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«Гринмаркет» перенаправляется сюда. Информацию о рынке отремонтированных, бывших в употреблении продуктов и т. Д. См. На Зеленом рынке .
Эта статья о коммерческом предприятии. Для использования в других целях, см Фермерский рынок (значения) .
Осенний фермерский рынок в Лансинге , штат Мичиган , США.
Фермерский рынок в Лайяхе , Пакистан, в сумерках.

Рынок фермеров (или рынок фермеров в соответствии с Stylebook AP ) представляет собой физический розничный рынок намерен продать продукты непосредственно фермерами потребителей. Фермерские рынки могут быть закрытыми или открытыми и обычно состоят из киосков, столов или стендов, где фермеры продают свою продукцию, живых животных и растений , а иногда и готовые продукты и напитки. Фермерские рынки существуют во многих странах мира и отражают местную культуру и экономику. Размер рынка может составлять всего несколько киосков или он может достигать нескольких городских кварталов. В силу своей природы они, как правило, менее жестко регулируются, чем розничные продуктовые магазины. [1]

Они отличаются от публичных рынков , которые, как правило, размещаются в постоянных структурах, открыты круглый год и предлагают множество поставщиков, не связанных с фермерством / производством, упакованных пищевых и непродовольственных товаров. [2] [3]

История [ править ]

Auf dem Vogelmarkt
(женщины, предлагающие зайцев и диких птиц), 18-19 века
Рисунок Маргариты Мартин из Soulard Market , Сент-Луис, штат Миссури, США, в 1912 году.

Нынешняя концепция фермерского рынка похожа на прошлые концепции, но отличается от других форм - поскольку аспекты розничной торговли потребителями в целом продолжают меняться с течением времени. Подобные формы существовали и до индустриальной эпохи , но часто являлись частью более широких рынков, где собирались поставщики продуктов питания и других товаров, чтобы продавать свои товары в розницу. Торговые посты появились в 1930-х годах, когда произошел сдвиг в сторону розничных торговцев, которые продавали чужую продукцию больше, чем свою собственную. Универсальные магазины и продуктовые магазины продолжили эту тенденцию к специализации в розничной торговле, оптимизируя потребительский опыт [4], в то же время абстрагируясь от производства и от растущих сложностей производства. [цитата необходима ]

Преимущества современного промышленного производства пищевых продуктов по сравнению с предшествующими методами во многом зависят от современной, дешевой и быстрой транспортировки и ограниченного разнообразия продуктов. [5] Но полностью устранить транспортные расходы и задержки невозможно. Таким образом, там, где расстояние ограничивало охват промышленных поставщиков, а потребители отдавали предпочтение местному разнообразию, фермерские рынки оставались конкурентоспособными по сравнению с другими формами розничной торговли продуктами питания. Начиная с середины 2000-х годов потребительский спрос на более свежие продукты (меньше времени в пути) и на продукты с большим разнообразием - привел к росту фермерских рынков как механизма розничной торговли продуктами питания. [6]

Преимущества [ править ]

Смотрите также: Влияние фермерских рынков на экономику в Соединенных Штатах

Фермерам [ править ]

Фермерские рынки могут предложить фермерам повышенную прибыль по сравнению с продажей оптовикам, предприятиям пищевой промышленности или крупным продуктовым фирмам. Продавая напрямую потребителям, продукция часто требует меньше транспортировки, меньше обработки, меньше охлаждения и меньше времени на хранение. При продаже на открытом рынке стоимость земли, зданий, освещения и кондиционирования воздуха также снижается или исключается. Фермеры также могут удерживать прибыль от продукции, не проданной потребителям, продавая излишки консервным заводам и другим предприятиям пищевой промышленности. На рынке фермеры могут сохранять полную премию за часть своей продукции, а не только оптовую цену переработчика за всю партию. Однако другие экономисты говорят, что «есть относительно немного преимуществ с точки зрения энергоэффективности, качества или стоимости… хотя они и забавны, они не являются хорошими экономическими моделями».[7]

Некоторые фермеры предпочитают простоту, оперативность, прозрачность и независимость прямых продаж потребителям. Один метод, отмеченный группой с особыми интересами « Продовольственное расширение прав и возможностей», продвигает поддерживаемые общинами сельскохозяйственные программы (CSA). [8] В этой схеме потребители платят хозяйствам сезонно или ежемесячно, чтобы они получали коробки с продуктами еженедельно или раз в две недели. В качестве альтернативы от них может потребоваться оплата продукции за весь сезон до начала вегетационного периода. В любом случае потребители рискуют потерять свои деньги в случае неурожая. [9]

В сообщества [ править ]

Среди преимуществ, которые часто рекламируются для сообществ с фермерскими рынками:

  • Фермерские рынки помогают поддерживать важные социальные связи, связывая сельское и городское население и даже ближайших соседей во взаимовыгодном обмене. [10]
  • рыночный трафик генерирует трафик для близлежащих предприятий
  • покупка на рынках привлекает внимание к окрестностям и текущей деятельности
  • Предоставляя торговые точки для «местных» продуктов, фермерские рынки помогают создать отличия и уникальность, что может усилить чувство гордости и побудить посетителей вернуться.

Сокращение объемов транспортировки, хранения и охлаждения также может принести пользу сообществам:

  • более низкие затраты на транспорт и энергию для охлаждения
  • меньшее загрязнение транспорта
  • меньшая стоимость транспортной инфраструктуры (дороги, мосты и т. д.)
  • меньше земли, предназначенной для хранения продуктов

Фермерские рынки также могут способствовать инновационному распределению средств, которые укрепляют гражданское участие за счет сокращения социальной дистанции между городскими и сельскими общинами. С меньшим количеством посредников поддержка независимых производителей со стороны членов местного сообщества может улучшить местные экономические возможности, а также улучшить здоровье и благополучие в бедных сообществах. [11]

Потребителям [ править ]

Некоторые потребители могут отдавать предпочтение фермерским рынкам, поскольку они воспринимают:

  • снижение накладных расходов: движение, парковка и т. д.
  • свежие продукты
  • сезонные продукты
  • более здоровая еда
  • лучшее разнообразие продуктов, например: органические продукты, мясо с пастбищ, яйца от кур на свободном выгуле и птица, фермерские сыры ручной работы, наследственные сорта мяса , произведенные из семейных реликвий, и многие менее устойчивые к транспорту сорта, не одобряемые крупными бакалейными лавками
  • место для встреч с соседями, пообщаться и т. д.
  • место , чтобы насладиться открытой прогулкой в то время как получать необходимые продукты

Факты, кажется, показывают, что общие цены на типичном фермерском рынке ниже, чем цены в супермаркете, потому что процесс производства более краток; меньше расстояние для путешествия и меньше посредников. [12]

Региональный акцент [ править ]

Китай [ править ]

Фермерский рынок в Лхасе , Тибет , Китай

Традиционные публичные рынки в китайских городах известны как « мокрые рынки » (菜市场), где большинство продавцов являются торговыми посредниками. Китайское правительство попыталось превратить эти традиционные рынки в супермаркеты в проектах по обновлению городов. Это привело к упадку этих рынков в некоторых городах, таких как Шанхай. [13] Тем не менее, в других городах влажные рынки сохраняются и доминируют в розничной торговле свежими продуктами и мясом. Ввиду своей критически важной роли в обеспечении продовольственной безопасности в городах «влажные рынки» пользуются различной поддержкой со стороны местных властей. [14]

После 2010 года фермерские рынки Китая возродились в некоторых крупных городах, таких как Пекин, Шанхай, Гуанчжоу и Чэнду, в условиях кризиса безопасности пищевых продуктов. Эти фермерские рынки (农夫 市集) предоставляют местным небольшим экологическим фермерам возможность продавать свою продукцию в пределах города, удовлетворяя растущий спрос городского среднего класса на высококачественные продукты питания. Многие из этих рыночных продавцов занимаются сельским хозяйством, поддерживаемым общинами . [15]

Европейский Союз [ править ]

ЕС формализовал усилия по расширению фермерских рынков для снижения рисков безопасности пищевых продуктов и плохого питания с помощью программ, известных как «Farm to Fork». [16]

В рамках ЕС была разработана технология «от фермы до вилки» с тремя основными целями:

  • Разработать эффективные формы исполнения и оценки стандартов безопасности пищевых продуктов.
  • Работать на международном уровне со странами третьего мира и организациями, которые занимаются проблемами безопасности пищевых продуктов.
  • Соблюдать стандарты исследований Европейского агентства по безопасности пищевых продуктов (EFSA) и его управления научными исследованиями [17]

Соединенное Королевство [ править ]

Since the first farmers' market was established in the UK in 1997, the number has grown to over 550 nationwide.[18] A number of factors led to the rise of farmers' markets in the UK in the late 1990s, including the increasing knowledge of consumers, the struggles of British farmers, anti-French sentiment, and concerns over food safety and quality.[19] Consumers were worried about the farming practices by which food is produced, processed and the health and safety aspects of certain foods. The emergence of books, magazine articles, and cookery and gardening programmes influence consumer concern of food preparation and consumption.[19]

United States[edit]

Grand Prairie Farmers Market in Grand Prairie, Texas

Due in part to the increased interest in healthier foods, a greater desire to preserve local cultivars or livestock (some of which may not be up to commercial shipping or yield standards) and an increased understanding of the importance of maintaining small, sustainable farms on the fringe of urban environments, farmers' markets in the US have grown from 1,755 in 1994 to 4,385 in 2006,[20] to 5,274 in 2009,[21] to 8,144 in 2013.[2] In New York City, there are 107 farmers' markets in operation.[22] In the Los Angeles area, 88 farmers' markets exist,[23] many of which support Hispanic and Asian fare.

In the U.S., all levels of government have provided funding to farmers' markets, for instance, through the federal programs including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, the Farmers' Market Nutrition Program, and the Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program. The programs primarily subsidize purchases at farmers' markets by low-income residents.[24][25] Examples include Austin's Double Dollar Incentive Program, Boston's Bounty Bucks, Chicago's LINK Up, Columbia Heights Festibucks in Washington, D.C., Fresh Checks in East Palo Alto, Market Match in Los Angeles, Michigan's Double Up Food Bucks, New York City's Health Bucks, Portland Fresh Exchange, and Seattle Fresh Bucks.[24] These programs often rely in part on nonprofit support.[24]

Management[edit]

A wide range of organizations initiate, organize, and manage farmers' markets, including farmers' groups, community groups, local governments, etc.

Some markets are strictly managed, with rules for pricing, quality and vendor selection. Others are much more relaxed in their operations and vendor criteria. While the usual emphasis is on locally grown food products, some farmers' markets allow co-ops and purveyors, or allow farmers to purchase some products to resell.

There have been recent reports of fraud and products mislabeled as organic or locally grown when they are not.[26] In some cases, fraudulent farmers' markets sell regular grocery store vegetables, passing them off as organic or locally grown, to which are usually sold to unsuspecting tourists.

Some farmers' markets have wholesale operations, sometimes limited to specific days or hours. One such wholesale farmers' market is the South Carolina State Farmers Market,[27] which is a major supplier of watermelons, cantaloupes, and peaches for produce buyers in the north-eastern US. Farmers' markets also may supply buyers from produce stands, restaurants, and garden stores with fresh fruits and vegetables, plants, seedlings and nursery stock, honey, and other agricultural products. Although this is on the decline, in part due to the growth of chain stores that desire national distribution networks and cheap wholesales prices—prices driven down by the low cost of imported produce.

Product categories[edit]

Pork and beef products[edit]

Meat at a farmers' market in Israel

A wide variety of beef and pork products are sold at farmers' markets in the United States. Typical beef products include steaks, ground beef, jerky, and various types of beef sausage. Typical pork products include sausage and bacon.

Beef and pork products sold at farmers' market in the US, like those of any other beef/pork product that are sold to the public, must originate from livestock slaughtered in a government (federal or state) inspected slaughterhouse.[28] Since government inspected slaughterhouses purchase livestock for slaughter, many often have the facilities, equipment, and personnel to supply meat products to distributors/wholesalers. Like restaurants, such arrangements are popular with farmers’ market vendors because they allow them to avoid the overhead costs (facility, equipment, knowledge, maintenance, food safety inspections, etc.) associated with producing meat products that may be legally sold to the public.[29][30] Resell vendors are in the majority at farmers’ markets while vendors that make and package their own meat products represent a very small percentage. Reselling allows vendors to minimize investment and overhead costs by purchasing their products from a commercial slaughterhouse and/or processing plant.[31][32]

Meat products at farmers' markets being sold by resellers will include a "distributed by/packed for", or similar, statement on the labels of their meat products. Conversely, meat products being sold at farmers' markets that are prepared and packaged by the selling vendor will not include a "distributed by/packed for", or similar, statement.[33]

Unprocessed meat[edit]

Examples of unprocessed cuts of beef at farmer's markets in the United States
Beef from a vendor's own livestock does not.

Unprocessed meat (retail cut) products found at farmers' markets may include a government inspection legend plus a "distributed by/packed for/prepared for" label. Other information on the label will include weight, price, and safe handling instructions.

The official inspection legend includes an establishment number (EST) that identifies the last company that did the processing/butchering, packaging, and labeling of the product. Since the label includes the "distributed by/packed for" statement, the meat may come from the livestock of other farmers/ranchers or a corporate feedlot. The presence of a government inspection legend identifies a meat product that was not processed and packed by the selling vendor. Meat products prepared and packed by the selling vendor or butcher will not include a government seal, and will not include any type of statement that classifies the vendor as a reseller/distributor.[34]

The labels on retail beef and pork products that originate a vendor's/rancher's livestock will not include the "distributed by/packed for/prepared for” statement. Note that the label will still have an official/government Inspection Legend that identifies the establishment that performed the slaughtering, butchering, packaging, and labeling because any product leaving a slaughterhouse to be sold for human consumption must have a government inspection legend. For example, a label that does not have a "distributed by/packed for", etc. statement ensures the buyer that, while the vendor did not do the butchering/packaging/etc., the meat did originate from the vendor's livestock.

The label on a meat product that is processed and packed by the selling vendor will not include a government inspection legend and it will not include a "distributed by/packed for" statement.

Retail cuts of meat products sold by a vendor that performs its own butchering, packaging, and labeling will not include a government inspection legend or a "distributed by/packed for" statement on the label. In such cases the vendor/butcher gets the carcass or other major cuts of meat from a government inspected slaughterhouse and does the secondary butchering ("fabrication"), packaging, and labeling in its own facility. A government official inspection legend is not required on a package of meat butchered and packaged by such a vendor because it is sold directly to the consumer.

Processed meats[edit]

Examples of processed meat at farmer's markets in the United States
Resold private label processed meat product displays distributor or packer information.
Processed meat product made by the vendor does not.

Most processed meat products (sausage, bacon, hot dogs, frankfurters, snack sticks) sold at farmers' markets have labels that include a "distributed by/packed for/etc." statement as well as a government inspection legend. The government inspection legend includes an establishment number (EST #) that identifies the commercial processing plant that made and packaged the products; similar to a package of sausage or bacon sold in supermarkets.[35] Alternately, a processed meat product sold at a farmers' market that does not include a "distributed by/packed for/etc.” statement and a government inspection legend is a product that is made and packaged by the selling vendor. There are also vendors that sell processed meat products that include a government inspection legend without a "distributed by/packed for/etc.” statement; such vendors are selling co-pack products in which the maker/producer prepares and packages the product according to the vendors’ recipe.[36]

Reseller[edit]

Wholesale processed meat products that are resold at farmers' markets are known as "private label" products.[37][38] Such products will include a "distributed by/packed for/etc.” statement plus a government inspection legend that provides a number that identifies the product's producer. The numbers of critics of private label products are increasing as consumers become aware of poor practices often employed by the products' producers.[39]

It is not unusual to find distributors/resellers of processed meat products at farmers' markets because wholesale products allow vendors to minimize their investment by not having to pay for the overhead (knowledge, skills, equipment, supplies, maintenance, food safety inspections, packaging, labeling, etc.) required to produce their own products. A wholesale package of processed meat will bear a label that has a government inspection legend. The inspection legend will usually have an Establishment Number (EST #) that identifies the processing plant that made and packaged the product. Additionally, the package will contain a phrase similar to "distributed by: Steve’s Family Meat Company" or "packed/prepared for Steve's Family Meat Company” somewhere on the label. Both the producer (identified by the EST. # in the inspection legend) and distributor/reseller (for example Steve's Family Meat Company) will be identified on the label.

Independent processor[edit]

A product label of a farmers' market vendor that makes and packages its own product will not include a "distributed by/packed for/etc." statement, and it will not have a government inspection legend because its products are sold directly to the consumer.[40] Information on the producing vendor's label will include the following information:

  • Name of company
  • Address
  • Product name
  • Ingredients
  • Date code
  • Safe handling instructions

It will not include a government inspection legend or seal.

Produce and fruit[edit]

Nectarines at a local farmers' market
Peppers at a farmers' market in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.

Ideally, farmers' market produce and fruit are normally grown within a geographical region that is deemed local by the market's management. The term "local" is defined by the farmers' market and usually represents products grown within a given radius measured in miles or kilometers.[41] Many farmers' markets state that they are "producer only" markets, and that their vendors grow all products sold. Some farmers' markets do not use the term "producer only" and may allow resellers of produce, fruit, and other food products.

Some farmers' markets allow vendors to resell vegetables and fruits if they are not available locally due to the time of the year. Vegetables, fruit, meat, and other products resold at farmers' markets are available to vendors through food distributors.[42] This is a common practice and provides consumers with produce and fruit that are unavailable at certain times of the year. In many markets resell items are a permanent part of the vendor's inventory.

There are four subject areas that consumers tend to consider when purchasing food directly from the producer:

  • Variety name
  • Whether the product is in-season
  • Verifiability of the origins of the food
  • Whether any products have a PLU (price look-up code) sticker[43]

All vegetables and fruits have unique names that distinguish them from any other, whether they are for commercial use, for home gardening, or heirloom. A number or alphanumeric string usually identifies the newer commercial varieties.[44][45] Vendors’ employees might not always know the variety names of the produce they are selling but they will be able to get a list from their employer (producer). There are vendors that violate rules by reselling products at Producer Only markets.[46][47]

Dairy, poultry, and other products[edit]

Depending on the farmers' markets, a wide variety of products are available. Poultry, lamb, goat, eggs, milk, cream, ice cream, butter, cheese, honey, syrup, jams, jellies, sauces, mushrooms, flowers, wool, wine, beer, breads, and pastries are some examples of vendor produced products sold at farmers' markets. Many farmers' markets allow vendors to prepare and sell ready to eat foods and drinks.[48][49]

Fraud[edit]

Some investigations in the United States and Canada have found shops in farmers markets selling fruits and vegetables not sourced from their own farms.[50] In September 2017, a hidden camera investigation by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation found that some of the stalls in one market purchased produce on the wholesale market and removed the original stickers, raising the cost to 50% above the retail prices.[1][51]

Tampa Bay Times food critic and investigative reporter Laura Reiley found[52] some vendors at local farmers' markets selling rejected produce from local wholesale markets, or selling produce purchased from non-local sources. In some cases they claimed to sell products from their own farm at first, but when pressed admitted that they had grown none of the products for sale. In at least one case, despite vendor claims to the contrary, the farm in question was not growing any food, and the produce was all purchased from other companies. Fraud may sometimes be obvious because the type of food being sold does not grow locally or is out of season. Federal regulations in the United States require country of origin labeling for produce at supermarkets but not for small independent vendors.[citation needed]

The Tampa Bay Times also found that packaged foods, such as sauces, honey, jam, and beef jerky may appear to be from local vendors due to the local company's branding on the packaging, but are actually produced at co-packer plants with non-local ingredients. In the United States, the FDA requires that the manufacturer's name and address be listed on the food label, which can reveal this discrepancy.

Health risks[edit]

According to a study in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, farmers markets increase the number of outbreaks and cases of food-borne illness, norovirus, and campylobacter.[53]

Gallery[edit]

  • Produce for sale at a farmers' market in Farmington, Michigan, United States

  • Cheese for sale at a farmers' market in London, United Kingdom

  • Farmers' market in Rivière-du-Loup, Québec, Canada

  • Farmers' market in Cubao, Philippines

  • Farmers' Market (Apni Mandi) in Chandigarh

  • Farmers' Market in Chandigarh

  • St. Jacobs Farmers' Market in Ontario, Canada

See also[edit]

  • Agritourism
  • Agroecology
  • Artisanal food
  • Carbon diet
  • Civic agriculture
  • Community-supported agriculture
  • Farm to fork
  • Local food
  • Pasar malam
  • Public market
  • Slow Food
  • Street food
  • Street market
  • Vertical farming
  • Wet market
  • WWOOF
  • The 100-Mile Diet (book)

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Denne, Luke; Foxcroft, Tiffany (29 September 2017). "'People are being duped': CBC exposes homegrown lies at farmers markets". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
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Further reading[edit]

  • Burns, Arthur F. (1996) Farmers' Market Survey Report. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Agriculture

External links[edit]

  • USDA Farmers Market Facts & Statistics
  • Farmers Market Legal Toolkit - Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, Vermont Law School
    • Farmers Market Legal Toolkit Resources in Spanish
    • Fact Sheet for Farmers Markets: Covid Resource
    • Fact Sheet for Farmers Markets: Free Speech & Leafleting Resource