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Скриншот с веб - трансляции.

Потоковое телевидение является цифровым распространением из телевизионного контента, такие как ТВ - шоу , так как потоковое медиа поставляется через Интернет . Потоковое телевидение отличается от специализированного наземного телевидения, которое доставляется с помощью эфирных систем, кабельного и / или спутникового телевидения . Использование потокового онлайн-видео и потокового телевидения сосредоточено на потоковом видео по запросу на таких платформах, как Crunchyroll , Disney + , Funimation ,HBO Max , Hulu , Netflix , Paramount + , Prime Video , VRV и YouTube Premium . [а]

История [ править ]

Вплоть до 1990 - х годов, это не считалось возможным , что телевизионная программа может быть сжат в ограниченной телекоммуникационной полосы пропускания в виде медного телефонного кабеля , чтобы обеспечить потоковую услугу приемлемого качества, так как требуемая полоса пропускания цифрового телевизионного сигнала составляла около 200 Mbps , что в 2000 раз превышало пропускную способность речевого сигнала по медному телефонному проводу . [1] 

Стриминговые услуги стали возможны только в результате двух основных технологических разработок: сжатия видео с дискретным косинусным преобразованием (DCT) и передачи данных по асимметричной цифровой абонентской линии (ADSL) . [1] DCT - это метод сжатия с потерями , который был впервые предложен Насиром Ахмедом в 1972 году [2] и позже был адаптирован в алгоритм DCT с компенсацией движения для стандартов кодирования видео, таких как форматы H.26x с 1988 года и MPEG. форматы с 1991 г. [3] [4]Сжатие видеосигнала DCT с компенсацией движения значительно сократило полосу пропускания, необходимую для телевизионного сигнала, в то время как ADSL увеличил полосу пропускания данных, которые могут быть отправлены по медному телефонному проводу. ADSL увеличил полосу пропускания телефонной линии с примерно 100 кбит / с до 2 Мбит / с, в то время как сжатие DCT уменьшило требуемую полосу пропускания цифрового телевизионного сигнала с примерно 200 Мбит / с до примерно 2 Mpps. Комбинация технологий DCT и ADSL позволила практически реализовать потоковые сервисы со скоростью около 2 Мбит / с. [1]     

В середине 2000-х годов телевизионные программы стали доступны через Интернет . Видео-обмен сайт YouTube был запущен в начале 2005 года, что позволяет пользователям совместно использовать незаконно размещен телевизионные программы. [5] Соучредитель YouTube Джавед Карим сказал, что вдохновением для создания YouTube сначала послужила роль Джанет Джексон в инциденте на Суперкубке 2004 года , когда ее грудь обнажилась во время выступления, а затем - во время цунами 2004 года в Индийском океане . Карим не мог легко найти в Интернете видеоклипы с обоих событий, что привело к идее создания сайта для обмена видео. [6]

Яблоко «s Itunes служба также начала предлагать выберите телевизионные программы и серию в 2005 году, доступны для загрузки после прямой оплаты. [5] Несколько лет спустя телевизионные сети и другие независимые службы начали создавать сайты, на которых шоу и программы можно было транслировать в режиме онлайн. Amazon Video начал свою деятельность в США как Amazon Unbox в 2006 году, но не запускался во всем мире до 2016 года. [7] Netflix , веб-сайт, изначально созданный для аренды и продажи DVD, начал предоставлять потоковый контент в 2007 году. [8] В 2008 году Hulu, принадлежащая NBC и Fox, была запущена, а в 2009 году - tv.com, принадлежащей CBS. Цифровые медиаплееры также стали становиться общедоступными в это время. Apple TV первого поколения был выпущен в 2007 году, а в 2008 году было анонсировано потоковое устройство Roku первого поколения . [9] [10]

В 2008 году Международная академия веб-телевидения со штаб-квартирой в Лос-Анджелесе была создана с целью организации и поддержки телевизионных актеров, авторов, руководителей и продюсеров веб-сериалов и потокового телевидения. Организация также управляет отбором победителей Streamy Awards . В 2009 году был основан фестиваль веб-сериалов в Лос-Анджелесе . Несколько других фестивалей и церемоний награждения были посвящены исключительно веб-контенту, в том числе Indie Series Awards и Vancouver Web Series Festival . Смарт-телевизоры захватили телевизионный рынок после 2010 года и продолжают сотрудничать с новыми поставщиками, чтобы предоставлять потоковое видео еще большему количеству пользователей.[11] В 2013 году, в ответ на перевод мыльной оперы « Все мои дети» с трансляции на потоковое телевидение, была создана новая категория «Фантастический веб-сериал» в Daytime Emmy Awards . [12] Позже в том же году Netflix вошел в историю, получив первые номинации на премию «Эмми» за потоковый телесериал, « Замедленное развитие» , « Хемлок-Гроув» и «Карточный домик» на 65-й ​​церемонии вручения премии «Эмми» . [13] Хулу получил первую победу «Эмми» за выдающийся драматический сериал за «Рассказ служанки» на 69-й церемонии вручения премии «Эмми».. По состоянию на 2015 год смарт-телевизоры являются единственным производимым типом телевидения среднего и высокого класса. Версия цифрового медиаплеера Amazon , Amazon Fire TV , не предлагалась широкой публике до 2014 года [14].

Эти цифровые медиаплееры продолжают обновляться и выпускаются новые поколения. Доступ к телевизионным программам эволюционировал от доступа к компьютерам и телевидению, чтобы включить мобильные устройства, такие как смартфоны и планшетные компьютеры. Приложения для мобильных устройств стали доступны в магазинах приложений в 2008 году. Эти мобильные приложения позволяют пользователям просматривать контент на мобильных устройствах, поддерживающих эти приложения. После 2010 года провайдеры традиционного кабельного и спутникового телевидения начали предлагать такие услуги, как Sling TV , принадлежащая Dish Network, которая была представлена ​​в январе 2015 года. [15] DirecTV , другой провайдер спутникового телевидения, запустил свой собственный потоковый сервис DirecTV Now в 2016 году. [16] [17] Небо launched a similar streaming service in the UK called Now TV.

In 2013, streaming video website Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original streaming television at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its web series, House of Cards, Arrested Development, and Hemlock Grove, earned nominations that year.[18] On July 13, 2015, cable company Comcast announced an HBO plus broadcast TV package at a price discounted from basic broadband plus basic cable.[19]

In 2017 YouTube launched YouTube TV, a streaming service that allows users to watch live television programs from popular cable or network channels, and record shows to stream anywhere, anytime.[20] As of 2017, 28% of US adults cite streaming services as their main means for watching television, and 61% of those ages 18 to 29 cite it as their main method.[21] As of 2018, Netflix is the world's largest streaming TV network and also the world's largest Internet media and entertainment company with 117 million paid subscribers, and by revenue and market cap.[22][23]

Technology[edit]

The Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) consortium of industry companies (such as SES, Humax, Philips, and ANT Software) is currently promoting and establishing an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast and broadband digital television and multimedia applications with a single-user interface.[24]

BBC iPlayer originally incorporated peer-to-peer streaming, moved towards centralized distribution for their video streaming services. BBC executive Anthony Rose cited network performance as an important factor in the decision, as well as consumers being unhappy with their own network bandwidth being used for transmitting content to other viewers.[25] Samsung TV has also announced their plans to provide streaming options including 3D Video on Demand through their Explore 3D service.[26]

Access control[edit]

Some streaming services incorporate digital rights management. The W3C made the controversial decision to adopt Encrypted Media Extensions due in large part to motivations to provide copy protection for streaming content. Sky Go has software that is provided by Microsoft to prevent content being copied.[27]

Additionally, BBC iPlayer makes use of a parental control system giving users the option to "lock" content, requiring a password to access it. The goal of these systems is to enable parents to keep children from viewing sexually themed, violent, or otherwise age-inappropriate material. Flagging systems can be used to warn a user that content may be certified or that it is intended for viewing post-watershed. Honour systems are also used where users are asked for their dates of birth or age to verify if they are able to view certain content.

IPTV[edit]

Main article: IPTV

IPTV delivers television content using signals based on the Internet protocol (IP), through the open, unmanaged Internet with the "last-mile" telecom company acting only as the Internet service provider (ISP). As described above, "Internet television" is "over-the-top technology" (OTT). Both IPTV and OTT use the Internet protocol over a packet-switched network to transmit data, but IPTV operates in a closed system—a dedicated, managed network controlled by the local cable, satellite, telephone, or fiber-optic company.[28] In its simplest form, IPTV simply replaces traditional circuit switched analog or digital television channels with digital channels which happen to use packet-switched transmission. In both the old and new systems, subscribers have set-top boxes or other customer-premises equipment that communicates directly over company-owned or dedicated leased lines with central-office servers. Packets never travel over the public Internet, so the television provider can guarantee enough local bandwidth for each customer's needs.

The Internet protocol is a cheap, standardized way to enable two-way communication and simultaneously provide different data (e.g., TV-show files, email, Web browsing) to different customers. This supports DVR-like features for time shifting television: for example, to catch up on a TV show that was broadcast hours or days ago, or to replay the current TV show from its beginning. It also supports video on demand—browsing a catalog of videos (such as movies or television shows) which might be unrelated to the company's scheduled broadcasts.

IPTV has an ongoing standardization process (for example, at the European Telecommunications Standards Institute).

IPTVOver-the-top technology
Content providerLocal telecomStudio, channel, or independent service
Transmission networkLocal telecom - dedicated owned or leased networkPublic Internet + local telecom
ReceiverLocal telecom provides (set-top box)Purchased by consumer (box, stick, TV, computer, or mobile)
Display deviceScreen provided by consumerScreen provided by consumer
ExamplesAT&T U-verse, Bell Fibe TV, Verizon Fios (IPTV service now discontinued)Video on demand services like Disney+, fuboTV, hotstar, Asianet Mobile TV, PlayStation Vue, Sky Go, YouTube, Netflix, Amazon, DittoTV, YuppTV, Lovefilm, BBC iPlayer, Hulu, Sony Liv, myTV, Now TV, Emagine, SlingTV, KlowdTV, ZEE5, MX Player, Voot.

Streaming quality[edit]

Streaming quality is the quality of image and audio transmission from the servers of the distributor to the user's screen. High-definition video (720p+) and later standards require higher bandwidth and faster connection speeds than previous standards, because they carry higher spatial resolution image content. In addition, transmission packet loss and latency caused by network impairments and insufficient bandwidth degrade replay quality. Decoding errors may manifest themselves with video breakup and macro blocks. The generally accepted download rate for streaming high-definition video encoded in H.264 is 3500 kbit/s, whereas standard-definition television can range from 500 to 1500 kbit/s depending on the resolution on screen. In the UK, the BBC iPlayer deals with the largest amount of traffic yet it offers HD content along with SD content. As more people have gotten broadband connections which can deal with streaming HD video over the Internet, the BBC iPlayer has tried to keep up with demand and pace. However, as streaming HD video takes around 1.5 GB of data per hour of video the BBC has had to invest a lot of money collected from License Fee payers to implement this on a large scale.[29]

For users who do not have the bandwidth to stream HD video or even high-SD video, which requires 1500 kbit/s, the BBC iPlayer offers lower bitrate streams which in turn lead to lower video quality. This makes use of an adaptive bitrate stream so that if the user's bandwidth suddenly drops, iPlayer will lower its streaming rate to compensate. A diagnostic tool offered on the BBC iPlayer site measures a user's streaming capabilities and bandwidth.[30]

Usage[edit]

Internet television is common in most US households as of the mid 2010s. About one in four new televisions being sold is now a smart TV.[31]

Considering the popularity of smart TVs and devices such as the Roku and Chromecast, much of the US public can watch television via the Internet. Internet-only channels are now established enough to feature some Emmy-nominated shows, such as Netflix's House of Cards.[32] Many networks also distribute their shows the next day to streaming providers such as Hulu[33] Some networks may use a proprietary system, such as the BBC utilizes their iPlayer format. This has resulted in bandwidth demands increasing to the point of causing issues for some networks. It was reported in February 2014 that Verizon is having issues coping with the demand placed on their network infrastructure. Until long-term bandwidth issues are worked out and regulation such at net neutrality Internet Televisions push to HDTV may start to hinder growth.[34]

Aereo was launched in March 2012 in New York City (and subsequently stopped from broadcasting in June 2014). It streamed network TV only to New York customers over the Internet. Broadcasters filed lawsuits against Aereo, because Aereo captured broadcast signals and streamed the content to Aereo's customers without paying broadcasters. In mid-July 2012, a federal judge sided with the Aereo start-up. Aereo planned to expand to every major metropolitan area by the end of 2013.[35] The Supreme Court ruled against Aereo June 24, 2014.[36]

Market competitors[edit]

Many providers of Internet television services exist—including conventional television stations that have taken advantage of the Internet as a way to continue showing television shows after they have been broadcast, often advertised as "on-demand" and "catch-up" services. Today, almost every major broadcaster around the world is operating an Internet television platform.[37] Examples include the BBC, which introduced the BBC iPlayer on 25 June 2008 as an extension to its "RadioPlayer" and already existing streamed video-clip content, and Channel 4 that launched 4oD ("4 on Demand") (now All 4) in November 2006 allowing users to watch recently shown content. Most Internet television services allow users to view content free of charge; however, some content is for a fee.

Since 2012, around 200 over-the-top (OTT) platforms providing streamed and downloadable content have emerged.[38] Investment by Netflix in new original content for its OTT platform reached $13bn in 2018.[39]

Broadcasting rights[edit]

Broadcasting rights (also called Streaming rights in this case)[40] vary from country to country and even within provinces of countries. These rights govern the distribution of copyrighted content and media and allow the sole distribution of that content at any one time. An example of content only being aired in certain countries is BBC iPlayer. The BBC checks a user's IP address to make sure that only users located in the UK can stream content from the BBC. The BBC only allows free use of their product for users within the UK as those users have paid for a television license that funds part of the BBC. This IP address check is not foolproof as the user may be accessing the BBC website through a VPN or proxy server. Broadcasting rights can also be restricted to allowing a broadcaster rights to distribute that content for a limited time. Channel 4's online service All 4 can only stream shows created in the US by companies such as HBO for thirty days after they are aired on one of the Channel 4 group channels. This is to boost DVD sales for the companies who produce that media.

Some companies pay very large amounts for broadcasting rights with sports and US sitcoms usually fetching the highest price from UK-based broadcasters. A trend among major content producers in North America[when?] is the use of the "TV Everywhere" system. Especially for live content, the TV Everywhere system restricts viewership of a video feed to select Internet service providers, usually cable television companies that pay a retransmission consent or subscription fee to the content producer. This often has the negative effect of making the availability of content dependent upon the provider, with the consumer having little or no choice on whether they receive the product.

Profits and costs[edit]

With the advent of broadband Internet connections, multiple streaming providers have come onto the market in the last couple of years. The main providers are Netflix, Hulu and Amazon. Some of these providers such as Hulu advertise and charge a monthly fee. Other such as Netflix and Amazon charge users a monthly fee and have no commercials. Netflix is the largest provider; it has over 130 million members and its membership numbers are growing.[when?][41] The rise of internet TV has resulted in cable companies losing customers to a new kind of customer called "cord cutters". Cord cutters are consumers who are cancelling their cable TV or satellite TV subscriptions and choosing instead to stream TV shows, movies and other content via the Internet. Cord cutters are forming communities. With the increasing availability of video sharing websites (e.g., YouTube) and streaming services, there is an alternative to cable and satellite television subscriptions. Cord cutters tend to be younger people.

Overview of platforms and availability[edit]

ServiceSupporting company/companiesRegional availabilityWebsite-basedWindows applicationMac applicationLinux applicationiOS applicationAndroid applicationConsole applicationTV set applicationSet Top Box applicationFree
APSFL IPTVDasan networksAndhra pradeshNoNoNoNoAPSFL Android PlayerNoNoAPSFL IPTV and video on DemandYes
BBC iPlayerBBCUKYesYesYesYesYesYes[42]Wii, PS3, Xbox 360Samsung, Sony, Panasonic, PhilipsVirgin Media On Demand, Freesat, RokuNo
NBCNBCUSAYesNoNoNoYesYes[43]PS3, Xbox 360Yes[44]
Jio TVLYFIndiaYesYesYesYesLYF Android PlayerNoNoJio on DemandYes
TivibuArgelaTRYesYesYesYesArgela Android PlayerPendingNoneTtnet on DemandNo
Sky GoSkyUK & IrelandYesYesYesYesYesXbox 360No
Eros NowErosIndiaYesYesYesYesEros Android PlayerNoYesBollywood on DemandYes
ITV HubITVUKYesYesYesYesYesYesPS3Virgin Media On DemandYes
ABC iviewAustralian Broadcasting CorporationAustraliaYesNoNoNoYesYesPS3, Xbox 360Samsung, SonyYes
All 4Channel 4UK & IrelandYesYesYesYesYesPS3, Xbox 360Virgin Media On DemandYes
HuluFOX, NBC Universal, ABC, Time WarnerUS & JapanYesYesYesYesYesPS3, Xbox 360Samsung, VizioRokuNo[45]
RTÉ PlayerRTÉIrelandYesYesYesYes
TG4 BeoTG4Ireland and Worldwide/InternationalYesYes
TV3 Catch UpTV3IrelandYesYesYes
Global VideoGlobalCanadaYesYesNo
Global VideoSBNTV1, The Sumlin Broadcasting Network, Classic Soul Channel.....USYesYesYesYesYesPS3, Xbox 360Samsung, VizioYes
myTVOSN, Rotana Group, SNA Corp.....North America, Canada, South America, New Zealand, AustraliaNoNot yetNot yetNoYesYesNot yetSamsung Smart TV, LG Smart TV, Google TVWestern Digital, Boxee Box, Netgear NTV 300, Google TV devices, Samsung and Android tabletsNo
PTCL Smart TV AppPTCLPakistanYesYesNoNoYesYesNoNoneStandalone PTCL Smart Settop BoxNo
LocastSports Fans ConsortiumU.S. regionalYesNoNoNoYesYesNoRoku, FireTV, Apple TV, ChromecastDonation

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Other streaming platforms include YouTube Premium, Google TV, YouTube TV, Facebook Watch, CW Seed, VRV, YouTube Red (now called YouTube Premium), Crunchyroll, Crave, and many more. Shows on sites on Newgrounds or on general YouTube channels are not streaming platforms, so they cannot be considered streaming TV

See also[edit]

  • Comparison of streaming media systems
  • Comparison of video hosting services
  • Content delivery network
  • Digital television
  • Interactive television
  • Internet radio
  • IPTV
  • Home theatre PC
  • List of free television software
  • List of Internet television providers
  • List of streaming media systems
  • Live streaming world news
  • Multicast
  • P2PTV
  • Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty
  • Push technology
  • Smart TV
  • Software as a service
  • Television network
  • Video advertising
  • Web-to-TV
  • Media psychology
  • Webcast
  • WPIX, Inc. v. ivi, Inc.

References[edit]

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  35. ^ "Aereo Threatens Broadcasters By Streaming Network TV Online". July 20, 2012.
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  37. ^ Internet television platforms around the world International TV Explorer
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  45. ^ "Watch TV and movies via Xbox, PS3, Wii and more - Hulu". Hulu.

External links[edit]

  • IPTV future The Register 2006-05-05
  • As Internet TV Aims at Niche Audiences, the Slivercast Is Born New York Times 2006-03-12
  • TV's future stars will come from the webThe Guardian 2008-09-11
  • mangavost.com Streaming web
  • televisiongratis.tv Web television from around the world (Spanish)