Законодательная власть |
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Палаты |
Парламент |
Парламентская процедура |
Типы |
Законодательные органы по странам |
В правительстве , однопалатная парламентская система (Латинская одно- , «один» и камеры , «камера») является практика , имеющие единую законодательную или палату парламента . Таким образом, однопалатный парламент или однопалатный законодательный орган - это законодательный орган, состоящий из одной палаты или одной палаты.
Концепция [ править ]
Однопалатные законодательные органы существуют тогда, когда нет широко осознанной необходимости в многопалатности . Многие многопалатные законодательные органы были созданы, чтобы дать разные голоса разным слоям общества. Наличие нескольких палат позволило, например, гарантировать гарантированное представительство различных социальных классов (как в парламенте Соединенного Королевства или в Генеральных штатах Франции ). Иногда, как в Новой Зеландии и Дании , однопалатный режим возникает в результате упразднения одной из двух двухпалатных палат или, как в Швеции , путем слияния двух палат в одну, в то время как в других странах вторая камера никогда не существовала. начало.
Основным преимуществом однопалатной системы является более демократичное и эффективное законотворчество, поскольку законодательный процесс проще и нет возможности тупика между двумя палатами. Сторонники однопалатного подхода также утверждали, что он снижает затраты, даже если количество законодателей останется прежним, поскольку меньше институтов, которые могли бы поддерживать и поддерживать его в финансовом отношении. Сторонники двухпалатного законодательного собрания утверждают, что это дает возможность повторно обсуждать и исправлять ошибки в любой палате параллельно, а в некоторых случаях вводить законодательство в любой палате.
Основным недостатком однопалатной системы можно считать предполагаемое отсутствие сдержанности в отношении большинства , что особенно заметно в парламентских системах, где лидеры парламентского большинства также доминируют над исполнительной властью . Также существует риск того, что важные слои общества [ укажите ] могут быть недостаточно представлены избранным единым органом.
Список однопалатных законодательных органов [ править ]
Примерно половина суверенных государств мира в настоящее время однопалатны. Китайский Народная Республика несколько между ними, с законодательным органом и официальным консультативным органом. В Китае существует Народная политическая консультативная конференция китайцев, которая заседает одновременно со Всекитайским собранием народных представителей , во многих отношениях консультативной «верхней палатой».
Многие субнациональные образования имеют однопалатные законодательные органы. Они включают в себя состояние Небраска и территорий Гуам и Виргинские острова в США , Китая специальных административных районов в Гонконге и Макао , в австралийском штате Квинсленд , а также Северной территории и территории австралийской столицы , большинство в провинции Аргентины , все провинций и территорий в Канаде , всеГосударства Германии , все регионы Италии , все автономные сообщества Испании , автономные области Португалии , большинство штатов и союзных территорий Индии и все штаты Бразилии . В Соединенном Королевстве делегированный шотландский парламент , Сенед Камру , Ассамблея Северной Ирландии и Лондонская Ассамблея также являются однопалатными.
Национальный (государства-члены и наблюдатели ООН) [ править ]
Федеральный [ править ]
- Собрание Союза на Коморских островах
- Совет представителей в Ираке (положение существует для основания «Совет Союза», но никаких шагов по этому поводу не было инициировано действующим Советом)
- Конгресс в Микронезии
- Национальное Собрание в Сент - Китс и Невис
- Федеральный национальный совет из Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов
- Национальное Собрание из Венесуэлы
Унитарный [ править ]
Африка [ править ]
- Национальное Собрание в Анголе
- Национальное Собрание в Бенин
- Национальное Собрание из Ботсваны
- Национальное Собрание в Буркина - Фасо
- Национальное Собрание в Кабо - Верде
- Национальное Собрание в Центрально - Африканской Республике
- Национальное Собрание в Чаде
- Национальное Собрание в Джибути
- Палата представителей из Египта
- Национальное Собрание в Эритрее
- Национальное Собрание в Гамбии
- Парламент из Ганы
- Национальное Собрание из Гвинеи
- Национальное народное собрание из Гвинеи-Бисау
- Палата представителей в Ливии
- Национальное Собрание в Малави
- Меджлис из Мальдив
- National Assembly of Mali
- Parliament of Mauritania
- National Assembly of Mauritius
- Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique
- National Assembly of Niger
- National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe
- National Assembly of Senegal
- National Assembly of Seychelles
- Parliament of Sierra Leone
- National Assembly of Tanzania
- National Assembly of Togo
- National Assembly of Tunisia
- Parliament of Uganda
- National Assembly of Zambia
Americas[edit]
- Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica
- National Assembly of People's Power of Cuba
- House of Assembly of Dominica
- National Assembly of Ecuador
- Legislative Assembly of El Salvador
- Congress of Guatemala
- National Assembly of Guyana
- National Congress of Honduras
- National Assembly of Nicaragua
- National Assembly of Panama
- Congress of the Republic of Peru
- House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- National Assembly of Suriname
Asia[edit]
- Jatiya Sangsad of Bangladesh
- Legislative Council of Brunei
- National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China - though they also have a Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference which is effectively an advisory "upper house".
- National Parliament of East Timor
- Islamic Consultative Assembly of Iran
- Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea
- National Assembly of South Korea
- National Assembly of Kuwait
- Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan
- National Assembly of Laos
- Parliament of Lebanon
- State Great Khural of Mongolia
- Legislative Council of the State of Palestine
- Consultative Assembly of Qatar
- Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia (most powers are reserved for the King)
- Parliament of Singapore
- Parliament of Sri Lanka
- Parliament of Syria
- Assembly of Turkmenistan
- National Assembly of Vietnam
Europe[edit]
- National Assembly of Albania
- National Assembly of Armenia
- National Assembly of Azerbaijan
- National Assembly of Bulgaria
- Sabor of Croatia
- Folketing of Denmark
- Riigikogu of Estonia
- Parliament of Finland
- Parliament of Georgia
- Parliament of Greece
- National Assembly of Hungary
- Althing of Iceland
- Knesset of Israel
- Saeima of Latvia
- Landtag of Liechtenstein
- Seimas of Lithuania
- Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg
- Parliament of Malta
- Parliament of Moldova
- National Council of Monaco
- Parliament of Montenegro
- Assembly of North Macedonia
- Storting of Norway
- Assembly of the Republic of Portugal
- Grand and General Council of San Marino
- National Assembly of Serbia
- National Council of Slovakia
- Riksdag of Sweden
- Grand National Assembly of Turkey
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
- Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
Oceania[edit]
- Parliament of the Cook Islands
- Parliament of Fiji
- House of Assembly of Kiribati
- Legislature of the Marshall Islands
- Parliament of Nauru
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Assembly of Niue
- National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
- Legislative Assembly of Samoa
- Legislative Assembly of Tonga
- Parliament of Tuvalu
- Parliament of Vanuatu
Territorial[edit]
- House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands
- Legislative Assembly of the Cayman Islands
- Parliament of Greenland
- The Løgting of the Faroe Islands
- Parliament of Gibraltar
- Legislature of Guam
- Legislative Council of Hong Kong
- Legislative Assembly of Macau
- Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands
- Legislature of the U.S. Virgin Islands
State parliaments with limited recognition[edit]
- People's Assembly of Abkhazia
- National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh
- Assembly of Kosovo
- Assembly of the Republic of Northern Cyprus
- National Council of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- Parliament of South Ossetia
- Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Supreme Council of Transnistria
Subnational[edit]
Federations[edit]
- All legislatures and legislative councils of the regions and communities of Belgium
- All legislative assemblies in all states of Brazil
- All legislative assemblies of the provinces and territories of Canada
- All Landtage of the states of Germany
- All legislative assemblies of the states of Malaysia
- All legislatures in all states of Mexico
- All legislatures of the provinces in Nepal
- All legislatures of the provinces and territories in Pakistan
- The legislature of the state of Nebraska, and council of the District of Columbia in the United States
- Parliament of Queensland and the legislative assemblies of the territories of Australia (but not the other states)
- Provincial legislatures of the provinces of South Africa
- Narodna skupština of Republika Srpska
- 15 of the provinces of Argentina – Chaco, Chubut, Córdoba, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Misiones, Neuquén, Río Negro, San Juan, Santa Cruz, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán and the autonomous city of Buenos Aires.
- 22 of the states of India – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand and West Bengal; and 3 of the union territories – Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry.
Devolved governments[edit]
- Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament
- Northern Ireland Assembly
- Scottish Parliament
- Senedd Cymru—the Welsh Parliament
- Parliaments of the autonomous communities of Spain
- All regional councils of France
- Bangsamoro Parliament
Other[edit]
- Local People's Congresses of all levels of provinces, regions and municipalities of the People's Republic of China
- National Council of the Palestine Liberation Organization
List of historical unicameral legislatures[edit]
National[edit]
- The First Protectorate Parliament and Second Protectorate Parliament of the Kingdom of England, regulated by the Instrument of Government (dissolved)
- Parliament of the Kingdom of Scotland until 1707 (dissolved)
- Congress of the Confederation was unicameral before being replaced in 1789 by the current, bicameral United States Congress.
- Provisional Congress of the Confederate States was unicameral before being replaced by the bicameral Confederate States Congress in 1862.
- Congress of Deputies of Second Spanish Republic was unicameral between 1931 and 1936. Dissolved at the end of Spanish Civil War
- Supreme Assembly of Uzbekistan was unicameral before being replaced in 2005 by the current, bicameral Supreme Assembly.
- National Assembly of Cameroon was unicameral before being replaced in 2013 by the current, bicameral Parliament of Cameroon.
- Chamber of People's Representative of Equatorial Guinea was unicameral before being replaced in 2013 by the current, bicameral Parliament of Equatorial Guinea.
- National Assembly of Kenya was the country's unicameral legislature before becoming the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Kenya in 2013.
- National Assembly of Ivory Coast was the country's unicameral legislature before becoming the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Ivory Coast in 2016.
Subnational[edit]
- General Assembly of Georgia until 1789
- General Assembly of Pennsylvania until 1790
- General Assembly of Vermont until 1836
Unicameralism in the United States[edit]
A 2018 study found that efforts to adopt unicameralism in Ohio and Missouri failed due to rural opposition.[1] There was a fear in rural communities that unicameralism would diminish their influence in state government.[1]
Local government legislatures of counties, cities, or other political subdivisions within states are usually unicameral and have limited lawmaking powers compared to their state and federal counterparts.
Some of the 13 colonies which became independent, such as Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New Hampshire had initially introduced strong unicameral legislature and (relatively) less powerful governors with no veto power. Pennsylvania's constitution lasted only 14 years. In 1790, conservatives gained power in the state legislature, called a new constitutional convention, and rewrote the constitution. The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage, gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority, and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature. Thomas Paine called it a constitution unworthy of America.
In 1999, Governor Jesse Ventura proposed converting the Minnesota Legislature into a single chamber.[2] Although debated, the idea was never adopted.
Seven U.S. states, Arizona, Idaho, Maryland, New Jersey, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington, effectively have two-house unicamerals. In these states, districts in the upper house and the lower house are combined into a single constituency, a practice known as nesting.
The U.S. territory of Puerto Rico held a non-binding referendum in 2005. Voters approved changing its Legislative Assembly to a unicameral body by 456,267 votes in favor (83.7%) versus 88,720 against (16.3%).[3] If both the territory's House of Representatives and Senate had approved by a 2⁄3 vote the specific amendments to the Puerto Rico Constitution that are required for the change to a unicameral legislature, another referendum would have been held in the territory to approve such amendments. If those constitutional changes had been approved, Puerto Rico could have switched to a unicameral legislature as early as 2015.
On June 9, 2009, the Maine House of Representatives voted to form a unicameral legislature, but the measure did not pass the Senate.[4]
Because of legislative gridlock in 2009, former Congressman Rick Lazio, a prospective candidate for governor, has proposed that New York adopt unicameralism.[5]
The United States as a whole was subject to a unicameral Congress during the years 1781–1788, when the Articles of Confederation were in effect. The Confederate States of America, pursuant to its Provisional Constitution, in effect from February 8, 1861, to February 22, 1862, was governed by a unicameral Congress.[6]
Unicameralism in the Philippines[edit]
Though the current Congress of the Philippines is bicameral, the country experienced unicameralism in 1898 and 1899 (during the First Philippine Republic), from 1935 to 1941 (the Commonwealth era) and from 1943 to 1944 (during the Japanese occupation). Under the 1973 Constitution, the legislative body was called Batasang Pambansa, which functioned also a unicameral legislature within a parliamentary system (1973-1981) and a semi-presidential system (1981-1986) form of government.
The ongoing process of amending or revising the current Constitution and form of government is popularly known as Charter Change. A shift to a unicameral parliament was included in the proposals of the constitutional commission created by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.[7] Unlike in the United States, senators in the Senate of the Philippines are elected not per district and state but nationally; the Philippines is a unitary state.[8] The Philippine government's decision-making process, relative to the United States, is more rigid, highly centralised, much slower and susceptible to political gridlock. As a result, the trend for unicameralism as well as other political system reforms are more contentious in the Philippines.[9]
While Congress is bicameral, all local legislatures are unicameral: the Bangsamoro Parliament, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Boards), Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Councils), Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Councils), Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Councils) and the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Councils).
References[edit]
- ^ a b Myers, Adam S. (2018). "The Failed Diffusion of the Unicameral State Legislature, 1934–1944". Studies in American Political Development. 32 (2): 217–235. doi:10.1017/S0898588X18000135. ISSN 0898-588X.
- ^ "One People – One House". News.minnesota.publicradio.org. 1999-04-29. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
- ^ "Referéndum sobre el Sistema Cameral". Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. 2005-07-10.
- ^ "RESOLUTION, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of Maine To Establish a Unicameral Legislature" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-11-26.
- ^ One for All, Rick Lazio, New York Times, July 14, 2009
- ^ "Avalon Project - Confederate States of America - Constitution for the Provisional Government". avalon.law.yale.edu.
- ^ "Constitutional Commission proposals". Concom.ph. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
- ^ Softrigger Interactive (2008-02-25). "Philippines : Gov.Ph : About the Philippines". Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
- ^ "citation was not true it needs more references?". Concom.ph. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
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