Аргентинцы

Аргентинцы
аргентинцы

Флаг Аргентины
Всего населения
c. 44 миллиона
Регионы со значительной численностью населения
Аргентина        43 миллиона (2015) [1]
Всего по диаспоре	c. 8 000 000
Соединенные Штаты	1 005 095 [2]
Испания	89 029/256 071 [3] [4] [a]
Чили	49 724 [6]
Израиль	48 312 [7]
Бразилия	42 202 [8]
Уругвай	22 743 [7]
Италия	20 311 [7]
Канада	20 680 [7] [9]
Франция	17 999 [7]
Австралия	14 190 [7]
Мексика	13 696 [7]
Великобритания	10 200 [7]
Языки
Испанский ( Rioplatense диалект , Cordobes диалект , Куйо диалект )
Религия
Преимущественно католики [10] [11]
Родственные этнические группы
Другое (особенно уругвайцы )

Аргентинцы (также известные как аргентинцы или аргентинцы ; испанский : мужской аргентинский ; женский аргентинский ) - это люди, отождествляемые со страной Аргентины . Это соединение может быть жилым, юридическим, историческим или культурным. Для большинства аргентинцев существует несколько (или все) этих связей, которые в совокупности являются причиной того, что они являются аргентинцами .

Аргентина - многонациональное и многоязычное общество, где проживают люди различного этнического , религиозного и национального происхождения, большинство населения которых составляют иммигранты из Старого Света и их потомки. ^{[12] [13] [14]}В результате аргентинцы отождествляют свою национальность не с этнической принадлежностью, а с гражданством и верностью Аргентине. За исключением коренного населения, почти все аргентинцы или их предки иммигрировали за последние пять веков. Среди стран мира, которые приняли наибольшее количество иммигрантов в современной истории, Аргентина с 6,6 миллионами человек занимает второе место после Соединенных Штатов (27 миллионов) и опережает другие страны назначения иммигрантов, такие как Канада, Бразилия и Австралия. ^{[15] [16]}

Этнические группы [ править ]

Обзор [ править ]

Аргентина - многонациональное общество , а это означает, что здесь проживают люди самого разного этнического происхождения. Аргентина, наряду с другими районами новых поселений, такими как США , Канада , Австралия , Бразилия или Новая Зеландия, представляет собой плавильный котел разных народов. ^[17]

In the mid-19th century a large wave of immigration started to arrive in Argentina due to new Constitutional policies that encouraged immigration, and issues in the countries the immigrants came from, such as wars, poverty, hunger, and famines. The main immigration sources were from Europe, the countries from the Near and the Middle East, Russia, and Japan. Eventually, Argentina became the country with the second-largest number of immigrants in the period, with 6.6 million, second only to the United States with 27 million.^[18][19]

Таким образом, большинство аргентинцев имеют европейское происхождение и являются потомками поселенцев колониальной эпохи и / или иммигрантов XIX и XX веков из Европы , причем около 65% населения имеют этническое европейское происхождение. ^[20]

Самые распространенные этнические группы - итальянцы и испанцы (включая галичан и басков ). Подсчитано, что до 25 миллионов аргентинцев, что составляет до 60% от общей численности населения, полностью или частично имеют итальянское происхождение. ^[21] Есть также германское , славянское , ирландское и французское население. ^[22] Небольшие еврейские , коренные , арабские , азиатские , цыганские и африканские общины вносят свой вклад в плавильный котел.

Иммиграция последних десятилетий включает в себя в основном парагвайцев , боливийцев и перуанцев , а также других латиноамериканцев , восточноевропейцев, африканцев и азиатов. ^{[23] [24]}

Исследования ДНК-генетики [ править ]

• Homburguer et al., 2015, PLOS One Genetics : 67% европейцев, 28% индейцев, 4% африканцев и 1,4% азиатов. ^[25]
• Avena et al., 2012, PLOS One Genetics : 65% европейцев, 31% индейцев и 4% африканцев. ^[26]
  • Провинция Буэнос-Айрес: 76% европейцы и 24% другие.
  • Южная зона (провинция Чубут): 54% европейцы и 46% прочие.
  • Северо-восточная зона (провинции Мисьонес, Корриентес, Чако и Формоза): 54% европейские и 46% другие.
  • Северо-западная зона (провинция Сальта): 33% европейцы и 67% другие страны.
• Oliveira, 2008 г., на Universidade de Brasília : 60% европейцев, 31% индейцев и 9% африканцев. ^[27]
• National Geographic : 52% европейцев, 27% индейцев, 9% африканцев и 9% других. ^[28]

Европейские аргентинцы [ править ]

Argentines of European descent constitute the majority of Argentina's population. Ethnic Europeans include the Argentine descendants of colonists from Spain during the colonial period prior to 1810,^[29] and mainly of immigrants from Europe in the great immigratory wave from the mid 19th century to the mid 20th century.^[30] No recent Argentine census has included comprehensive questions on ethnicity, although numerous studies have determined that European Argentines have been a majority in the country since 1914.^[31] Some international sources claim the European component of the population to be at around 97%, but this number is highly inaccurate.^[32] of Argentina's population.

Самыми многочисленными европейскими сообществами иммигрантов являются: итальянцы (62,5% населения имеют некоторую степень итальянского происхождения), ^[33] испанцы (включая басков , астурийцев и галичан ), немцы , скандинавы (в основном датчане и шведы ), славяне (включая русских). , Украинцы , поляки , чехи , болгары , словенцы , сербы , македонцы и хорваты ), финны ,Французы (включая франкоязычных басков ), ирландцы , португальцы , голландцы и другие в меньшем количестве.

Арабские аргентинцы [ править ]

Arabs and Argentines with partial Arab ancestry exist. They represent about 3.2 million people, whose ancestry traces back to any of various waves of immigrants, largely of Levantine cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity, originating mainly from what is now Syria and Lebanon; and from Cilicia and Palestine in a lesser extent.^[34] Due to the fact that many Arab countries were under control of the Ottoman Empire by the time the large immigration wave took place, most Arabs entered the country with Turkish passports, and so they are colloquially referred to as los turcos. The majority of Arab-Argentines are Christians,^{[citation needed]} albeit Argentina is the Latin American country with the largest Muslim population and the one that host the largest mosque. There is also a sizeable Syrian-Lebanese Jewish community in the country, mainly centred in Buenos Aires, Rosario and Tucumán.

Native Argentines[edit]

Contemporary Native cultures are represented in the country mainly by the Mapuche, Kolla, Wichí and Toba peoples. According to the provisional data of INDEC's Complementary Survey of Indigenous Peoples (ECPI) 2004 – 2005, 600,329 Natives (about 1.49% of the total population) reside in Argentina. The most numerous of these communities are the Mapuches, who live mostly in the south, the Kollas and Wichís, from the northwest, and the Tobas, who live mostly in the northeast.^[22] Some Mestizo population may identify with Native ethnicity.

Mestizo Argentines[edit]

Within the population totals, there may be an imprecise amount of mixed Mestizo population. In one of the most comprehensive genetic studies involving the population of Argentina, 441 Argentines from across the North East, North West, Southern, and Central provinces (especially the urban conglomeration of Buenos Aires) of the country, it was observed that the sample population comprised on average of 65% European, followed by 31% Amerindian, and finally 4% of African ancestry; however, this study was unweighted and meant to be a representation of the diversity of Argentine DNA rather than a demonstration of the average ethnic composition of the country. It was also found there were great differences in the ancestry amongst Argentines as one traveled across the country. A study by Daniel Corach that attempted to find the average Argentine ancestry by weighing the population of various regions gave a significantly higher estimate of European ancestry at 78.5% of the average Argentine's autosomal DNA.^[35]

Afro-Argentines[edit]

Genetic studies carried out in 2005 showed that the average level of African genetic contribution in the population of Buenos Aires is 2.2%^{[citation needed]}, but that this component is concentrated in 10% of the population who display notably higher levels of African ancestry.^{[citation needed]}Blacks, Mulattos (mixed Black and European ancestry) and Zambos (mixed Black and Native ancestry) in Argentina might be about 67,000 people^{[citation needed]}; this figure includes 53,000 direct descendants from slaves, plus 12,000–15,000 Caboverdian Mulatto immigrants and their descendants^{[citation needed]}, who arrived in the 1950s and 1960s. With constant wars in the 19th century, the spread of diseases like yellow fever, thousands of immigrants from Europe arriving to Argentine soil, and most black women intermarrying with them^{[citation needed]}; noting that their populations were already low, the Afro-Argentine population faded into oblivion.

A new wave of Black immigration started in the 1990s, from African countries (Cape Verde, Nigeria, Senegal, Angola, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone, etc.). In recent years Africa Vive, an organization that helps to keep alive Afro-Argentine heritage, calculates that there are between 1 and 2 million Afro-descendants in Argentina.^{[citation needed]}

Asian Argentines[edit]

Argentines of Asian ancestry are defined as either born within Argentina, or born elsewhere and later to become a citizen or resident of Argentina. Asian Argentines settled in Argentina in large numbers during several waves of immigration in the 20th century. Primarily living in their own neighbourhoods in Buenos Aires, many currently own their own businesses of varying sizes – largely textiles, grocery stores, and buffet-style restaurants. The small Asian Argentine population has generally kept a low profile, and is accepted by greater Argentine society.

The first Argentines of Asian descent were a small group of Japanese immigrants, mainly from the Okinawa prefecture, which came in the period between the early and mid 20th century. In the 1960s, Koreans began to arrive, and in the 1980s, Taiwanese immigrants. The 1990s brought the largest wave of Asian immigration so far to Argentina, from mainland Chinese immigrants, eventually becoming the fourth largest immigrant community in 2013, after Paraguayans, Bolivians, and Peruvians.^[23]

Languages[edit]

Although Spanish is dominant, being the national language spoken by virtually all Argentines,^[36] at least forty languages are spoken in Argentina. Languages spoken by at least 100,000 Argentines include Amerindian languages such as Southern Quechua, Guaraní and Mapudungun, and immigrant languages such as German, Italian, or Levantine Arabic.^[37]

Two native languages are extinct (Abipón and Chané), while some others are endangered, spoken by elderly people whose descendants do not speak the languages^[38] (such as Vilela, Puelche, Tehuelche and Selknam).^{[citation needed]}

There are also other communities of immigrants that speak their native languages, such as the Chinese language spoken by at least half of the over 60,000 Chinese immigrants (mostly in Buenos Aires) and an Occitan-speaking community in Pigüé, Buenos Aires Province. Welsh is also spoken by over 35,000 people in the Chubut Province. This includes a dialect called Patagonian Welsh, which has developed since the start of the Welsh settlement in Argentina in 1865.^[39]

Religion[edit]

A majority of the population of Argentina is Christian. According to CONICET survey on creeds, about 76.5% of Argentines are Roman Catholic, 11.3% religiously indifferent, 9% Protestant (with 7.9% in Pentecostal denominations), 1.2% Jehovah's Witnesses, and 0.9% Mormons.^[40]

Although Jews account for less than 1% of Argentina's population, Buenos Aires has the second largest population of Jews in the Americas, second only to New York City. Argentina also has the largest Muslim minority in Latin America (see Islam in Argentina).

Emigration[edit]

Most Argentines outside Argentina are people who have migrated from the middle and upper middle classes. According to official estimates there are 600,000 Argentines worldwide, and according to estimates by the International Organization for Migration there have been about 806,369 since 2001. It is estimated that their descendants would be around 1,900,000. The first wave of emigration occurred during the military dictatorship between 1976 and 1983, principally to Spain, the United States, Mexico and Venezuela. During the 1990s, due to the abolition of visas between Argentina and the United States, thousands of Argentines emigrated to North America. The last major wave of emigration occurred during the 2001 crisis, mainly to Europe, especially Spain, although there was also an increase in emigration to neighboring countries, particularly Brazil, Chile and Paraguay.

Europe[edit]

The rate of Argentine emigration to Europe (especially to Spain and Italy^[41]) peaked in the late 1970s and early 1980s and is noteworthy.^[42] Spain and Italy have the largest Argentine communities in Europe, however, there are also important communities in France, the United Kingdom and Germany.

Americas[edit]

The most popular immigration destinations in the Americas are: the United States, Mexico and Canada, and to a lesser degree, South America (mostly to Uruguay and Brazil): Chile, Paraguay and Bolivia, while other communities settled in Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and Costa Rica.

Middle East[edit]

Israel is home to the largest Argentine diaspora in the Middle East.^[43]

Oceania[edit]

In Oceania, Australia has the largest Argentine community, followed by New Zealand.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• About Argentine population at www.Argentina.gov.ar (in English)