.[33] The city is in plant hardiness zone 6a, while outlying areas are 5b. Some far western suburbs closer to the insulating effect of Lake Michigan are in zone 6b.[34] Summers are warm or hot, and heat waves and severe weather outbreaks are common during a typical summer.
The average temperature of the area is 49 °F (9 °C). The highest temperature in the area was recorded on July 13, 1936, at 108 °F (42 °C), and the lowest was recorded on February 13–14, 1899, at −24 °F (−31 °C).[35] During an average year, sunshine occurs in 46% of the daylight hours. On 138 nights, the temperature dips to below 32 °F (0 °C). On average, 9.2 days a year have temperatures that meet or exceed the 90 °F (32 °C) mark, and 5.6 days a year have lows that are 0 °F (−18 °C) or colder.
In April 1956, the western and northern portions of the city and its suburbs were hit by a violent tornado which locally produced F5 damage and killed 18 people.[36]
With the Grand River flowing through the center of Grand Rapids, the city has been prone to floods. From March 25–29, 1904, more than one-half of the entire populated portion of the city lying on the west side of the river was completely underwater, over twenty-five hundred houses, affecting fourteen thousand persons, being completely surrounded. On March 28, the river registered at 19.6 feet (6.0 m), more than two feet (0.61 m) above its highest previous mark.[37]
More than one-hundred years later, the 2013 Grand Rapids flood occurred from April 12–25, 2013, with the river cresting at 21.85 feet (6.66 m) on the 21st, causing thousands of residents to evacuate their homes and over $10 million in damage.[38]
Climate data for Grand Rapids, Michigan (Gerald Ford Int'l), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1892−present[a] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 68 (20) | 69 (21) | 87 (31) | 90 (32) | 95 (35) | 102 (39) | 108 (42) | 102 (39) | 98 (37) | 89 (32) | 81 (27) | 69 (21) | 108 (42) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 51 (11) | 52 (11) | 68 (20) | 79 (26) | 86 (30) | 92 (33) | 92 (33) | 91 (33) | 88 (31) | 79 (26) | 65 (18) | 54 (12) | 94 (34) |
Average high °F (°C) | 31.0 (−0.6) | 33.7 (0.9) | 44.5 (6.9) | 57.8 (14.3) | 69.8 (21.0) | 79.4 (26.3) | 83.1 (28.4) | 80.9 (27.2) | 73.9 (23.3) | 60.7 (15.9) | 47.2 (8.4) | 36.1 (2.3) | 58.2 (14.6) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 24.8 (−4.0) | 26.6 (−3.0) | 35.7 (2.1) | 47.6 (8.7) | 59.2 (15.1) | 68.9 (20.5) | 72.8 (22.7) | 71.1 (21.7) | 63.5 (17.5) | 51.5 (10.8) | 40.0 (4.4) | 30.4 (−0.9) | 49.3 (9.6) |
Average low °F (°C) | 18.6 (−7.4) | 19.5 (−6.9) | 26.9 (−2.8) | 37.3 (2.9) | 48.6 (9.2) | 58.3 (14.6) | 62.5 (16.9) | 61.2 (16.2) | 53.1 (11.7) | 42.2 (5.7) | 32.8 (0.4) | 24.7 (−4.1) | 40.5 (4.7) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −3 (−19) | 0 (−18) | 8 (−13) | 23 (−5) | 33 (1) | 44 (7) | 51 (11) | 49 (9) | 39 (4) | 29 (−2) | 16 (−9) | 6 (−14) | −6 (−21) |
Record low °F (°C) | −22 (−30) | −24 (−31) | −13 (−25) | 3 (−16) | 21 (−6) | 32 (0) | 41 (5) | 39 (4) | 27 (−3) | 18 (−8) | −10 (−23) | −18 (−28) | −24 (−31) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.52 (64) | 2.12 (54) | 2.39 (61) | 3.99 (101) | 4.00 (102) | 3.94 (100) | 3.86 (98) | 3.55 (90) | 3.43 (87) | 4.02 (102) | 3.10 (79) | 2.48 (63) | 39.40 (1,001) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 22.6 (57) | 17.2 (44) | 7.6 (19) | 2.0 (5.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.76) | 7.1 (18) | 20.8 (53) | 77.6 (197) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 16.8 | 13.1 | 11.8 | 12.8 | 12.5 | 10.7 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 10.2 | 12.5 | 12.9 | 15.5 | 148.7 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 14.9 | 11.2 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 4.5 | 11.9 | 50.9 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 77.2 | 74.2 | 71.1 | 66.8 | 65.4 | 68.1 | 69.6 | 73.3 | 76.1 | 74.6 | 76.9 | 79.5 | 72.7 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 88.3 | 116.0 | 168.2 | 210.2 | 255.9 | 286.8 | 296.5 | 264.2 | 206.0 | 152.4 | 82.0 | 62.1 | 2,188.6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 30 | 39 | 45 | 52 | 56 | 62 | 64 | 61 | 55 | 45 | 28 | 22 | 49 |
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[39][40][41] |
Cityscape
The city skyline shows the Amway Grand Plaza Hotel, formerly the Pantlind, which reopened in 1981 after extensive renovations by Marvin DeWinter & Associates. This work included the addition of a 29–story glass tower offering panoramic views of the city, river and surrounding area. The Pantlind Hotel's original architects, Warren & Wetmore, were inspired by the work of the Scottish neoclassical architect Robert Adam. In its prime, the hotel was rated as one of the top ten hotels in the US. The hotel features several restaurants well known in Grand Rapids, such as Cygnus. The hotel is owned by Amway Hotel Collection, a subsidiary of Amway's holding company Alticor.[42]
Other prominent large buildings include the JW Marriott Grand Rapids, the first JW Marriott Hotel in the Midwest. It is themed from cityscapes of Grand Rapids' sister cities: Omihachiman, Japan; Bielsko-Biała, Poland; Perugia, Italy; Ga District, Ghana; and Zapopan, Mexico. When the hotel opened, Amway Hotel corporation hired photographer Dan Watts to travel to each of the sister cities and photograph them for the property. Each floor of the hotel features photography from one of the cities, which is unique to that floor. Cityscapes of these five cities are alternated in order, up the 23 floors.
The city's tallest building, which postdates the above photo, is the River House Condominiums. Completed in 2008, it is a 34-story (123.8 m) condominium tower and stands as the tallest all-residential building in the state of Michigan.[43]
Grand Rapids is also home to two large urban nature centers. The Calvin Ecosystem Preserve and Native Gardens, operated by Calvin University on the city's southeast side, is 104 acres (42 ha). It is home to over 44 acres (18 ha) of public-access nature trails, a 60-acre (24 ha), restricted-access wildlife preserve, as well as the Bunker Interpretive Center, which hosts university classes and educational programs for the wider community.[44] The Blandford Nature Center, located on the city's northwest side, opened in 1968 and contains extensive nature trails, an animal hospital, and a "heritage village" made up of several well-preserved 19th-century buildings, including a log cabin, schoolhouse, and barn.[45] The nature center is also home to Blandford School, a highly selective environmental education program for sixth graders from the metropolitan region, which is run by Grand Rapids Public Schools and serves as a feeder school for City High-Middle School. At 264 acres (107 ha), Blandford is one of the largest urban nature centers in the United States.[46]
Due to the influence of the DeVos family, many buildings are named after their members. Gary Naeyaert, who headed a group supporting the establishment of charter schools, stated, "You can’t swing a dead cat in Grand Rapids without hitting something with the DeVos name on it."[47]
Демография
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1850 | 2,686 | — | |
1860 | 8,085 | 201.0% | |
1870 | 16,507 | 104.2% | |
1880 | 32,016 | 94.0% | |
1890 | 60,278 | 88.3% | |
1900 | 87,565 | 45.3% | |
1910 | 112,571 | 28.6% | |
1920 | 137,634 | 22.3% | |
1930 | 168,592 | 22.5% | |
1940 | 164,292 | −2.6% | |
1950 | 176,515 | 7.4% | |
1960 | 177,313 | 0.5% | |
1970 | 197,649 | 11.5% | |
1980 | 181,843 | −8.0% | |
1990 | 189,126 | 4.0% | |
2000 | 197,800 | 4.6% | |
2010 | 188,036 | −4.9% | |
2019 (est.) | 201,013 | [2] | 6.9% |
U.S. Decennial Census[48] |
2010 census
As of the 2010 census,[49] there were 188,036 people, 72,126 households, and 41,015 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,235.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,635.2/km2). There were 80,619 housing units at an average density of 1,815.7 per square mile (701.0/km2). The city's racial makeup was 64.6% White (59.0% Non-Hispanic White[50]), 20.9% African American, 0.7% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 7.7% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 15.6% of the population.[51]
Of the 72,126 households, 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.5% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.1% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.20.
The median age in the city was 30.8 years. 24.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 14.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.6% were from 25 to 44; 21.2% were from 45 to 64; and 11.1% were 65 years of age or older. The city's gender makeup was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.
2000 census
There were 73,217 households, of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.4% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.24.
In the city, the age distribution shows 27.0% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males.
The city's median household income was $37,224, and the median family income was $44,224. Males had a median income of $33,050 versus $26,382 for females. The city's per capita income was $17,661. 15.7% of the population and 11.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 19.4% are under the age of 18 and 10.4% are 65 or older.
Ethnicity
According to a 2007 American Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups in Grand Rapids reported (not including "American") were those of German (23.4% of the population), Dutch (21.2%), Irish (11.4%), English (10.8%), Polish (6.5%), and French (4.1%) heritage.[52]
In recent decades, Grand Rapids and its suburban areas have seen their Latino communities grow. Between 2000 and 2010 the Latino population in Grand Rapids grew from 25,818 to 29,261, increasing over 13% in a decade.[53]
In 2015, Grand Rapids was rated as the second-worst city for African-Americans, behind only Milwaukee to succeed economically based on disparities in employment, income, and homeownership levels.[54]
Religion
Grand Rapids has a significant Dutch Reformed population. The Christian Reformed Church in North America (CRCNA) has a large following in Grand Rapids; its denominational offices are on the city's southeast side. The CRCNA has over 230 congregations and almost 100,000 members in Michigan as of 2010.[56] The denomination is concentrated in the western part of the state, where a substantial number of immigrants from the Netherlands settled; most were followers of the Reformed faith who took part in the Secession of 1834.[57] As of 2012, the Christian Reformed Church in North America has nearly 1,100 congregations and over 250,000 members nationwide.[58] The Grand Rapids-Wyoming Metropolitan Area has 149 Christian Reformed Churches with 77,389 members.[59]
The Reform Judaism congregation of Temple Emanuel was founded in 1857 and the fifth oldest Reform congregation in the United States.[60] The congregation built its first synagogue in 1882 on the corner of Fountain and Ransom Streets. The current location was constructed in 1952.[61]
Grand Rapids is home to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids, which was created on May 19, 1882 by Pope Leo XIII. The Diocese comprises 176,098 Catholics in West Michigan, 102 parishes, and five high schools: Catholic Central High School, Grand Rapids; Muskegon Catholic Central High School, Muskegon; St. Patrick High School, Portland; Sacred Heart Academy, Grand Rapids; and West Catholic High School, Grand Rapids.[62] David John Walkowiak is the Bishop of Grand Rapids.
The Reformed Church in America (RCA) has about 154 congregations and 76,000 members mainly in Western Michigan,[63] heavily concentrated in the cities in Grand Rapids, Holland, and Zeeland. The denomination's main office is also in Grand Rapids.[64] The Grand Rapids-Wyoming metropolitan area has 86 congregations with almost 49,000 members. The Protestant Reformed Churches in America (PRCA) traces its roots to the First Protestant Reformed Church (Grand Rapids, Michigan) whose pastor was Herman Hoeksema, the founder of the church.[65] A majority of the PRCA's Classis East churches, about 13 congregations, are around Grand Rapids.[59][66][67]
The United Reformed Churches in North America has 12 congregations in Grand Rapids area; these congregations form the Classis of Michigan.[68] The Heritage Reformed Congregations' flagship and largest church is in Grand Rapids. The Netherlands Reformed Congregations in North America has 2 churches.[69] The PC(USA) had 12 congregations and 7,000 members in the Grand Rapids-Wyoming Metropolitan statistical area, the United Church of Christ had also 14 congregations and 5,400 members.[59]
The offices of the West Michigan Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church are in the East Hills Neighborhood of Grand Rapids. The West Michigan Annual Conference represents more than 400 local United Methodist churches in the western half of the lower peninsula with approximately 65,000 members in total.[70] Grand Rapids is also home to the United Methodist Community House, whose mission is to increase the ability of children, youth, adults and families to succeed in a diverse community.[71] In 2010, The United Methodist Church had 61 congregations and 21,450 members in the Grand Rapids Metropolitan area.[59]
Экономика
Top Employers based in Grand Rapids Source: The Right Place | |||||
Rank | Company/Organization | # | |||
1 | Spectrum Health | 25,000 | |||
2 | Meijer | 10,340 | |||
3 | Mercy Health | 6,200 | |||
4 | Amway Corporation | 4,000 | |||
5 | Gentex | 3,900 | |||
6 | Perrigo Company | 3,800 | |||
7 | Herman Miller | 3,621 | |||
8 | Steelcase Inc. | 3,500 | |||
9 | Grand Valley State University | 3,306 | |||
10 | Magna International | 2,254 | |||
11 | Lacks Enterprises | 2,800 | |||
12 | Grand Rapids Public Schools | 2,800 | |||
13 | Farmers Insurance Group | 2,700 | |||
14 | SpartanNash | 2,585 | |||
15 | Gordon Food Service | 2,544 | |||
16 | Metro Health Hospital | 2,400 | |||
17 | Alcoa Howmet | 2,350 | |||
18 | Fifth Third Bank | 2,280 | |||
19 | Priority Health | 2,250 | |||
20 | Flex-N-Gate | 2,384 |
Headquartered in Grand Rapids, Spectrum Health is West Michigan's largest employer, with 25,600 staff and 1,700 physicians in 2017.[72] Spectrum Health's Meijer Heart Center, Lemmen-Holton Cancer Pavilion, and Butterworth Hospital, a level I trauma center, are on the Grand Rapids Medical Mile, which has world-class facilities that focus on the health sciences. They include the Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Valley State University's Cook-DeVos Center for Health Sciences, and the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine medical school's Secchia Center, along with Ferris State University's College of Pharmacy. Nearly a billion dollars has been invested in the Spectrum Health Cancer Pavilion, the Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, and the expansion to the Van Andel Institute. These facilities have attracted many health science businesses to the area.
Grand Rapids has long been a center for furniture manufacturing. Office furniture manufacturers such as American Seating, Steelcase (and its subsidiaries Coalesse and Turnstone), Haworth, and Herman Miller are based in and around the Grand Rapids area.[73][74][75][76][77][78] In 1881, the Furniture Manufacturers Association (FMA) was organized in Grand Rapids; making it the country's first furniture manufacturing advocacy group.[79] The Kindel Furniture Company[80] and the Hekman Furniture Company[81] have been designing and manufacturing furniture in Grand Rapids since 1912 and 1922 respectively.
The Grand Rapids area is also known for its automobile and aviation manufacturing industries, with GE Aviation Systems having a location in the city.[82]
The Grand Rapids area is home to a number of well-known companies including Alticor/Amway (a multi-level marketing company), Bissell (a privately owned vacuum cleaner and floor care product manufacturer), Highlight Industries (an industry leader in stretch wrap equipment), SpartanNash (a food distributor and grocery store chain), Foremost Insurance Company (a specialty lines insurance company), Meijer (a regional supercenter chain), GE Aviation (formerly Smiths Industries, an aerospace products company), Wolverine World Wide (a designer and manufacturer of shoes, boots and clothing), Universal Forest Products (a building materials company), and Schuler Books & Music, one of the country's largest independent bookstores.[citation needed]
The city is known as a center of Christian publishing, home to Zondervan, Baker Books, Kregel Publications, Eerdmans Publishing and Our Daily Bread Ministries.
The surrounding area is noted for its fruit production. Due to its proximity to Lake Michigan, the climate is considered prime for apple, peach, and blueberry farming.
In 2010 Grand Rapids was named the "most sustainable midsize city in the U.S." by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Civic Leadership Center and Siemens Corp. Grand Rapids was chosen over finalist cities Davenport, Iowa and Hoover, Alabama.[83]
Образование
K–12 public education is provided by the Grand Rapids Public Schools (GRPS) as well as a number of charter schools. City High-Middle School, a magnet school for academically talented students in the metropolitan region operated by GRPS, is habitually ranked among the nation's top high schools.[84] Grand Rapids is also home to the oldest co-educational Catholic high school in the United States, Catholic Central High School.[85] National Heritage Academies, which operates charter schools across several states, has its headquarters in Grand Rapids.[86]
Grand Rapids is home to several colleges and universities. The private, religious schools: Aquinas College, Calvin University, Cornerstone University, Grace Bible College, and Kuyper College, each have a campus within the city. The seminaries Calvin Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids Theological Seminary, and Puritan Reformed Theological Seminary are in Grand Rapids. Thomas M. Cooley Law School, a private institution, also has a campus in Grand Rapids. Northwood University, a private university with its main campus in Midland, Michigan, has a satellite campus downtown near the "medical mile." The for-profit vocational school Davenport University, a private, non-profit, multi-location university with 14 campuses statewide, has its main campus just outside Grand Rapids.
As for public tertiary institutions, Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) maintains a campus downtown and facilities in other parts of the city and surrounding region.
Grand Valley State University, with its main campus in nearby Allendale, continues to develop its presence downtown by expanding its Pew Campus, begun in the 1980s on the west bank of the Grand River.[87] This downtown campus comprises 67 acres (27 ha) in two locations and is home to 12 buildings and three leased spaces.[88] Into the 2000s, Grand Valley State University expanded its medical education programs into Medical Mile, constructing various facilities such as the Cook-DeVos Center for Health Sciences in 2003.[89] The university expanded across I-196 from the Medical Mile into the Belknap Lookout neighborhood in the 2010s, constructing the Raleigh Finkelstein Hall to assist with medical and nursing studies.[90]
Ferris State University has a growing campus downtown, including the Applied Technology Center (operated with GRCC) and the Kendall College of Art and Design, a formerly private institution that now is part of Ferris. Ferris State also has a branch of the College of Pharmacy downtown on the medical mile. Western Michigan University has a long-standing graduate program in the city, with facilities downtown, and in the southeast. The Van Andel Institute, a cancer research institute established in 1996, also resides on the medical mile; the institute established a graduate school in 2005 to train Ph.D. students in cellular, genetic, and molecular biology.[citation needed]
Grand Rapids is home to the Secchia Center medical education building, a $90 million, seven-story, 180,000-square-foot (17,000 m2) facility, at Michigan Street and Division Avenue, part of the Grand Rapids Medical Mile. The building is home to the Grand Rapids Campus of the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine. This campus trains medical students through all four years of their medical education. The state-of-the-art facility includes clinical examination rooms, simulation suites, classrooms, offices, and student areas.[91]
Культура
In 1969, Alexander Calder's abstract sculpture, La Grande Vitesse, which translates from French as "the great swiftness" or more loosely as "grand rapids," was installed downtown on Vandenberg Plaza, the redesigned setting of Grand Rapids City Hall.[92] It was the first work of public art in the United States funded by the National Endowment for the Arts.[93] The sculpture is informally known as "the Calder", and since its installation the city has hosted an annual Festival of the Arts in the area surrounding the sculpture, now known informally as "Calder Plaza".[92][94] During the first weekend in June, several blocks of downtown surrounding the Calder stabile in Vandenberg Plaza are closed to traffic. The festival features several stages with free live performances, food booths selling a variety of ethnic cuisine, art demonstrations and sales, and other arts-related activities. Organizers bill it as the largest all-volunteer arts festival in the United States. Vandenberg Plaza also hosts various ethnic festivals throughout the summer season.
Summer concludes with Celebration on the Grand the weekend after Labor Day, featuring free concerts, fireworks display and food booths. 'Celebration on the Grand' is an event that celebrates life in the Grand River valley. Each October, the city celebrates Polish culture, historically based on the West side of town, with Pulaski Days.
In 1973, Grand Rapids hosted Sculpture off the Pedestal, an outdoor exhibition of public sculpture, which assembled works by 13 world-renowned artists, including Mark di Suvero, John Henry, Kenneth Snelson, Robert Morris, John Mason, Lyman Kipp and Stephen Antonakos, in a single, citywide celebration. Sculpture off the Pedestal was a public/private partnership, including financial support by the National Endowment for the Arts, educational support from the Michigan Council for the Arts, and in-kind contributions from individuals, business, and industry. Fund-raising events, volunteers, and locals housing artists contributed to the public character of the event.
On November 10, 2004, the grand premiere of the film The Polar Express was held in Grand Rapids. It was adapted from the children's book by author and illustrator Chris Van Allsburg, who lives in the city. His main character in the book (and movie) also lives in Grand Rapids, and the movie was set in the city. The Meijer Gardens created a Polar Express display as part of their larger Christmas Around the World exhibit.
In mid-2004, the Grand Rapids Art Museum (GRAM) began construction of a new, larger building for its collection; it opened in October 2007 at 101 Monroe Center NW. The new building site faces the sculpture Ecliptic, by Maya Lin, at Rosa Parks Circle. The museum was completed in 2007. It was the first new art museum to achieve gold-level LEED certification by the U.S. Green Building Council.
The first ArtPrize, the world's largest art competition determined by public voting, took place in Grand Rapids from September 23 through October 10, 2009. This event was founded by Rick DeVos, grandson of Amway Corp. co-founder Richard DeVos, who offered $449,000 in cash prizes. A total of 1,262 artists exhibited their work for two weeks, and a total of 334,219 votes were cast. First prize, including a $250,000 cash prize, went to Brooklyn painter Ran Ortner.[95] ArtPrize 2010 was held September 22 through October 10, 2010, with work by 1,713 artists on display. The first prize was awarded to Grand Rapids artist Chris LaPorte.[96]
In 2012, Grand Rapids tied with Asheville, North Carolina for "Beer City USA." The competition was held by casting votes online for cities around the United States. Prominent breweries in the area such as B.O.B's Brewery, Brewery Vivant, Founders Brewing Company, Grand Rapids Brewing Co., Harmony Brewing, HopCat and Schmohz have created the culture necessary to win the award.[97] In 2013, Grand Rapids was the sole winner of "Beer City USA", taking the prize with more votes than those combined for the second-place Kalamazoo, Michigan, and the third-place Asheville, North Carolina.[98]
Tourism
Grand Rapids is the home of John Ball Zoological Garden, Belknap Hill, and the Gerald R. Ford Museum. He and former First Lady Betty Ford were buried on the site. Significant buildings in the downtown include the DeVos Place Convention Center, Van Andel Arena, the Amway Grand Plaza Hotel, and the JW Marriott Hotel. The Urban Institute for Contemporary Arts is downtown, and houses art exhibits, a movie theater, and the urban clay studio.[99]
Along the Grand River are reconstructed earthwork burial mounds, which were constructed by the prehistoric Hopewell tribe; a fish ladder, and a riverwalk.
Grand Rapids is home to the Van Andel Museum Center. Founded in 1854, it is among the oldest history museums in the United States. The museum's sites include its main building, constructed in 1994 on the west bank of the Grand River (home to the Roger B. Chaffee Planetarium); the Voigt House Victorian Museum, and the City Archives and Records Center. The latter held the museum and planetarium before 1994. Since the late 20th century, the museum has hosted notable exhibitions, including one on the Dead Sea Scrolls, and The Quest for Immortality: the Treasures of Ancient Egypt. A non-profit institution, it is owned and managed by the Public Museum of Grand Rapids Foundation.
Heritage Hill, a neighborhood directly east of downtown, is one of the largest urban historic districts in the country. The first "neighborhood" of Grand Rapids, its 1,300 homes date from 1848 and represent more than 60 architectural styles. Of particular significance is the Meyer May House, a Prairie-style home Frank Lloyd Wright designed in 1908.[100] It was commissioned by local merchant Meyer May, who operated a men's clothing store (May's of Michigan).
The house is now owned and operated by Steelcase Corporation. Steelcase manufactured the furniture for the Johnson Wax Building in Racine, Wisconsin, which was also designed by Wright and is recognized as a landmark building. Because of those ties, Steelcase purchased and restored the property in the 1980s. The restoration has been heralded as one of the most accurate and complete of any Wright restoration. The home is used by Steelcase for special events and is open to the public for tours.
Grand Rapids is home to many theaters and stages, including the newly reconstructed Civic Theatre (also known as the Meijer Majestic), the city's largest theater; DeVos Hall, and the convertible Van Andel Arena. Further east of downtown is the historic Wealthy Theatre. Studio 28, the first megaplex in the United States, is in Grand Rapids; it reopened in 1988 with a seating capacity of 6,000.[101] The megaplex ceased operations on November 23, 2008.[102][103] The Grand Rapids company also owns many theaters around West Michigan.
In Grand Rapids Township, the Frederik Meijer Gardens and Sculpture Park combine 125 acres (1 km2) of world-class botanical gardens and artwork from such American sculptors as Mark di Suvero and Alexander Calder, and French artists Edgar Degas and Auguste Rodin. The Gardens' amphitheater plays host to numerous concerts each summer, featuring such acts as Jonny Lang, The Pointer Sisters, Lyle Lovett, Cowboy Junkies, and B.B. King. The Gardens were mentioned in Patricia Schultz's book 1,000 Places to See Before You Die.[104]
In 2014, Grand Rapids was named the No. 1 U.S. travel destination by Lonely Planet. Other notable destinations on Lonely Planet's Top 10 list included Yosemite National Park, Boston, Massachusetts, and Las Vegas, Nevada.[105] In 2016, The New York Times ranked Grand Rapids 20th on the 52 Places to Go in 2016 list, with Grand Rapids featured among other cities such as Abu Dhabi, Bordeaux and Mexico City.[106]
Grand Rapids' prominent craft beer culture has continued to garner the city national and international recognition in recent years, making it a destination for increasing numbers of tourists. In 2019, CNN Travel named Grand Rapids one of the world's "15 Best Beer Cities," alongside Brussels, Belgium; Berlin, Germany; Asheville, North Carolina, and other international destinations. The article made special mention of Founders Brewing Company, Brewery Vivant, and The Mitten Brewing Company on the city's West Side.[107]
Entertainment and performing arts
Grand Rapids has several popular concert venues in which numerous bands have performed, including 20 Monroe Live, the DAAC, the Intersection, DeVos Performance Hall, Van Andel Arena, Royce Auditorium in St. Cecilia Music Center, Forest Hills Fine Arts Center, The Pyramid Scheme, and the Deltaplex.
The Schubert Male Chorus of Grand Rapids was founded by Henry C. Post on November 19, 1883; the chorus continues to perform a variety of music.
The Grand Rapids Symphony, founded in 1930, is the largest performing arts organization in Grand Rapids with a roster of about 50 full-time and 30 part-time musicians. In addition to its own concert series, the orchestra under music director Marcelo Lehninger accompanies productions by Grand Rapids Ballet and Opera Grand Rapids, presenting more than 400 performances a year.[108]
The Grand Rapids Barbershop Chapter Great Lakes Chorus is an all-male a cappella barbershop harmony chorus, including quartets. It is one of the oldest chapters in the Barbershop Harmony Society (formally known as the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America, or SPEBSQSA). The Grand Rapids chapter organized on November 1, 1939, for quartet singers; it is credited for holding the first society-sanctioned quartet contest in the "Michigan District" (now Pioneer District) in March 1941. In 1944 the Grand Rapids Chapter is credited with having the first International Quartet champions, "The Harmony Halls." In 1947 the Great Lakes Chorus (then called the Grand Rapids Chorus) was founded. In 1953 the first International Chorus Competition was held, and the Great Lakes Chorus took First Place, the first "International Convention Championship Chorus," under the direction of Robert Weaver.[109] The chorus is still very active as a non-profit singing for community, competition, and contracted performances.
Grand Rapids Ballet Company was founded in 1971 and is Michigan's only professional ballet company.[110] The ballet company is on Ellsworth Avenue in the Heartside neighborhood, where it moved in 2000. In 2007, it expanded its facility by adding the LEED-certified Peter Wege Theater.[110]
Opera Grand Rapids, founded in 1966, is the state's longest-running professional company.[111] In February 2010, the opera moved into a new facility in the Fulton Heights neighborhood.[112]
A January 21, 2011 Newsweek article listed Grand Rapids as a "dying city" because of its drop in population from 2000 to 2009.[113] Director Rob Bliss and producer Scott Erickson filmed a vigorous, 5,000-person community response. The Grand Rapids LipDub, released May 26, was the first-ever citywide lip dub video; film critic Roger Ebert described it as "the greatest music video ever made".[114] The video held the world record for largest lip dub for two years and has amassed over 5 million views on YouTube; PRNewswire awarded its producers the "Earnie Award" for Best Use of Video in Social Media.[115]
Grand Rapids is also home to Art Prize, the largest art exposition in the U.S. Art Prize began in 2009 with the over 200,000 visitors and has since doubled the number of visitors it receives each year. Artprize receives many international visitors each year and is still growing with over 1,500 entries from 48 countries across 200+ venues in 2015.[116][117]
Sports
Several professional and semi-pro sports teams call the Grand Rapids area home:
Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue | Major League Affiliate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
West Michigan Whitecaps | Baseball | 1994 | Midwest League | Fifth Third Ballpark | Detroit Tigers |
Grand Rapids Griffins | Ice hockey | 1996 | American Hockey League | Van Andel Arena | Detroit Red Wings |
Grand Rapids Drive | Basketball | 2014 | NBA G League | DeltaPlex Arena | Denver Nuggets |
Grand Rapids FC | Soccer | 2014 | United Soccer League Two | Houseman Field | |
Midwest United FC | Soccer | 2016 | United Women's Soccer | Grandville High School | |
Ole SC | Soccer | 2006 | Premier League of America | Lee Field | |
Grand Rapids ABK Pro | Futsal | 2016 | Independent | DeltaPlex Arena | |
Grand Rapids Danger | Basketball | 2015 | North American Basketball League | Grace Christian University |
The Whitecaps won the Championship Series six times (1996, 1998, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2015) and had the best regular-season record six times (1997, 1998, 2000, 2006, 2007, 2017). The Whitecaps are the Class High A affiliate of the Detroit Tigers.
The Griffins won the IHL Fred A. Huber Trophy (regular season champion) in 2001, and were AHL Calder Cup Champions in the 2012–2013 and 2016–2017 seasons. The Griffins are the AHL affiliate of the Detroit Red Wings.
Grand Rapids FC won the United Women's Soccer national championship in the 2017 season.
The Grand Rapids Blazers won the United Football League Championship in 1961.
Former professional sports teams include Grand Rapids Dragonfish, Grand Rapids Cyclones, Grand Rapids Rampage, Grand Rapids Hoops (Grand Rapids Mackers), Grand Rapids Flight, Grand Rapids Owls (1977–80), Grand Rapids Rockets, and Grand Rapids Chicks, Grand Rapids Blazers, Grand Rapids Shamrocks
Each year the Amway River Bank Run is held in downtown Grand Rapids. It draws participants from around the world; in 2010 there were over 22,000 participants. The Grand Rapids Marathon is held in downtown Grand Rapids in mid-October, usually on the same weekend as the Detroit Marathon.
Amateur sporting organizations in the area include Grand Raggidy Roller Derby WFTDA league, Grand Rapids Rowing Association,[118] Grand Rapids Rugby Club,[119] and the West Michigan Wheelchair Sports Association.[120] The West Michigan Sports Commission was the host organizing committee for the inaugural State Games of Michigan, held in Grand Rapids from June 25 to 27, 2010.[121][122]
Media
The Grand Rapids Press is a daily newspaper, while Advance Newspapers publishes a group of weekly papers that provide community-based news. Gemini Media is a niche, regional publishing company that produces the weekly newspaper Grand Rapids Business Journal; the magazines Grand Rapids Magazine, Grand Rapids Family and Michigan Blue; and several other quarterly and annual business-to-business publications. Two free monthly entertainment guides are distributed: REVUE,[123] which covers music and the arts, and RECOIL, which covers music and offers Onion-style satire. The Rapidian is an online-based citizen journalism project funded by grants from the Knight Foundation and local community foundations.[124] It is reprinted or cited by other local media outlets.[125]
Grand Rapids, combined with nearby Kalamazoo and Battle Creek, was ranked in 2019 as the 45th-largest television market in the U.S. by Nielsen Media Research.[126] The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including: WLLA (channel 64, Independent), WOOD-TV (channel 8, NBC), WOTV (channel 41, ABC), WZZM-TV (channel 13, ABC), WXMI (channel 17, Fox), WXSP-CD (channel 15, MyNetworkTV) and Kalamazoo-based WWMT (channel 3, CBS), along with surrounding stations based from Muskegon and Battle Creek. WGVU-TV is the area's PBS member station.
The Grand Rapids area is served by 16 AM radio stations and 28 FM stations.[127]
Общественная безопасность
Law enforcement
The Grand Rapids Police Department is tasked with law enforcement in Grand Rapids and has been serving the city since 1871.[128] Since 2001, the police department has been located at a renovated Herpolsheimer's department store at 1 Monroe Center NW.[129][130] In 2011, the Kent County Dispatch Authority consolidated the dispatch operations of the Grand Rapids Police Department and the Wyoming Police Department, the public safety department of Grand Rapids' suburb, Wyoming.[131]
Crime
The homicide rate in Grand Rapids was at its highest in the early 1990s, with the highest number of homicides being 34 in 1993.[132][133] The average annual number of homicides in Grand Rapids between 2010 and 2020 was 12.4.[134] In 2014, Grand Rapids experienced the lowest homicide rate in fifty years, with six murders occurring that year.[135] By the end of the 2010s, the number of homicides began to increase, with a total of 17 occurring in 2019.[136]
Правительство и политика
Under Michigan law, Grand Rapids is a home rule city and adopted a city charter in 1916 providing for the council-manager form of municipal government.[137][138] Under this system, the political responsibilities are divided between an elected City Commission, an elected City Comptroller and a hired full-time City Manager. Two part-time Commissioners are elected to four-year terms from each of three wards, with half of these seats up for election every two years. The races—held in odd-numbered years—are formally non-partisan, although the party and other political affiliations of candidates do sometimes come up during the campaign period. The Commission sets policy for the city, and is responsible for hiring the City Manager and other appointed officials. The elected City Comptroller verifies financial policies and budgets are followed and prepares the annual financial report.[137] The city levies an income tax of 1.5 percent on residents and 0.75 percent on nonresidents.[139]
Mayor
The part-time mayor is elected every four years by the city at large and serves as chair of the commission, with a vote equal to a commissioner.[137] The mayor, although a weak mayor per the system of government, spends approximately 20 hours per week on mayoral activities from serving on various oversight boards and attending conferences.[138]
One notable former Mayor is William Montague Ferry Jr, a Democrat who was elected Mayor in 1876. A few years later he moved to Utah where he ran for Governor. He was also the brother of Senator Thomas W Ferry who served as Pro Tempore of the United States Senate, and the son of West Michigan pioneer and Grand Haven founder William Montague Ferry.[140]
Three-term mayor John H. Logie declined to run for re-election in 2003. Logie felt the position should be made full-time, but to avoid the question becoming a referendum on whether he should hold the job full-time, he announced he would not run for re-election.[141] The voters kept the position part-time, and George Heartwell succeeded him in January 2004.[142] In 2014 a narrowly-approved ballot initiative imposed a limit of two terms on the mayor and city commissioners, preventing Heartwell from seeking a fourth term.[143] Commissioner Rosalynn Bliss, also unable to run for another term in that position, was then elected mayor, receiving a clear majority in the August 2015 primary.
Politics
The city proper and inner-suburbs favor the Democratic Party, while outer-suburbs of Grand Rapids support the Republican Party.[144][145]
Traditionally, Grand Rapids supported the Republican Party.[144][145] The city is the center of the 3rd Congressional District, represented by Republican Peter Meijer.[146] Former President Gerald Ford represented the district from 1949 to 1973 and is buried on the grounds of his Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids. The city and its suburbs are home to several major donors to the national Republican Party, including the DeVos family and Peter Secchia, former Ambassador to Italy.[citation needed]
Both representatives in the Michigan State House of Representatives are Democrats, and in the eight most recent presidential elections, Democratic candidates Bill Clinton, Al Gore, John Kerry, Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Joe Biden won a majority or plurality of votes in the city of Grand Rapids. The last Republican candidate for president to carry the city was George H.W. Bush in 1988.[147]
Транспорт
Transportation history
Roadways
The first improved road into the city was completed in 1855. This road was a private, toll plank road built from Kalamazoo through Wayland. It was a primary route for freight and passengers until about 1868. This road connected to other regions via the Michigan Central Railroad at Kalamazoo.
Railroad
The Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, which began service in 1858, was the first railroad into the city. In 1869, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway connected to the city. The Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad began passenger and freight service to Cedar Springs, Michigan, on December 25, 1867, and to Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1870. This railroad expanded service to Muskegon in 1886. The Grand Rapids, Newaygo and Lake Shore Railroad completed a line to White Cloud in 1875. In 1888 the Detroit, Lansing and Northern Railroad connected with Grand Rapids. Until the mid-1950s Grand Rapids Union Station was a hub for passenger trains from different directions in Michigan and beyond.
Air transportation
Grand Rapids was home to one of the first regularly scheduled passenger airlines in the United States when Stout Air Services began flights from the old Grand Rapids airport to Detroit (Ford Airport in Dearborn, Michigan), on July 31, 1926.[148]
Major highways
I-96 runs along the northern and northeastern sides of the city, linking with Muskegon to the west and Lansing and Detroit, Michigan, to the east
I-196, also named the Gerald R. Ford Freeway, runs east–west through the city, connecting to I-96 just east of Grand Rapids and I-94 in Benton Township
I-296, an unsigned route running concurrently with US 131 between I-96 and I-196
US 131 runs north–south through the city, linking with Kalamazoo to the south and Cadillac to the north
M-6 is the Paul B. Henry Freeway running along the south side connecting I-96 and I-196
M-11 runs along Ironwood/Remembrance Road, Wilson Avenue, and 28th Street
M-21 is Fulton Street to the east
M-37 follows Alpine Avenue to the north, I-96, East Beltline Avenue and Broadmoor Avenue to the south
M-44 is East Beltline north of I-96
Conn. M-44 runs along Plainfield Avenue
M-45 follows Lake Michigan Drive west toward Allendale and Lake Michigan
A-45 is Old US 131 south of 28th Street
Mass transit
Bus
- The Interurban Transit Partnership, which brands itself as The Rapid, provides public bus transportation. Transportation is also provided by the DASH buses: the "Downtown Area Shuttle." These provide transportation to and from the parking lots in the city of Grand Rapids to designated loading and unloading spots around the city. The area's Greyhound Bus terminal is integrated into the Central Station of the Rapid, simplifying transfers between Greyhound and local buses. In August 2014, the Silver Line opened, Michigan's first bus rapid transit line, an express bus line designed to function like a light rail system.[149] There are plans in the works to add more express routes, secondary stations, a streetcar and dedicated (exclusive) highway lanes.[150]
- In the Summer of 2012, Megabus started service from Grand Rapids to Chicago, Detroit, East Lansing, Indianapolis, and Columbus.[151] The service was stopped in January 2017.
- Indian Trails provides daily intercity bus service of varying frequencies between Grand Rapids and Petoskey, Michigan,[152] between Grand Rapids and Benton Harbor, Michigan,[153] and between Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo, Michigan[154] with intermediate stops.
Air
Commercial air service to Grand Rapids is provided by Gerald R. Ford International Airport (GRR). Eight passenger airlines and two cargo airlines operate over 150 daily flights to 34 nonstop destinations across the United States. International service was formerly operated to Toronto, Canada by Air Canada Express. The airport was formerly named Kent County International Airport before gaining its present name in 1999.[citation needed]
The first regularly scheduled air service in the United States was between Grand Rapids and Detroit (actually Dearborn's Ford Airport) on a Ford-Stout monoplane named Miss Grand Rapids, which began on July 26, 1926. Delta Air Lines continues to operate this route today to their hub at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW).[citation needed]
Rail
Amtrak provides direct train service to Chicago from the passenger station via the Pere Marquette line.[155][156] Freight service is provided by CSX, the Grand Elk Railroad, Marquette Rail, and the Grand Rapids Eastern Railroad.
Города-побратимы
Grand Rapids has city partnerships with the following cities:[157]
- Omihachiman, Shiga, Japan
- Bielsko-Biała, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
- Perugia, Umbria, Italy
- Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
- Ga East & West District, Ghana
Смотрите также
- Geography of Michigan
- Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation
- List of Michigan-related topics
- List of people from Grand Rapids, Michigan
- Michigan census statistical areas
Заметки
- ^ Official records for Grand Rapids kept June 1892 to December 1940 at downtown, at the first Grand Rapids Airport some 4 mi (6.4 km) south of downtown from January 1941 to November 23, 1963, and at Gerald Ford Int'l since its opening on November 24, 1963. For more information, see Threadex
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дальнейшее чтение
- Carron, Christian G. (1998). Grand Rapids Furniture: The Story of America's Furniture City. Grand Rapids, MI: Grand Rapids Public Museum.
- Fernández, Delia (Spring 2013). "Becoming Latino: Mexican and Puerto Rican Community Formation in Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1926–1964". Michigan Historical Review. 39: 71–100. doi:10.5342/michhistrevi.39.1.0071.
- Jelks, Randal Maurice (2006). African Americans in the Furniture City: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Grand Rapids. University of Illinois Press.
- Robinson, Todd E. (2013). A City Within a City: The Black Freedom Struggle in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Внешние ссылки
- Grand Rapids travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official website
- Grand Rapids/Kent County Convention & Visitors Bureau
- Grand Rapids Area Chamber of Commerce
- Grand Rapids Historical Commission Online Archive