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COVID-19 пандемией в Малайзии является частью продолжающейся всемирной пандемии от болезни коронавируса 2019 ( COVID-19 ) , вызванного тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома коронавирус 2 ( SARS-COV-2 ). Медицинского реагирования на вспышки в Малайзии находится под контролем Генерального директора здравоохранения Noor Хишам Абдулла под Минздравом двух последующих правительств. По сообщениям, подготовка к созданию запасов оборудования, выявлению и мониторингу случаев заболевания и лечению пациентов с COVID-19 была начата еще 6 января 2020 года после отчета Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ) оВспышка «пневмонии неизвестной причины» в конце декабря 2019 года в городе Ухань провинции Хубэй, Китай. [2]

Было подтверждено, что вирус достиг Малайзии в конце января 2020 года, когда он был обнаружен у путешественников из Китая, прибывших в Джохор через Сингапур 25 января после вспышки COVID-19 в провинции Хубэй. [3] [4] Сначала количество зарегистрированных случаев оставалось относительно низким и в основном ограничивалось завозными случаями, пока в марте 2020 г. не возникли локальные кластеры; самый крупный кластер в то время был связан с религиозным собранием Таблиги Джамаат, которое проводилось в Шри-Петалинге , Куала-Лумпур в конце февраля и начале марта, что привело к резкому увеличению числа случаев заболевания на местах и ​​вывозу больных в соседние страны. [5]В течение нескольких недель, Малайзии было зарегистрировано наибольшее совокупное число подтвержденных COVID-19 инфекций в Юго - Восточной Азии , [6] Перерезанный 2000 активных случаев отмечают в конце марта, с менее чем 30 случаев в начале месяца. К 16 марта о наличии вируса сообщили во всех штатах и ​​на федеральных территориях страны.

Поскольку в начале марта рост заболеваемости стал происходить, и Ян ди-Пертуан Агонг выразил серьезную обеспокоенность по поводу эскалации вспышки [7] [8] , премьер-министр Малайзии Мухиддин Ясин позже объявил о мерах по борьбе со вспышкой в прямом эфире по всей стране. телепередача 13 марта 2020 года. [9] [10] К 16 марта было объявлено, что общенациональный « Приказ о контроле за передвижением » (MCO), призванный смягчить распространение COVID-19 посредством социального дистанцирования , вступил в силу с 18 по 31 год. Марш. [11] [12] [13] В Chambers Генерального прокурора(AGC) 18 марта 2020 года также опубликовала федеральный бюллетень, который ограничивает поездки лиц в другие штаты, которые были объявлены районами, пораженными коронавирусом. [14] 25 марта MCO был продлен еще на две недели до 14 апреля, поскольку количество новых случаев в день оставалось неизменно высоким. [15] Далее было объявлено о продлении MCO до 28 апреля 10 апреля [16] и до 12 мая 23 апреля. [17] Было реализовано постепенное ослабление ограничений, первая фаза после блокировки - это «Приказ об условном контроле за движением» (CMCO) или просто называемая фазой 1 (безопасное повторное открытие) 1 мая, что позволило большинству предприятий открыться 4 мая. согласно строгим СОП , [18]за которым следует Фаза 2 (Безопасный переход) в июне. [19] Правительство хотело перейти к третьему этапу открытия (Safe Nation), но из-за третьей волны заражения COVID-19 меры были отменены. [20] [21] [22]

Третья волна заражения COVID-19 возникает после выборов в штате Сабах в сентябре 2020 года, и правительство отменило все меры, вернувшись к фазе 1 из фазы 2, почти для всех штатов с 9 ноября по 6 декабря; Сабах должен был войти в строгий MCO, но вместо этого он перешел на Фазу 1 (CMCO). [23] [24] С 21 ноября 2020 года правительство постепенно восстановило смягченные ограничения RMCO для большинства штатов, за исключением некоторых, которые продлили свои CMCO до 14 января 2021 года. [25] В новогодний день 2021 года старший министр Исмаил Сабри Яакоб объявил, что Правительство продлило RMCO до 31 марта 2021 года, поскольку количество новых случаев заболевания остается высоким. [26]Из-за опасений по поводу обострения вспышки COVID-19 в стране, а также из-за того, что здравоохранение в стране достигло критической точки, 11 января 2021 года правительство объявило, что они вновь введут ограничения MCO в штатах Малакка , Джохор. , Пенанг , Селангор , Сабах и федеральные территории от Куала - Лумпура , Путраджая и Лабуан между 13 и 26 январем 2021 года , наконец, правительство координировали МСА по всей стране для Сараваков (который реализуется CMCO за исключением , кроме Sibu ), с 22 января по 18 февраля 2021 г. [27][28] [29] [30] 12 января 2021 года Ян ди-Пертуан Агонг объявил общенациональное чрезвычайное положение для сдерживания распространения COVID-19, что привело к приостановке работы парламента и законодательных собраний штата и предоставлениючрезвычайных полномочий правительству Мухиддинов до 1 августа 2021 г. [31]

Первоначально было зарегистрировано наибольшее количество случаев в Юго-Восточной Азии в марте и начале апреля 2020 года, но ежедневная активность случаев в Малайзии неуклонно снижалась с пика в 2596 случаев в начале апреля до менее 250 случаев к концу июня. С тех пор количество случаев заболевания в стране затмило другие страны Юго-Восточной Азии: Филиппины (14 апреля 2020 года) и Индонезия (15 апреля 2020 года). Периодические всплески случаев заболевания из последующих кластеров в местных сообществах, иммигрантских анклавах, центрах содержания под стражей иммигрантов, общежитиях рабочих, тюрьмах и медицинских учреждениях продолжают регистрироваться с момента первоначальной вспышки. Самая серьезная вспышка с середины 2020 года возникла из-за тюрем в Сабахе.в сентябре 2020 года, что усугубляется недавними выборами в штате и неспособностью правительства ввести адекватные ограничения во времени. Последующая волна, значительно более распространенная, чем предыдущая волна, повысила серьезность вспышки в стране по сравнению с другими странами Юго-Восточной Азии, включая Мьянму , Сингапур , Таиланд , Вьетнам , Камбоджу , Бруней , Лаос и Восточный Тимор.. По более чем 250 000 подтвержденных случаев COVID-19, более 50 000 активных случаев и более 900 смертей, страна занимает третье место по количеству случаев после Индонезии и Филиппин и четвертое по количеству смертей в Юго-Восточной Азии после Индонезии, Филиппин. и Мьянма. [32]

Номенклатура [ править ]

Первоначально Министерство здравоохранения называло это заболевание «новым коронавирусом 2019 года». [33] Некоторые СМИ называли это заболевание «уханьским коронавирусом». [34] В начале вспышки малайзийские СМИ называли ее « раданг пару-пару Ухань » на малайском языке, что означает «Ухань Пнеуномия». [35] Затем некоторые СМИ изменили название на « radang paru-paru koronavirus baru » (новая коронавирусная пневмония) на малайском языке. [36] Министерство здравоохранения и большинство средств массовой информации теперь называют болезнь «COVID-19», как это было предложено Всемирной организацией здравоохранения (ВОЗ) 11 февраля 2020 г. [37]

Фон [ править ]

12 января 2020 года Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) подтвердила, что новый коронавирус стал причиной респираторного заболевания у группы людей в городе Ухань, провинция Хубэй, Китай, о чем было сообщено в ВОЗ 31 декабря 2019 года. [ 38] [39]

В отличие от вспышки атипичной пневмонии 2003 года , коэффициент летальности от COVID-19 был намного ниже, [40] [41], но передача была значительно выше, со значительным общим числом погибших. [42] [40]

События, связанные с делом [ править ]

Малайзия сообщила о своих первых трех случаях заболевания 25 января 2020 года, все из которых были гражданами Китая, посетившими страну. [43] [44] К 30 января количество случаев возросло до восьми. [45] [46] В ответ Министерство здравоохранения опубликовало руководство по вирусу и создало специальные больницы во всех штатах и ​​федеральных территориях Малайзии для ведения любых положительных случаев. [47] Местные власти также посоветовали малайзийцам, отправляющимся в Китай, держаться подальше от животноводческих ферм и рынков в этой стране. [48] После нескольких ранее подозреваемых случаев с участием граждан Китая, Сабах и Саравакправительства штатов приостановили все прямые рейсы с Китаем. [49] [50]

В ответ на рост числа случаев, возникших в Южной Корее, правительство Малайзии 26 февраля наложило запрет на посещение посетителей из Южной Кореи, в том числе иностранных граждан, посетивших Тэгу и Чхондо . [51] В Малайзии наблюдался всплеск случаев COVID-19 после четырехдневного мероприятия Таблиги Джамаат, которое проводилось в Куала-Лумпуре «Масджид Джамек Шри Петалинг » с 27 февраля по 1 марта 2020 года. [52] [53] К 20 марта 48% случаев COVID-19 в стране (3347) были связаны с кластером таблиц Шри Петалинга. [54] В ответ на рост числа случаев в стране премьер-министр Мухиддин Ясин объявила, что Малайзия будет заблокирована 18 марта 2020 года. [11] [12] 17 марта Малайзия сообщила о своих первых двух смертельных случаях от коронавируса: 60-летний священник из Баптистской церкви Эммануэля в Кучинге , Саравак, и 34 человека. -летний участник мусульманского религиозного собрания в Шри-Петалинге из Джохор-Бару , Джохор . [55]

3 апреля был зарегистрирован всплеск 217 новых случаев, в результате чего общее число достигло 3333. [56] Генеральный директор здравоохранения Нур Хишам Абдулла объяснил этот всплеск активным обнаружением в районах, затронутых усиленным приказом о контроле за перемещениями , более строгой версией MCO. [57] В ответ на рост числа случаев правительство продлило действие приказа о контроле за перемещениями до 28 апреля. [58]

1 мая премьер-министр Мухиддин Ясин объявил, что 4 мая блокировка в стране будет ослаблена, что позволит возобновить работу большинства предприятий при сохранении запрета на массовые собрания. [59] С 21 мая произошел всплеск случаев среди задержанных в центрах содержания под стражей иммигрантов в Букит Джалиле и Семеных , Селангор , [60] [61], в результате чего к 31 мая общее число случаев увеличилось до 7819. [62] 22 мая премьер-министр Мухиддин Ясин был введен в карантин на 14 дней после того, как чиновник, который присутствовал на брифинге, проводившемся накануне в правительстве, дал положительный результат на COVID-19. [63]

На 1 июня было зарегистрировано в общей сложности 7 857 случаев, а общее число выздоровевших и умерших составило 6 404 и 115 случаев соответственно. [64] 6 июня генеральный директор Нур Хишам призвал представителей общественности носить маски для лица, следуя совету Всемирной организации здравоохранения о том, что это помогает снизить количество инфекций. [65] К 30 июня было 164 активных дела, в общей сложности 8 639 дел. Число выздоровевших возросло до 8 534, а число погибших составило 121. [66]

На 1 июля было 144 активных дела, в общей сложности 8640 дел. В общей сложности 8 375 человек выздоровели, а число погибших составило 121. [67] 20 июля премьер-министр Мухиддин объявил, что правительство Малайзии рассмотрит вопрос об обязательном использовании масок для лица после появления 13 групп после ослабления ограничений на поездки и поездки. предприятий в предыдущем месяце. [68] К 31 июля было 207 активных дел, в общей сложности 8 976 дел. Число выздоровевших возросло до 8 644, а число погибших - до 125 [69].

На 1 августа насчитывалось 213 активных дел, в общей сложности 8 985 дел. В общей сложности 8 647 человек выздоровели, а число погибших осталось на уровне 125. [70] К 31 августа насчитывалось 160 активных случаев, в общей сложности 9340 случаев. В общей сложности 9 054 человека выздоровели, а число погибших возросло до 127 [71].

С июля 2020 года произошло как минимум две региональные вспышки. В конце июля и августе несколько кластеров возникли в Кедахе и Сараваке . [72] [73] [74] В сентябре 2020 года крупная вспышка болезни в Сабахе, первоначально обнаруженная в двух тюрьмах, привела к распространению среди населения штата, резкому увеличению числа активных случаев заболевания до более чем 1000 и обнаружению инфекций по всей стране через репатриантов. из Сабаха после выборов в штате Сабах 2020 года . Власти Малайзии также связывают всплеск случаев заболевания в Сабахе с въездом нелегальных иммигрантов из Индонезии. [75] [76]16 сентября 2020 года в стране превысила отметка в 10000 случаев, и в период с конца августа по сентябрь было зарегистрировано 11 смертей, в основном в Кедахе и Сабахе. [77] К 30 сентября было в общей сложности 1 124 активных дела, в общей сложности 11 124 дел. В общей сложности 9 967 человек выздоровели, а число погибших возросло до 136. [78]

На 1 октября было 1334 активных дела, в общей сложности 11 484 дела. В общей сложности 10 014 человек выздоровели, а число погибших возросло до 136. [79] К 31 октября насчитывалось 10 051 активный случай, в общей сложности 31 548 случаев. В общей сложности 21 248 человек выздоровели, а число погибших возросло до 249. [80]

18 ноября число случаев COVID-19 в Малайзии официально превысило 50 тысяч. [81] На следующий день генеральный директор Нур Хишам Абдулла объявил, что более 9000 случаев COVID-19 в стране были выявлены с помощью приложения для отслеживания контактов MySejahtera , запущенного 20 апреля. [82] К 30 ноября было в общей сложности 10 578 активных дел, в общей сложности 54 759 дел. В общей сложности 54 759 человек выздоровели, а число погибших возросло до 360 [83].

К 4 декабря количество случаев COVID-19 в Малайзии достигло отметки в 70000 человек. [84] К 10 декабря общее количество заболевших достигло отметки 80 000, а число погибших возросло до 402. [85] К 18 декабря общее количество заболевших превысило 90 000. [86] 23 декабря министерство здравоохранения Малайзии подтвердило, что оно выявило новый штамм COVID-19, получивший название «A701B», который более заразен, чем обычно, и похож на штамм, обнаруженный в Южной Африке, Австралии и Нидерландах. . [87] К 24 декабря общее количество случаев превысило 100 000. [88] К 31 декабря в Малайзии было зарегистрировано в общей сложности 113 010 случаев, 88 941 выздоровление и 471 смерть. [89]

К 6 января 2021 года количество выздоровевших превысило 100 тысяч. В тот же день генеральный директор сообщил, что в Малайзии действует 252 кластера. [90] 7 января было зарегистрировано рекордное количество 3027 новых случаев, в результате чего общее число достигло 128 465. [91] К 25 января 2021 года Малайзия заняла 29-е место в списке стран с наибольшим количеством инфекций за двухнедельный период, опубликованном Университетом Джона Хопкинса , с 48 625 новыми инфекциями за этот период. [92] 29 января, Малайзия превысила отметку в 200 000, при этом общее число зарегистрированных случаев составило 203 933. [93]

К 11 февраля общее количество выздоровлений достигло 202 269, а общее количество случаев достигло 254 988. [94]

Превентивные меры правительства [ править ]

Порядок управления движением [ править ]

Проверка температуры в ресторане McDonald's в столице Куала-Лумпур во время распоряжения о контроле за перемещениями.

Начиная с 15 марта в Малайзии наблюдался значительный рост числа активных дел. Премьер-министр Малайзии провел общенациональную телетрансляцию 16 марта 2020 года в 22:00 ( UTC + 8 ), чтобы объявить о решении федерального правительства о выполнении приказа о контроле за передвижением (MCO). На основании выступления в тот вечер было наложено шесть ограничений:

  1. Людям запрещено массово собираться или посещать массовые мероприятия, включая религиозные, спортивные, социальные и культурные мероприятия. Все места поклонения и деловые помещения должны быть закрыты, за исключением супермаркетов, общественных рынков, продуктовых магазинов и магазинов, в которых продаются предметы первой необходимости. Для мусульман все религиозные мероприятия в мечетях, включая пятничные молитвы , откладываются в соответствии с решением, принятым 15 марта 2020 года на заседании Специального комитета Музакара Национального совета фетв. [95]
  2. Малайзийцы, возвращающиеся из-за границы, обязаны пройти медицинский осмотр и самостоятельно пройти карантин в течение 14 дней. [95]
  3. Туристам и иностранным посетителям запрещен въезд в страну. [95]
  4. Закрытие всех детских садов, государственных и частных школ, включая дневные школы, школы-интернаты, международные школы, центры тахфиза и другие начальные, средние и довузовские учреждения. [95]
  5. Закрытие всех государственных и частных высших учебных заведений (IPT) и институтов повышения квалификации. [95]
  6. Закрытие всех государственных и частных помещений, за исключением основных служб (вода, электричество, энергия, телекоммуникации, почта, транспорт, ирригация, нефть, газ, топливо, смазочные материалы, телерадиовещание, финансы, банковское дело, здравоохранение, аптека, пожар, тюрьма, порт, аэропорт, безопасность, оборона, уборка, розничная торговля и питание). [95]

Первоначально приказ должен был действовать с 18 марта по 31 марта [11] [12], но был продлен четыре раза в виде дополнительных двухнедельных «этапов» в течение двух месяцев:

  • Фаза 2, о которой было объявлено 25 марта, продлевает MCO до 14 апреля [96] [15], так как количество новых случаев продолжает расти.
  • Фаза 3, объявленная 10 апреля, продлевает MCO до 28 апреля [16] [97], поскольку, по прогнозам ВОЗ, максимальное количество случаев заболевания достигнет середины апреля. [98] [99]
  • Фаза 4, объявленная 23 апреля, продлевает MCO до 12 мая. [17]
  • 10 мая Постановление об условном контроле за передвижением было продлено до 9 июня - четвертое продление с 18 марта. В отличие от других, это продление продлится около месяца как Фаза 1 после блокирования ограничений. [100] [101]
  • 6 июня Генеральный директор подтвердил, что приказ о контроле за перемещениями останется в силе, поскольку в Малайзии все еще проводится мониторинг в соответствии с Законом 1988 года о профилактике инфекционных заболеваний и борьбе с ними [65]. 7 июня премьер-министр Мухиддин Ясин объявил об условном Приказ о контроле за передвижением истечет 9 июня, когда страна перейдет в фазу восстановления приказа о контроле за передвижением (RMCO), как и во 2-м этапе пост-блокировки на оставшуюся часть 2020 года [102].
  • 28 августа премьер-министр Мухиддин Ясин объявил, что приказ о контроле за восстановительным движением будет продлен до 12 февраля 2021 года в связи со второй волной дел. [20] [103] [104] В связи с этим 12 октября старший министр (кластер безопасности) Датук Сери Исмаил Сабри Яакоб объявил, что правительство согласилось ввести в действие Приказ об условном контроле за передвижением (CMCO) в Селангоре, Куала-Лумпур и Путраджайя действует с 12.01 14 октября по 27 октября 2020 года. [105]
  • 20 октября сотрудники частного и государственного секторов, на уровне управления и надзора, в районах, подпадающих под действие Приказа об условном контроле за передвижением (CMCO), а именно Куала-Лумпур, Путраджая, Селангор, Лабуан и Сабах, получили указание начать работу из дома. Четверг, 22 октября. [106]
  • 7 ноября старший министр Исмаил Сабри Яакоб объявил, что правительство Малайзии восстановит свою CMCO на всей территории полуострова Малайзия, за исключением Келантана, Перлиса и Паханга, с 9 ноября по 6 декабря 2020 года. Кроме того, меры CMCO для Сабаха, Селангора, Куала-Лумпур и Путрая, которые должны были закончиться 9 ноября, были продлены до 6 декабря. [107]
  • 11 января премьер-министр Мухиддин вновь наложил ограничения MCO на мобильность, экономическую деятельность и общественные собрания в штатах Малакка, Джохор, Пенанг, Селангор, Сабах и на федеральных территориях Куала-Лумпур, Путраджая и Лабуан между 13 и 26 годами. Январь 2021 года из-за продолжающегося роста числа заболевших и смертей. [108]
  • 2 февраля старший министр Исмаил Сабри Яакоб продлил ограничения MCO во всех штатах, кроме Саравака, с 5 по 18 февраля 2021 года. [109]

Чрезвычайные полномочия [ править ]

25 октября 2020 года Ян ди-Пертуан Агонг Султан Абдулла из Паханга отклонил просьбу премьер-министра Мухиддина об объявлении чрезвычайного положения в ответ на всплеск случаев заболевания COVID-19 по всей Малайзии. [110]

16 декабря премьер-министр Мухиддин объявил о чрезвычайном положении, чтобы остановить дополнительные выборы, запланированные на январь 2021 года в округе Бугайя штата Сабах и округе Герик в Пераке . Ян ди-Пертуан Агонг Абдулла удовлетворил эту просьбу ввести чрезвычайное положение в этих двух электоратах в ответ на третью волну инфекций, которые к 16 декабря достигли в общей сложности 86 000 случаев и 422 смертей. [111]

12 января 2021 года король Паханга Абдалла объявил в стране чрезвычайное положение как минимум до 1 августа 2021 года, чтобы ограничить распространение COVID-19 и в ответ на политический кризис, связанный с национальным правительством Премьер-министра Мухиддина . В связи с этим чрезвычайным положением парламент и выборы были приостановлены, а правительство Малайзии было уполномочено принимать законы без утверждения. [112] [113]

Профилактика эпидемий для иммиграции [ править ]

Запрет от 1 февраля 2020 года в Сараваке.
Временный запрет опубликован Государственным секретарем правительства Сабаха и Комитетом по ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий Саравака правительства Саравака .

С введением с 18 марта приказа о контроле за передвижением всем гражданам запрещен выезд из страны, а иностранцам также запрещен въезд в страну. [114]

После сообщения о первой волне вируса на пограничных пунктах были внедрены тепловизионные сканеры, а органы здравоохранения Малайзии были переведены в режим повышенной готовности. [115] После запрета на въезд из Хубэя 27 января, федеральное правительство Малайзии 9 февраля распространило запрет на китайские провинции Цзянсу и Чжэцзян . [116] Штат Сабах распространил ограничения на поездки на все пункты въезда по воздуху, морю или суше, начиная с 8 февраля, включая всех, кроме граждан Сабахана, недавно путешествовавших в материковый Китай в течение 14 дней, в то время как граждане Сабахана с такой историей путешествий должны пройти 14-дневный карантин дома. [117]Штат Саравак закрыл свои границы для всех китайских посетителей с немедленным вступлением в силу 1 февраля, за исключением людей с пропусками на работу, студенческими пропусками или пропусками на долгосрочные социальные посещения. Тем не менее, эти посетители должны были пройти самокарантин дома в течение 14 дней. [118] С увеличением числа случаев заболевания в Южной Корее, правительства Сабаха и Саравака начали расширять ограничения на въезд в страну с 1 марта. [119] [120] 4 марта Саравак добавил Италию и Иран в свой список ограничений на поездки. [121]

5 марта Малайзия добавила семь регионов к списку ограничений на поездки, включая Ломбардию , Венето и Эмилию-Романью в Италии; Хоккайдо в Японии; и Тегеран , Кум и Гилян в Иране. [122] К 10 марта Сабах также начал добавлять Италию и Иран в свой список ограничений. [123] 11 марта Малайзия объявила о полном ограничении въезда иностранных граждан напрямую из Италии, Ирана и Южной Кореи, начиная с 13 марта, в то время как малазийцы из этих стран будут помещены в карантин на 14 дней. [124] После изоляции в Дании 13 мартаМалайзия добавила страну в список запретов на поездки, действующий с 14 марта. [125]

6 апреля посетители из следующих регионов могут попасть в Малайзию исключительно по воздуху: Ангола, Буркина-Фасо, Бурунди, Камерун, Центральноафриканская Республика, Конго, Демократическая Республика Конго, Кот-д'Ивуар, Джибути, Экваториальная Гвинея, Эритрея, Эфиопия, Гана, Гвинея- Бисау, Либерия, Мали, Мозамбик, Нигер, Нигерия, Руанда и Западная Сахара. [126]

1 сентября старший министр Исмаил Сабри Яакоб объявил, что владельцы долгосрочных пропусков из Индии, Индонезии и Филиппин не смогут въехать в Малайзию из-за всплеска числа случаев в этих странах с 7 сентября. [127]

7 сентября иммиграционный департамент запретил гражданам 23 стран с большим количеством случаев COVID-19, включая США, Бразилию, Индию, Россию, Перу, Колумбию, Южную Африку, Мексику, Испанию, Аргентину, Чили, Иран, Бангладеш. , Соединенное Королевство, Саудовская Аравия, Пакистан, Франция, Турция, Италия, Германия, Ирак, Филиппины и Индонезия. Запрет распространяется на постоянных жителей, участников программы «Малайзия - мой второй дом», а также иностранцев, владельцев пропусков на профессиональные визиты, супругов граждан Малайзии и студентов. [128]

Предупреждение о поездках за границу и карантин [ править ]

Ниже приведены предупреждения и меры карантина для въездных и выездных поездок:

Центры тестирования и лечения [ править ]

5 января начал работу Национальный центр готовности к кризисным ситуациям и реагирования (CPRC) при Министерстве здравоохранения Малайзии . [129] К началу февраля, как сообщалось, 57 больниц предоставляли услуги по скринингу на коронавирус [129] , из них 26 государственных больниц отвечают за подтверждение коронавируса и подозреваемых пациентов. [130] [131] В связи с быстрым ростом инфекций, еще 409 сайтов по всей стране были объявлены федеральным правительством в качестве карантинных зон для пациентов с коронавирусом, включая государственные университеты, общественные колледжи, технические институты, бывшую Национальную службу.(PLKN) лагеря, учебные центры, политехникумы и гостиницы, принадлежащие федеральным министерствам, ведомствам, агентствам и государственным органам. [132] По состоянию на 2 мая 2020 года было выделено 5484 койки в 40 больницах, 3873 койки (в дополнение к 2100 койкам в резерве) в 26 больничных центрах / центрах низкого риска COVID-19, 422 койки интенсивной терапии и 1059 аппаратов ИВЛ. для пациентов с COVID-19. [133]

8 апреля консорциум ассоциированных лабораторий в Малайзии, включающий Gribbles Pathology, Quantum Diagnostics и Clinipath Malaysia, запустил крупнейшую в стране программу сбора и тестирования COVID-19 для увеличения возможностей тестирования. [134] Государственные университеты Малайзии, также обеспечивающие исследовательский и научный потенциал с 10 диагностическими лабораториями в государственных высших учебных заведениях по всей стране, были призваны в рамках совместной инициативы министерства высшего образования и науки, технологий и инноваций по оказанию помощи Министерству здравоохранения в проведении 16 500 тестов на коронавирус ежедневно. [135]Несмотря на дальнейшие возможности для проведения большего количества тестов, министерство здравоохранения заявило, что страна еще не нашла подходящие наборы для экспресс-тестирования для решения растущего числа незавершенных дел, а также обнаружило, что существующие поставки наборов для тестирования реагентов на коронавирус могут длится только еще неделю, что заставляет Министерство здравоохранения использовать источники из других стран, включая Сингапур. [136] [137] В ответ Федерация китайских ассоциаций Малайзии (Хуа Цзун) призвала федеральное правительство обеспечить страну достаточным количеством реагентов для тестирования на коронавирус, особенно в восточных штатах Малайзии Сабах и Саравак, которые, как сообщается, испытывают трудности для получения реагентов из набора для тестирования. [137]

Исследование « Солидарность» , запущенное ВОЗ для сравнения безопасности и эффективности протоколов лечения, включающих хлорохин , гидроксихлорохин , бета-интерферон , лопинавир / ритонавир и ремдесивир , будет проведено в девяти государственных больницах по всей стране. [138]

3 июля министр здравоохранения Адхам Баба объявил, что как граждане Малайзии, так и иностранные граждане, направляющиеся в Малайзию, будут обязаны вносить плату за прохождение тестов на COVID-19 в рамках Программы по профилактике и борьбе с инфекционными заболеваниями (сбор за коронавирусные заболевания 2019 г. (COVID-19). ) Detection Test) Правила 2020, вступившие в силу 29 июня. [139]

24 декабря старший министр Малайзии Исмаил Сабри Яакоб подтвердил, что Совет национальной безопасности потребует обязательной проверки всех иностранных рабочих с 1 января 2021 года, чтобы можно было принять меры против работодателей, которые отказываются проходить тестирование своих рабочих. [140]

Исследования и распространение вакцин [ править ]

2020 [ править ]

В середине марта 2020 года компания Malaysian Vaccines and Pharmaceuticals (MVP) Sdn Bhd, как сообщается, просила о сотрудничестве и поддержке со стороны федерального правительства, а ее исполнительный директор утверждал, что их компания столкнулась с несколькими отложенными встречами в попытке встретиться с министром здравоохранения с просьбой для образца из Института медицинских исследований (IMR) Малайзии. [141] МССО был установлен , чтобы начать тестирование существующих местных вакцин в сотрудничестве с ПМК и Университет Малайи «ы тропических инфекционных заболеваний Научно-образовательный центр (TIDREC)до 25 марта. Тестирование местной вакцины будет проводиться в лаборатории UM TIDREC, которая является одним из модульных учреждений уровня биобезопасности 3 (BSL3) Малайзии, ранее использовавшихся для изучения высокопатогенных агентов, таких как коронавирус MERS и вирус Nipah, с вакцинами, которые будут сначала протестированы на инфекционный бронхит вирус (IBV), который является птичьим коронавирусом, поскольку предыдущие исследования показали, что IBV у домашней птицы имеет большое генетическое сходство с коронавирусом человека. [142] [143]

6 октября инженерная компания Bintai Kinden заключила дистрибьюторское и лицензионное соглашение (DLA) с американской фирмой Generex Biotechnology Corp и ее дочерней компанией NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology Inc для распространения своей вакцины COVID-19 в Малайзии через ее дочернюю компанию Bintai Healthcare. . Компания также получит первое право на отказ от коммерческого использования вакцины в Австралии, Новой Зеландии и на мировом рынке халяль. [144]

18 ноября министр науки, технологий и инноваций Хайри Джамалуддин подписал соглашение с министром науки и технологий Китая Ван Чжиганом о предоставлении Малайзии приоритетного доступа к вакцинам против COVID-19, разработанным в Китае. [145]

19 декабря министр здравоохранения д-р Адхам Баба подтвердил, что правительство Малайзии заключит соглашение с британской фармацевтической компанией AstraZeneca о закупке вакцины против COVID-19 21 декабря 2020 года. Это третье соглашение, которое правительство Малайзии заключило с поставщиками вакцин, включая COVAX и Pfizer для удовлетворения потребностей страны в вакцинах. [146]

22 декабря правительство Малайзии подписало соглашение с AstraZeneca о получении дополнительных 6,4 миллиона доз вакцины против COVID-19, что составляет десять процентов от поставок вакцин в стране. Премьер-министр Мухиддин подтвердил, что Малайзия обеспечила 40% поставок вакцин через совместные соглашения с Covax, Pfizer и AstraZeneca. [147]

2021 [ править ]

11 января 2021 года Министерство здравоохранения заказало дополнительные 12,2 миллиона доз вакцины Pfizer – BioNTech COVID-19 в ответ на рост числа случаев заболевания и ужесточение мер изоляции. [148]

26 января министерство здравоохранения подписало соглашение с местными фармацевтическими компаниями Pharmaniaga Berhad и Duopharma на получение 18,4 миллиона доз вакцины COVID-19 из Китая и России для распространения в Малайзии. [149]

27 января министр здравоохранения доктор Адхам Баба подтвердил запуск первых испытаний вакцины против COVID-19 в Малайзии. Это испытание вакцины включает в себя 3-ю фазу клинических испытаний вакцины Covid-19, разработанной Институтом медицинской биологии Китайской академии медицинских наук . [150]

2 февраля генеральный директор здравоохранения Нур Хишам Абдулла объявил, что 26 февраля 2021 года Малайзия получит свою первую партию вакцины Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19, которая будет распространяться по всей стране в течение двух недель. [151]

11 февраля Специальный комитет по обеспечению доступа к поставкам вакцины против Covid-19 объявил, что вакцины COVID-19 будут бесплатно распространяться как среди малазийцев, так и среди иностранцев, проживающих в Малайзии. Однако граждане Малайзии получат приоритет. [152]

Репатриация граждан Малайзии за границу [ править ]

Правительство Малайзии сделало репатриацию своих граждан за границу своей приоритетной задачей; начиная с первых репатриаций из Китая. [162] Во время первой репатриации у двух человек было обнаружено, что они инфицированы вирусом, и впоследствии они были помещены на карантин и лечились в стране до полного выздоровления. [163] [164]

21 марта в общей сложности 212 малазийцев прибыли из Узбекистана рейсом, спонсируемым правительством Узбекистана, который также используется для репатриации узбекских граждан в Малайзию. [155] В тот же день 372 малазийца вылетели из Тамил Наду двумя чартерными рейсами. 22 марта стало известно, что правительство Малайзии ожидает разрешения правительства Индии на организацию еще шести рейсов для эвакуации малазийцев, все еще находящихся в Индии . [165]

31 марта министр обороны Датук Сери Исмаил Сабри Яакоб объявил, что все малазийцы, возвращающиеся из-за границы, должны будут пройти обязательный двухнедельный карантин в назначенных карантинных центрах по всей стране. [166] В тот же день заместитель министра иностранных дел Камаруддин Джаффар подтвердил, что 4374 малазийца оказались за границей из-за ограничений на поездки и задержек, вызванных глобальной пандемией коронавия. Эта цифра включает только малазийцев, которые купили обратные билеты, но не смогли вернуться из-за ограничений на поездки. По словам Камаруддина, 2156 малазийцев застряли в Индии, 680 - в Индонезии, 337 - в Таиланде, 226 - в Австралии, 153 - в Новой Зеландии, 128 - в Пакистане и 121 - в Саудовской Аравии.[158]

5 апреля иммиграционный департамент Джохора объявил, что малайзийцы с сингапурскими разрешениями на работу должны будут сдать мазки в сингапурских клиниках и больницах, чтобы показать, что они свободны от коронавируса, чтобы вернуться в Джохор. [167] В тот же день заместитель министра иностранных дел Камаруддин объявил, что правительство вернуло 4811 малайзийцев из пострадавших стран. Он также увеличил количество малазийцев, оказавшихся за границей, до 2298: 1016 в Индии, 172 в Таиланде, 136 в Новой Зеландии, 128 в Пакистане, 122 во Вьетнаме, 83 в Саудовской Аравии, 77 в Австралии, 66 на Филиппинах, 65 в Шри-Ланке. Ланка и 43 в Непале. [168]

Репатриация иностранных граждан [ править ]

18 апреля посольство США в Куала-Лумпуре посоветовало гражданам США в Малайзии, желающим вернуться домой, как можно скорее заключить коммерческие договоренности, если они не планировали остаться в Малайзии. Посольство США также пояснило, что правительство США не планирует чартерные рейсы для эвакуации своих граждан. [169] Согласно циркуляру от 29 января Министерства здравоохранения Малайзии, иностранцы в Малайзии не должны будут платить за тестирование на COVID-19 или амбулаторное лечение в государственных больницах; это объявление было повторено генеральным директором здравоохранения Датуком доктором Нуром Хишамом Абдуллой 23 марта 2020 года, когда его попросили уточнить заявление премьер-министра о том, что иностранцы должны будут платить за тестирование COVID-19. [170]

16 мая правительство Малайзии объявило, что разрешит участникам программы «Малайзия - мой второй дом» (MM2H), которые оказались за границей, вернуться в Малайзию с 17 мая. Однако они должны пройти тестирование на COVID-19 в том месте, где они находятся, и должны быть сертифицированы как свободные от коронавируса, чтобы въехать в Малайзию. Они также будут помещены в карантин на 14 дней. [171]

Запреты на массовые собрания [ править ]

Сразу после всплеска дел, связанных с мероприятием Шри Петалинг Таблиг , премьер-министр Мухиддин Ясин объявляет, что все мероприятия, связанные с массовыми собраниями любого жанра, включая международные, религиозные, спортивные, встречи и общественные мероприятия, должны быть отменены или отложены до 30 апреля 2020 года. . [172] [173] Тем не менее, дата окончания запрета на сбор событий массовых подлежат пересмотру в зависимости от ситуации вспышки. [174] Кроме того, Регистратор обществ (RoS) запрещает всем сторонам, зарегистрированным в RoS, проводить любые собрания и мероприятия до 30 июня 2020 года. [175]

После третьей волны дел во второй половине 2020 года несколько христианских религиозных общин, включая католическую архиепархию в Куала-Лумпуре, SIBKL и Full Gospel, переместили свои службы и хоры онлайн в Facebook , YouTube и музыкальные приложения. [176] [177]

4 февраля 2021 года старший министр Исмаил Сабри Яакоб объявил, что китайские новогодние семейные ужины будут разрешены в их резиденциях только для членов семьи из одной семьи. [178] Эти «стандартные рабочие процедуры» подверглись критике со стороны нескольких политиков и общественных деятелей, включая заместителя министра национального единства Ти Лиан Кер и члена парламента Онг Киан Минг, как «культурно нечувствительные» и ненужные. [179] Министерство национального единства впоследствии разрешило в честь китайского Нового года семейные воссоединения 15 членов семьи, проживающих в радиусе 10 км, без поездок между штатами или округами. [180]

Влияние на школы и университеты [ править ]

Министерство образования Малайзии объявляет о том , что все внеклассную деятельность в школах будет приостановлено начиная с марта 2020 года до дальнейшего уведомления. [181] [182]

15 апреля министр образования Мохд Радзи Мд Джидин объявил, что экзамены Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR) и Pentaksiran Tingkatan Tiga (PT3) для учащихся стандартного шестого и третьего классов были отменены на 2020 год в связи с пандемией COVID-19. Он также объявил, что все другие основные школьные экзамены, включая Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) и Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM), будут перенесены на 2021 и август 2020 года соответственно. [183] [184]

23 июня Министерство образования объявило об изменении школьных каникул, чтобы помочь школам лучше планировать уроки, которые были сорваны пандемией COVID-19 и Приказом о контроле за перемещениями. Среднесрочный перерыв будет сокращен с девяти до пяти дней. Перерыв в конце года в школах в штатах группы А ( Джохор , Кедах , Келантан и Теренггану ) будет сокращен с 42 до 14 дней. Конец года перерыв в штатах группы B ( Малакка , Негри-Сембилан , Паханг , Перак , Перлис , Пенанг , Сабах , Саравак ,Селангор , Куала-Лумпур , Лабуан и Путраджайя ) будет сокращено с 41 дня до 13 дней. В Минобразования подтвердили, что учебный год на 2020 год составит 168 дней. [185] В ответ бывший министр образования Масли Малик раскритиковал Министерство за то, что оно не проконсультировалось с учителями и профсоюзами учителей, включая Национальный союз преподавателей и Союз малайских учителей Западной Малайзии, перед изменением школьного семестра. [186]

После того, как в октябре и начале ноября по всей стране возобновились случаи заболевания, министр образования Мохд Радзи Мд Джидин объявил, что все школы и школьные общежития в Малайзии будут закрыты в период с 9 ноября 2020 года по 20 января 2021 года одновременно с возобновленными ограничениями в соответствии с Законом об условном контроле за передвижением. силы 9 ноября. [187]

22 декабря 2020 года старший министр Исмаил Сабри Яакоб объявил, что всем иностранным студентам, за исключением студентов из Великобритании, будет разрешено вернуться в государственные и частные высшие учебные заведения. Студенты, возвращающиеся в Малайзию, должны будут пройти мазок на COVID-19 и пройти карантинные процедуры. [188]

План экономического стимулирования [ править ]

27 марта премьер-министр Мухиддин Ясин представил пакет экономических стимулов, известный как «пакет заботы», на сумму 250 миллиардов ринггитов. Из них 128 миллиардов ринггитов было использовано на защиту благосостояния людей, а 100 миллиардов ринггитов - на поддержку предприятий, включая малые и средние предприятия (МСП). [189]

Правительство также объявило 23 марта о выделении Министерству здравоохранения 600 миллионов ринггитов на закупку оборудования и найм контрактного персонала, особенно медсестер. Он также объявил, что вкладчики Фонда обеспечения персонала (EPF) могут снимать до 500 ринггитов в месяц в течение 12 месяцев. [190]

Также было объявлено о выделении 130 миллионов ринггитов, которые будут равномерно распределены между всеми штатами, чтобы помочь преодолеть пандемию COVID-19. [191] Подробная информация о плане:

  1. Бюджет в размере 500 миллионов ринггитов выделен Министерству здравоохранения на укрепление здоровья и ресурсов министерства.
  2. Правительство увеличивает специальные пособия для медицинских работников с 400 до 600 ринггитов в месяц с 1 апреля до конца пандемии.
  3. Дополнительная специальная надбавка в размере 200 ринггитов в месяц для сотрудников полиции, иммиграционной службы, таможенного департамента, Сил гражданской обороны Малайзии и корпуса RELA .
  4. Помощь в размере 1 600 ринггитов домохозяйствам с доходом менее 4 000 ринггитов, при этом выплачено 1 000 ринггитов в апреле и 600 ринггитов в мае.
  5. Фонд национальных концернов с денежными выплатами в размере 10 миллиардов ринггитов будет предоставлен группам B40 и M40, включая частных рабочих, фермеров и рыбаков. К ним относятся от 1 600 ринггитов до четырех миллионов домашних хозяйств с доходом 4 000 ринггитов и ниже; 1 000 ринггитов для домохозяйств с доходом на 4 000 ринггитов и выше; 800 ринггитов для малазийцев в возрасте от 21 года и старше, зарабатывающих 2000 ринггитов и ниже; 500 ринггитов для малазийцев в возрасте от 21 года - от 2 000 до 4 000 ринггитов.
  6. 200 ринггитов в виде единовременной помощи пострадавшим студентам высших учебных заведений.
  7. Бесплатный интернет с апреля до конца MCO.
  8. Совместное правительство TNB увеличит выделение 530 миллионов ринггитов за скидку от 15% до 50% на потребление электроэнергии до 600 кВт [ sic ] в месяц в течение шести месяцев с апрельского счета.
  9. Освобождение от арендной платы по программе Perumahan Rakyat и государственного жилья на шесть месяцев.
  10. Страховые компании и такафул выделяют 8 миллионов ринггитов на покрытие расходов на проверку COVID-19 в размере до 300 ринггитов на одного держателя полиса.
  11. Правительство предоставит выплату в размере 500 ринггитов примерно 120 000 водителей, вызывающих электронные вызовы, начиная с 1 апреля.
  12. Правительство и банк Negara Malaysia выделят дополнительные ассигнования в размере 4,5 млрд. Ринггитов для МСП и микропредпринимателей, которые будут включать пять инициатив.
  13. Разовая помощь в размере 500 малайзийских ринггитов для 120 000 водителей, вызывающих электронные вызовы по всей стране, с выделением 60 миллионов ринггитов. Это в дополнение к разовой помощи, объявленной для водителей такси в предыдущем пакете стимулов.
  14. Правительство будет выплачивать заработную плату подрядчикам, работающим в сфере услуг, например, за услуги по уборке и приготовление еды в государственных учреждениях.
  15. Правительство введет субсидию в размере 600 ринггитов в месяц в течение трех месяцев для работодателей с 50% сокращением с 1 января для работников с зарплатой менее 4 000 ринггитов.
  16. Правительство продолжит выполнение всех проектов, предусмотренных в бюджете на 2020 год, включая ECRL , MRT2 и Национальный план устойчивости и устойчивости (NFCP), в соответствии с его ориентацией на обеспечение устойчивого экономического развития.
  17. Фонд развития человеческих ресурсов (HRDF) освобожден от налогов для всех секторов в течение шести месяцев, начиная с апреля 2020 года.
  18. Помещения федерального правительства, такие как школьный кафетерий, детский сад, кафетерий и круглосуточный магазин, освобождаются от арендной платы на шесть месяцев.
  19. Government pensioners to receive RM500 cash assistance.

Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin launched a special stimulus plan on 6 April, worth RM10 billion aimed at small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to mitigate the impact of action control orders (MCO). Muhyiddin said that SMEs and micro-enterprises accounted for two-thirds of the country's manpower and contributed 40% of the country's economy. This is in addition to other economic stimulus plans that increase cash flow to ensure that the economy will not collapse.[192]

On 5 June, the Prime Minister announced the Short-Term Economic Recovery Plan (Penjana) to alleviate the effects of the pandemic.[193] The details of the plan are:

  1. Nearly RM9 billion to address rising unemployment.
  2. The Wage Subsidy Programme to be extended for another three months.
  3. Employers can apply for the Wage Subsidy Programme if they were not allowed to operate during CMCO.
  4. Penjana has 40 initiatives worth RM35 billion, of which RM10 billion is a direct fiscal injection by the government.
  5. An employment subsidy programme worth RM1.5 billion for companies hiring unemployed people.
  6. Companies that employ Malaysians under 40 to be given RM800 per worker while those that employ Malaysians above 40 or disabled people to be given RM1,000, for a period of six months.
  7. Public transport users can pay RM30 per month for unlimited rides from 15 June to 31 December.
  8. Grants for daycare centre operators for abiding standard operating procedures.
  9. E-vouchers for those ordering childcare services online.
  10. Up to RM3,000 incentive of individual income tax for fees paid by parents to daycare centres and kindergartens.
  11. RM70 million for the Shop Malaysia Online campaign.
  12. RM2 billion by the banking sector to assist SMEs, with a threshold of RM500,000 per SME.
  13. RM400 million to fund the Penjana microcredit by Tekun and Bank Simpanan Nasional, with RM50 million for female entrepreneurs.
  14. RM1 billion for the tourism industry under the Penjana Tourism Funding.
  15. Cash-flow aid by SME Bank for G2 and G3 contractors that are awarded minor government projects.
  16. RM10 million for the Malaysian Global Innovation and Creativity Centre to fund social enterprises for social projects.
  17. The Penjana Nasional fund worth RM600 million to drive the process of digitalisation of businesses and innovation.
  18. RM75 million for draft policies related to the gig economy.
  19. RM50 million matching grant for gig workers' EPF and Socso contributions.
  20. RM75 million to e-wallets, or RM50 per person.
  21. Full tax exemption for purchase of locally assembled cars from June to 31 December.
  22. RM50 million for the Malaysian Investment Development Authority for promotional and marketing activities.
  23. Full exemption of tourism tax from 1 July 2020 to 30 June 2021.
  24. Exemption of services tax on lodgings and accommodation services from 1 September 2020 to 30 June 2021.
  25. Waiver of penalty to companies that are late in submitting payment for sales and services tax.
  26. Free 1GB of Internet data from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily until 31 December.[194]
  27. Stamp duty exemption for transfer of property limited to the first RM1 million of home price.[195]
  28. Stamp duty exemption for loan agreements for purchase of home between RM300,000 and RM2.5 million effective for sales and purchase agreements signed from 1 June 2020 to 31 May 2021.
  29. Real property gains tax exemption for disposal of up to three properties from 1 June 2020 to 31 December 2021.

Fighting misinformation[edit]

Some people have been arrested for allegedly spreading false information about the COVID-19 pandemic.[196][197] As of May 17, 2020, police and the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) have opened 265 investigations on COVID-19 related fake news. A total of 30 people have been charged, 11 were served with a warning notice and 18 others pleaded guilty.[198]

Face masks[edit]

On 23 July, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that it will be compulsory for people to wear face masks in public spaces such as markets and public transportation from 1 August, with violators facing a RM1,000 (US$235) fine.[199]

Workplace safety[edit]

In late December 2020, the Human Resources Minister Saravanan Murugan announced that the Human Resources Ministry would be launching a new multi-lingual app to enable both domestic and foreign workers to inform the Government about employers providing inadequate accommodation and not following health standard operating procedures while protecting their identities.[200]

On 28 December, the Ministry of Human Resources confirmed that it was filing 30 charges against the glove factory Brightway Holdings and two of its subsidiaries in Selangor for alleged offences under the Workers' Minimum Standards of Housing and Amenities Act 1990 (Act 446) in relation to the unsanitary housing conditions of workers.[201]

On 28 January 2021, Senior Minister (Security) Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the Malaysian Government would temporarily close factories and business premises that failed to comply with the standard operating procedures on COVID-19 prevention in response to outbreaks among migrant workers.[202]

By 7 February, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that 312,363 foreign workers had been screened for COVID-19 since 1 December 2020. Of those screened, 6,093 tested positive for COVID-19 while 306,530 tested negative. This screening involved 13,533 employers and 1,268 clinics.[203]

Implications[edit]

Animal welfare[edit]

On 25 June, The Sun Daily reported that animal shelters were facing financial difficulties while having to take care of numerous unwanted cats and dogs. The Lost Souls Animal Souls Shelter in Kuala Selangor had taken to growing organic vegetables in order to cover its operating expenses. Under the Animal Welfare Act, abandoning pet animals is an offense punishable by a fine of between RM20,000 and RM100,000 or a jail term of up to three years.[204]

Births and deaths registrations[edit]

On 19 April, Defence Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that registration of births and deaths during the movement control order (MCO) will be allowed to be delayed up to 90 days from the date the MCO ends. Ismail Sabri also announced that the Ministry of Home Affairs had decided that those who needed to replace their lost MyKad identity cards could make an appointment with local National Registration Department branches.[205]

Economy, trade and tourism[edit]

I think it's very contained right now and there's ... no cause for panic at all, but we cannot be complacent about this and we'll continue to be on serious alert.

—Malaysia Health Minister Dzulkefly Ahmad during conversation with CNBC on the situation of the outbreak in Malaysia, 19 February 2020.[206]

Stocks on Malaysia's stock exchange of Bursa Malaysia tumbled during the outbreak as investors sold securities due to the expected economic impact caused by the virus,[207] which along with other emerging stock markets are predicted to remain until June 2020.[208] With China as Malaysia's largest trading partner, the country's economy was directly impacted and economic experts have warned the prolonged virus outbreak could hit the country gross domestic product (GDP) hard.[209] Malaysia which also largely relied on tourism and being among the top destinations for Chinese tourists, suffered a stark decline of tourist arrival from Mainland China due to the outbreak with the tourism industry hit hardest; costing around RM3.37 billion losses until March.[210][211] Malaysian states highly dependent on tourism sectors and being the point for Mainland Chinese visitors such as Johor,[212] Malacca,[213] Penang,[214] and Sabah[215] were among the heaviest affected with hotel bookings and food stalls have reported large loss in businesses.[216][217] These subsequently forced the states to shift their focus to the Southeast Asian market due to the decline of Mainland Chinese tourists.[218][219] Regardless the large losses incurred by tourism businesses, a number of Malaysians have voiced their concerns over the spread of the virus and urging a ban on travellers from China to the country with some 149,000 in support of the call.[220][221] Aberdeen Standard Investments of Malaysia also predicted the country currency of Malaysian ringgit (MYR) to weaken further throughout the local and worldwide outbreak which exacerbate further by instable local political scene in the country.[222]

Due to the cancellation of the Ramadan bazaars, many Malaysian traders have use online platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook to sell their products.[223]

On 27 June, the Tourism, Arts and Culture Minister Datuk Seri Nancy Shukri estimated that the tourism and cultural sectors had lost RM45 billion as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, the Government introduced a Special Fund for Tourism to help small and medium-sized businesses affected by COVID-19.[224]

Following a new wave of outbreaks in October 2020, the Malaysian Association Of Film Exhibitors (MAFE) announced that they would be temporarily closing all cinemas in Malaysia from 2 November to help contain the spread of COVID-19.[225]

On 11 February 2021, it was reported that Malaysia's gross domestic product (GDP) had shrunk 3.4% in the fourth quarter from last year. In addition, the Malaysian economy contracted contracted 5.6% for all of 2020, its worst performance since the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis.[226]

Panic buying and essential item shortages[edit]

Panic buying in one of the AEON malls in the country.
The toilet paper section, cleared of stock.
The aftermath of panic buying as seen in a Malaysian supermarket on 18 March 2020.
Face masks out of stock notice in a Watsons outlet within Malaysia's capital of Kuala Lumpur.

The increase in cases and public awareness on the threat posed by the virus has exacerbated panic buying of surgical masks and hand sanitisers which were selling like hot cakes within a short period. Malaysian cities, such as Johor Bahru and Kota Kinabalu, have reported shortages on surgical masks,[227] while a cleaning company in Shah Alam reported a higher demand for hand sanitisers due to the outbreak.[228] There were reports that some pharmacies and traders have been selling masks with higher prices than the controlled price set by the Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Ministry of Malaysia which can lead to fines of up to RM10,000 (US$2,387).[229][230] This also includes reports of some people being scammed by unscrupulous individuals taking advantage of the pandemic situation,[231][232][233] with a further total of 501 fraud cases involving losses amounting to RM3.5 million reported throughout the MCO period resulting to the arrests of 37 scammers.[234] Despite the increasing shortages of masks in the country with both pharmacies and suppliers struggling to meet the increasing demands,[235][236] the federal government has assured the supply of masks to be replenished with a total of 10 million masks to enter Malaysian markets in the nearest time.[237][238] With the rapid spread of the virus infections into several more states such as Penang and Sabah in the country,[239][240] panic buying has seen an increase nationwide with people began to packing excessive essential items.[241] This causing some of the major supermarket operators in the country to continuously assured the public that there is adequate supply of essentials and urging most people to not engage in panic buying despite the recently announced move by the federal government to impose movement control within the country.[242] The federal government also in the consideration to ban face masks exports as a result of the increasing mask shortages with the Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Ministry to raise the increasing shortages issues of surgical masks and hand sanitisers to the Malaysian Cabinet.[243][244] On 18 March, the enforcement to ban face masks export was gazetted under the Control of Supplies (Prohibition on Export) – (Amendment) Regulations 2020 covering four type of face masks.[245] Apart from enacting law banning face masks exports to meet the struggling domestic public demands, the federal government announced that it will import 10 million face masks from China by stages to increase nationwide supply and assisting the frontliners with the importation of face masks from other countries also being allowed.[246][247][248] A further total of 24.62 million face masks to be distributed among Malaysians nationwide has been announced by the federal government on 8 April.[249][250][251]

Sporting and other events[edit]

The pandemic outbreak has forced the cancellations and postponements of many events in the country; including both local and international.[252] All sports and co-curricular activities in schools were postponed with immediate effects as announced by the country Ministry of Education.[181] Major Anglican and Catholic Masses in West Malaysia as well as in Sabah and Sarawak were also postponed,[253] while annual cultural events in Sabah such as the Kaamatan (Kadazan-Dusun festival) and Kalimaran (Murut festival) have been cancelled.[254][255] Despite Muslim Friday sermon (except for the state of Perlis on 13 March)[256] are not suspended in the earlier stages of the virus spread, the Yang-di Pertuan Agong of Malaysia has called for shorter sermon and every mosques in the country must provide forehead thermometer, hand sanitiser and face masks as part of the prevention measures.[257] A guidelines on Friday sermon has been released by the Religious Affairs Minister of Malaysia.[258] Finally on 17 March, every mosque and suraus activities including Friday sermons and congregational prayers postponement were announced after receiving the permissible order by Yang di-Pertuan Agong which covering all states with a sultan while other states without a sultan shall refer to the announcement made by their respective state muftis.[259] Malaysia's ethnic Chinese Qingming Festival have been hung fire while Hindu temple festival and also Vaisakhi gatherings have been cancelled.[260][261] With the Malaysia national football team will play the 2022 World Cup qualifiers, the Malaysians planned to play a friendly game against Bahrain before facing the UAE and Vietnam. It was later announced that the friendly would not take part due to severe outbreak in Malaysia and, later, Bahrain.[262] Further sporting events such as golf's Maybank Championship and other local tournament were immediately called off while other sporting events such as the 2020 Sukma Games, badminton's Malaysia Open, football's M-League, hockey's Azlan Shah Cup, squash's Asian Team Championship and Malaysian Schools Sports Council events were either cancelled or postponed.[263][264][265][266]

Relaxation of restrictions[edit]

On 1 May, the Malaysian Government announced that it will be relaxing Movement Control Order restrictions from 4 May as part of its plan to gradually restart the country's economy in three different phases. Transport Minister Dr Wee Ka Siong confirmed that all public transportation services would resume on 4 May.[267] As part of the fourth phase of the Movement Control Order, two family members will be allowed to buy food and other daily essentials.[268] The easing of MCO drew criticisms from politicians and healthcare experts over concerns that it was too much too soon,[269] and by 3 May, over 420,000 members of the public had signed a petition objecting to the conditional MCO and calling for the government to stay with the MCO.[270]

On 3 October, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the Malaysian Government would not be re-imposing lockdown measures despite a spike in cases as the majority of cases were reported in detention centres and isolated districts.[271]

Commerce[edit]

On 7 June, the Mayor of Kuala Lumpur Nor Hisham Ahmad Dahlan announced that the Kuala Lumpur City Hall will allow open markets, morning markets, night markets and bazaars to reopen in stages in the Safe Transition (Phase 2) on 15 June.[272]

On 22 June, Senior Minister (Security Cluster) Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that cinemas, theatres and other live events would be allowed to reopen from 1 July, with a limit of 250 people.[273]

On 10 July, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that family entertainment centres including game arcades, karaoke centres, indoor funfairs, edutainment centres for children, and kids' gymnasiums can resume operations from 15 July. However, discos, pubs, and night clubs cannot reopen yet.[274]

On 9 February 2021, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the National Security Council would allow dining in at restaurants of up to 5 per table, which will continue until July 2021.[275]

Education[edit]

On 3 June, Education Minister Dr Mohd Radzi Md Jidin announced that the Government would be distributing guidelines for reopening schools to teachers on 4 June as part of efforts to reopen the education sector.[276] On 6 June, Director-General of Health Noor Hisham Abdullah announced that hair and beauty salons will be able to reopen on 10 June.[65]

On 10 June, Education Minister Mohd Radzi Md Jidin confirmed that schools in the country would begin reopening in stages from 24 June, with priority being given to students taking secondary and equivalent international leaving exams.[277][278] As part of social distancing measures, schools will serve pre-packaged food and all students will have their temperatures checked when entering schools.[278]

On 26 June, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that tuition centres, special education schools and private schools would be allowed to operate soon.[279]

On 29 June, it was reported that both public and private pre-schools, kindergartens, nurseries and day care centres would resume operations from 1 July. In addition, several businesses have been allowed to reopen including spas, wellness and foot massage centres, cinemas, theatres and "live" event venues. The Government has also allowed a range of social functions including meetings, conferences, seminars, course, training sessions, weddings, engagement parties, anniversary, birthday celebrations, and religious gatherings to be held. In addition, swimming in public, hotel, condominium, gated community and private pools have also been allowed.[280]

On 1 July, the Education Minister Mohd Radzi announced that schools for other students will reopen in two stages from 15 July. Forms One to Four students, Years Five and Six pupils, remove class students and Form Six Semester 1 students will return on 15 July while Years One to Four primary school pupils will return to school on 22 July. He also confirmed that the 2021 academic year would be decided at a later date.[281]

On 14 July, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that driving schools would be allowed to resume their courses and training.[282]

Marriages[edit]

On 21 June, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that couples whose marriage registration had been delayed as a result of the Movement Control Order could not complete the process at all permitted NGOs in the country including clan organisations, temples, churches, and religious bodies.[283] On 22 June, Yaakob announced that the Government would announce on Wednesday (24 June) whether the ceremonies would be allowed soon.[284]

Places of worship[edit]

On 28 May, the Ministry of National Unity announced that a total of 174 non-Muslim houses of worship have been allowed to resume operations from 10 June according to the Standard Operating Procedure for Houses of Worship in Green Zones including having a maximum number of 30 worshipers, subject to the size of the premises. These house of worships include those under Fo Guang Shan; the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur, the National Evangelical Christian Fellowship, the Malaysia Hindu Sangam, the Malaysian Gurdwaras Council, and the Federation of Taoist Associations Malaysia. Marriages at temples, churches, and religious associations have been postponed until 31 July 2020.[285]

On 15 June, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that all 5,230 non-Muslim places of worship would be allowed to reopen but had to adhere to social distancing guidelines including taking one-third of their usual capacity and requiring attendees to download the MySejahtera application.[286]

On 3 July, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Religious Affairs) Dr Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri clarified that foreigners would not be allowed to attend congregational prayers at mosques and surau until the Department had studied reports from the Federal Territories Islamic Religious Department regarding the situation in mosques and surau.[287]

Tourism[edit]

On 26 June, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that sectors and industries under the purview of the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture such as such as meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions, travel and trade fairs, spa, wellness and reflexology centres would be allowed to open from 1 July. However, tourism businesses are required to abide by social distancing measures, limit crowds to 200-250 people, check customers' temperatures, wear face masks, and provide hand sanitisers. While reflexology centers provided by the blind are allowed to reopen, only Malaysians can work in spas, wellness, and reflexology centres.[279]

Travel[edit]

On 7 June, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that interstate travel would be allowed from 10 June except in areas classified under the Enhanced Movement Control Order (EMCO).[288]

On 13 June, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that Malaysians from peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Labuan would be allowed to enter Sarawak without having to seek permission from the Sarawak Disaster Management Committee (SDMC) and take COVID-19 PCR tests prior to leaving for the state.[289]

On 27 June, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin and his Singaporean counterpart Lee Hsien Loong agreed that their governments would collaborate to establish a Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) allowing residents from both nations who hold long-term immigration passes for business and work purposes in the other country to periodically return to their home countries for short-term home leave.[290]

On 14 July, Malaysian Foreign Minister Hishammuddin Hussein and Singaporean Foreign Minister Vivian Balakrishnan announced that cross-border travel and traffic between the two countries will resume on 10 August 2020 under two schemes: the Reciprocal Green Lane (RGL) and the Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA). The Reciprocal Green Lane will allow essential business and official travel between the two countries while the Periodic Commuting Arrangement will allow Singaporean and Malaysian residents who hold long-term immigration business and work passes to enter for work purposes.[291][292]

On 23 July, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that all travellers entering Malaysia would have to undergo mandatory quarantine at hotels and quarantine centres commencing 24 July.[293] On 30 July, Immigration Department director-general Datuk Khairul Dzaimee warned that foreigners refusing to pay the mandatory quarantine costs of RM 4,700 would have their long-term social visa passes revoked. Malaysians only have to pay half the quarantine cost.[294]

On 13 December, the Director General of Health Noor Hisham announced that the Health Ministry has reduced the quarantine period from two weeks to 10 days for all travellers and close contacts of Covid-19 positive patients.[295]

On 30 January, the Singaporean Government announced that it would suspend its reciprocal "travel bubble" agreement with Malaysia in response to a spike of cases worldwide and the emergence of new variants.[296]

Funds and aid on the pandemic[edit]

Exchange of aid between Malaysia and other countries[edit]

January–February aid to China[edit]

Malaysian aid organisation #OpsHarapan aimed to collect 10,000 N95 face masks for its relief efforts to Wuhan.[297] A total of 18 million pieces of medical gloves were donated by Malaysia to assist China in their struggle against the virus.[298][299][300] The Malaysia's state Government of Sabah has raised RM2 million for the "Wuhan Fund" which will be channelled to China as a sign of solidarity with the country during the outbreak.[301] The state government fund's earlier target was RM1 million although the amount received exceeded the initial target when a local philanthropist contributed RM40,000 (US$9,548).[302][303] The fundraising was organised in a joint event called "We Love, We Care" by the Sabah government and Chinese associations.[304] A group of musicians in Malaysia also published a song to support China in their struggle against the virus titled "You Are Not Alone" which was featured in a show in Malaysia's capital of Kuala Lumpur.[305]

March–April aid to Malaysia[edit]

On 23 March 2020, the Malaysian government urged local PPE manufacturers to step their production due to reports that Malaysia's healthcare workers faced a shortage of PPE, resorting to clingwrap and plastic wrap for making DIY protective suits which had to be changed up to 5 times per day.[306] On 16 March 2020, Malaysia's Prime Minister announced that the Chinese ambassador in Malaysia has declared China's willingness to help by supplying face masks and disinfectants.[307][308] The first medical supplies were sent to Sungai Buloh Hospital on 19 March.[309] A further 100,000 face masks were sent by the President of China-Asia Economic Development Association to Malaysia.[310] Along the same day, Chinese Alibaba Group founder Jack Ma further announced that through his foundation, a total of 2 million masks, 150,000 test kits, 20,000 protective suits and 20,000 face shields will be sent to four Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia to aid these nations in their struggle against the virus.[311] A further total of 1,000 face masks, 20,000 medical masks, 100 protective clothing and 100 goggles were contributed by China specifically for the Malaysian police forces.[312] China's Consulate-General in Kota Kinabalu also has announced that medical aid to be dispatched to Sabah to aid their struggle against the virus and reciprocate the people's of Sabah recent assistance to Mainland China during the outbreak.[313][314] On 25 March, a further total of 5,500 test kits were delivered to Malaysia's Health Ministry by China through its several business entities operating in Malaysia.[315] On 26 March, 20,000 N95 face masks were delivered by China for the Malaysia's state of Sarawak frontline healthcare workers.[316] By 29 March, China delivered a total of 83 boxes of face masks with 2,000 pieces to Malaysia's state of Sabah.[317] A further 170,000 boxes of face masks, 1,000 sets of personal protective equipment (PPE), 200 pairs of goggles, hand sanitisers and surgical masks were delivered by China to the Sabah state government on 30 March.[318] Another 20,000 surgical masks destined for Sabah's healthcare frontliner workers were delivered in early April.[319] A total of 30,000 face masks were delivered by China through its Consulate General in Kuching specifically for the Sarawak State Disaster Management Committee.[320] Malaysia has asked China's medical experts to share their experience with Malaysia's frontliners, to be accomplished through a videoconference between their doctors on 26 March 2020.[321] On 13 April 2020, Malaysia's health ministry announced that Malaysian hospitals will run out of PPE supplies in two weeks, calling upon NGO's and other parties to donate their PPE supplies.[322]

Aid from other countries[edit]

The Malaysian government was also given aid from the United Arab Emirates, which included 600,000 face masks, 200 ventilators, about 100,000 test kits and 50,000 protective clothings.[323] Neighbouring Singapore had donated 5,000 universal transport medium (UTM) swabs, a critical component in test kits which can test for a case of the virus within minutes.[324] Malaysia also among the seven countries in Taiwan further aid lists following the former request of face masks supplies,[325][326] with Taiwan has began to starting its second round of surgical mask donations to severely hit countries in Latin America and Southeast Asia from 9 April after its donations to Europe and the United States been fulfilled.[325][327] Taiwanese Tzu Chi foundation also donating essential food and equipment to hospitals and clinics in Malaysia.[328] Turkey-based Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association's (MUSIAD) had distribute free face masks to shoppers at a mall in Malaysia's capital of Kuala Lumpur on 11 April to assist the country efforts in their fight against the virus.[329] Macdonald's Malaysia which is part of an American fast-food franchise donated food to about 50 hospitals in the country, to reach 15,000 healthcare workers, and also to other frontliners such as the police and army personnel.[330]

Local pandemic fund within Malaysia[edit]

Following the severely strained healthcare system due to the increasing number of infections by the virus, Mercy Malaysia launched the "Covid-19 Pandemic Fund" to supporting medical services and the essential needs of marginalised groups within the country.[331] Various Malaysian crowdfunding platforms joined hands in raising money to supply frontline health workers with critical protective equipment and supplies.[332] The Malaysian Red Crescent Society also launched the #responsMALAYSIA (Malaysia's Response) initiative to support frontliners.[333]

Various Malaysian states have launched their own stimulus packages and announced immediate financial aid in the form of rental waivers and deferment of student loan repayments to help their citizens to cope throughout the virus outbreak with the federal government of Malaysia also announced it will disburse a total of RM130 million equally among Malaysia's 13 states to help small traders, the infected victims and front-line staff especially those in the healthcare sector.[334] The country Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, all other ministers and deputy ministers had contribute two months of their salaries to the COVID-19 Fund of Malaysia has been announced by the Prime Minister's Office statement issued on 26 March.[335][336]

In February, Malaysia's home improvement retailer MR DIY distributed a total of 3.5 million free face masks nationwide to help curb the spread of the virus.[337] Further in March, Coway Malaysia donated a total of 100,000 pieces of surgical face masks to PDRM in an effort to help safeguard police personnel who are on the frontlines during the global pandemic.[338]

Various Malaysian banks such as Affin Bank, Agrobank, Alliance Bank, AmBank, Bank Islam Malaysia, Bank Muamalat Malaysia, Bank Rakyat, Bank Simpanan Nasional, CIMB, Hong Leong Bank, HSBC Bank Malaysia, Maybank, MBSB Bank, OCBC Bank, Public Bank Berhad, RHB Bank and SME Bank has offered measures including financial assistance for its customers amidst the virus crisis.[339][340]

Local broadcasting and telecommunications companies aid[edit]

To keep the Malaysian public entertained during the movement control order period, both Malaysia's pay television and internet services of Unifi offers free access to all Unifi TV channels while its mobile prepaid of Unifi Mobile offers unlimited data.[341][342] Astro also offers free access to all of its paid movie channels through both basic Astro and Astro GO mobile application.[343] Starting from 1 April, all telecommunication companies in the country have been instructed by the government to provide free internet data usage to their respective customers throughout the movement control order period has been published in the website of Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC).[344][345] The MCMC has announced that Malaysia's mobile telecommunication companies of Celcom, Digi, Maxis and U Mobile will be offering its prepaid and postpaid customers free 1GB of high-speed data, which is to be used daily between 8 am to 6 pm.[346]

Government relief assistance[edit]

On 27 March, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin launched the federal government's RM250 billion Prihatin stimulus package to help people, businesses and the economy to weather the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[347] The Prihatin stimulus package consists of RM128 billion for welfare assistance, RM100 billion to support small and medium businesses, RM2 billion to strengthen the country's economy, and a RM20 billion stimulus package that was previously announced by the government.[348] The regional economist Brian Tan from Barclays, said that the central bank would cut interest rates to 1%.[349]

Controversies[edit]

Failure to contain the Tabligh cluster amidst a political crisis[edit]

Following significant increases in COVID-19 cases in the country originating from the Tablighi Jamaat gathering at "Masjid Jamek Sri Petaling" in Kuala Lumpur, attention has been directed at the failure of the leadership of the country preventing such large gatherings from being held and containing the spread of the cluster case.[52][350]

Until 24 February, Malaysia was under a Pakatan Harapan (PH) government, which Ministry of Health under Dzulkefly Ahmad had collaborated with Director-General of Health Noor Hisham Abdullah to prepare for the intake of COVID-19 patients, and had overseen the first month of the outbreak since 25 January with low volumes of cases, primarily imported.[351] The Tabligh gathering, held from 27 February to 1 March, occurred within a week after the start of a major political crisis, which saw the collapse of the PH government on 24 February as a result of the defection of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (PPBM) from the PH coalition, and an absence of a government until the formation of an unelected Perikatan Nasional (PN) government comprising a coalition of Opposition parties on 29 February. The Health Ministry would not have a minister for over two weeks until the appointment of Adham Baba on 10 March, just as spikes in cases began to be reported.[351]

Adham would later use the Tabligh cluster incident to attack the previous PH government. In a 18 April 2020 livestreamed video conference call with Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, President of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) (a major component party in the PN government), Adham would accuse PH of failing to prevent the spread of the Tabligh cluster despite the absence of a functional government during the period, while erroneously referring to the gathering as having taken place for longer, between 27 February and 3 March, and claiming to have attended a World Health Organization (WHO) conference call with "500 countries"[351][352] (which Adham later clarified to refer to "500 participants from all around the world").[353] Responding to Adham's accusation, Dzulkefly would rebuke Adham's politicisation of the health crisis, claimed that preparations have been made since December 2019, and suggested that prior knowledge of the gathering would more likely be known to the Minister of Home Affairs of the previous PH government, Muhyiddin Yassin, who at the time of the political crisis spearheaded a defection of PPBM from PH and has subsequently been appointed as the current Prime Minister for the PN government.[352]

Advice from the Health Ministry[edit]

During a televised interview on Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM)'s Bicara Naratif on 19 March 2020, Health Minister Adham Baba advised the public that drinking warm water will help prevent COVID-19 infection as the virus will be flushed down to the stomach and the digestive acids will kill any virus. His remarks went viral on social media, with many netizens questioning his claim. Dr. Nur Amalina Che Bakri had criticised Adham, stating that there is no research evidence that stomach acid can kill the virus.[354] Similarly, Director-General of Health Noor Hisham Abdullah disputes Adham's statement, commenting that the Health Ministry's approach for patient treatment and management is always based on evidence.[355] The remedy is thought to have originated as a commonly circulated social media post, and has been widely debunked by health experts, including the WHO, which has stated that while staying hydrated by drinking water is important for overall health, it does not prevent coronavirus infection.[356]

Insufficient facemasks and pricing[edit]

Despite the country having four manufacturers of face masks with higher quality and also expensive price, minimal support was given by the government to these manufacturers to sustain their operations.[357] Most of the masks produced by Malaysia were exported to high-income developed countries with little being supplied to the country's own healthcare institutions whereas 90% of face masks for these sectors and Malaysian markets originated from Mainland China, Taiwan, South Korea, India and Thailand.[357] With the countries local manufacturers struggling to fulfil the increasing overseas demands and with difficulties securing raw materials from China due to the outbreak, they were forced to seek materials from Europe which subsequently raised the price of masks.[357] On 13 April, the Ministry of Health warned that supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE) were running low with only 2 weeks of stocks left.[358]

Advice from the Women Ministry[edit]

On 31 March, in a campaign to avoid domestic conflict during the Movement Control Order period, the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development released online posters advising women to dress up and wear make-up while working from home, refrain from sarcasm while asking for help with household chores, avoid nagging and attempt to inject humour by mimicking Doraemon's voice.[359] The posters attracted widespread ridicule and were criticised for being sexist, stereotyping women and insinuating that women are responsible for domestic conflict.[360][361] In response, the Ministry took down the posters and apologised in a statement for "tips that were inappropriate and touched on the sensitivities of certain groups".[362]

Treatment of MCO violators[edit]

In an 26 April 2020 report, Human Rights Watch criticised the Malaysian authorities for imprisoning people for violating the country's movement control order, putting their lives at a relatively greater risk of being infected by the virus. More than 15,000 people have already been arrested for going against the orders on 18 March 2020.[363]

Treatment of foreigners[edit]

According to Human Rights Watch and the Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network, over 700 foreign migrant workers and refugees including Rohingya have been detained by Malaysian police during the coronavirus pandemic.[364] In response to the arrests, the United Nations in Malaysia's Head of Communications and Advocacy, Ahmad Hafiz Osman, called for migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless individuals to have access to health services and services without any fear of repercussions.[365] On 11 May, 83 human rights and civil society organisations including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Article 19, and the International Committee of Jurists have called on Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin to address online hate speech and violent threats against Rohingya refugees in Malaysia.[366]

On 5 June, National Security Council Sabah director Sharifah Sitti Saleha Habib Yussof confirmed that 5,300 Filipino "illegal immigrants" had been "stranded" at temporary detention centres in Sabah after the Philippines government refused to repatriate them due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Between 1 January and 17 March 2020, the Malaysian Government had deported 3,347 illegal immigrants including 2,331 Filipinos, 816 Indonesians, and several Indian, Chinese, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi nationals prior to the implementation of the country's Movement Control Order on 18 March. Since the imposition of a Condition Movement Control Order in May, Sabah authorities have repatriated 322 Indonesian illegal immigrants.[367][368]

On 21 June, Malaysian human rights NGO Aliran raised concerns about the living and working conditions of foreign migrant workers in Malaysia, many of whom had contracted COVID-19. Aliran also criticised "inflammatory" media coverage for fueling xenophobia and hostility against migrant workers.[369]

On 25 June, the Kuala Lumpur City Hall curtailed refugees' access to the city's wholesale market, only allowing them entry if they possessed valid permits and were accompanied by Malaysians. The City Hall's decision also barred entry by refugees carrying cards issued by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. This ruling was criticised by Yemen Refugee Union representative Dr Mohammed Al Radhi and Alliance of Chin Refugees coordinator James Bawi Thang Bik as discriminatory and inhumane towards refugees.[370]

On 27 June, Malaysian Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin issued a statement that Malaysia could not take any more Rohingya refugees due to a struggling economy and dwindling resources. Malaysia does not recognise their refugee status and has turned away boats and detained hundreds of Rohingya refugees. Muhyiddin also urged the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to speed up the resettlement of Rohingya refugees in third party countries. [371][372]

In early July 2020, an Al Jazeera documentary titled "Locked Up in Malaysia's Lockdown" alleged that illegal migrants and foreign workers had been mistreated by the Malaysian authorities and subject to racism during the country's lockdown. The Malaysian Government criticised the documentary as "misleading" and "inaccurate", with Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob demanding an apology from the news network. The Royal Malaysian Police have launched an investigation into the documentary while the Immigration Department of Malaysia have sought to question a Bangladeshi migrant interviewed in the documentary.[373][374][375] In response, several civil society organisations including the Centre for Independent Journalism (CIJ) issued a statement calling on the Malaysian Government to cease intimidatory measures against media and prevent incitement to discrimination, hostility, and violence against migrant workers.[376] The Bangladeshi migrant, who was identified as Mohammad Rayhan Kaybir was subsequently deported to Bangladesh on 22 August.[377]

On 13 August, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that foreigners entering Malaysia would have to pay quarantine charges and COVID-19 detection tests upon entering the country.[378]

In January 2021, 50 former and current health workers urged Prime Minister Muhyiddin to give priority to immunising migrant workers and refugees, whom they described as the "silent epicentres of COVID-19 outbreaks."[379]

Treatment of the Minister of Plantation and Commodity Industries[edit]

On 22 August 2020, the Ministry of Health issued a statement stating that Khairuddin Aman Razali, minister of plantation and commodity industries had been compounded RM1,000 on 7 August 2020 after they found him violating the quarantine rules. The Kuala Nerus Member of Parliament is said to have paid the fine and he has also apologized and even promised to contribute the minister's salary from May to August to the Covid-19 fund. This is after four days of Seputeh Member of Parliament, Teresa Kok raising the matter in the Dewan Rakyat. However, the Director General of Health Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah at the time told the media that Khairuddin's case is still being investigated by the police.

After about two months of investigation, the situation changed again when Bukit Aman announced that the Attorney-General's Chambers had decided not to take action against the minister, saying Khairuddin had not been given form 14B to undergo his quarantine on July 7.

On 31 October 2020, Malaysiakini, a Malaysian online news portal, tried to get some answers from the Ministry of Health on what happened in the case because the MOH had previously confirmed that Khairuddin had violated quarantine and imposed a compound on the offense. A question was put to Dr Noor Hisham, why the MOH issued a compound against Khairuddin and whether the compound would be canceled because the Attorney-General's Chambers found no offense committed. However, he declined to comment on the matter. "Under Act 342, the MOH has delegated enforcement powers to the police and the Attorney General. The case has been investigated by the police and the attorney general so I do not want further comment on the investigation," he said at a press conference in Putrajaya on that day. Noor Hisham refers to the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988. He also did not answer questions if the ministry was conducting an internal investigation into the failure to issue quarantine orders to Khairuddin upon his arrival.[380]

Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Regulations (Measures in Local Infected Areas) (No. 7) 2020, including allocating those returning from abroad for mandatory quarantine for 14 days. All returning residents must also undergo a Covid-19 swab test and then be sent to a quarantine center to perform a 14-day isolation period. Prior to 24 July 2020, those returning from overseas and being tested negatively still need to undergo quarantine but are allowed to do so at home. They are not allowed to leave the house for 14 days and must be re-tested on the 13th day before their quarantine bracelet can be removed. Khairuddin allegedly did not go through this process. From 24 July onwards, quarantine must be conducted at government-designated centers. The move was reintroduced after many residents violated the quarantine conditions at home. Khairuddin's case received public attention amid complaints of 'two-degree treatment' between ordinary people and dignitaries (VIP).[381]

Criticism of pandemic management efforts[edit]

In January 2021, 50 current and former senior healthcare officials submitted a letter to Prime Minister Muhyiddin criticising the failure of the Movement Control Orders and other health interventions to reduce the spread of infections, which had created a strain on intensive care units at hospitals. These officials advocated the immediate formation of a national COVID-19 taskforce, ramp up testing, reduce the strain on the healthcare system by requiring people to self-isolate at home, expedite approval of Pfizer-BioNTech and AstraZeneca vaccines, and to give priority to immunising migrant workers and refugees.[379]

Statistics[edit]

Summary[edit]

  Total confirmed cases  Active cases  Recoveries  Deaths

Positive Cases[edit]

  Active cases

  New cases

Prior to 21 March 2020, cases in intensive care units (ICUs) on ventilators were not specified and were included into the total number of ICU cases.

  Active cases in ICUs  Active cases in ICUs on ventilators

Recoveries[edit]

  Recoveries per day

Deaths[edit]

  Daily death cases

Testing[edit]

  Tests per day

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "Terkini Harian" [Daily updates] (in Malay). Ministry of Health (Malaysia). Retrieved 15 February 2021.
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Further reading[edit]

  • Duddu, Praveen (2020). "Coronavirus in Malaysia: Covid-19 outbreak, measures and impact". Pharmaceutical Technology.
  • "Can Malaysia handle the corona virus? The five times when we dealt with health emergencies". SoyaCincau. 8 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  • Chin Tong, Liew (19 March 2020). "Malaysia, prepare for the 'war effort' against Covid-19". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  • Sukumaran, Tashny (21 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Malaysia beat Sars and Nipah. But Covid-19 is different". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.

External links[edit]

  • Official website – Coronavirus statistics official website by the Ministry of Health of Malaysia
  • Latest Updates on the Coronavirus cases in Malaysia – Ministry of Health of Malaysia
  • Statistics of Infection on Department of Statistics (alternative link on Malaysia Outbreak (Live Updates)  • CoronaTracker) – Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Malaysia
  • Covid-19 Cases in Sabah on Sabah COVID-19 Tracker (alternative link on Sabah Outbreak) – Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Sabah
  • Covid-19 Cases in Sarawak on Sarawak COVID-19 Tracker (alternative link on Sarawak COVID-19 Tracker) – Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Sarawak
  • Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases and historical data by Johns Hopkins University

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