Podiates (Cavalier-Smith, 2012, excl. Ancyromonadida)[1] are a proposed clade containing the Amorphea (incl. Opisthokonta, Amoebozoa, apusomonads and breviates) and the organisms now assigned to the clade CRuMs.[2] Ancyromonadida does not appear to have emerged in this grouping.[3][4]Sarcomastigota (Cavalier-Smith, 1983) is a proposed subkingdom (currently shown to be paraphyletic) that includes all the podiates that are not animals or fungi.[5] Sulcozoa (Cavalier-Smith, 2012) is a proposed phylum (currently shown to be paraphyletic) within Sarcomastigota that does not include the phyla Amoebozoa (clade) and Choanozoa (paraphyletic), i.e. it includes the proposed subphyla Apusozoa and Varisulca[6]