Антивирусное программное обеспечение или антивирусное программное обеспечение (сокращенно антивирусное программное обеспечение ), также известное как антивирусное программное обеспечение , представляет собой компьютерную программу, используемую для предотвращения, обнаружения и удаления вредоносных программ .
Антивирусное программное обеспечение изначально было разработано для обнаружения и удаления компьютерных вирусов , отсюда и название. Однако с распространением других видов вредоносных программ антивирусное программное обеспечение начало обеспечивать защиту от других компьютерных угроз. В частности, современное антивирусное программное обеспечение может защитить пользователей от: вредоносных вспомогательных объектов браузера (BHO), угонщиков браузера , программ- вымогателей , клавиатурных шпионов , бэкдоров , руткитов , троянских коней , червей , вредоносных LSP , дозвонщиков , мошеннических инструментов , рекламного ПО ишпионское ПО . [1] Некоторые продукты также включают защиту от других компьютерных угроз , таких как зараженные и вредоносные URL-адреса , спам , мошенничество и фишинговые атаки, онлайн-идентификация (конфиденциальность), атаки онлайн-банкинга , методы социальной инженерии , расширенные постоянные угрозы (APT) и DDoS- атаки ботнета атаки. [2]
История
1949–1980 годы (дни до антивируса)
Хотя корни компьютерных вирусов датируются еще в 1949 году, когда венгерский ученый Джон фон Нейман опубликовал «Теория самовоспроизводящихся автоматов» , [3] первый известный компьютерный вирус появился в 1971 году и получил название " вирус Creeper ". [4] Этот компьютерный вирус заразил мэйнфреймы PDP-10 компании Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) под управлением операционной системы TENEX . [5] [6]
В конечном итоге вирус Creeper был удален программой, созданной Рэем Томлинсоном и известной как « Жнец ». [7] Некоторые люди считают "The Reaper" первым когда-либо написанным антивирусным программным обеспечением - это может быть так, но важно отметить, что Reaper на самом деле был вирусом, специально разработанным для удаления вируса Creeper. [7] [8]
За вирусом Creeper последовали еще несколько вирусов. Первым известным, появившимся «в природе» был « Elk Cloner » в 1981 году, заразивший компьютеры Apple II . [9] [10] [11]
В 1983 году термин «компьютерный вирус» был придуман Фредом Коэном в одной из первых опубликованных научных статей о компьютерных вирусах . [12] Коэн использовал термин «компьютерный вирус», чтобы описать программу, которая: «воздействует на другие компьютерные программы, изменяя их таким образом, чтобы включать (возможно, эволюционировавшую) свою копию». [13] (обратите внимание, что более новое и точное определение компьютерного вируса было дано венгерским исследователем безопасности Петером Сэром : «код, рекурсивно воспроизводящий возможно эволюционировавшую копию самого себя» ). [[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|
Первым компьютерным вирусом, совместимым с IBM PC , и одним из первых по-настоящему широко распространенных вирусов был " Brain " в 1986 году. С тех пор количество вирусов росло в геометрической прогрессии. [16] [17] Большинство компьютерных вирусов, написанных в начале и середине 1980-х годов, были ограничены самовоспроизведением и не имели специальной процедуры повреждения, встроенной в код. Ситуация изменилась, когда все больше и больше программистов познакомились с программированием компьютерных вирусов и создали вирусы, которые манипулировали или даже уничтожали данные на зараженных компьютерах. [18]
До того, как подключение к Интернету стало широко распространенным, компьютерные вирусы обычно распространялись через зараженные дискеты . Антивирусное программное обеспечение вошло в употребление, но обновлялось относительно редко. За это время антивирусные программы должны были проверять исполняемые файлы и загрузочные секторы дискет и жестких дисков. Однако, когда использование Интернета стало обычным явлением, вирусы начали распространяться в Интернете. [19]
Период 1980–1990 (первые годы)
К изобретателю первого антивирусного продукта предъявляются конкурирующие претензии. Возможно, первое публично задокументированное удаление компьютерного вируса «в дикой природе» (то есть «Венского вируса») было выполнено Берндом Фиксом в 1987 году. [20] [21]
В 1987 году Андреас Люнинг и Кай Фигге, основавшие G Data Software в 1985 году, выпустили свой первый антивирусный продукт для платформы Atari ST . [22] В 1987 году был выпущен Ultimate Virus Killer (UVK) . [23] Это был де-факто стандартный промышленный вирус-убийца для Atari ST и Atari Falcon , последняя версия которого (версия 9.0) была выпущена в апреле 2004 года. [ Необходима цитата ] В 1987 году в США основал Джон Макафи. McAfee компания (была частью Intel Security [24] ) и, в конце того же года он выпустил первую версию VirusScan . [25] Также в 1987 году (в Чехословакии ) Петер Пашко, Рудольф Груби и Мирослав Трнка создали первую версию антивируса NOD . [26] [27]
В 1987 году Фред Коэн написал, что не существует алгоритма, который мог бы идеально обнаружить все возможные компьютерные вирусы . [28]
Наконец, в конце 1987 года были выпущены первые две эвристические антивирусные утилиты: Flushot Plus от Росс Гринберг [29] [30] [31] и Anti4us от Эрвина Лантинга. [32] В своей книге О'Рейли « Вредоносный мобильный код: защита от вирусов для Windows» Роджер Граймс описал Flushot Plus как «первую целостную программу для борьбы с вредоносным мобильным кодом (MMC)». [33]
Однако вид эвристики, использовавшийся ранними антивирусными движками, полностью отличался от тех, что используются сегодня. Первым продуктом с эвристическим механизмом, напоминающим современные, был F-PROT в 1991 году. [34] Ранние эвристические механизмы основывались на разделении двоичного файла на различные разделы: раздел данных, раздел кода (в законном двоичном коде он обычно всегда начинается с там же). Действительно, первоначальные вирусы реорганизовали структуру разделов или перекрыли начальную часть раздела, чтобы перейти к самому концу файла, где находился вредоносный код, - возвращаясь только для возобновления выполнения исходного кода. Это был очень специфический шаблон, не использовавшийся в то время ни в каком легитимном программном обеспечении, который представлял собой элегантную эвристику для обнаружения подозрительного кода. Позже были добавлены другие виды более продвинутой эвристики, такие как подозрительные имена разделов, неправильный размер заголовка, регулярные выражения и частичное сопоставление шаблонов в памяти.
В 1988 году рост антивирусных компаний продолжился. В Германии Тьярк Ауэрбах основал Avira ( в то время H + BEDV ) и выпустил первую версию AntiVir (в то время она называлась «Люк Филуокер» ). В Болгарии Веселин Бончев выпустил свою первую бесплатную антивирусную программу (позже он присоединился к FRISK Software ). Также Франс Велдман выпустил первую версию ThunderByte Antivirus , также известного как TBAV (он продал свою компанию Norman Safeground в 1998 году). В Чехословакии , Павел Баудис и Эдуард Кучера начали стой! (в то время ALWIL Software ) и выпустили свою первую версию avast! антивирус. В июне 1988 года в Южной Корее , Ahn Чхоль Су выпустил свое первое антивирусное программное обеспечение, называемое V1 (он основал AhnLab позже в 1995 году). Наконец, осенью 1988 года в Соединенном Королевстве Алан Соломон основал S&S International и создал свой антивирусный инструментарий доктора Соломона (хотя коммерчески он запустил его только в 1991 году - в 1998 году компания Соломона была приобретена McAfee ). В ноябре 1988 года профессор Панамериканского университета в Мехико по имени Алехандро Э. Каррилес получил авторские права на первое в Мексике антивирусное программное обеспечение под названием «Байт Матабичос» (Байт Багкиллер), чтобы помочь решить проблему безудержного заражения студентов вирусами. [35]
Также в 1988 г. в сети BITNET / EARN был запущен список рассылки VIRUS-L [36], в котором обсуждались новые вирусы и возможности обнаружения и уничтожения вирусов. Некоторыми членами этого списка рассылки были: Алан Соломон, Юджин Касперский ( Лаборатория Касперского ), Фридрик Скуласон ( FRISK Software ), Джон Макафи ( McAfee ), Луис Корронс ( Panda Security ), Микко Хиппёнен ( F-Secure ), Питер Сёр , Тьярк Ауэрбах ( Avira ) и Веселин Бончев ( FRISK Software ). [36]
В 1989 году в Исландии , Fridrik Скуласон создал первую версию F-Prot Anti-Virus (он основал FRISK программное обеспечение только в 1993 году). Тем временем в США компания Symantec (основанная Гэри Хендриксом в 1982 году) выпустила свой первый антивирус Symantec для Macintosh (SAM). [37] [38] SAM 2.0, выпущенный в марте 1990 года, включает технологию, позволяющую пользователям легко обновлять SAM для перехвата и удаления новых вирусов, в том числе многих, которых не существовало на момент выпуска программы. [39]
В конце 1980-х годов в Великобритании Ян Хруска и Питер Ламмер основали фирму по обеспечению безопасности Sophos и начали производить свои первые антивирусные продукты и продукты для шифрования. В тот же период в Венгрии была основана компания VirusBuster (недавно была зарегистрирована Sophos ).
1990–2000 годы (зарождение антивирусной индустрии)
В 1990 году в Испании Микель Уризарбаррена основал Panda Security ( в то время Panda Software ). [40] В Венгрии исследователь безопасности Петер Сёр выпустил первую версию антивируса Пастера . В Италии Джанфранко Тонелло создал первую версию антивируса VirIT eXplorer , а год спустя основал TG Soft . [41]
В 1990 году была основана Организация компьютерных антивирусных исследований ( CARO ). В 1991 году CARO выпустила «Схему именования вирусов» , первоначально написанную Фридриком Скуласоном и Веселином Бончевым. [42] Хотя эта схема именования в настоящее время устарела, она остается единственным существующим стандартом, который когда-либо пытались принять большинство компаний и исследователей компьютерной безопасности. В состав CARO входят: Алан Соломон, Костин Райу, Дмитрий Грязнов, Евгений Касперский , Фридрик Скуласон , Игорь Муттик , Микко Хиппёнен , Мортон Пловец, Ник Фитцджеральд, Пэджетт Петерсон , Питер Ферри, Ригард Цвиненберг и Веселин Бончев. [43] [44]
В 1991 году в США Symantec выпустила первую версию Norton AntiVirus . В том же году в Чешской Республике Ян Грицбах и Томаш Хофер основали компанию AVG Technologies ( в то время Grisoft ), хотя первую версию своей Anti-Virus Guard (AVG) они выпустили только в 1992 году. Финляндия , F-Secure (основанная в 1988 году Петри Алласом и Ристо Сииласмаа - под именем Data Fellows) выпустила первую версию своего антивирусного продукта. F-Secure утверждает, что является первой антивирусной фирмой, представившейся во всемирной паутине. [45]
В 1991 году был основан Европейский институт компьютерных антивирусных исследований (EICAR) для дальнейших антивирусных исследований и улучшения разработки антивирусного программного обеспечения. [46] [47]
В 1992 году в России Игорь Данилов выпустил первую версию SpiderWeb , которая впоследствии стала Dr.Web . [48]
В 1994 году AV-TEST сообщил, что в их базе данных было 28 613 уникальных образцов вредоносного ПО (на основе MD5). [49]
Со временем были основаны другие компании. В 1996 году в Румынии , Bitdefender была основана и выпустила первую версию Антивируса EXPERT (AVX). [50] В 1997 году в России Евгений Касперский и Наталья Касперски основали компанию по обеспечению безопасности « Лаборатория Касперского» . [51]
В 1996 году также появился первый «в природе» Linux- вирус, известный как « Staog » . [52]
В 1999 году AV-TEST сообщил, что в их базе данных содержится 98 428 уникальных образцов вредоносного ПО (на основе MD5). [49]
2000–2005 период
В 2000 году Райнер Линк и Ховард Фухс запустили первый антивирусный движок с открытым исходным кодом под названием OpenAntivirus Project . [53]
В 2001 году Томаш Койм выпустил первую версию ClamAV , первого в истории антивирусного движка с открытым исходным кодом, который будет коммерциализирован. В 2007 году , ClamAV был куплен Sourcefire , [54] , который , в свою очередь , была приобретена компанией Cisco Systems в 2013 г. [55]
В 2002 году в Великобритании Мортен Лунд и Тайс Сондергаард стали соучредителями антивирусной фирмы BullGuard. [56]
В 2005 году AV-TEST сообщил, что в их базе данных было 333 425 уникальных образцов вредоносного ПО (на основе MD5). [49]
2005–2014 годы
В 2007 году AV-TEST сообщил о 5 490 960 новых уникальных образцах вредоносных программ (на основе MD5) только за этот год. [49] В 2012 и 2013 годах антивирусные компании сообщали, что количество новых образцов вредоносного ПО варьируется от 300 000 до более 500 000 в день. [57] [58]
С годами антивирусное программное обеспечение должно использовать несколько различных стратегий (например, специальную защиту электронной почты и сети или низкоуровневые модули) и алгоритмы обнаружения, а также проверять все большее количество файлов, а не только исполняемые, по нескольким причинам. :
- Мощные макросы, используемые в приложениях текстовых редакторов , таких как Microsoft Word , представляли опасность. Создатели вирусов могут использовать макросы для записи вирусов, встроенных в документы. Это означало, что теперь компьютеры также могли подвергнуться риску заражения при открытии документов со скрытыми прикрепленными макросами. [59]
- Возможность встраивания исполняемых объектов в неисполняемые форматы файлов может создать риск при открытии этих файлов. [60]
- Более поздние почтовые программы, в частности Microsoft Outlook Express и Outlook , были уязвимы для вирусов, встроенных в тело письма. Компьютер пользователя можно было заразить, просто открыв или предварительно просмотрев сообщение. [61]
В 2005 году F-Secure была первой охранной фирмой, разработавшей технологию Anti-Rootkit под названием BlackLight .
Поскольку большинство пользователей обычно подключены к Интернету на постоянной основе, Джон Оберхайде впервые предложил облачный антивирус в 2008 году [62].
В феврале 2008 года McAfee Labs добавила в VirusScan первую в отрасли облачную функцию защиты от вредоносных программ под названием Artemis. Он был протестирован AV-Comparatives в феврале 2008 г. [63] и официально представлен в августе 2008 г. в McAfee VirusScan . [64]
Cloud AV создавал проблемы для сравнительного тестирования программного обеспечения безопасности - часть определений AV находилась вне контроля тестировщиков (на постоянно обновляемых серверах компании AV), что делало результаты неповторимыми. В результате Организация по стандартам тестирования антивирусного ПО (AMTSO) начала работу над методом тестирования облачных продуктов, который был принят 7 мая 2009 г. [65]
В 2011 году AVG представила аналогичный облачный сервис под названием Protective Cloud Technology. [66]
2014 – настоящее время (рост следующего поколения)
После выпуска отчета по APT 1 от Mandiant в 2013 году в отрасли наблюдается сдвиг в сторону бессигнатурных подходов к проблеме, способных обнаруживать и смягчать атаки нулевого дня . [67] Появилось множество подходов к борьбе с этими новыми формами угроз, включая обнаружение поведения, искусственный интеллект, машинное обучение и детонацию файлов в облаке. По данным Gartner, ожидается, что появление новых участников, таких как Carbon Black , Cylance и Crowdstrike , вынудит традиционных руководителей EPP перейти к новому этапу инноваций и приобретений. [68] Один из методов Bromium включает в себя микровиртуализацию для защиты рабочих столов от выполнения вредоносного кода, инициированного конечным пользователем. Другой подход от SentinelOne и Carbon Black направлен на обнаружение поведения путем создания полного контекста вокруг каждого пути выполнения процесса в режиме реального времени [69] [70], в то время как Cylance использует модель искусственного интеллекта, основанную на машинном обучении. [71] Эти бессигнатурные подходы все чаще определяются средствами массовой информации и аналитическими фирмами как антивирус «нового поколения» [72] и быстро принимаются на рынке такими фирмами, как Coalfire и DirectDefense, как сертифицированные технологии замены антивируса. [73] В ответ, традиционные антивирусные вендоры , такие как Trend Micro , [74] Symantec и Sophos [75] ответили путем включения «следующего поколения» предложения в своих портфелях , как аналитик фирмы , такие как Forrester и Gartner назвали традиционные сигнатурный антивирус «неэффективный» и «устаревший». [76]
Методы идентификации
One of the few solid theoretical results in the study of computer viruses is Frederick B. Cohen's 1987 demonstration that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible viruses.[28] However, using different layers of defense, a good detection rate may be achieved.
There are several methods which antivirus engines can use to identify malware:
- Sandbox detection: a particular behavioural-based detection technique that, instead of detecting the behavioural fingerprint at run time, it executes the programs in a virtual environment, logging what actions the program performs. Depending on the actions logged, the antivirus engine can determine if the program is malicious or not.[77] If not, then, the program is executed in the real environment. Albeit this technique has shown to be quite effective, given its heaviness and slowness, it is rarely used in end-user antivirus solutions.[78]
- Data mining techniques: one of the latest approaches applied in malware detection. Data mining and machine learning algorithms are used to try to classify the behaviour of a file (as either malicious or benign) given a series of file features, that are extracted from the file itself.[79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92]
Signature-based detection
Traditional antivirus software relies heavily upon signatures to identify malware.[93]
Substantially, when a malware arrives in the hands of an antivirus firm, it is analysed by malware researchers or by dynamic analysis systems. Then, once it is determined to be a malware, a proper signature of the file is extracted and added to the signatures database of the antivirus software.[94]
Although the signature-based approach can effectively contain malware outbreaks, malware authors have tried to stay a step ahead of such software by writing "oligomorphic", "polymorphic" and, more recently, "metamorphic" viruses, which encrypt parts of themselves or otherwise modify themselves as a method of disguise, so as to not match virus signatures in the dictionary.[95]
Heuristics
Many viruses start as a single infection and through either mutation or refinements by other attackers, can grow into dozens of slightly different strains, called variants. Generic detection refers to the detection and removal of multiple threats using a single virus definition.[96]
For example, the Vundo trojan has several family members, depending on the antivirus vendor's classification. Symantec classifies members of the Vundo family into two distinct categories, Trojan.Vundo and Trojan.Vundo.B.[97][98]
While it may be advantageous to identify a specific virus, it can be quicker to detect a virus family through a generic signature or through an inexact match to an existing signature. Virus researchers find common areas that all viruses in a family share uniquely and can thus create a single generic signature. These signatures often contain non-contiguous code, using wildcard characters where differences lie. These wildcards allow the scanner to detect viruses even if they are padded with extra, meaningless code.[99] A detection that uses this method is said to be "heuristic detection."
Rootkit detection
Anti-virus software can attempt to scan for rootkits. A rootkit is a type of malware designed to gain administrative-level control over a computer system without being detected. Rootkits can change how the operating system functions and in some cases can tamper with the anti-virus program and render it ineffective. Rootkits are also difficult to remove, in some cases requiring a complete re-installation of the operating system.[100]
Real-time protection
Real-time protection, on-access scanning, background guard, resident shield, autoprotect, and other synonyms refer to the automatic protection provided by most antivirus, anti-spyware, and other anti-malware programs. This monitors computer systems for suspicious activity such as computer viruses, spyware, adware, and other malicious objects. Real-time protection detects threats in opened files and scans apps in real-time as they are installed on the device.[101] When inserting a CD, opening an email, or browsing the web, or when a file already on the computer is opened or executed.[102]
Проблемы, вызывающие озабоченность
Unexpected renewal costs
Some commercial antivirus software end-user license agreements include a clause that the subscription will be automatically renewed, and the purchaser's credit card automatically billed, at the renewal time without explicit approval. For example, McAfee requires users to unsubscribe at least 60 days before the expiration of the present subscription[103] while BitDefender sends notifications to unsubscribe 30 days before the renewal.[104] Norton AntiVirus also renews subscriptions automatically by default.[105]
Rogue security applications
Some apparent antivirus programs are actually malware masquerading as legitimate software, such as WinFixer, MS Antivirus, and Mac Defender.[106]
Problems caused by false positives
A "false positive" or "false alarm" is when antivirus software identifies a non-malicious file as malware. When this happens, it can cause serious problems. For example, if an antivirus program is configured to immediately delete or quarantine infected files, as is common on Microsoft Windows antivirus applications, a false positive in an essential file can render the Windows operating system or some applications unusable.[107] Recovering from such damage to critical software infrastructure incurs technical support costs and businesses can be forced to close whilst remedial action is undertaken.[108][109]
Examples of serious false-positives:
- May 2007: a faulty virus signature issued by Symantec mistakenly removed essential operating system files, leaving thousands of PCs unable to boot.[110]
- May 2007: the executable file required by Pegasus Mail on Windows was falsely detected by Norton AntiVirus as being a Trojan and it was automatically removed, preventing Pegasus Mail from running. Norton AntiVirus had falsely identified three releases of Pegasus Mail as malware, and would delete the Pegasus Mail installer file when that happened.[111] In response to this Pegasus Mail stated:
On the basis that Norton/Symantec has done this for every one of the last three releases of Pegasus Mail, we can only condemn this product as too flawed to use, and recommend in the strongest terms that our users cease using it in favour of alternative, less buggy anti-virus packages.[111]
- April 2010: McAfee VirusScan detected svchost.exe, a normal Windows binary, as a virus on machines running Windows XP with Service Pack 3, causing a reboot loop and loss of all network access.[112][113]
- December 2010: a faulty update on the AVG anti-virus suite damaged 64-bit versions of Windows 7, rendering it unable to boot, due to an endless boot loop created.[114]
- October 2011: Microsoft Security Essentials (MSE) removed the Google Chrome web browser, rival to Microsoft's own Internet Explorer. MSE flagged Chrome as a Zbot banking trojan.[115]
- September 2012: Sophos' anti-virus suite identified various update-mechanisms, including its own, as malware. If it was configured to automatically delete detected files, Sophos Antivirus could render itself unable to update, required manual intervention to fix the problem.[116][117]
- September 2017: the Google Play Protect anti-virus started identifying Motorola's Moto G4 Bluetooth application as malware, causing Bluetooth functionality to become disabled.[118]
Running (the real-time protection of) multiple antivirus programs concurrently can degrade performance and create conflicts.[119] However, using a concept called multiscanning, several companies (including G Data Software[120] and Microsoft[121]) have created applications which can run multiple engines concurrently.
It is sometimes necessary to temporarily disable virus protection when installing major updates such as Windows Service Packs or updating graphics card drivers.[122] Active antivirus protection may partially or completely prevent the installation of a major update. Anti-virus software can cause problems during the installation of an operating system upgrade, e.g. when upgrading to a newer version of Windows "in place"—without erasing the previous version of Windows. Microsoft recommends that anti-virus software be disabled to avoid conflicts with the upgrade installation process.[123][124][125] Active anti-virus software can also interfere with a firmware update process.[126]
The functionality of a few computer programs can be hampered by active anti-virus software. For example, TrueCrypt, a disk encryption program, states on its troubleshooting page that anti-virus programs can conflict with TrueCrypt and cause it to malfunction or operate very slowly.[127] Anti-virus software can impair the performance and stability of games running in the Steam platform.[128]
Support issues also exist around antivirus application interoperability with common solutions like SSL VPN remote access and network access control products.[129] These technology solutions often have policy assessment applications that require an up-to-date antivirus to be installed and running. If the antivirus application is not recognized by the policy assessment, whether because the antivirus application has been updated or because it is not part of the policy assessment library, the user will be unable to connect.
Effectiveness
Studies in December 2007 showed that the effectiveness of antivirus software had decreased in the previous year, particularly against unknown or zero day attacks. The computer magazine c't found that detection rates for these threats had dropped from 40–50% in 2006 to 20–30% in 2007. At that time, the only exception was the NOD32 antivirus, which managed a detection rate of 68%.[130] According to the ZeuS tracker website the average detection rate for all variants of the well-known ZeuS trojan is as low as 40%.[131]
The problem is magnified by the changing intent of virus authors. Some years ago it was obvious when a virus infection was present. At the time, viruses were written by amateurs and exhibited destructive behavior or pop-ups. Modern viruses are often written by professionals, financed by criminal organizations.[132]
In 2008, Eva Chen, CEO of Trend Micro, stated that the anti-virus industry has over-hyped how effective its products are—and so has been misleading customers—for years.[133]
Independent testing on all the major virus scanners consistently shows that none provides 100% virus detection. The best ones provided as high as 99.9% detection for simulated real-world situations, while the lowest provided 91.1% in tests conducted in August 2013. Many virus scanners produce false positive results as well, identifying benign files as malware.[134]
Although methods may differ, some notable independent quality testing agencies include AV-Comparatives, ICSA Labs, West Coast Labs, Virus Bulletin, AV-TEST and other members of the Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organization.[135][136]
New viruses
Anti-virus programs are not always effective against new viruses, even those that use non-signature-based methods that should detect new viruses. The reason for this is that the virus designers test their new viruses on the major anti-virus applications to make sure that they are not detected before releasing them into the wild.[137]
Some new viruses, particularly ransomware, use polymorphic code to avoid detection by virus scanners. Jerome Segura, a security analyst with ParetoLogic, explained:[138]
It's something that they miss a lot of the time because this type of [ransomware virus] comes from sites that use a polymorphism, which means they basically randomize the file they send you and it gets by well-known antivirus products very easily. I've seen people firsthand getting infected, having all the pop-ups and yet they have antivirus software running and it's not detecting anything. It actually can be pretty hard to get rid of, as well, and you're never really sure if it's really gone. When we see something like that usually we advise to reinstall the operating system or reinstall backups.[138]
A proof of concept virus has used the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to avoid detection from anti-virus software. The potential success of this involves bypassing the CPU in order to make it much harder for security researchers to analyse the inner workings of such malware.[139]
Rootkits
Detecting rootkits is a major challenge for anti-virus programs. Rootkits have full administrative access to the computer and are invisible to users and hidden from the list of running processes in the task manager. Rootkits can modify the inner workings of the operating system and tamper with antivirus programs.[140]
Damaged files
If a file has been infected by a computer virus, anti-virus software will attempt to remove the virus code from the file during disinfection, but it is not always able to restore the file to its undamaged state.[141][142] In such circumstances, damaged files can only be restored from existing backups or shadow copies (this is also true for ransomware[143]); installed software that is damaged requires re-installation[144] (however, see System File Checker).
Firmware infections
Any writeable firmware in the computer can be infected by malicious code.[145] This is a major concern, as an infected BIOS could require the actual BIOS chip to be replaced to ensure the malicious code is completely removed.[146] Anti-virus software is not effective at protecting firmware and the motherboard BIOS from infection.[147] In 2014, security researchers discovered that USB devices contain writeable firmware which can be modified with malicious code (dubbed "BadUSB"), which anti-virus software cannot detect or prevent. The malicious code can run undetected on the computer and could even infect the operating system prior to it booting up.[148][149]
Производительность и другие недостатки
Antivirus software has some drawbacks, first of which that it can impact a computer's performance.[150]
Furthermore, inexperienced users can be lulled into a false sense of security when using the computer, considering their computers to be invulnerable, and may have problems understanding the prompts and decisions that antivirus software presents them with. An incorrect decision may lead to a security breach. If the antivirus software employs heuristic detection, it must be fine-tuned to minimize misidentifying harmless software as malicious (false positive).[151]
Antivirus software itself usually runs at the highly trusted kernel level of the operating system to allow it access to all the potential malicious process and files, creating a potential avenue of attack.[152] The US National Security Agency (NSA) and the UK Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) intelligence agencies, respectively, have been exploiting anti-virus software to spy on users.[153] Anti-virus software has highly privileged and trusted access to the underlying operating system, which makes it a much more appealing target for remote attacks.[154] Additionally anti-virus software is "years behind security-conscious client-side applications like browsers or document readers. It means that Acrobat Reader, Microsoft Word or Google Chrome are harder to exploit than 90 percent of the anti-virus products out there", according to Joxean Koret, a researcher with Coseinc, a Singapore-based information security consultancy.[154]
Альтернативные решения
Antivirus software running on individual computers is the most common method employed of guarding against malware, but it is not the only solution. Other solutions can also be employed by users, including Unified Threat Management (UTM), hardware and network firewalls, Cloud-based antivirus and online scanners.
Hardware and network firewall
Network firewalls prevent unknown programs and processes from accessing the system. However, they are not antivirus systems and make no attempt to identify or remove anything. They may protect against infection from outside the protected computer or network, and limit the activity of any malicious software which is present by blocking incoming or outgoing requests on certain TCP/IP ports. A firewall is designed to deal with broader system threats that come from network connections into the system and is not an alternative to a virus protection system.
Cloud antivirus
Cloud antivirus is a technology that uses lightweight agent software on the protected computer, while offloading the majority of data analysis to the provider's infrastructure.[155]
One approach to implementing cloud antivirus involves scanning suspicious files using multiple antivirus engines. This approach was proposed by an early implementation of the cloud antivirus concept called CloudAV. CloudAV was designed to send programs or documents to a network cloud where multiple antivirus and behavioral detection programs are used simultaneously in order to improve detection rates. Parallel scanning of files using potentially incompatible antivirus scanners is achieved by spawning a virtual machine per detection engine and therefore eliminating any possible issues. CloudAV can also perform "retrospective detection," whereby the cloud detection engine rescans all files in its file access history when a new threat is identified thus improving new threat detection speed. Finally, CloudAV is a solution for effective virus scanning on devices that lack the computing power to perform the scans themselves.[156]
Some examples of cloud anti-virus products are Panda Cloud Antivirus and Immunet. Comodo Group has also produced cloud-based anti-virus.[157][158]
Online scanning
Some antivirus vendors maintain websites with free online scanning capability of the entire computer, critical areas only, local disks, folders or files. Periodic online scanning is a good idea for those that run antivirus applications on their computers because those applications are frequently slow to catch threats. One of the first things that malicious software does in an attack is disable any existing antivirus software and sometimes the only way to know of an attack is by turning to an online resource that is not installed on the infected computer.[159]
Specialized tools
Virus removal tools are available to help remove stubborn infections or certain types of infection. Examples include Avast Free Anti- Malware,[160] AVG Free Malware Removal Tools,[161] and Avira AntiVir Removal Tool.[162] It is also worth noting that sometimes antivirus software can produce a false positive result, indicating an infection where there is none.[163]
A rescue disk that is bootable, such as a CD or USB storage device, can be used to run antivirus software outside of the installed operating system, in order to remove infections while they are dormant. A bootable antivirus disk can be useful when, for example, the installed operating system is no longer bootable or has malware that is resisting all attempts to be removed by the installed antivirus software. Examples of some of these bootable disks include the Bitdefender Rescue CD,[164] Kaspersky Rescue Disk 2018,[165] and Windows Defender Offline[166] (integrated into Windows 10 since the Anniversary Update). Most of the Rescue CD software can also be installed onto a USB storage device, that is bootable on newer computers.
Использование и риски
According to an FBI survey, major businesses lose $12 million annually dealing with virus incidents.[167] A survey by Symantec in 2009 found that a third of small to medium-sized business did not use antivirus protection at that time, whereas more than 80% of home users had some kind of antivirus installed.[168] According to a sociological survey conducted by G Data Software in 2010 49% of women did not use any antivirus program at all.[169]
Смотрите также
- Anti-virus and anti-malware software
- CARO, the Computer Antivirus Research Organization
- Comparison of antivirus software
- Comparison of computer viruses
- EICAR, the European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research
- Firewall software
- Internet security
- Linux malware
- Quarantine (computing)
- Sandbox (computer security)
- Timeline of computer viruses and worms
- Virus hoax
Рекомендации
- ^ Henry, Alan. "The Difference Between Antivirus and Anti-Malware (and Which to Use)". Archived from the original on November 22, 2013.
- ^ "What is antivirus software?". Microsoft. Archived from the original on April 11, 2011.
- ^ von Neumann, John (1966) Theory of self-reproducing automata Archived June 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. University of Illinois Press.
- ^ Thomas Chen, Jean-Marc Robert (2004). "The Evolution of Viruses and Worms". Archived from the original on May 17, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
- ^ From the first email to the first YouTube video: a definitive internet history Archived December 31, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Tom Meltzer and Sarah Phillips. The Guardian. October 23, 2009
- ^ IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Volumes 27–28. IEEE Computer Society, 2005. 74 Archived May 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine: "[...]from one machine to another led to experimentation with the Creeper program, which became the world's first computer worm: a computation that used the network to recreate itself on another node, and spread from node to node."
- ^ a b John Metcalf (2014). "Core War: Creeper & Reaper". Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
- ^ "Creeper – The Virus Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on September 20, 2015.
- ^ "Elk Cloner". Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
- ^ "Top 10 Computer Viruses: No. 10 – Elk Cloner". Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
- ^ "List of Computer Viruses Developed in 1980s". Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
- ^ Fred Cohen: "Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments" (1983) Archived June 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Eecs.umich.edu (November 3, 1983). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
- ^ Cohen, Fred (April 1, 1988). "Invited Paper: On the Implications of Computer Viruses and Methods of Defense". Computers & Security. 7 (2): 167–184. doi:10.1016/0167-4048(88)90334-3.
- [[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|
page needed]] ="this_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (august_2020)">]-14">^ Szor 2005, p. [page needed]. - ^ "Virus Bulletin :: In memoriam: Péter Ször 1970–2013". Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.
- ^ "History of Viruses". October 1992. Archived from the original on April 23, 2011.
- ^ Leyden, John (January 19, 2006). "PC virus celebrates 20th birthday". The Register. Archived from the original on September 6, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ^ "The History of Computer Viruses".
- ^ Panda Security (April 2004). "(II) Evolution of computer viruses". Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
- ^ Kaspersky Lab Virus list. viruslist.com
- ^ Wells, Joe (August 30, 1996). "Virus timeline". IBM. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- ^ G Data Software AG (2017). "G Data presents first Antivirus solution in 1987". Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
- ^ Karsmakers, Richard (January 2010). "The ultimate Virus Killer Book and Software". Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ "McAfee Becomes Intel Security". McAfee Inc. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
- ^ Cavendish, Marshall (2007). Inventors and Inventions, Volume 4. Paul Bernabeo. p. 1033. ISBN 978-0761477679.
- ^ "About ESET Company". Archived from the original on October 28, 2016.
- ^ "ESET NOD32 Antivirus". Vision Square. February 16, 2016. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016.
- ^ a b Cohen, Fred, An Undetectable Computer Virus (Archived), 1987, IBM
- ^ Yevics, Patricia A. "Flu Shot for Computer Viruses". americanbar.org. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.
- ^ Strom, David (April 1, 2010). "How friends help friends on the Internet: The Ross Greenberg Story". wordpress.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.
- ^ "Anti-virus is 30 years old". spgedwards.com. April 2012. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015.
- ^ "A Brief History of Antivirus Software". techlineinfo.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.
- ^ Grimes, Roger A. (June 1, 2001). Malicious Mobile Code: Virus Protection for Windows. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 522. ISBN 9781565926820. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017.
- ^ "Friðrik Skúlason ehf" (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on June 17, 2006.
- ^ Direccion General del Derecho de Autor, SEP, Mexico D.F. Registry 20709/88 Book 8, page 40, dated November 24, 1988.
- ^ a b "The 'Security Digest' Archives (TM) : www.phreak.org-virus_l". Archived from the original on January 5, 2010.
- ^ "Symantec Softwares and Internet Security at PCM". Archived from the original on July 1, 2014.
- ^ SAM Identifies Virus-Infected Files, Repairs Applications, InfoWorld, May 22, 1989
- ^ SAM Update Lets Users Program for New Viruses, InfoWorld, February 19, 1990
- ^ Naveen, Sharanya. "Panda Security". Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
- ^ "Who we are – TG Soft Software House". www.tgsoft.it. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014.
- ^ "A New Virus Naming Convention (1991) – CARO – Computer Antivirus Research Organization". Archived from the original on August 13, 2011.
- ^ "CARO Members". CARO. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ CAROids, Hamburg 2003 Archived November 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "F-Secure Weblog : News from the Lab". F-secure.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
- ^ "About EICAR". EICAR official website. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
- ^ David Harley, Lysa Myers & Eddy Willems. "Test Files and Product Evaluation: the Case for and against Malware Simulation" (PDF). AVAR2010 13th Association of anti Virus Asia Researchers International Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
- ^ "Dr. Web LTD Doctor Web / Dr. Web Reviews, Best AntiVirus Software Reviews, Review Centre". Reviewcentre.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
- ^ a b c d [In 1994, AV-Test.org reported 28,613 unique malware samples (based on MD5). "A Brief History of Malware; The First 25 Years"]
- ^ "BitDefender Product History". Archived from the original on March 17, 2012.
- ^ "InfoWatch Management". InfoWatch. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
- ^ "Linuxvirus – Community Help Wiki". Archived from the original on March 24, 2017.
- ^ "Sorry – recovering..." Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.
- ^ "Sourcefire acquires ClamAV". ClamAV. August 17, 2007. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2008.
- ^ "Cisco Completes Acquisition of Sourcefire". cisco.com. October 7, 2013. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
- ^ Der Unternehmer – brand eins online Archived November 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Brandeins.de (July 2009). Retrieved on January 3, 2017.
- ^ Williams, Greg (April 2012). "The digital detective: Mikko Hypponen's war on malware is escalating". Wired. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016.
- ^ "Everyday cybercrime – and what you can do about it". Archived from the original on February 20, 2014.
- ^ Szor 2005, pp. 66–67.
- ^ "New virus travels in PDF files". August 7, 2001. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ Slipstick Systems (February 2009). "Protecting Microsoft Outlook against Viruses". Archived from the original on June 2, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
- ^ "CloudAV: N-Version Antivirus in the Network Cloud". usenix.org. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.
- ^ McAfee Artemis Preview Report Archived April 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. av-comparatives.org
- ^ McAfee Third Quarter 2008 Archived April 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. corporate-ir.net
- ^ "AMTSO Best Practices for Testing In-the-Cloud Security Products » AMTSO". Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
- ^ "TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW". AVG Security. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
- ^ "The Mysterious Return of Years-Old Chinese Malware". October 18, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2019 – via www.wired.com.
- ^ "Magic Quadrant Endpoint Protection Platforms 2016". Gartner Research.
- ^ Messmer, Ellen (August 20, 2014). "Start-up offers up endpoint detection and response for behavior-based malware detection". networkworld.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015.
- ^ "Homeland Security Today: Bromium Research Reveals Insecurity in Existing Endpoint Malware Protection Deployments". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
- ^ "Duelling Unicorns: CrowdStrike Vs. Cylance In Brutal Battle To Knock Hackers Out". Forbes. July 6, 2016. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016.
- ^ Potter, Davitt (June 9, 2016). "Is Anti-virus Dead? The Shift Toward Next-Gen Endpoints". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016.
- ^ "CylancePROTECT® Achieves HIPAA Security Rule Compliance Certification". Cylance. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
- ^ "Trend Micro-XGen". Trend Micro. October 18, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016.
- ^ "Next-Gen Endpoint". Sophos. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016.
- ^ The Forrester Wave™: Endpoint Security Suites, Q4 2016 Archived October 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Forrester.com (October 19, 2016). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
- ^ Sandboxing Protects Endpoints | Stay Ahead Of Zero Day Threats Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Enterprise.comodo.com (June 20, 2014). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
- ^ Szor 2005, pp. 474–481.
- ^ Kiem, Hoang; Thuy, Nguyen Yhanh and Quang, Truong Minh Nhat (December 2004) "A Machine Learning Approach to Anti-virus System", Joint Workshop of Vietnamese Society of AI, SIGKBS-JSAI, ICS-IPSJ and IEICE-SIGAI on Active Mining; Session 3: Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 67, pp. 61–65
- ^ Data Mining Methods for Malware Detection. 2008. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-0-549-88885-7. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017.
- ^ Dua, Sumeet; Du, Xian (April 19, 2016). Data Mining and Machine Learning in Cybersecurity. CRC Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-4398-3943-0. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017.
- ^ Firdausi, Ivan; Lim, Charles; Erwin, Alva; Nugroho, Anto Satriyo (2010). "Analysis of Machine learning Techniques Used in Behavior-Based Malware Detection". 2010 Second International Conference on Advances in Computing, Control, and Telecommunication Technologies. p. 201. doi:10.1109/ACT.2010.33. ISBN 978-1-4244-8746-2. S2CID 18522498.
- ^ Siddiqui, Muazzam; Wang, Morgan C.; Lee, Joohan (2008). "A survey of data mining techniques for malware detection using file features". Proceedings of the 46th Annual Southeast Regional Conference on XX – ACM-SE 46. p. 509. doi:10.1145/1593105.1593239. ISBN 9781605581057. S2CID 729418.
- ^ Deng, P.S.; Jau-Hwang Wang; Wen-Gong Shieh; Chih-Pin Yen; Cheng-Tan Tung (2003). "Intelligent automatic malicious code signatures extraction". IEEE 37th Annual 2003 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, 2003. Proceedings. p. 600. doi:10.1109/CCST.2003.1297626. ISBN 978-0-7803-7882-7. S2CID 56533298.
- ^ Komashinskiy, Dmitriy; Kotenko, Igor (2010). "Malware Detection by Data Mining Techniques Based on Positionally Dependent Features". 2010 18th Euromicro Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing. p. 617. doi:10.1109/PDP.2010.30. ISBN 978-1-4244-5672-7. S2CID 314909.
- ^ Schultz, M.G.; Eskin, E.; Zadok, F.; Stolfo, S.J. (2001). "Data mining methods for detection of new malicious executables". Proceedings 2001 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. S&P 2001. p. 38. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.408.5676. doi:10.1109/SECPRI.2001.924286. ISBN 978-0-7695-1046-0. S2CID 21791.
- ^ Ye, Yanfang; Wang, Dingding; Li, Tao; Ye, Dongyi (2007). "IMDS". Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining – KDD '07. p. 1043. doi:10.1145/1281192.1281308. ISBN 9781595936097. S2CID 8142630.
- ^ Kolter, J. Zico; Maloof, Marcus A. (December 1, 2006). "Learning to Detect and Classify Malicious Executables in the Wild". J. Mach. Learn. Res. 7: 2721–2744.
- ^ Tabish, S. Momina; Shafiq, M. Zubair; Farooq, Muddassar (2009). "Malware detection using statistical analysis of byte-level file content". Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on Cyber Security and Intelligence Informatics – CSI-KDD '09. p. 23. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.466.5074. doi:10.1145/1599272.1599278. ISBN 9781605586694. S2CID 10661197.
- ^ Ye, Yanfang; Wang, Dingding; Li, Tao; Ye, Dongyi; Jiang, Qingshan (2008). "An intelligent PE-malware detection system based on association mining". Journal in Computer Virology. 4 (4): 323. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.172.4316. doi:10.1007/s11416-008-0082-4. S2CID 207288887.
- ^ Sami, Ashkan; Yadegari, Babak; Peiravian, Naser; Hashemi, Sattar; Hamze, Ali (2010). "Malware detection based on mining API calls". Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing – SAC '10. p. 1020. doi:10.1145/1774088.1774303. ISBN 9781605586397. S2CID 9330550.
- ^ Shabtai, Asaf; Kanonov, Uri; Elovici, Yuval; Glezer, Chanan; Weiss, Yael (2011). ""Andromaly": A behavioral malware detection framework for android devices". Journal of Intelligent Information Systems. 38: 161. doi:10.1007/s10844-010-0148-x. S2CID 6993130.
- ^ Fox-Brewster, Thomas. "Netflix Is Dumping Anti-Virus, Presages Death Of An Industry". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ Automatic Malware Signature Generation Archived January 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) . Retrieved on January 3, 2017.
- ^ Szor 2005, pp. 252–288.
- ^ "Generic detection". Kaspersky. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
- ^ Symantec Corporation (February 2009). "Trojan.Vundo". Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
- ^ Symantec Corporation (February 2007). "Trojan.Vundo.B". Archived from the original on April 27, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
- ^ "Antivirus Research and Detection Techniques". ExtremeTech. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
- ^ "Terminology – F-Secure Labs". Archived from the original on August 24, 2010.
- ^ "Real-Time Protection". support.kaspersky.com. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
- ^ "Kaspersky Cyber Security Solutions for Home & Business | Kaspersky". usa.kaspersky.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011.
- ^ Kelly, Michael (October 2006). "Buying Dangerously". Archived from the original on July 15, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
- ^ Bitdefender (2009). "Automatic Renewal". Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
- ^ Symantec (2014). "Norton Automatic Renewal Service FAQ". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
- ^ SpywareWarrior (2007). "Rogue/Suspect Anti-Spyware Products & Web Sites". Retrieved November 29, 2009.
- ^ Protalinski, Emil (November 11, 2008). "AVG incorrectly flags user32.dll in Windows XP SP2/SP3". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ "McAfee to compensate businesses for buggy update". Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
- ^ "Buggy McAfee update whacks Windows XP PCs". Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
- ^ Tan, Aaron (May 24, 2007). "Flawed Symantec update cripples Chinese PCs". CNET Networks. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
- ^ a b Harris, David (June 29, 2009). "January 2010 – Pegasus Mail v4.52 Release". Pegasus Mail. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
- ^ "McAfee DAT 5958 Update Issues". April 21, 2010. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
- ^ "Botched McAfee update shutting down corporate XP machines worldwide". April 21, 2010. Archived from the original on April 22, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
- ^ Leyden, John (December 2, 2010). "Horror AVG update ballsup bricks Windows 7". The Register. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
- ^ MSE false positive detection forces Google to update Chrome, October 3, 2011, archived from the original on October 4, 2011, retrieved October 3, 2011
- ^ Sophos Antivirus Detects Itself as Malware, Deletes Key Binaries, The Next Web, September 20, 2012, archived from the original on January 17, 2014, retrieved March 5, 2014
- ^ Shh/Updater-B false positive by Sophos anti-virus products, Sophos, September 19, 2012, archived from the original on April 21, 2014, retrieved March 5, 2014
- ^ If Google Play Protect is breaking bluetooth on your Moto G4 Plus, don't worry because there's a fix, Android Police, September 11, 2017, archived from the original on November 7, 2017, retrieved November 1, 2017
- ^ "Plus! 98: How to Remove McAfee VirusScan". Microsoft. January 2007. Archived from the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
- ^ Vamosi, Robert (May 28, 2009). "G-Data Internet Security 2010". PC World. Archived from the original on February 11, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ Higgins, Kelly Jackson (May 5, 2010). "New Microsoft Forefront Software Runs Five Antivirus Vendors' Engines". Darkreading. Archived from the original on May 12, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ "Steps to take before you install Windows XP Service Pack 3". Microsoft. April 2009. Archived from the original on December 8, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
- ^ "Upgrading from Windows Vista to Windows 7". Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2012. Mentioned within "Before you begin".
- ^ "Upgrading to Microsoft Windows Vista recommended steps". Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
- ^ "How to troubleshoot problems during installation when you upgrade from Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition to Windows XP". May 7, 2007. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012. Mentioned within "General troubleshooting".
- ^ "BT Home Hub Firmware Upgrade Procedure". Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
- ^ "Troubleshooting". Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- ^ "Spyware, Adware, and Viruses Interfering with Steam". Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013. Steam support page.
- ^ "Field Notice: FN – 63204 – Cisco Clean Access has Interoperability issue with Symantec Anti-virus – delays Agent start-up". Archived from the original on September 24, 2009.
- ^ Goodin, Dan (December 21, 2007). "Anti-virus protection gets worse". Channel Register. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ "ZeuS Tracker :: Home". Archived from the original on November 3, 2010.
- ^ Illett, Dan (July 13, 2007). "Hacking poses threats to business". Computer Weekly. Archived from the original on January 12, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^ Espiner, Tom (June 30, 2008). "Trend Micro: Antivirus industry lied for 20 years". ZDNet. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
- ^ AV Comparatives (December 2013). "Whole Product Dynamic "Real World" Production Test" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
- ^ Kirk, Jeremy (June 14, 2010). "Guidelines released for antivirus software tests". Archived from the original on April 22, 2011.
- ^ Harley, David (2011). AVIEN Malware Defense Guide for the Enterprise. Elsevier. p. 487. ISBN 9780080558660. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014.
- ^ Kotadia, Munir (July 2006). "Why popular antivirus apps 'do not work'". Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
- ^ a b The Canadian Press (April 2010). "Internet scam uses adult game to extort cash". CBC News. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Exploit Code; Data Theft; Information Security; Privacy; Hackers; system, Security mandates aim to shore up shattered SSL; Reader, Adobe kills two actively exploited bugs in; stalker, Judge dismisses charges against accused Twitter. "Researchers up evilness ante with GPU-assisted malware". Archived from the original on August 10, 2017.
- ^ Iresh, Gina (April 10, 2010). "Review of Bitdefender Antivirus Security Software 2017 edition". www.digitalgrog.com.au. Digital Grog. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
- ^ "Why F-PROT Antivirus fails to disinfect the virus on my computer?". Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
- ^ "Actions to be performed on infected objects". Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
- ^ "Cryptolocker Ransomware: What You Need To Know". October 8, 2013. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
- ^ "How Anti-Virus Software Works". Archived from the original on March 2, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
- ^ "The 10 faces of computer malware". July 17, 2009. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
- ^ "New BIOS Virus Withstands HDD Wipes". March 27, 2009. Archived from the original on April 1, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
- ^ "Phrack Inc. Persistent BIOS Infection". June 1, 2009. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
- ^ "Turning USB peripherals into BadUSB". Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
- ^ "Why the Security of USB Is Fundamentally Broken". Wired. July 31, 2014. Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
- ^ "How Antivirus Software Can Slow Down Your Computer". Support.com Blog. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ "Softpedia Exclusive Interview: Avira 10". Ionut Ilascu. Softpedia. April 14, 2010. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ "Norton AntiVirus ignores malicious WMI instructions". Munir Kotadia. CBS Interactive. October 21, 2004. Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
- ^ "NSA and GCHQ attacked antivirus software so that they could spy on people, leaks indicate". June 24, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
- ^ a b "Popular security software came under relentless NSA and GCHQ attacks". Andrew Fishman, Morgan Marquis-Boire. June 22, 2015. Archived from the original on October 31, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
- ^ Zeltser, Lenny (October 2010). "What Is Cloud Anti-Virus and How Does It Work?". Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
- ^ Erickson, Jon (August 6, 2008). "Antivirus Software Heads for the Clouds". Information Week. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ "Comodo Cloud Antivirus released". wikipost.org. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
- ^ "Comodo Cloud Antivirus User Guideline PDF" (PDF). help.comodo.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
- ^ Krebs, Brian (March 9, 2007). "Online Anti-Virus Scans: A Free Second Opinion". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ "Avast Free Anti-Malware". AVAST Software. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
- ^ "Free Virus Scanner & Malware Removal Tools". AVG Technologies. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
- ^ "Download Avira AntiVir Removal Tool". Avira Operations GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
- ^ "How To Tell If a Virus Is Actually a False Positive". How To Geek. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
- ^ "How to create a Bitdefender Rescue CD". Bitdefender. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ "Disinfect the operating system". Kaspersky Lab. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ "Help protect my PC with Windows Defender Offline". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ "FBI estimates major companies lose $12m annually from viruses". January 30, 2007. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
- ^ Kaiser, Michael (April 17, 2009). "Small and Medium Size Businesses are Vulnerable". National Cyber Security Alliance. Archived from the original on April 22, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ Nearly 50% Women Don’t Use Anti-virus Software Archived May 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Spamfighter.com (September 2, 2010). Retrieved on January 3, 2017.
Библиография
- Szor, Peter (2005), The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-321-30454-4