Saccorhytus
Saccorhytus (from Latin saccus "bag" and Ancient Greek ῥύτις rhytis "wrinkle") is an extinct genus of animal possibly belonging to the superphylum Deuterostomia, which is represented by a single species, Saccorhytus coronarius (from Latin attributive coronarius "[of a] crown"). Having lived approximately 540 million years ago in the Fortunian stage of the Cambrian Period, if confirmed as a deuterostome it would represent the oldest known species of this superphylum.[1][2]
Fossils of the species were first discovered in the Kuanchuanpu Formation of Shaanxi province of China by a team of scientists from the United Kingdom, China and Germany,[1] and the findings were first published in January 2017.[3][4]
Saccorhytus was only about a millimetre (1.3 mm[3][5]) in size and is characterised by its globular or hemispherical body with a prominent mouth.[6] Its body was covered by a thick but flexible cuticle. It had four nodulate ridges above its mouth. Around its body are eight openings in the form of truncated cones with radial folds, termed "body cones." Two sets of small circular pores also occur on the body. One set is widely separated and runs parallel to the body cones. It may have had a sensory function, though they could have alternatively released internal contents like adhesive mucus or gametes. The other set is more dorsal and consists of sub-linear arrays. This set of pores may have housed bristles, which may have been used for touching the animal's surroundings and related functions, including temporary attachment.[3]
There is no evident anus,[3] which means that the animal must have consumed its food and excreted it from the same orifice,[1] though the body cones may have served this function as well in addition to expelling water.[3] However, the strong folding found in the fossils makes this conclusion tentative,[3] with Simon Conway Morris, one of the British scientists involved in its discovery, admitting the possibility that the team simply has not spotted it.[7]
Saccorhytus was classified as a deuterostome due to its possession of body openings in the form of its body cones, which appear similar to apparently equivalent structures in vetulicolians and vetulocystids, and thus was thought to be closely related to those two clades by Han et al.[3] Below is a simplified phylogenetic tree based on that constructed by Han et al.[3]
Since the earliest deuterostomes had a one-way through gut, the evident lack of an anus may either be a secondary loss (as seen in ophiurioids) or a plesiomorphic trait inherited from more primitive bilaterian ancestors, which may be linked to acoels and xenoturbellids.[3]
