Национальный музей Шотландии в Эдинбурге , Шотландия, была образована в 2006 году в результате слияния нового музея Шотландии , с коллекции , относящиеся к шотландской старины , культуры и истории , и прилегающей к ней Королевский шотландский музей» (открыт в 1866 году в Эдинбурге музей of Science and Art, переименованный в 1904 году, и на период между 1985 годом и слиянием, названный Королевским музеем Шотландии или просто Королевским музеем), с международными коллекциями, охватывающими науку и технологии, естественную историю и мировые культуры. [1] [2] [3] [4]Два соединенных здания стоят рядом друг с другом на Чемберс-стрит , на пересечении с мостом Георга IV в центре Эдинбурга. Музей является частью Национальных музеев Шотландии . Вход свободный. [5]
Национальный музей Шотландии | |
---|---|
Основная информация | |
Архитектурный стиль | Викторианский венецианский ренессанс и модерн |
Город или мегаполис | Эдинбург |
Страна | Шотландия |
Координаты | 55 ° 56′49 ″ с.ш., 3 ° 11′24 ″ з.д. / 55,94694 ° с. Ш. 3,19000 ° з.Координаты : 55 ° 56′49 ″ с.ш., 3 ° 11′24 ″ з.д. / 55,94694 ° с. Ш. 3,19000 ° з. |
Строительство началось | 1861 г. |
Завершенный | 1866 и 1998 гг. |
Торжественно открыт | 1866 г. |
С ремонтом | 2011 г. |
Дизайн и конструкция | |
Архитектор | Бенсон и Форсайт |
Инженер-строитель | Anthony Hunt Associates |
Веб-сайт | |
www |
Два здания сохраняют отличительные черты: Музей Шотландии расположен в современном здании, открытом в 1998 году, а бывшее здание Королевского музея было начато в 1861 году и частично открыто в 1866 году, с фасадом в викторианском венецианском стиле эпохи Возрождения и большим центральным литым залом. железная конструкция, поднимающаяся во всю высоту здания, дизайн Фрэнсиса Фоука и Роберта Мэтисона . Это здание подверглось капитальному ремонту и вновь открылось 29 июля 2011 года после трехлетнего проекта стоимостью 47 миллионов фунтов стерлингов по восстановлению и расширению здания, возглавляемого Gareth Hoskins Architects, наряду с одновременным изменением дизайна выставок Ralph Appelbaum Associates . [6]
Национальный музей включает коллекции бывшего Национального музея древностей Шотландии. Помимо национальных коллекций шотландских археологических находок и средневековых предметов, в музее представлены артефакты со всего мира, охватывающие геологию, археологию, естественную историю, науку, технологии, искусство и мировые культуры. 16 новых галерей, вновь открытых в 2011 году, включают 8000 объектов, 80 процентов из которых ранее не выставлялись. [7] Одним из наиболее примечательных экспонатов является чучело овцы Долли , первое успешное клонирование млекопитающего из взрослой клетки. Среди других достопримечательностей - древнеегипетские выставки, один из экстравагантных костюмов Элтона Джона , коллекция костюмов Жана Мюра и большая кинетическая скульптура под названием Часы тысячелетия . Шотландское изобретение, которое неизменно пользуется популярностью на школьных вечеринках, - это Scottish Maiden , ранняя машина для обезглавливания, предшествовавшая гильотине .
В 2019 году музей посетили 2210 024 человека, что сделало его самой популярной достопримечательностью Шотландии в этом году. [8]
История
Royal Museum of the University
In 1697 Robert Sibbald presented the University of Edinburgh College of Medicine with a natural history collection he had put together with his friend Andrew Balfour, who had recently died. The wide range of specimens was put on permanent display in the University, as one of the first museums in the UK. Daniel Defoe, in A Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain published in 1737, called it "a fine Musæum, or Chamber of Rarities, which are worth seeing, and which, in some things, is not to be match'd in Europe." Later editions of the book said it had rarities not to be found in the Royal Society or the Ashmolean Museum. In 1767 the museum became the responsibility of the first Regius Professor of natural history, Robert Ramsey, then in 1779 his successor John Walker recorded that he had found the collection was in poor condition.[9][10]
The Regius Professorship, and the museum, was taken over in 1804 by Robert Jameson, a mineralogist whose course covered zoology and geology, who built it up "not a private department of the university but as a public department connected in some degree with the country of Scotland". In 1812 it was renamed the "Royal Museum of the University". An enormous number of specimens were acquired, by buying from other collections and by encouraging travellers abroad to collect and preserve their finds. Packages were delivered duty free, and half of the specimens collected by Royal Navy survey ships went to the museum (the other half going to the British Museum in London). Jameson's natural history course held practical classes three times a week in "the great museum he had collected for illustrating his teaching", including description of exhibits and identification of mineral specimens. With support from the University Authorities, Edinburgh Town Council and the Commissioners for the College Buildings, a new museum was built in 1820 as part of new university buildings (the museum is now occupied by the Talbot Rice Gallery, its main features still in place).[11][12] The taxidermist John Edmonstone undertook work for the museum, and in 1826 gave private lessons to Charles Darwin,[13] who later studied in the museum and befriended its curator, the ornithologist William MacGillivray.[12][14]
The collections, noted as "second only to those of the British Museum", overfilled the available space. In 1852 Jameson suggested proposals, which were put forward by the University Senatus, that the natural history collections be taken over the government to form a new National Museum adjacent to the university, and integrated into it.[11][15] Jameson was seriously during this time, and died on 19 April 1854, shortly after the negotiated agreement was formalised.[16]
Chambers Street Museum
For a few years after the museum first opened, its frontage looked on to a narrow lane. In the 1870s this lane was widened in forming Chambers Street.[17][18] Over the following century, though there were official names, it became popularly known as the "Chambers Street Museum".[19][20]
Industrial Museum of Scotland
The site for building, bought earlier to ensure unobstructed light to the university buildings, had been occupied by two properties west of Jameson's museum; an Independent Chapel with seats for 1,000 fronting West College Street, and the Trades' Maiden Hospital girls' school beside Argyle Square. The grounds of these buildings were bounded on the north by a narrow lane connecting North College Street to the square, and on the south by the Flodden Wall.[15][17]
In 1854, the government chose to transfer the university's collection into an enlarged natural history museum combined with a new institution educating the public about commerce and industrial arts. It established the Industrial Museum of Scotland under the direction of the Board of Trade's Science and Art Department in London, and approved purchase of the site. The brief was to emulate The Museum of Practical Geology of "London, but embracing, in addition, the economic products of the animal and vegetable kingdoms." The general director of the museum would be responsible to the Board. The university's Regius Professor of natural history continued as Keeper of its collection, with access to specimens to illustrate lectures, and also reported directly to the Board. In 1855 George Wilson was appointed as the museum's first director, he pressed ahead with preparations while H.M. Board of Works organised designs, but died in 1859.[21][22][23] Thomas Croxen Archer was appointed director on 10 May 1860, and the Edinburgh Industrial Museum act was passed on 28 August.[24][25] Design work was carried out by Captain Francis Fowke, Engineer and Artist of the Science and Art Department, and architect Robert Matheson of the Office of Works in Edinburgh. Contract documents were signed in May 1861, and construction began. In ceremonies on 23 October 1861, Prince Albert laid the foundation stone of the General Post Office on Waterloo Place, then the foundation stone of the museum. This was his last public appearance before his death six weeks later.[26]
Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art
The institution became the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art in 1864,[27] with two divisions; Natural History, and Industrial Arts. The natural history collection was transferred from the University in 1865–1866. Prince Alfred formally opened the first phase on 19 May 1866,[21][28] with public access to the east wing and about a third of the Great Hall (now the Grand Gallery). A temporary wall formed the west gable of this space, displays in it included models and machinery of architecture, military and civil engineering, including lighthouses. A small hall (now Living Lands) accommodated manufactures. The natural history collection took up the large hall in the east wing (now Animal World),[28][29] a corridor link to the University formed a "Bridge of Sighs" over West College Street. On the western half of the site, "old buildings" which had formed Argyll Square were in temporary use for agricultural and educational exhibits.[28][30]
George Allman became Regius Professor and Keeper of the natural history collection in 1855. Issues developed over access to specimens for teaching, particularly when some were lost, and he apparently neglected curation. Wyville Thomson took over in 1870, and the Board of Trade redefined duties, but curation was not his priority. For a reception in the Spring of 1871, the museum stored refreshments in the "Bridge of Sighs" corridor, but students found this and no drinks were left for the Edinburgh worthies, so a door restricted access from the university. Wyville Thomson went on the Challenger expedition for four years.[31][22][30] The museum severed ties with the university in 1873, and appointed Ramsay Traquair as its Keeper of the Natural History Collections.[32][33] The bridge was closed (at some time later it was reopened and for a while prior to the Museum's temporary closure during World War II it provided limited access between the Museum and University).[34] The university had lost use of the museum specimens, so started a replacement teaching collection in its old museum space.[35] This became intolerably cramped, eventually James Hartley Ashworth raised funds and a new teaching laboratory and museum was opened in 1929 at the King's Buildings campus.[36]
In 1871 work began on widening the street to the north of the university and museum to form Chambers Street, linked to George IV Bridge.[18] The central section of the Museum of Science and Art building, including the rest of the Great Hall, was completed in 1874 and formally opened to the public on 14 January 1875. The west wing was completed in 1888, rooms were opened to the public when they were fitted out, until the last one opened on 14 October 1890.[37][38]
Royal Scottish Museum
Administration of the museum was transferred in 1901 from the Science and Art Department to the Scottish Education Department, and in 1904 the institution was renamed the Royal Scottish Museum.[40][41]
Electricity was introduced, replacing the original gas lighting, and powering the first interactive displays in the museum: push-button working models, starting with a marine steam engine and a sectioned steam locomotive.[42][29][43] During the period 1871 to 1911 much of the day to day running of the Museum was undertaken not by the Director, but by the Curator.[44]
The Royal Scottish Museum displayed prank exhibits on April Fool's Day on at least one occasion. In 1975, a fictitious bird called the Bare-fronted Hoodwink (known for its innate ability to fly away from observers before they could accurately identify it) was put on display. The exhibit included photos of blurry birds flying away. To make the exhibit more convincing, a mount of the bird was sewn together by a taxidermist from various scraps of real birds, including the head of a carrion crow, the body of a plover, and the feet of an unknown waterfowl. The bare front was composed of wax.[45]
Royal Museum of Scotland
In 1985 the museum was renamed the Royal Museum of Scotland, and its administration came under the newly formed National Museums Scotland, along with the Museum of Antiquities which in 1998 moved to a new building constructed as an extension to the Royal Museum at the west end of Chambers Street.[46]
National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland
The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland was founded in 1780. It still continues, but in 1858 its collection of archaeological and other finds was transferred to the government as the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, and from 1891 it occupied half of a new building in Queen Street in the New Town, with its entrance hall shared with the Scottish National Portrait Gallery which occupied the other half.[47]
Museum of Scotland
The organizational merger of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Museum took place in 1985, but the two collections retained separate buildings until 1995 when the Queen Street building closed, to reopen later occupied solely by the Scottish National Portrait Gallery. In 1998 the new Museum of Scotland building opened, adjacent to the Royal Museum of Scotland building, and connected to it. The masterplan to redevelop the Victorian building and further integrate the architecture and collections was launched in 2004. The split naming caused confusion to visitors, and in 2006 permission was granted to remove "Royal" to achieve a unified brand.[42]
National Museum of Scotland
On 2006 the two museums were formally merged as the National Museum of Scotland. The naming had been changed for practical reasons, including strategy and marketing.[42] The old Chambers Street Museum building closed for redevelopment in 2008, before reopening in July 2011.[7][48]
Staff at the museum took several days of strike action at points during 2015 and 2016, called by the Public and Commercial Services Union.[49][50][51]
Архитектура
Royal Scottish Museum building
Construction was started in 1861 and proceeded in phases, the eastern sections opened in 1866 before others had even begun construction. The full extent of the original design was completed in 1888.[42] It was designed by civil engineer Captain Francis Fowke of the Royal Engineers, Engineer and Artist of the Science and Art Department in London who was also responsible for the Royal Albert Hall, and architect Robert Matheson of the Office of Works in Edinburgh.[26] The exterior, designed in a Venetian Renaissance style, contrasts sharply with the light-flooded main hall or Grand Gallery, inspired by The Crystal Palace.[52]
Numerous extensions at the rear of the building, particularly in the 1930s, extended the museum greatly. 1998 saw the opening of the Museum of Scotland (now the Scottish History and Archaeology department), linked internally to the main building. The major redevelopment completed in 2011 by Gareth Hoskins Architects uses former storage areas to form a vaulted Entrance Hall of 1400 sq M at street level with visitor facilities. This involved lowering the floor level by 1.2 metres. Despite being a Class A listed building, it was possible to add lifts and escalators. The accessible entrance is at the corner tower of the Scottish History and Archaeology building.[7]
Museum of Scotland (Scottish History and Archaeology) building
The building is made up of geometric, Corbusian forms, but also has numerous references to Scotland, such as brochs and castellated defensive architecture. It is clad in golden Moray sandstone, which one of its architects, Gordon Benson, has called "the oldest exhibit in the building", a reference to Scottish geology. The building was a 1999 Stirling Prize nominee.[53]
Коллекции
The galleries in the newer building present Scottish history in an essentially chronological arrangement, beginning at the lowest level with prehistory to the early medieval period, with later periods on the higher levels. The Victorian building, as reopened in 2011, contains four zones (each with numerous galleries), covering natural history, world cultures (including galleries on the South Pacific, East Asia, and Ancient Egypt), European art and design, and science & technology. The Grand Gallery contains a variety of large objects from the collections, with a display called the "Window on the World" rising through four storeys, or about 20 metres, containing over 800 objects reflecting the breadth of the collections. Beyond the Grand Gallery at ground level is the "Discoveries" gallery, with objects connected to "remarkable Scots ... in the fields of invention, exploration and adventure".[54] Notable artifacts include:
- Assyrian relief of King Ashurnasirpal II and a court official
- Monymusk Reliquary
- St Ninian's Isle Treasure
- 11 of the Lewis chessmen. (The rest are owned by the British Museum)
- Celtic brooches, including the Hunterston Brooch
- Torrs Pony-cap and Horns
- Pictish stones, such as the Hilton of Cadboll Stone, Woodwrae Stone, and Monifieth Sculptured Stones
- The Cramond Lioness, Newstead Helmet and other items from the Roman frontier
- The Lunnasting stone
- Whitecleuch Chain
- Migdale Hoard
- Bute mazer
- Sculptures by Sir Eduardo Paolozzi, housing prehistoric jewellery
- A Union Flag and Scottish Flag raised by the Hanoverians and Jacobites respectively at the Battle of Culloden
- The Maiden, an early form of guillotine
- The stuffed remains of Dolly the sheep[55]
- Paintings by Margaret MacDonald
- Sculptures by Andy Goldsworthy, inspired by the work of Scottish geologist James Hutton
Галерея
Detail of chape from the St Ninian's Isle Treasure
Some of the 11 Lewis chessmen in Edinburgh
Stegosaurus fossil on display
Taxidermy of Dolly (sheep) on display
Carved ivory horn on display
19th-century silk weaving loom producing a scraf
Смотрите также
- Gordon Rintoul, Director
- List of most visited art museums in the world
Рекомендации
- ^ Swinney, Geoffrey. "PhD thesis:Towards an Historical Geography of a 'National' Museum: The Industrial Museum of Scotland, the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art and the Royal Scottish Museum, 1854 - 1939". ERA. University of Edinburgh.
- ^ Swinney, Geoffrey. N (2014). "Collecting Legacies: National Identity and the World-wide Collections of National Museums Scotland". Review of Scottish Culture. 26: 132–147.
- ^ Swinney, Geoffrey N. (2006). "Reconstructed Visions: The Philosophies that Shaped Part of the Scottish National Collections". Museum Management and Curatorship. 21: 128 142.
- ^ Allan, Douglas A. (1954). The Royal Scottish Museum: Art & Ethnography, Natural History, Technology, Geology, 1854 to 1954. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
- ^ Swinney, Geoffrey N.; Heppell, David (1997). "Public and Privileged Access: A Historical Survey of Admission Charges and Visitor Figures for Part of the Scottish National Collections". Book of the Old Edinburgh Club. New Series. 4: 69 84.
- ^ "National Museum of Scotland to reopen after £47m refit". BBC. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ a b c NMS press release for the reopening
- ^ "ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions". www.alva.org.uk. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ "Natural History Collections: First and Second Collections". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Daniel Defoe (1727). A Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain. printed, and sold by G. Strahan. W. Mears. R. Francklin. S. Chapman. R. Stagg, and J. Graves. p. 36.
- ^ a b "Natural History Collections: The Royal Museum of the University". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ a b Adrian Desmond; James R Moore (29 October 1992). Darwin. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-14-193556-0.
- ^ McNish, James (16 October 2020). "John Edmonstone: the man who taught Darwin taxidermy". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Darwin, Charles (1958). Barlow, Nora (ed.). The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter. London: Collins. p. 53.
- ^ a b Grant (1884). "The Chair of Technology". The Story of the University of Edinburgh During Its First Three Hundred Years. Longmans, Green, and Company. pp. 354–361.
- ^ The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. Constable. 1854. p. 3.
- ^ a b Side-by-Side Museum site on OS Town Plans of Edinburgh, 1849 and 1876, National Library of Scotland.
- ^ a b William Paterson (1881). The tourists' shilling handy guide to Scotland. p. 13.
- ^ "Obituary. The Late Professor Archer". Forestry; a journal of forest and estate management. X. Edinburgh: C&R Anderson. 1885. p. 467.
The Chambers Street Museum is perhaps the best monument of its late energetic and laborious chief. Edinburgh men who remember the modest beginnings in the old Argyle Square under the genial inspiration of the late Professor George Wilson ....
- ^ Charles McKean (2000). The Making of the Museum of Scotland. National Museums of Scotland Pub. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-901663-11-2.
Founded in 1854, the new museum (popularly known as the Chambers Street Museum) was formed from the merging of Edinburgh University's Museum of Natural History with the Industrial Museum; and it was completed in 1864 as the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.
- ^ a b Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art (1869). Catalogue of Industrial Department, second edition. Edinburgh: Science and Art Department. pp. iii–v.
- ^ a b Department of Science and Art (1871). "Appendix A. (4.) Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art". 18th Report. HMSO. pp. 46–47.
- ^ Swinney, Geoffrey N. (2016). "George Wilson's Map of Technology: Giving shape to the 'Industrial Arts' in Mid-Nineteenth -Century Edinburgh". Journal of Scottish Historical Studies. 36 (2): 165–190.
- ^ Joseph Haydn (1861). A Dictionary of Dates Relating to All Ages and Nations: for Universal Reference: Comprehending Remarkable Occurrences, Ancient and Modern ... and Particularly of the British Empire. Moxon. p. 235.
- ^ Royal Society of Edinburgh (1888). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. pp. 111–112.
- ^ a b Tate, Jim (21 October 2011). "150 years old and still going strong!". National Museums Scotland Blog. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
- ^ Elizabeth Edwards; Sigrid Lien (17 February 2016). Uncertain Images: Museums and the Work of Photographs. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-317-00552-0.
- ^ a b c "The Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art". The English Mechanic and Mirror of Science. Fleet Street, London: George Maddick & Co. 7 August 1868. pp. 422–423. Current plan (April 2021).
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- ^ a b "Natural History Collections: The Museum of Science and Art". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ Swinney, Geoffrey N. (1999). "Wyville Thomson, Challenger, and the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art". The Scottish Naturalist. 111: 207 224.
- ^ Department of Science and Art (1883). "History of the Science and Art Department". 30th Report. HMSO. p. lxxxiv.
- ^ Swinney, Geoffrey N. (1999). "A Natural History Collection in Transition: Wyville Thomson and the Relationship Between the University of Edinburgh and the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art". Journal of the History of Collections. 11 (1): 51 70.
- ^ Swinney, Geoffrey N. (2019). "Projecting the Museum: Moving Images in, and of, Scotland's National Museum". Museum History Journal. 12 (2): 129 152.
- ^ "Natural History Collections: The Third Natural History Collection". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ "Natural History Collections: The Department of Zoology". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ Department of Science and Art (1895). Calendar, History, and General Summary of Regulations. HMSO. pp. 69–71.
- ^ Michael Lynch (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press. pp. 538–539. ISBN 0-19-923482-5.
- ^ Thorns, Gemma (15 January 2016). "Preparing Pilcher's Hawk to Fly Again". National Museums Scotland Blog. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ Historic Buildings at Work: A Guide to the Historic Buildings of Scotland Used by Central Government. Scottish Civic Trust. 1983. ISBN 978-0-904566-03-1.
[in 1866] it was renamed the Museum of Science and Art. From the beginning it was a National Museum, administered first by the Department of Science and Art and from 1901 by the Scottish Education Department. It was renamed again in 1904 as the Royal Scottish Museum
- ^ Smithsonian Institution (1905). Report Upon the Condition and Progress of the United States National Museum. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 560.
- ^ a b c d Miller, Phil (14 October 2006). "Museum drops its royal title to avoid confusion among visitors Queen gives her seal of approval to changing name of building after 102 years". The Herald. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ^ Staubermann, Klaus; Swinney, Geoffrey N. (2016). "Making Space for Models: (Re)presenting Engineering in Scotland's National Museum, 1854 to present". International Journal for the History of Engineering and Technology. 86 (1): 19 41.
- ^ Swinney, Geoffrey (1998). "Who Runs the Museum? Curatorial Conflict in a National Collection". Museum Management and Curatorship. 17 (3): 295 301.
- ^ "The Bare-Fronted Hoodwink". Museumofhoaxes.com. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ Hourihane, Colum (2012). The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-0-19-539536-5.
- ^ "National Museums Scotland Archive". Archives Hub. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ^ Brown, Mark (28 July 2011). "New National Museum of Scotland unveiled after £47m revamp". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ "National Museum of Scotland staff take strike action". BBC News. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ "National Museum of Scotland staff walk out". BBC News. 16 April 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ "National Museum of Scotland workers step up strike in pay row". BBC News. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ "The Royal Scottish Museum". Victorian Web. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- ^ "Twenty years of the RIBA Stirling Prize". Architect's Journal. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- ^ NMS press release on reopening
- ^ "UK | Scotland | Dolly goes on display". BBC News. 9 April 2003. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Внешние ссылки
- Official website
- History of the National Museum of Scotland
- Review of the building by Hugh Pearman