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Taulantii или Taulantians [1] («люди-ласточки»; древнегреческий : Ταυλάντιοι, Taulantioi или Χελιδόνιοι, Chelidonioi ; лат . Taulantii ) были иллирийским народом, который жил на Адриатическом побережье южной Иллирии (современная Албания ). В разное время они доминировали на большей части равнины между реками Дрин и Аус . Их центральной областью была внутренняя часть Эпидамнос-Диррахион , соответствующая современной Тиране и региону между долинамиМат и Шкумбин . [2] Таулантии - одни из старейших засвидетельствованных иллирийских народов, которые основали могущественное королевство в южной Иллирии. [3] Они принадлежат к числу народов, наиболее значимых для иллирийской истории, и, таким образом, нашли свое место в многочисленных трудах историков классической античности. [4]

Имя [ редактировать ]

Иллирийское слово taulánt - и его древнегреческий перевод - chelidón - означает «ласточка».

Таулантии, наряду с энети , являются старейшими засвидетельствованными народами, которые в ранней греческой историографии явно считались иллирийскими . [5] Таулантии были впервые записаны древнегреческим писателем Гекатеем Милетским в 6 веке до нашей эры. [6] [7] тавлантии часто сообщают в трудах древних авторов , описывающих многочисленные войны , которую они вели против македонцев , в Epirotes , и древнегреческих колоний на иллирийского побережье. [8] Они упоминаются, например, Фукидидом ,Полибий , Диодор Сицилийский , Тит Ливий , Плиний Старший и Аппиан . [4]

Термин таулантий связан с албанским словом даллёндыш , или талландуше , что означает « ласточка ». [9] [10] [11] Этноним Chelidonioi, также сообщаемый Гекатом как название племени, соседствующего с Taulantii, является переводом имени Taulantii как khelīdn (χελιδών), что означает «ласточка» на древнегреческом языке . [10] [12] [13] Название предполагает практику тотемизма животных , который был широко распространен среди иллирийских народов. [14]

Гекатей сообщил, что племя Chelidonioi (Χελιδόνιοι) проживало к северу от Sesarethioi (Σεσαρήθιοι). Кроме того, он сообщил, что Сесаретос (Σεσάρηθος) был тауланским городом с Сезаретиои в качестве этноса . [6] Было высказано предположение, что либо имя Chelidonioi могло быть экзонимом , и что Гекатей ошибочно различал два племени, неверно оценив значение имени, либо что после того, как название местного племени было переведено с иллирийского греческими колонистами в Эпидамносе , этноним хелидоны мог принадлежать таулантам, проживающим в Эпидамносе, а этнонимТаулантий продолжал использоваться как имя соседнего народа таулантов. [13]

Согласно мифологической традиции, описанной Аппианом (II век нашей эры), таулантийцы были среди южно- иллирийских племен, получивших свои имена от первого поколения потомков Иллирия , одноименного предка всех иллирийских народов . [15] [16] [17]

География [ править ]

Таулантии жили на юго-восточном побережье Адриатического моря в южной Иллирии (современная Албания ), в разное время доминируя на большей части равнины между реками Дрин и Аус . [18] Раньше таулантийцы населяли северную часть реки Дрин; [19] позже они жили внутри и вокруг мест Эпидамнос-Диррахион и Аполлония . [12] [19] Их территория была сосредоточена в районе современной Тираны и ее внутренних районах между долинами рек Мат и Шкумбин .[2] В римские времена, их северные соседи были Labeatae , [20] к востоку от Parthini , [21] и к юго-востоку от Bylliones . [22] Парфини, вероятно, были частью таулантов до их первого появления в качестве римских союзников в конце 3-го века до нашей эры [12], соседствующих на востоке с Дассаретами и на северо-востоке с Пенестами . [23] [24] Абри или аброи, племя, упомянутое Гекатеем (6 век до н.э.) как соседи хелидониев, вероятно, также были частью таулантов.[12]

Распространение Taulantii до границ территории Аполлонии не очень ясно в данных, предоставленных Pseudo-Skylax. Южная граница таулантий, вероятно, проходила по реке Семан , а северная граница проходила по реке Мат . Ливий и Плиний расположили их в одном месте, но, согласно Птолемею, Аулон ( Влёра ) находился на территории таулантов, что подразумевает распространение этого народа на юг, включая территорию Аполлонии. Во времена Римской империи такое расширение на юг было невозможно до окончания римских гражданских войн , охвативших эту территорию. [25]

История [ править ]

Early Iron Age[edit]

The Taulantii are one of the most anciently known Illyrian group of tribes.[26][5] Taulantian settlement at the site of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion is estimated to have happened not later than the 10th century BC. After their occupation of the site, Illyrian tribes most likely left the eastern coast of the Adriatic for Italy departing from the region of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion for the best crossing to Bari, in Apulia.[27][28] When they settled in the area of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion, it seems that the Taulantii replaced the previous inhabitants, the Bryges.[27][29] According to another ancient tradition the Taulantii replaced the Parthini, who were pushed more inland losing their coastal holdings.[30]

Archaic period[edit]

About the 9th century BC the Liburni expanded their dominion southwards, and took possession of the site of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion expelling the Taulantii.[27][29] In that period the Taulantii expanded southwards and controlled the plain of Mallakastër reaching as far as the mouth of the Aous.[31]

When describing the Illyrian invasion of Macedonia ruled by Argaeus I, somewhere between 678–640 BC, the historian Polyaenus (fl. 2nd-century CE) recorded the supposed oldest known king in Illyria, Galaurus or Galabrus, a ruler of the Taulantii who reigned in the latter part of the 7th century BC.[32] Some scholars consider the authenticity of Polyaenus' passage as disputable.[33] Whether or not this account is historically reliable, and despite Polyaenus' interest in the anecdote, it implies the widespread thought throughout antiquity about a significant animosity between the Macedonians and the Illyrians as early as the 7th century BC, if the consensus in modern scholarship in dating the reigning period of Argaeus I is correct.[34]

Friendly relationships were created between Corinthians and certain Illyrian tribes.[35] In the 7th century BC the Taulantii invoked the aid of Corinth and Corcyra in a war against the Liburni.[36][29][35] After the defeat and expulsion of the Liburni from the region, the Corcyreans founded in 627 BC on the Illyrian mainland a colony, mixing with the local population and establishing the Greek element to the port. The city was called Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion, thought to have been the names of two barbarian/Illyrian rulers of the region.[28][36][37] The double name was determined by the presence of a pre-existing Illyrian settlement presumably located on the hills (Epidamnos), while the plain, formerly occupied by a lagoon communicating with the sea, provided favorable conditions that created a natural harbor (Dyrrachion). The Greek colony was therefore founded in a territory that corresponded to a narrow promontory surrounded by the sea that gave the city the appearance of an island.[38] A flourishing commercial centre emergend and the city grew rapidly.[39][36] It thrived for about two centuries, mainly as a result of trade with the neighboring Illyrians of the hinterland, which was mediated by a magistrate, called poletes ("seller"). The poletes was chosen each year from among the citizens who were deemed worthy by the Epidamnians.[40]

Justin (2nd century AD) reports that at a time when the ruler of Macedonia was the infant Aeropus I (around 6th century BC), the Illyrians attacked successfully Macedonia until the infant ruler was brought to a battle by his Macedonian subjects, benefitting from his presence and avanging their initial defeat against the Illyrians. The name of the specific Illyrian tribe or group of tribes that attacked Macedonia is not reported in Justin's account, but it has been suggested that they would have been either the Enchelei, whose realm was centered at that time in the area of Lake Lychnidus, or the Taulantii, who were based farther west, in the coastal area within and around Epidamnos and Apollonia.[34] The Illyrian raids against the Argeads who were based at Aegae indicate that Illyrian attacks also involved the Upper Macedonian regions of Lynkestis, Orestis and Eordaea, Elimea, and Tymphaea, as they were located between Illyrian territory and Argead lands.[41]

Classical period[edit]

The Taulantii continued to play an important role in Illyrian history between the 5th and 4th–3rd centuries BC. They significantly influenced the affairs of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion, especially in the internal conflicts between aristocrats and democrats. When the democrats seized power, their opponents (allies of the Corcyreans) sought help from the Illyrians. In 435 the Illyrians besieged the city in strength, and through the occupation of the surrounding region, they caused much damage to the economy of the city.[39]

Hellenistic period[edit]

In the well attested historical period, the Taulantian kingdom seems to have reached its apex during Glaucias' rule, in the years between 335 BC and 302 BC.[42][43] After Glaucias' rule, the Taulantian territory likely were absorbed partly by Pyrrhus in the Epirotan state and partly by other Illyrian realms established in southern Illyria.

Culture[edit]

Language[edit]

See also: Illyrian language

The idiom spoken by the Taulanti is included in the southern Illyrian onomastic province in modern linguistics.[44][45] The territory they inhabited belongs to the area that is considered in current scholarship as the linguistic core of Illyrian.[46]

Cuisine[edit]

The Abri, a northern subgroup of the Taulantii, were known to the ancient Greek writers for their technique of preparing mead from honey.[12]

Taulantian dynasty[edit]

The following names are recorded in ancient sources as Taulantian chieftains and/or Illyrian kings:[47][48][49][25]

  • Galaurus or Galabrus (latter part of the 7th century BC), the oldest known Illyrian king, recorded by Polyaenus (fl. 2nd-century CE);[50] the authenticity of Polyaenus' passage is disputed;[33]
  • Pleuratus I (fl. c. 345 – 344 BC);
  • Glaucias (fl. c. 335 – 302 BC), who fought against Alexander the Great and raised Pyrrhus of Epirus, briefly installing him on the throne.

The Illyrian king Monounios, who mintend his own silver staters bearing the king's name and the symbol of Dyrrhachion from about 290 BC, is considered the successor of Glaucias,[51] and probably his son.[52] Their realm also included the southern part of the kingdom of Agron and Teuta.[51]

See also[edit]

  • List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes
  • List of ancient tribes in Illyria
  • Taulant Balla (born 1977), Albanian politician

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ James R. Ashley, The Macedonian Empire, McFarland, 2004, p. 172.
  2. ^ a b Gavoille 2019, p. 7
  3. ^ Katičić 1976, p. 158; Eichner 2004, pp. 97, 99; Mesihović 2014, p. 219.
  4. ^ a b Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 44: "Taulanti se ubrajuju među narode koji su najviše obilježili ilirsku historiju, te su tako našli svoje mjesto u brojnim radovima klasičnih historičara poput Tukidida, Polibija, Diodora Sicilijanskog, Tita Livija, Plinija Starijeg, Apijana i drugih. Njihovo ime se veže za lastavice, tako da bi Taulanti u slobodnom prevodu bili „narod lastavica“."
  5. ^ a b Eichner 2004, pp. 97, 99.
  6. ^ a b Eichner 2004, p. 97.
  7. ^ Cabanes 2002b, p. 163.
  8. ^ Stipčević 1989, p. 35.
  9. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 244: "Names of individuals peoples may have been formed in a similar fashion, Taulantii from 'swallow' (cf. the Albanian tallandushe) or Erchelei the 'eel-men' and Chelidoni the 'snail-men' [sic]."
  10. ^ a b Šašel Kos 1993, p. 119.
  11. ^ Matzinger 2018, p. 1790.
  12. ^ a b c d e Wilkes 1992, p. 98.
  13. ^ a b Eichner 2004, pp. 107–108.
  14. ^ Stipčević 1974, pp. 196-197.
  15. ^ Papazoglu 1978, p. 213: "The tribes which took their names from the first generation of Illyrius' descendants belong mostly to the group of the so-called South-Illyrian tribes: the Taulantii, the Parthini, the Enchelei, the Dassaretii".
  16. ^ Šašel Kos 2004, p. 502.
  17. ^ Mesihović & Šačić 2015, pp. 23–24.
  18. ^ Wilkes 1992, pp. 97–98.
  19. ^ a b Stipčević 1974, p. 31.
  20. ^ Shpuza 2017, p. 43; Jaupaj 2019, pp. 68–69, 81; Gavoille 2019, p. 7
  21. ^ Cabanes 2007, p. 579; Stocker 2009, p. 217
  22. ^ Stocker 2009, p. 219.
  23. ^ Cabanes 2007, p. 579.
  24. ^ Jaupaj 2019, p. 69.
  25. ^ a b Jaupaj 2019, p. 81.
  26. ^ Katičić 1976, p. 158.
  27. ^ a b c Hammond 1982, p. 628.
  28. ^ a b Wilkes 1992, pp. 110–111.
  29. ^ a b c Wilkes 1992, p. 111.
  30. ^ Stocker 2009, p. 217
  31. ^ Hammond, N. G. L. (1997). "Prehistory and Protohistory". Epirus: 4000 Years of Greek Cilization and Culture. Ekdotike Athenon: 42. ISBN 9789602133712. This enterprising and martial people expanded again after 800 B.C.... the Taulantioi seized the Malakastra plain and reached the mouth of the Aoous
  32. ^ Jaupaj 2019, p. 81; Hammond & Griffith 1972, p. 21; Cabanes 2002a, p. 51; Cabanes 2002b, p. 163.
  33. ^ a b Cabanes 2002a, p. 51.
  34. ^ a b Greenwalt 2011, p. 281.
  35. ^ a b Stallo 2007, p. 29.
  36. ^ a b c Hammond 1982, p. 267.
  37. ^ Sassi 2018, pp. 942, 951, 952
  38. ^ Sassi 2018, pp. 942–943
  39. ^ a b Wilkes 1992, p. 112.
  40. ^ Cabanes 2008, p. 172.
  41. ^ Greenwalt 2011, pp. 281–282.
  42. ^ Dzino 2014, p. 49.
  43. ^ Wilkes 1992, pp. 112, 122–126.
  44. ^ Polomé 1983, p. 537: "The old kingdom of Illyria, south of Lissos, covered the territory of several tribes who shared a common language, apparently of Indo-European stock: the Taulantii, on the coast, south of Dyrrachium; the Parthini, north of this town; the Dassaretae, inland, near Lake Lychnidos and in the Drin valley; north of them were the Penestae; in the mountains, an older group, the Enchelei, lingered on." [footnote 84:] "In the oldest sources, the term 'Illyrian' appears to be restricted to the tribes of the Illyricum regnum (PAPAZOGLU, 1965). Linguistically, it can only legitimately be applied to the southeastern part of the expanded Roman Illyricum; the Delmatae and the Pannonii to the northwest mus have constituted an ethnically and linguistically distinct group (KATIČIĆ, 1968: 367-8)."
  45. ^ Šašel Kos 2002, p. 117: "The Illyrian peoples, mentioned in the sources in which the events concerning the Illyrian kingdom are narrated – to name the most outstanding – are the Taulantii, Atintani, Parthini, Enchelei, Penestae, Dassaretii, Ardiaei, Labeates, and the Daorsi. All of these peoples were conceivably more or less closely related in terms of culture, institutions and language. Many of them may have had their own kings, some of whom attained great power and actively took part in the struggle for power in the Hellenistic world. The name “Illyrian” must have carried enough prestige at the time of the rise of the Ardiaean dynasty within the Illyrian kingdom that it was imposed at a later date, when the Romans conquered Illyria and the rest of the Balkans, as the official name of the future provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia."
  46. ^ Haebler 2002, p. 475: "To be cautious, only that language, which was spread along the south-eastern Adriatic coast northward and southward from Dyrrhachium (today Durrës) and inland to Lake Lychnidos (today Ohrid) in the settlement area of the Illyrian tribes of the Parthini, Taulanti, Dassaretae and Penestae, must be considered as Illyrian at present."
  47. ^ Cabanes 2002a, p. 90.
  48. ^ Hammond & Griffith 1972, p. 21.
  49. ^ Wilkes 1992, pp. 122, 124, 336.
  50. ^ Cabanes 2002a, p. 51; Cabanes 2002b, p. 163.
  51. ^ a b Picard 2013, p. 82.
  52. ^ Šašel Kos 2003, p. 149

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  • Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony.
  • Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5.