Справка: сноски

Эта страница справки представляет собой практическое руководство . В нем подробно описаны процессы или процедуры некоторых аспектов норм и практики Википедии. Это не одна из политик или руководящих принципов Википедии и может отражать различные уровни консенсуса и проверки .

Ярлыки H: НОГА РГ: СНОСКИ H: FN

На этой странице объясняется, как создать раздел сносок для статей Википедии. В этом контексте слово «сноски» относится к специфическому для Википедии способу документирования источников статьи и предоставления косвенной информации, и его не следует путать с общей концепцией сносок . Это как-бы не покрывает форматирование ссылок в разделе Сноски, который рассмотрен в Со ссылкой на источники .

Сноски чаще всего используются, чтобы указать:

• ссылки (библиографические цитаты) на достоверные источники ,
• пояснительная информация или
• исходная информация для таблиц и других элементов.

Сноски или укороченные сноски могут быть использованы по усмотрению редакторов в соответствии с директивой по вариации в методах цитирования .

Только определенные типы материалов в англоязычной Википедии должны иметь встроенную ссылку. Там нет никакого требования , чтобы обеспечить цитату для каждого предложения , потому что несколько предложений могут быть поддержаны той же сноске. Для получения консультации по которым должен быть цитируемым материал, см руководящих принципов Когда вы должны использовать действующие цитаты , то хорошие критерии статьи и когда процитировать . Для получения консультации о том , как организовать и форматировать библиографические цитаты см руководство по Со ссылкой на источники и примеры шаблонов Citation .

Сноски создаются с помощью программного расширения Cite . Это расширение добавляет элементы <ref>...</ref>, подобные HTML , <references />и <references>...</references>. Элементы также используются в ряде шаблонов; например, она становится все более распространенным использование {{ Reflist }} , а не так <references />как это может стилизовать список ссылок.

Обзор

Система сносок показывает на странице два элемента:

• Сноска маркер отображается содержимого статьи как в квадратных скобках, номер, с помощью верхнего индекса буквы или слова. Примеры показаны соответственно: ^{[1] [a] [Примечание 1]} . Этот ярлык сноски связан с полной сноской. При нажатии на маркер сноски страница переходит к сноске и выделяется цитата. Если вы используете сайт для настольных компьютеров и у вас включен Javascript, то при наведении курсора на маркер сноски (или касании его на сенсорных устройствах) появится всплывающее окно, содержащее сноску.
• В сноске отображается полная ссылка на источник. Вместе сноски отображаются в виде упорядоченного списка , где опорный лист разметки {{ Reflist }} помещается. Каждая запись начинается с метки сноски в виде обычного текста. Весь список литературы отформатирован немного меньшим шрифтом.

Каждая последующая метка сноски автоматически увеличивается. Таким образом, первый маркер сноски будет ^[1] , второй - ^[2] и так далее. Также увеличивается Пользовательские метки: ^{[а] [Ь] [с]} , ^{[Примечание 1] [Примечание 2] [Примечание 3]} .

Для одноразовой сноски за меткой следует знак вставки (^), который является обратной ссылкой на соответствующий маркер сноски. Например:

Если именованная сноска используется в тексте несколько раз, то сноска содержит несколько обратных ссылок, отображаемых буквами:

Щелчок по обратной ссылке или нажатие Alt+ ←возвращает к маркеру сноски.

Сноски в действии

Надстрочная цифра «1» в квадратных скобках в конце этого предложения является примером маркера сноски. ^[1]

Сноски: основы

Чтобы создать маркер сноски, определить точку в содержании страницы , где требуется маркер и введите разметку цитаты или заметки внутри <ref>...</ref>тегов. Например:

Это содержимое страницы. <ref> «LibreOffice для начинающих», первое издание, «Гибкие умы», Манчестер, 2002 г., стр. 18 </ref>{{reflist}}

Шаблон {{ reflist }} будет объяснен в следующем разделе.

Содержимое внутри <ref>...</ref>будет отображаться в списке ссылок. Теги ссылки могут быть добавлены везде, где требуется ссылка или примечание. Внутри тегов должен быть контент, иначе появится ошибка.

Где разместить реф теги

Теги ссылки должны следовать за любой пунктуацией (обычно точкой), а не предшествовать ей; см. WP: REFPUNC . Между знаком препинания и тегом не должно быть пробелов:

... текст. <ref> Содержание справки </ref>{{reflist}}

... текст <ref> Содержание ссылки </ref>.{{reflist}}

...текст. <ref> Содержание ссылки </ref>{{reflist}}

Форматирование тегов ref

Содержание тегов исх может быть отформатирован с использованием наиболее WikiMarkup или HTML разметки, хотя такие методы, как трюк трубы и подстановки шаблона не будет работать в сносках. Например:

Это содержимое страницы. <ref> «LibreOffice для начинающих», первое издание, «Гибкие умы», Манчестер, 2002 г., стр. 18 </ref>{{reflist}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

This is page content.<ref>''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref>{{reflist}}

URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.

If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:

Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.

Reference lists: the basics

Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled "References", "Notes" or the like.

This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

Notes

• In some cases, a page has more than one reference list. Until 2014, multiple uses of {{reflist}} on the same page required use of a |close= parameter; that bug has been fixed and the|close= parameter may safely be removed.
• When editing, <references /> may be seen instead of {{reflist}}. This is valid, but <references /> does not offer the advanced features of {{reflist}}.

Footnotes: using a source more than once

You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using named footnotes. The syntax to define a named footnote is:

<ref name="name">content</ref>

To invoke the named footnote:

<ref name="name" />

Names for footnotes and groups must follow these rules:

• Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.
• Names must not be purely numeric; the software will accept something like ":1" (which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore "1" (purely numeric).
• Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like "Nguyen 2010" are preferred to names like ":1".
• Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes.
• Please consider keeping reference names simple and restricted to the standard English alphabet and numerals. Failing that, if spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant:
  • Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters A–Z, a–z, digits 0–9, and the symbols !$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~. That is, all printable ASCII characters except #"'/=>?\.
  • Inclusion of any other characters, including spaces, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, name="John Smith".
  • The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks ("); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name.
  • Quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign (<) or a double straight quote symbol ("). These may be escaped with < and ", respectively.
• You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.

This is page content.<ref name="manchester2002">''LibreOffice for Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" />
{{reflist}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have a connection to the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name, by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:

This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">''LibreOffice for Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> This is expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">''OpenOffice for Experts'', Lexington, 2004, p. 18</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more expert content.<ref name="lexington2004" />
{{reflist}}

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

<ref group="groupname" name="name">Content</ref>

Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See Avoiding common mistakes.

Reference lists: columns

When using {{reflist}}, the list can be split into columns.

{{reflist|xxem}} where xx is the column width in em.

By setting the width in em, the number of columns will automatically be adjusted to the width of the display. It should be used only when necessary, as the template has built-in auto-formatting capabilities providing a useful display in most scenarios by itself.

The set columns feature is now deprecated in favor of the option described above, which is better suited to flexible formatting for a variety of display screen sizes, ranging from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen "cinema" displays. Forcing a fixed number of columns has been disabled in mobile view.

The number of columns to use is up to the editor, but some major practices include:

• {{Reflist}} - 1 column (default): Where there are only a few Footnotes; see Silver State Arena (23:05, 28 December 2012)
• {{Reflist|30em}}: Where there are many footnotes plus a page-width Bibliography subsection: see Ebola virus disease (06:28, 23 June 2013)
• {{Reflist|20em}}: Where Shortened footnotes are used; see NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011).

For example: Using {{Reflist|30em}} will create columns with a minimum width of 30 em,

Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

List-defined references

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change – the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected. For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see WP:LDRHOW. The syntax is:

{{reflist|refs=<ref name="name1">Content</ref><ref name="name2">Content</ref><ref name="name...n">Content</ref>}}

or, alternatively,

<references><ref name="name1">Content</ref><ref name="name2">Content</ref><ref name="name...n">Content</ref></references>

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog"/>
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes"/>
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs"/>
==References==
{{reflist|
refs=
<ref name="Jukeboxes">This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref>
<ref name="LazyDog">This is the lazy dog reference.</ref>
<ref name="JumpingFrogs">This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref>
}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, in the order that they are first referred to in the content, regardless of their order within the list. All references in reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Note that when you use the visual editor, you will not be able to add, remove, or change list-defined references.

Footnotes: embedding references

Explanatory notes may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the Cite software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of <ref>...</ref> tags cannot be placed inside another pair of <ref>...</ref> tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The template {{refn}} may be used to nest references. The markup is:

{{refn|group=group|name=name|content}} name and group being optional parameters. The content may include <ref> tags.

The other templates listed below in Predefined groups are variants of {{refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Example:

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|group=nb|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

The use of the magic word #tag:ref is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

{{#tag:ref|refcontent|group=groupname|name=name}}

Footnotes: groups

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:

<ref group=groupname>Content</ref>

The footnote marker group name must be enclosed in quotes if the group name includes a space, else a cite error will occur, otherwise quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:

{{reflist|group=groupname}}

The reference list group name does not need to be enclosed in quotes.

Example:

This part of the text requires clarification,<ref group=note>Listed separately from the citation</ref> whereas the entire text is cited.<ref>Citation.</ref> And this needs even more clarification.<ref group=note>Another note</ref>
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

<ref group="groupname" name="name">Content</ref>

For the repeated note:

<ref group="groupname" name="name" />

Footnotes: predefined groups

There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., ^[1]) of an explanatory note or citation (aka footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be more than one of these groups' lists in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the wikitext markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

Note: If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters that toggle the note's display will be next to the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See WP:REFNAME and the first point below in § Issues.

Template use by reference group type

• {{efn}} supports |name= and |group=, which work the same as the parameters in <ref>. Do not enclose values in quotes.
• {{notelist}} supports the column parameter, |refs= and |group=, which work the same as the parameters in {{reflist}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist}}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}

Issues

• Multiple backlink labels (see WP:REFNAME) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of this section, above.
• The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
  • The value for |group= in {{reflist}} or <references /> does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{efn}} or variant as |group= will not be needed.
  • The value for |group= in {{reflist}} or <references /> is enclosed by quotes; use {{efn}} or variant as |group= will not be needed.
  • {{reflist}} is indented with the : markup.
  • <references /> is used instead of {{reflist}}
• The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
  • A reference is included in {{navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to bodyclass=hlist; to resolve this, replace the style with listclass=hlist.
• If the note text contains an "=" sign, precede the note text with |1=, like this: {{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}

Reference lists: automatically generated

A page with <ref> tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following. Add it at the position where the reference list would normally appear.

==References==
{{reflist}}

On talk pages, the {{reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

Footnotes: page numbers

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the "pages" parameter saying "see pages 8, 12, 18, 241" but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant.

One common approach is to use shortened citations. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate References section after the Footnotes section; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{rp|8}} right after the footnote marker and replace the "8" with the appropriate page number. For example:

Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}</ref>{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241}}

{{r}} compactly combines the functions of <ref> and {{rp}}: {{r|Schudson}} is equivalent to <ref name="Schudson"/> and {{r|Schudson|p=241}} is equivalent to <ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241}}.

Previewing edits

When you edit a single section of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you preview your edits under the heading "Preview of references", although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the user:js/ajaxPreview or User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js scripts or the wikEd gadget.

RefToolbar

You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the "Ref name" box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the "Named references" button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.

Issues and limitations

• Cite bug list
• subst: does not work within <ref> tags. T4700
• The pipe trick does not work within <ref> tags. T4700

Flagging inadequate referencing

• The template {{Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material currently in the article. For biographies of living persons, use {{BLP sources}} instead.
• The template {{Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with no references at all. For biographies of living persons, use {{BLP unsourced}} instead.
• The template {{Unreferenced section}} is for individual sections that have no citations in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{BLP unsourced section}} instead.
• The template {{Medref}} is specifically for articles needing additional medical references.

See also

• Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly and {{sfnref}}
• Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
• Wikipedia:Help desk—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
• Template:Editor tools—{{Editor tools}}