Папский конклав 2005 г.

Папский конклав апрель 2005 г.
Даты и место проведения
18–19 апреля 2005 г. Сикстинская капелла , Апостольский дворец , Ватикан
Ключевые должностные лица
Декан	Джозеф Ратцингер
Заместитель декана	Анджело Содано
Камерленго	Эдуардо Мартинес Сомало
Протоиерей	Стивен Ким Су Хван
Протодиакон	Хорхе Медина Эстевес
Секретарь	Франческо Монтеризи
Выборы
Бюллетени	4
Избранный Папа
Джозеф Ратцингер Снято имя: Бенедикт XVI.

← Октябрь 1978 г. 2013 →

2005 папский конклав был созван , чтобы избрать нового Папу после смерти Папы Иоанна Павла II 2 апреля 2005 г. После его смерти кардиналы о католической церкви , которые были в Риме встретились и установить дату начала конклава в избрать своего преемника. Из 117 правомочных членов Коллегии кардиналов , моложе 80 лет на момент смерти Папы Иоанна Павла II, присутствовали все, кроме двух. После нескольких дней частных встреч, на которых присутствовали как кардиналы-выборщики, так и кардиналы без права голоса, конклав начался 18 апреля 2005 года. Он завершился на следующий день после четырех туров голосования избранием кардинала Йозефа Ратцингера., Префект Конгрегации доктрины веры . После принятия его избрания, он взял Папское имя на Бенедикт XVI .

Процедуры [ править ]

Папа Иоанн Павел II изложил новые процедуры избрания своего преемника в своей Апостольской конституции Universi Dominici gregis в 1996 году ^[1].В нем подробно описаны роли кардиналов и вспомогательного персонала, расписание конклава, текст клятв, штрафы за нарушение секретности и многие детали, даже форма бюллетеней («бюллетень должен быть прямоугольной формы»). Он отказал кардиналам в праве выбрать папу путем аккламации или назначив выборы избранной группе кардиналов. Он установил новые процедуры голосования, которым кардиналы могли бы следовать, если голосование продолжалось несколько дней, но на этом конклаве они не использовались. Он придерживался установленного Павлом VI правила, согласно которому кардиналы, достигшие восьмидесятилетнего возраста до дня смерти папы, не участвовали в голосовании.

На предыдущих конклавах кардиналы-избиратели проживали на территории Сикстинской капеллы на протяжении всего голосования. Условия были спартанскими и тяжелыми для людей с проблемами со здоровьем. Душевые и ванные комнаты были общими, а спальные зоны разделены шторами. ^[2] Иоанн Павел проводил голосование в Сикстинской капелле , но предоставил кардиналам-выборщикам, когда они не голосовали, жить, обедать и спать в отдельных комнатах с кондиционерами в Domus Sanctae Marthae , более известном под итальянским названием Casa Santa Marta, пятиэтажный пансионат, построенный в 1996 году, который обычно служит пансионом для приезжих священнослужителей.

Кардиналы отступили от его указаний только в том, что они не собирались в часовне Павла . Реставрационные работы, начатые в 2002 году, потребовали изменения места проведения ^[3], и вместо этого они использовали Зал Благословения.

Кардинальные выборщики [ править ]

Хотя всего было 183 кардинала, кардиналы в возрасте 80 лет и старше на момент освобождения папства не имели права голоса на конклаве в соответствии с правилами, установленными Папой Павлом VI в 1971 году и слегка измененными в 1996 году Иоанном Павлом II. ^[1] На момент смерти Иоанна Павла было 117 кардиналов моложе 80 лет. ^[ A ^]

**Папский конклав 2005 г.**
Избиратели	117 общая
Отсутствующий	2 Хайме Син ( Манила ) Адольфо Суарес Ривера ( Монтеррей )
Настоящее время	115
Африке	11
Азия	10
Европа	58
Океания	2
Северная Америка	22
Южная Америка	12
УМЕРНАЯ ПАПА	Иоанн Павел II (1978–2005)
НОВАЯ ПАПА	Бенедикт XVI (2005–2013)

Кардиналы-выборщики были из немногим более пятидесяти стран, что немного больше по сравнению с 49, представленными на конклаве 1978 года. Примерно в 30 из этих стран был один участник. Итальянские избиратели были самыми многочисленными - двадцать, в то время как Соединенные Штаты занимали вторую по величине группу - 11. Плохое здоровье не позволило принять участие двум из 117 кардиналов-выборщиков: Хайме Син из Филиппин и Адольфо Антонио Суарес Ривера из Мексики . ^[5]^[6]^[b] Все избиратели были назначены Папой Иоанном Павлом II, за исключением трех: Хайме Син, который не присутствовал, Уильям Уэйкфилд Баум и Джозеф Ратцингер, ^[8]что сделало Баума и Ратцингера единственными участниками, имевшими предыдущий опыт конклава из двух конклавов 1978 года. ^[c] В этом конклаве участвовало 115 кардиналов-выборщиков, и на этом конклаве было наибольшее число кардиналов, когда-либо избиравших Папу, число позже сопоставимо с конклавом 2013 года. В обоих конклавах в 1978 г. было 111 выборщиков. Требуемое большинство в две трети, необходимое для избрания Папы в 2005 году, составляло 77 голосов.

Действия перед конклавом [ править ]

Ватикан

Эта статья является частью серии статей о
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In the nine-day period of mourning following the funeral services for John Paul II, many cardinals attended a Mass celebrated each day by a senior cleric, often a cardinal elector or papabile, who had the opportunity to preach a homily. Celebrants included Bernard Law, Camillo Ruini, Jorge Arturo Medina Estévez, Eugênio de Araújo Sales, Nasrallah Pierre Sfeir, Leonardo Sandri, and Piergiorgio Silvano Nesti.^[10]

On Saturday, 9 April, in Rome, 130 cardinals meeting in the "General Congregation", including some non-voting cardinals, agreed to Ratzinger's proposal that, while it would be unfair for a majority to restrict anyone's right to speak to the press, they might agree to such a restriction unanimously.^[11]^[8] In La Repubblica, veteran journalist Gad Lerner wrote that preventing "public reflection" by the cardinals "mutes their relationship to the world", deprives them of a "beneficial antidote to excessive scheming", increases the influence of the Curia. He cited "the fertility of ideas" generated by public discussion during the two 1978 conclaves.^[12]

Presiding over the pre-conclave events was the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Ratzinger. For the first several days discussions were conducted largely in Italian, putting some cardinals at a disadvantage. Ratzinger responded to complaints by organizing simultaneous translation.^[11] On 14 April, in one of the daily general congregations, they heard the first of two mandated exhortations. The preacher was Raniero Cantalamessa, a Capuchin friar and Church history scholar, who had for several years preached the Lenten sermons to the Pope and his staff.^[13]^[14]

On 15 April, officials and personnel who were not cardinal-electors but had duties during the conclave formally took the oath of secrecy^[15] The oath bound them to secrecy about anything they would observe in the course of their duties throughout the conclave, under pain of punishment at the discretion of the incoming pope. The oath was administered in the Hall of Blessings in the presence of the Camerlengo Cardinal Eduardo Martínez Somalo and two masters of ceremonies.

One round of balloting was to be held the first evening. Then balloting was to continue until a new Pope was elected, with two ballots each morning and two each afternoon. The traditional procedure is that the ballots are burned, in times past reinforced by adding handfuls of dry or damp straw, to produce white smoke for a conclusive vote or black smoke for an inconclusive one. The straw had been replaced by chemically produced smoke. The ballot slips were to be burned at noon and 7 pm Rome time (10:00 and 17:00 UTC) each day.

Conclave day one[edit]

On 18 April, the cardinals assembled in St. Peter's Basilica in the morning to concelebrate the mass Pro Eligendo Romano Pontifice (For the Election of the Roman Pontiff).^[16] As Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was the principal concelebrant.^[16]^[17] He chose to give the homily himself.^[18] In the afternoon, the cardinals assembled in the Hall of Blessings for the procession to the Sistine Chapel.^[19] The cardinals proceeded to the Sistine Chapel while the Litany of Saints was chanted. After taking their places the "Veni Creator Spiritus" ("Come, Creator Spirit") was sung. Cardinal Ratzinger read the oath. Each cardinal elector beginning with Ratzinger, followed by Vice Dean Angelo Sodano and the other cardinals in order of seniority, affirmed the oath by placing his hands on the book of the Gospels saying aloud: "And I, [name], do so promise, pledge and swear. So help me God and these Holy Gospels which I touch with my hand."

Two cardinals wore attire that made them stand out from the red and white worn by the others: Cardinals Ignatius I Daoud of the Syriac Catholic Church and Lubomyr Husar of the Ukrainian Catholic Church.^[d] After Archbishop Piero Marini (the Papal Master of Ceremonies) intoned the words extra omnes (Latin, "everybody out!"), the members of the choir, security guards, and others left the chapel and the doors of the Sistine Chapel were closed. Cardinal Tomáš Špidlík, a non-elector and a Jesuit theologian, delivered the second required exhortation. He and Marini then left.^[13]^[14]

First ballot[edit]

All discussions of the balloting are speculative. On the first ballot, according to the Italian daily Il Messaggero, Carlo Maria Martini, the archbishop of Milan, obtained 40 votes, Ratzinger obtained 38 votes, and Camillo Ruini a substantial number of votes, the rest of the votes being dispersed.^[20]

An anonymous cardinal provided his diary to an Italian journalist in September 2005^[21] and it was published in full in 2011.^[22] That source gives the results of the first ballot as:^[23]

Joseph Ratzinger – 47 votes
Jorge Mario Bergoglio – 10 votes
Carlo Maria Martini – 9 votes
Camillo Ruini – 6 votes
Angelo Sodano – 4 votes
Oscar Maradiaga – 3 votes
Dionigi Tettamanzi – 2 votes
Giacomo Biffi – 1 vote
Others – 33 votes

At 20:05 local time, a thin white plume of smoke seemed for a moment to indicate the election was over, and the 40,000 people who had spent the afternoon watching the ceremonies on large screens in St. Peter's Square broke into applause and song. But the smoke quickly grew stronger and clearly dark. The crowd quieted and cleared in a matter of minutes.^[24]

Conclave day two[edit]

The two ballots on the morning of the second day failed to result in an election. The results of the second ballot, according to the anonymous cardinal's diary, were:^[23]

Ratzinger – 65 votes
Bergoglio – 35 votes
Sodano – 4 votes
Tettamanzi – 2 votes
Biffi – 1 vote
Others – 8 votes

The results of the third ballot, according to the anonymous cardinal's diary, were:^[23]^[e]

Ratzinger – 72 votes
Bergoglio – 40 votes
Darío Castrillón Hoyos – 1 vote
Others – 2 votes

Tens of thousands of people waiting in St Peter's Square reacted with timid applause and then silence a little before noon when smoke of indeterminate color appeared and the lack of bell-ringing indicated that the morning's ballotting was inconclusive.^[26] Press speculation held that "a pope who was elected tonight at the fourth-fifth ballot or tomorrow morning at the sixth-seventh would still be a pontiff elected promptly. Beyond that perhaps some problems might arise."^[26]

The results of the fourth ballot, according to the anonymous cardinal's diary, were:^[23]

Ratzinger – 84 votes
Bergoglio – 26 votes
Biffi – 1 vote
Bernard Law – 1 vote
Christoph Schönborn – 1 vote
Others – 2 votes

Election results[edit]

Given that Ratzinger, Dean of the College, was elected pope, Angelo Sodano as the vice-dean performed the dean's role and asked Ratzinger if he would accept the election and what name he would adopt.^[27]

As the voting slips and notes were burnt after that ballot, "All of a sudden, the whole Sistine Chapel was filled with smoke", according to Adrianus Johannes Simonis.^[28] "Fortunately, there were no art historians present," joked Christoph Schönborn.

At 15:50 UTC, white smoke rose above the Sistine Chapel. The bells of St. Peter's pealed at about 16:10 UTC.^[27]^[f]

At 16:43 UTC, Cardinal Protodeacon, Jorge Medina, emerged on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica and announced the election of Cardinal Ratzinger and that he had chosen the name Benedict XVI.^[27]

Notes[edit]

^ John Paul II had appointed one cardinal secretly (in pectore) in 2003, but never revealed that person's identity.^[4]
^ Some reports said Cardinal Sin had hoped for medical clearance to travel. He died in June.^[7]
^ The 1903 conclave had only one elector with previous conclave experience^[9] and the 1823 conclave only two,^{[citation needed]} a function of the age at which cardinals are appointed and the length of a pontificate. The 1878 conclave had three cardinals who had participated in the 1846 conclave.^[9]
^ Both Cardinals Daoud and Husar opted to wear the vestments proper to their churches while the third Eastern Catholic cardinal-elector Varkey Vithayathil of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church opted to wear the Latin church vestments for cardinals. At the 2013 conclave all Eastern Catholic cardinal-electors wore the vestments proper to their churches.
^ According to Italian newspapers, Ratzinger had reached or exceeded the required 77 votes on the third ballot, but asked for a vote of confirmation in the afternoon.^{[citation needed]} One account of the election of John Paul I says he did this in 1978.^[25] According to some interpretations this would not be in conformity with the laws governing the conclave.
^ The Apostolic Constitution promulgated by John Paul II mandated that the bells of St. Peter's ring following the election of a new pope to avoid the confusion that ensued at the 1978 conclave when the color of the smoke following the successful election of John Paul II was ambiguous. Archbishop Renato Boccardo, the Vatican City Secretary-General, said the Vatican official inside the conclave responsible for activating the bells failed to transfer the keys to the ringing mechanism to the appropriate person at St. Peter's Basilica in a timely fashion.^[25]

References[edit]

^ a b Pope John Paul II (22 February 1996). "Universi Dominici Gregis". The Holy See. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
^ Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780195346350. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
^ "The restoration of the Pauline Chapel". Vatican Museums. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
^ Boudreaux, Richard (7 April 2005). "Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
^ "Les cardinaux décident le silence média". Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). 22 April 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ Collins, Paul (2005). God's New Man: The Election of Benedict XVI and the Legacy of John Paul II. Continuum. p. 128. ISBN 9780826480156. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ O'Donnell, Michelle (21 June 2005). "Cardinal Jaime Sin, a Champion of the Poor in the Philippines, Is Dead at 76". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ a b Politi, Marco (10 April 2015). "La mossa di Ratzinger per il silenzio dei cardinali". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ a b Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 195–6, 201.
^ Wakin, Daniel J. (9 April 2005). "A Time for Mourning, but Also for Study and Very Quiet Politics". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ a b Kaiser, Robert Blair (2006). A Church in Sesrch of Itself: Benedict XVI and the Battle for the Future. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 201, 208–10.
^ "Lasciate parlare i cardinali" [Let the cardinals speak]. La Repubblica (in Italian). 12 April 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ a b Allen Jr., John L. (13 April 2005). "Two conclave preachers are open, ecumenical". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ a b Walsh, Mary Ann (2005). From Pope John Paul II to Benedict XVI. Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 52–3, 93. ISBN 9781580512022. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ "Notificazione: Giuramento degli Officiali e degli Addetti al Conclave" (Press release) (in Italian). Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice. 7 April 2005. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ a b "Solemn Eucharistic celebration with the Votive Mass "Pro Eligendo Romano Pontifice": Announcement" (in Italian). Vatican.va. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ "Homily of His Eminence Card. Joseph Ratzinger, Dean of the College of Cardinals (English version)". Vatican.va. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ Kaiser, Robert Blair (2006). A Church in Search of Itself: Benedict XVI and the Battle for the Future. Knopf. ISBN 9780307424280. Retrieved 23 August 2017. Ratzinger could have delegated anyone to give the homily, but he delivered it himself.
^ "Notificazione: Ingresso in Conclave" [Notice: Entrance into Conclave] (in Italian). Vatican.va. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
^ Frattini, Eric (2008). L'entità (in Italian). Fazi Editore. ISBN 9788864113456. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
^ Brunelli, Lucio (23 September 2005). "I segreti del Conclave "Così vinse Ratzinger"" (in Italian). Retrieved 30 May 2018.
^ Tornielli, Andrea (27 July 2011). "Il diario segreto dell'ultimo conclave". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 30 May 2018.
^ a b c d "Cardinal Spills Secrets from Conclave". Fox News. Associated Press. 23 September 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
^ "Conclave, nera la prima fumata grande delusione tra i fedeli". La Repubblica (in Italian). 18 April 2005. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
^ a b Burke-Young, Francis A. (2001). "Passing the Keys: Modern Cardinals, Conclaves, and the Election of the Next Pope". Madison Books.^{[page needed]}
^ a b "Conclave, terzo scrutinio, fumata nera; In difficoltà il favorito Ratzinger?". La Repubblica (in Italian). 19 April 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ a b c Allen Jr., John L. (2005). The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside Story of How the Pope was Elected and Where He Will Take the Catholic Church. Doubleday. pp. 116–8. ISBN 9780307424105. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ "Un cardinale racconta Problemi con le fumate". La Repubblica (in Italian). 21 April 2005. Retrieved 25 August 2017.

Sources

Allen, John L., Jr. (2005). The Rise of Benedict XVI: The inside story of how the pope was elected and where it will take the Catholic Church. Doubleday Religion. ISBN 0-385-51320-8.
Greeley, Andrew M. (2005). The Making of the Pope: 2005. Brown, Little. ISBN 0-316-86149-9.
Weigel, George (2005). God's Choice: Pope Benedict XVI and the Future of the Catholic Church. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-621331-2.

External links[edit]

Vacancy of the Apostolic See (official website)
Universi Dominici gregis – the rules governing the election
"Papal chase", 15 October 2003 (Slate.com)

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[5] John Paul II had appointed one cardinal secretly (in pectore) in 2003, but never revealed that person's identity.^[4]

[9] Some reports said Cardinal Sin had hoped for medical clearance to travel. He died in June.^[7]

[12] The 1903 conclave had only one elector with previous conclave experience^[9] and the 1823 conclave only two,^{[citation needed]} a function of the age at which cardinals are appointed and the length of a pontificate. The 1878 conclave had three cardinals who had participated in the 1846 conclave.^[9]

[23] Both Cardinals Daoud and Husar opted to wear the vestments proper to their churches while the third Eastern Catholic cardinal-elector Varkey Vithayathil of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church opted to wear the Latin church vestments for cardinals. At the 2013 conclave all Eastern Catholic cardinal-electors wore the vestments proper to their churches.

[30] According to Italian newspapers, Ratzinger had reached or exceeded the required 77 votes on the third ballot, but asked for a vote of confirmation in the afternoon.^{[citation needed]} One account of the election of John Paul I says he did this in 1978.^[25] According to some interpretations this would not be in conformity with the laws governing the conclave.

[34] The Apostolic Constitution promulgated by John Paul II mandated that the bells of St. Peter's ring following the election of a new pope to avoid the confusion that ensued at the 1978 conclave when the color of the smoke following the successful election of John Paul II was ambiguous. Archbishop Renato Boccardo, the Vatican City Secretary-General, said the Vatican official inside the conclave responsible for activating the bells failed to transfer the keys to the ringing mechanism to the appropriate person at St. Peter's Basilica in a timely fashion.^[25]

[UDG-1] Pope John Paul II (22 February 1996). "Universi Dominici Gregis". The Holy See. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 7 September 2017.

[2] Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780195346350. Retrieved 17 September 2017.

[3] "The restoration of the Pauline Chapel". Vatican Museums. Retrieved 29 January 2014.

[4] Boudreaux, Richard (7 April 2005). "Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 September 2017.

[silence-6] "Les cardinaux décident le silence média". Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). 22 April 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

[7] Collins, Paul (2005). God's New Man: The Election of Benedict XVI and the Legacy of John Paul II. Continuum. p. 128. ISBN 9780826480156. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

[8] O'Donnell, Michelle (21 June 2005). "Cardinal Jaime Sin, a Champion of the Poor in the Philippines, Is Dead at 76". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

[mossa-10] Politi, Marco (10 April 2015). "La mossa di Ratzinger per il silenzio dei cardinali". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 26 August 2017.

[fjb195-11] Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 195–6, 201.

[13] Wakin, Daniel J. (9 April 2005). "A Time for Mourning, but Also for Study and Very Quiet Politics". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

[kaiser-14] Kaiser, Robert Blair (2006). A Church in Sesrch of Itself: Benedict XVI and the Battle for the Future. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 201, 208–10.

[15] "Lasciate parlare i cardinali" [Let the cardinals speak]. La Repubblica (in Italian). 12 April 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2017.

[preachers-16] Allen Jr., John L. (13 April 2005). "Two conclave preachers are open, ecumenical". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

[walsh52-17] Walsh, Mary Ann (2005). From Pope John Paul II to Benedict XVI. Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 52–3, 93. ISBN 9781580512022. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

[18] "Notificazione: Giuramento degli Officiali e degli Addetti al Conclave" (Press release) (in Italian). Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice. 7 April 2005. Retrieved 27 August 2017.

[Pro_Eligendo_Press_release-19] "Solemn Eucharistic celebration with the Votive Mass "Pro Eligendo Romano Pontifice": Announcement" (in Italian). Vatican.va. Retrieved 10 January 2014.

[Ratzinger_Homily-20] "Homily of His Eminence Card. Joseph Ratzinger, Dean of the College of Cardinals (English version)". Vatican.va. Retrieved 10 January 2014.

[21] Kaiser, Robert Blair (2006). A Church in Search of Itself: Benedict XVI and the Battle for the Future. Knopf. ISBN 9780307424280. Retrieved 23 August 2017. Ratzinger could have delegated anyone to give the homily, but he delivered it himself.

[Procession_announcement-22] "Notificazione: Ingresso in Conclave" [Notice: Entrance into Conclave] (in Italian). Vatican.va. Retrieved 13 January 2014.

[24] Frattini, Eric (2008). L'entità (in Italian). Fazi Editore. ISBN 9788864113456. Retrieved 30 May 2018.

[brunelli-25] Brunelli, Lucio (23 September 2005). "I segreti del Conclave "Così vinse Ratzinger"" (in Italian). Retrieved 30 May 2018.

[26] Tornielli, Andrea (27 July 2011). "Il diario segreto dell'ultimo conclave". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 30 May 2018.

[spills-27] "Cardinal Spills Secrets from Conclave". Fox News. Associated Press. 23 September 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2013.

[28] "Conclave, nera la prima fumata grande delusione tra i fedeli". La Repubblica (in Italian). 18 April 2005. Retrieved 25 August 2017.

[passing-29] Burke-Young, Francis A. (2001). "Passing the Keys: Modern Cardinals, Conclaves, and the Election of the Next Pope". Madison Books.^{[page needed]}

[terzo-31] "Conclave, terzo scrutinio, fumata nera; In difficoltà il favorito Ratzinger?". La Repubblica (in Italian). 19 April 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2017.

[allen116-32] Allen Jr., John L. (2005). The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside Story of How the Pope was Elected and Where He Will Take the Catholic Church. Doubleday. pp. 116–8. ISBN 9780307424105. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

[33] "Un cardinale racconta Problemi con le fumate". La Repubblica (in Italian). 21 April 2005. Retrieved 25 August 2017.

[1].

vtePapal elections and conclaves
Papal selection before 1059 Papal conclave (1274–1276, 1294–present)
Elections andconclaves	1061 1073 1086 1088 1099 1118 1119 1124 1130 1143 1144 1145 1153 1154 1159 1181 1185 October 1187 December 1187 1191 1198 1216 1227 1241 1243 1254 1261 1264–1265 1268–1271 January 1276 July 1276 September 1276 1277 1280–1281 1285 1287–1288 1292–1294 1294 1303 1304–1305 1314–1316 1334 1342 1352 1362 1370 1378 1389 1404 1406 1417 1431 1447 1455 1458 1464 1471 1484 1492 September 1503 electors October 1503 electors 1513 1521–1522 1523 1534 1549–1550 April 1555 May 1555 1559 1565–1566 1572 1585 September 1590 October–December 1590 1591 1592 March–April 1605 electors May 1605 electors 1621 1623 1644 1655 1667 1669–1670 1676 1689 1691 1700 1721 1724 1730 1740 1758 1769 1774–1775 1799–1800 1823 1829 1830–1831 1846 1878 1903 1914 electors 1922 electors 1939 electors 1958 electors 1963 electors August 1978 electors October 1978 electors 2005 electors 2013 electors
Governingdocuments(selected)	Ubi periculum (1274) Aeterni Patris Filius (1621) Cum proxime (1922) Ingravescentem aetatem (1970) Romano Pontifici eligendo (1975) Universi Dominici gregis (1996) De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis (2007) Normas nonnullas (2013)
Category

vtePope Benedict XVI
Biography	Early life Family Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 2005 conclave Resignation
Acts as Pope	Cardinals created People venerated People beatified Saints canonized
Theology	Theology Dominus Iesus (The Lord Jesus) Summorum Pontificum (The Supreme Pontiffs) Introduction to Christianity Ecumenism Judaism Islam
Encyclicals	Deus caritas est (God Is Love) Spe salvi (In Hope We Are Saved) Caritas in veritate (Charity in Truth)
Exhortations	Sacramentum caritatis (On the Eucharist) Verbum Domini (On the Word of the Lord) Africae munus (On the Church in Africa) Ecclesia in Medio Oriente (On the Church in the Middle East)
Books	Introduction to Christianity The Ratzinger Report Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life The Spirit of the Liturgy Truth and Tolerance Jesus of Nazareth Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week Jesus of Nazareth: The Infancy Narratives
Travels	Pastoral visits United States United Kingdom state visit
Related articles	Bibliography Ceremonial Coat of arms Ratzinger Foundation Vatican leaks scandal His Holiness: The Secret Papers of Benedict XVI Alma Mater (2009 album) Secrets of the Vatican (2014 television film) The Two Popes (2019 film)
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